CA2102473A1 - Method of monitoring contaminants in industrial water systems - Google Patents
Method of monitoring contaminants in industrial water systemsInfo
- Publication number
- CA2102473A1 CA2102473A1 CA 2102473 CA2102473A CA2102473A1 CA 2102473 A1 CA2102473 A1 CA 2102473A1 CA 2102473 CA2102473 CA 2102473 CA 2102473 A CA2102473 A CA 2102473A CA 2102473 A1 CA2102473 A1 CA 2102473A1
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- Prior art keywords
- bag
- water
- contaminants
- iron
- manganese
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
A method for detecting the presence of contaminants in water used in manufacturing processes in which a polypropylene bag is installed on-line at the ends of conduits transporting the water. The bag will discolor or stain to indicate the presence of contaminants, usually iron or manganese; This knowledge will then allow the mill operator to take the necessary precautions to eliminate or reduce the contaminant, allow the design of treatment programs to fully combat the contaminants, indicate sloughage in the system and monitor microbiological growth coming in from supply waters.
A method for detecting the presence of contaminants in water used in manufacturing processes in which a polypropylene bag is installed on-line at the ends of conduits transporting the water. The bag will discolor or stain to indicate the presence of contaminants, usually iron or manganese; This knowledge will then allow the mill operator to take the necessary precautions to eliminate or reduce the contaminant, allow the design of treatment programs to fully combat the contaminants, indicate sloughage in the system and monitor microbiological growth coming in from supply waters.
Description
'~f~ 2~ 3 METHOD OF MONITORING CONTAMINANTS IN
INDUSTRIAL WATER SYSTEMS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to industrial water systems and specifically to the monitoring of contaminants present in the water used in various industrial processes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Many industrial operations require the use of water in the processing of their ultimate product. One such operation is a paper mill which employs water for dilution and washing of the cellulose fibers or pulp. The water-laden pulp is then displaced onto a paperforrning surface. By gravity, vacuum or a combination of both the water is then removed from the pulp leaving the cellu-losic fibers to form the paper sheet.
J ~ ~ ~
The raw water brought into the mill, often referred to as the mill supply water, contains numerous elements which are in their dissolved state. Of particular interest are iron and manganese which can form deposits that foul piping or showers, resulting in inefficient washing and loss of paper brightness.
In addition, iron oxide formed as a result of corrosion of system piping can be picked up and transported by the water into the pulp or paper making process.
Other negative consequences of having water high in metal cations content include the pluggage of wires and felts in the paper forming section as well as the pluggage of critical cleaning showers.
Conventional detection techniques primarily involve taking samples of the mill supply water for elemental analysis.
This process usually requires the removal of the sample from the site for lab analysis elsewhere. Until this analysis is completed, there is no short term feedback, not even visual, to the mill operators regarding the condition of the water supply.
An additional problem with conventional water monitoring techniques is that they analyze only the mill supply water at intake. This may adequately provide values for characterizing the raw water but water characteristics change as the water proceeds through the various stages of mill processing. Monitor-ing the raw water intake does not take into consideration the ~ ~7~7~
fact that the chemistry of the water changes with increasing temperature, pH fluctuation and/or the addition of an oxidant such as chlorine. All three of these factors take iron and manganese into a precipitative state and result in accelerated corrosion on the metallic internal surfaces of the papermill piping. For example, increased temperatures will accelerate the removal of iron also known as "iron throw", from these metallic surfaces.
Thus, monitoring only the water intake fails to recognize the increase in various harmful contaminants, such as iron and manganese, occurring in the water after certain stages oF the papermill process.
Additional contaminants which can foul industrial water ;
systems are bacteria, fungi and algae. It is desirable in these water systems to be able to detect the presence of these contaminants before they can deposit on various equipment surfaces and multiply into large masses of biofilm. These biofilm masses may impede the flow of water through pipes, conduits and channels as well as generate offensive odors. In addition, there is a type of filamentous iron loving bacteria which generates undesirable iron by-products.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a means for detecting the presence of specific contaminants or their by-products in the water supply of a papermill within a short period of time, not only at the point of raw water intake but also at various stages throughout the entire papermaking process. It is a further object to provide paper mill operators with qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of the water used throughout mill operations.
~2~73 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a method for detecting the presence of contaminants in the water used in the manufacture of paper in a paper mill. It consists of a bag securely fastened to S the end of a pipe or conduit which transports water. The water passing through the conduit exits the end where the bag is attached. The bag acts as a filter which traps certain contami-nants in its fibers. The bag may then be removed after a pre-determined period of time, such as from about 1 hour to 5 days, and cut open to expose its inside surface. The appearance of the inside surface, which will be stained to some degree, will provide a qualitative analysis of the condition of the water which passed through the bag during the time it was attached to the end of the conduit. The bag may then be subjected to laboratory analysis to determine the specific content of the contaminants.
The bag is intended to be employed as an on-line device.
It may be secured to the-ends of water conducting conduits through-out various locations in the paper mill by a hose clamp or other suitable means. Ideal locations include raw water intake and after clearwell. It functions in mill water systems of from ambient (room temperature) to 225F (i.e., through the steam phase of water).
INDUSTRIAL WATER SYSTEMS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to industrial water systems and specifically to the monitoring of contaminants present in the water used in various industrial processes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Many industrial operations require the use of water in the processing of their ultimate product. One such operation is a paper mill which employs water for dilution and washing of the cellulose fibers or pulp. The water-laden pulp is then displaced onto a paperforrning surface. By gravity, vacuum or a combination of both the water is then removed from the pulp leaving the cellu-losic fibers to form the paper sheet.
J ~ ~ ~
The raw water brought into the mill, often referred to as the mill supply water, contains numerous elements which are in their dissolved state. Of particular interest are iron and manganese which can form deposits that foul piping or showers, resulting in inefficient washing and loss of paper brightness.
In addition, iron oxide formed as a result of corrosion of system piping can be picked up and transported by the water into the pulp or paper making process.
Other negative consequences of having water high in metal cations content include the pluggage of wires and felts in the paper forming section as well as the pluggage of critical cleaning showers.
Conventional detection techniques primarily involve taking samples of the mill supply water for elemental analysis.
This process usually requires the removal of the sample from the site for lab analysis elsewhere. Until this analysis is completed, there is no short term feedback, not even visual, to the mill operators regarding the condition of the water supply.
An additional problem with conventional water monitoring techniques is that they analyze only the mill supply water at intake. This may adequately provide values for characterizing the raw water but water characteristics change as the water proceeds through the various stages of mill processing. Monitor-ing the raw water intake does not take into consideration the ~ ~7~7~
fact that the chemistry of the water changes with increasing temperature, pH fluctuation and/or the addition of an oxidant such as chlorine. All three of these factors take iron and manganese into a precipitative state and result in accelerated corrosion on the metallic internal surfaces of the papermill piping. For example, increased temperatures will accelerate the removal of iron also known as "iron throw", from these metallic surfaces.
Thus, monitoring only the water intake fails to recognize the increase in various harmful contaminants, such as iron and manganese, occurring in the water after certain stages oF the papermill process.
Additional contaminants which can foul industrial water ;
systems are bacteria, fungi and algae. It is desirable in these water systems to be able to detect the presence of these contaminants before they can deposit on various equipment surfaces and multiply into large masses of biofilm. These biofilm masses may impede the flow of water through pipes, conduits and channels as well as generate offensive odors. In addition, there is a type of filamentous iron loving bacteria which generates undesirable iron by-products.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a means for detecting the presence of specific contaminants or their by-products in the water supply of a papermill within a short period of time, not only at the point of raw water intake but also at various stages throughout the entire papermaking process. It is a further object to provide paper mill operators with qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of the water used throughout mill operations.
~2~73 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a method for detecting the presence of contaminants in the water used in the manufacture of paper in a paper mill. It consists of a bag securely fastened to S the end of a pipe or conduit which transports water. The water passing through the conduit exits the end where the bag is attached. The bag acts as a filter which traps certain contami-nants in its fibers. The bag may then be removed after a pre-determined period of time, such as from about 1 hour to 5 days, and cut open to expose its inside surface. The appearance of the inside surface, which will be stained to some degree, will provide a qualitative analysis of the condition of the water which passed through the bag during the time it was attached to the end of the conduit. The bag may then be subjected to laboratory analysis to determine the specific content of the contaminants.
The bag is intended to be employed as an on-line device.
It may be secured to the-ends of water conducting conduits through-out various locations in the paper mill by a hose clamp or other suitable means. Ideal locations include raw water intake and after clearwell. It functions in mill water systems of from ambient (room temperature) to 225F (i.e., through the steam phase of water).
2 ~
The bag has been found to pick up elements such as sili-con, iron, aluminum, potassium, calcium, manganese, titanium and sulfur The presence of the majority of these elements must be determined by laboratory analysis. However, the presence of iron and manganese may be qualitatively determined because they leave a discoloration on the internal surface of the bag. Iron will stain the bag yellow, red, brown or shades thereof. Manganese will stain black, gray, brown or shades thereof. This fact is extremely helpful to the mill operator because the early detection of these contaminants in either the mill supply or at other locations permit the timely application of treatment programs to control contaminant concentration. Iron and manganese will not only stain the finished paper product affecting product quality but they will deposit in the felts resulting in increasingly reduced drainage, thereby slowing production and necessitating frequent downtime for cleaning.
The material found to be most effective from which the bags may be made is polypropylene. It is naturally white in color. Although a felt-type weave will work, the preferred texture is woven or spun. Representative material may be procured from Menardi-Criswell of Augusta, Georgia. Such material may be spun or woven, weigh from 10.0 to 18.0 ounce per yard, have a thread count of about 70 x 32 per square inch and consist of a weave having flow through characteristics of from 4 to 25 CFM.
- - "
The polypropylene material is configured into a substan-tially cylindrical bag shape having an opening at one end. The open end should be slightly larger than the outer diameter of the water conduit to which it is to be fitted. Most conduits will be in the range of 1/2 to 3/4 inch. Water in larger conduits can be tested by "bushing" down the end of the conduit to about 1/2 to 3/4 inch. The length of the bag from its open end to its opposite closed end may be from about 2 to about 6 inches. Preferably, the bag length is from about 4 to 6 inches.
The technique used to determine the content of the elements deposited on the internal surface of the polypropylene bag is referred to as Scanning Electric Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM/EDXA). The Scanning Electron Microscope is a well known electron beam instrument which is used to visualize the surface of conductive, vacuum tolerant samples.
Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis is a non-destructive micro analysis technique which collects and processes the elemental x-rays generated from the interaction between the electron beam and the specimen at the surface of a sample. EDXA can provide qualitative and semi-quantitative information for elements from sodium to uranium in atomic weight. Carbon, oxygen and other elements with an atomic weight less than sodium are not detected by EDXA.
"Semi-quantitative" refers to the fact that peak counts for the detected elements are normalized to 100% so that each element is represented as being a percentage of the total of all elements detected on the section of the material tested.
2, ~ 3 The bags are also useful to collect bacterial and other such deposits. Bacteria having a filamentous structure such as iron and manganese bacteria, as well as actinomycetes are readily entrapped by the fibres of the bags. Fungi and algae are also easily trapped. Microbial biofilms will colonize and grow on the fibers, thus enabling analyses of biofilm growth rates and composition.
Microbiological residue may or may not exhibit a visible deposit. Therefore, the best means of detecting the presence of such activity is to examine the bag fibers by use of a microscope on other such magnification device.
Examples Example No. 1 The method of the present invention was field tested at a midwest papermill. Polypropylene bags measuring approximately 4 inches long and capable of fitting over a 3/4 inch conduit were used. The material for the bags consisted of spun polypropylene, weighing 12.3 oz/yd. and having a thread count of 70 x 32 per square inch. It consisted of a 2 x 2 twill weave with a porosity rating of 6 - 10 CFM. Bag No. 1 was installed at the deinker where the water temperature was 95F; Bag No. 2 a~ the paper machine (temperature: 95F) and Bag No. 3 at the mill water line (temperature: 60F). Bag No. 1 was on-line for a period of 5 hours while bags 2 and 3 remained for 6 hours.
. ,, 2.~ fj The three samples were then subjected to SEM/EDXA. In order to prepare the samples for analysis, sections of the polypropylene bags were cut out and the material unraveled to loosen the deposits. The deposits were mounted on separate specimen stubs using double-sided carbon tape. SEM/EDXA spectral data were collected from several separate areas in order to give a fair representation sf the general overall composition of the deposits. The qualitative and semi-quantitative results are shown in the following three tables.
TABLE I
Baq #1 Relative Element Wt. % (1) Ca 66 Fe 14 Si 4 Mn Cl 3 Ti 2 K
Al ~21~ ~
TABLE II
Baq ~2 Relative Element Wt. % (1) Ca 66 Fe 17 Mn 5 Si 3 Al 2 Ti 2 Cl ~1 TABLE III
Baq #3 Relative Element Wt. % ( Fe 53 Ca 19 Mn 6 Si 3 Mg Al <1 Cl <1 - ~::
Ti <1 (1)Relative weight percent does not total 100% due to rounding off of the individual values.
2 ~ 7 3 As indicated by SEM/EDXA analysis, bag #3, installed to monitor the cooler 60 water, had the lowe~t weight percent of calcium. This coincides with the fact that calcium solubility rates decrease with increasing temperature.
ExamDle No. 2 Nine different polypropylene bags, having the same construc-tion as defined in Example No. 1, were installed at various locations throughout three different Midwestern paper mills. After removal the samples were first placed under a microscope and analyzed for micro biological deposits. They were then subjected to the SEM/EDXA
procedure for semi-quantitative elemental analysis.
The sample bays are identified as follows:
A) Paper mill 2, untreated well water B) Paper mill 2, tower water C) Paper mill 2, well water treated with chlorine D) Paper mill 2, warm mill water E) Paper mill 2, "soft" well water F) Paper mill 3, "coating kitchen"
G) Paper mill 3, paper machine hot water tank H) Paper mill 4, heated raw water I) Paper mill 4, ambient raw water at pump house ~ " ' ~1~ h ~ 7 3 The bag samples were first analyzed for microbiological content. The results are as follows:
Sample Comments A Small amount of bacteria present.
B Iron bacteria (Gallionella ferrugina) present along with non-sheath forming bacteria.
C Both sheath and non-sheath forming bacteria present.
D Both sheath and non-sheath forming bacteria present.
E Very few bacteria present; appearance clean.
F,G Large presence of iron bacteria (G. ferrugina).
H,I Large amount of algae (diatoms) present. Lesser amount of both sheath and non-sheath bacteria.
:
These samples were then submitted for SEM/EDXA analysis according to the procedure described in Example 1. The semi-quantitative elemental results normalized to 100% (+ 10%) are shown under each sample identification.
A B
ElementWt.% Element Wt.%
Mn 79 Mn 33 Fe 11 Fe 28 Ca 7 P 15 Ba* 2 K 14 Si trace< 1 Ca 8 P trace< 1 Ti* 3 C D
Element Wt.% Element Wt Fe 39 Fe 31 Ca 14 Ca 16 Mg trace ~ 1 Mn 10 Cl 3 Si E F
Element Wt.% Element Wt Mn 43 Fe 46 Fe 19 P 27 K 18 Ca 21 P 7 Mn 6 Ti~ 5 Si 2 G H
Element Wt.% Element Wt Fe 51 P 22 Fe 25 Ca 19 K 21 Mn* 6 Si 20 Mg 1 Ca 14 Al Element Wt.%
Si 38 Fe 21 Ca 16 Al 6 Mn 2 Cl 2 S I : .
By the method of the present invention papermill operators are permitted to determine very quickly, on a qualitative basis, whether certain contaminants, specifically the troublesome elements iron and manganese, as well as various microbiological species, are present in the location where the water is being tested. Testing may be done on an on-line basis and does not require the extraction of a water sample. The polypropylene bag used to entrap the aqueous contaminants may first be subjected to a visual or microscopic evaluation and then to SEM/EDXA analysis to determine the relative concentrations of the elements in the sample tested.
The bag has been found to pick up elements such as sili-con, iron, aluminum, potassium, calcium, manganese, titanium and sulfur The presence of the majority of these elements must be determined by laboratory analysis. However, the presence of iron and manganese may be qualitatively determined because they leave a discoloration on the internal surface of the bag. Iron will stain the bag yellow, red, brown or shades thereof. Manganese will stain black, gray, brown or shades thereof. This fact is extremely helpful to the mill operator because the early detection of these contaminants in either the mill supply or at other locations permit the timely application of treatment programs to control contaminant concentration. Iron and manganese will not only stain the finished paper product affecting product quality but they will deposit in the felts resulting in increasingly reduced drainage, thereby slowing production and necessitating frequent downtime for cleaning.
The material found to be most effective from which the bags may be made is polypropylene. It is naturally white in color. Although a felt-type weave will work, the preferred texture is woven or spun. Representative material may be procured from Menardi-Criswell of Augusta, Georgia. Such material may be spun or woven, weigh from 10.0 to 18.0 ounce per yard, have a thread count of about 70 x 32 per square inch and consist of a weave having flow through characteristics of from 4 to 25 CFM.
- - "
The polypropylene material is configured into a substan-tially cylindrical bag shape having an opening at one end. The open end should be slightly larger than the outer diameter of the water conduit to which it is to be fitted. Most conduits will be in the range of 1/2 to 3/4 inch. Water in larger conduits can be tested by "bushing" down the end of the conduit to about 1/2 to 3/4 inch. The length of the bag from its open end to its opposite closed end may be from about 2 to about 6 inches. Preferably, the bag length is from about 4 to 6 inches.
The technique used to determine the content of the elements deposited on the internal surface of the polypropylene bag is referred to as Scanning Electric Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM/EDXA). The Scanning Electron Microscope is a well known electron beam instrument which is used to visualize the surface of conductive, vacuum tolerant samples.
Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis is a non-destructive micro analysis technique which collects and processes the elemental x-rays generated from the interaction between the electron beam and the specimen at the surface of a sample. EDXA can provide qualitative and semi-quantitative information for elements from sodium to uranium in atomic weight. Carbon, oxygen and other elements with an atomic weight less than sodium are not detected by EDXA.
"Semi-quantitative" refers to the fact that peak counts for the detected elements are normalized to 100% so that each element is represented as being a percentage of the total of all elements detected on the section of the material tested.
2, ~ 3 The bags are also useful to collect bacterial and other such deposits. Bacteria having a filamentous structure such as iron and manganese bacteria, as well as actinomycetes are readily entrapped by the fibres of the bags. Fungi and algae are also easily trapped. Microbial biofilms will colonize and grow on the fibers, thus enabling analyses of biofilm growth rates and composition.
Microbiological residue may or may not exhibit a visible deposit. Therefore, the best means of detecting the presence of such activity is to examine the bag fibers by use of a microscope on other such magnification device.
Examples Example No. 1 The method of the present invention was field tested at a midwest papermill. Polypropylene bags measuring approximately 4 inches long and capable of fitting over a 3/4 inch conduit were used. The material for the bags consisted of spun polypropylene, weighing 12.3 oz/yd. and having a thread count of 70 x 32 per square inch. It consisted of a 2 x 2 twill weave with a porosity rating of 6 - 10 CFM. Bag No. 1 was installed at the deinker where the water temperature was 95F; Bag No. 2 a~ the paper machine (temperature: 95F) and Bag No. 3 at the mill water line (temperature: 60F). Bag No. 1 was on-line for a period of 5 hours while bags 2 and 3 remained for 6 hours.
. ,, 2.~ fj The three samples were then subjected to SEM/EDXA. In order to prepare the samples for analysis, sections of the polypropylene bags were cut out and the material unraveled to loosen the deposits. The deposits were mounted on separate specimen stubs using double-sided carbon tape. SEM/EDXA spectral data were collected from several separate areas in order to give a fair representation sf the general overall composition of the deposits. The qualitative and semi-quantitative results are shown in the following three tables.
TABLE I
Baq #1 Relative Element Wt. % (1) Ca 66 Fe 14 Si 4 Mn Cl 3 Ti 2 K
Al ~21~ ~
TABLE II
Baq ~2 Relative Element Wt. % (1) Ca 66 Fe 17 Mn 5 Si 3 Al 2 Ti 2 Cl ~1 TABLE III
Baq #3 Relative Element Wt. % ( Fe 53 Ca 19 Mn 6 Si 3 Mg Al <1 Cl <1 - ~::
Ti <1 (1)Relative weight percent does not total 100% due to rounding off of the individual values.
2 ~ 7 3 As indicated by SEM/EDXA analysis, bag #3, installed to monitor the cooler 60 water, had the lowe~t weight percent of calcium. This coincides with the fact that calcium solubility rates decrease with increasing temperature.
ExamDle No. 2 Nine different polypropylene bags, having the same construc-tion as defined in Example No. 1, were installed at various locations throughout three different Midwestern paper mills. After removal the samples were first placed under a microscope and analyzed for micro biological deposits. They were then subjected to the SEM/EDXA
procedure for semi-quantitative elemental analysis.
The sample bays are identified as follows:
A) Paper mill 2, untreated well water B) Paper mill 2, tower water C) Paper mill 2, well water treated with chlorine D) Paper mill 2, warm mill water E) Paper mill 2, "soft" well water F) Paper mill 3, "coating kitchen"
G) Paper mill 3, paper machine hot water tank H) Paper mill 4, heated raw water I) Paper mill 4, ambient raw water at pump house ~ " ' ~1~ h ~ 7 3 The bag samples were first analyzed for microbiological content. The results are as follows:
Sample Comments A Small amount of bacteria present.
B Iron bacteria (Gallionella ferrugina) present along with non-sheath forming bacteria.
C Both sheath and non-sheath forming bacteria present.
D Both sheath and non-sheath forming bacteria present.
E Very few bacteria present; appearance clean.
F,G Large presence of iron bacteria (G. ferrugina).
H,I Large amount of algae (diatoms) present. Lesser amount of both sheath and non-sheath bacteria.
:
These samples were then submitted for SEM/EDXA analysis according to the procedure described in Example 1. The semi-quantitative elemental results normalized to 100% (+ 10%) are shown under each sample identification.
A B
ElementWt.% Element Wt.%
Mn 79 Mn 33 Fe 11 Fe 28 Ca 7 P 15 Ba* 2 K 14 Si trace< 1 Ca 8 P trace< 1 Ti* 3 C D
Element Wt.% Element Wt Fe 39 Fe 31 Ca 14 Ca 16 Mg trace ~ 1 Mn 10 Cl 3 Si E F
Element Wt.% Element Wt Mn 43 Fe 46 Fe 19 P 27 K 18 Ca 21 P 7 Mn 6 Ti~ 5 Si 2 G H
Element Wt.% Element Wt Fe 51 P 22 Fe 25 Ca 19 K 21 Mn* 6 Si 20 Mg 1 Ca 14 Al Element Wt.%
Si 38 Fe 21 Ca 16 Al 6 Mn 2 Cl 2 S I : .
By the method of the present invention papermill operators are permitted to determine very quickly, on a qualitative basis, whether certain contaminants, specifically the troublesome elements iron and manganese, as well as various microbiological species, are present in the location where the water is being tested. Testing may be done on an on-line basis and does not require the extraction of a water sample. The polypropylene bag used to entrap the aqueous contaminants may first be subjected to a visual or microscopic evaluation and then to SEM/EDXA analysis to determine the relative concentrations of the elements in the sample tested.
Claims (15)
1. A method for detecting the presence of contaminants in water used in the processing of paper in a papermill comprising the steps of:
- securely fastening a bag to the end of a conduit which transports the water, - allowing the bag to remain on the end of the conduit for a pre-determined period of time, - removing the bag after the conclusion of the pre-determined period of time, and - opening the bag to observe the appearance of its inside surface.
- securely fastening a bag to the end of a conduit which transports the water, - allowing the bag to remain on the end of the conduit for a pre-determined period of time, - removing the bag after the conclusion of the pre-determined period of time, and - opening the bag to observe the appearance of its inside surface.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising subjecting the bag to Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the bag consists of polypropylene.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the polypropylene is woven.
5. The method of claim 3 wherein the bag is configured into a substantially cylindrical shape having an opening at one end.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the contaminants detected are selected from the group consisting of silicon, iron, aluminum, potassium, calcium, manganese, titanium and sulfur.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the contaminants detected are iron and manganese.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the contaminant detected is iron.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the contaminants are microbiological products.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the microbiological products are selected from the group consisting of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and algae.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the conduit transports water having a temperature between ambient and 225°F.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the pre-determined period of time is from about 1 hour to about 5 days.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the appearance of the inside surface of the bag will be discolored.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the discolored appearance is brown, yellow or red due to the presence of iron.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein the discolored appearance is black, gray or brown due to the presence of manganese.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US12923693A | 1993-09-29 | 1993-09-29 | |
| US08/129,236 | 1993-09-29 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2102473A1 true CA2102473A1 (en) | 1995-03-30 |
Family
ID=22439030
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2102473 Abandoned CA2102473A1 (en) | 1993-09-29 | 1993-11-04 | Method of monitoring contaminants in industrial water systems |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2102473A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6068012A (en) * | 1998-12-29 | 2000-05-30 | Ashland, Inc. | Performance-based control system |
-
1993
- 1993-11-04 CA CA 2102473 patent/CA2102473A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6068012A (en) * | 1998-12-29 | 2000-05-30 | Ashland, Inc. | Performance-based control system |
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