CA2092023C - End load carton handle improvement - Google Patents
End load carton handle improvementInfo
- Publication number
- CA2092023C CA2092023C CA 2092023 CA2092023A CA2092023C CA 2092023 C CA2092023 C CA 2092023C CA 2092023 CA2092023 CA 2092023 CA 2092023 A CA2092023 A CA 2092023A CA 2092023 C CA2092023 C CA 2092023C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- handle
- carton
- flap
- handle flap
- improvement
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D71/00—Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans or pop bottles; Bales of material
- B65D71/06—Packaging elements holding or encircling completely or almost completely the bundle of articles, e.g. wrappers
- B65D71/12—Packaging elements holding or encircling completely or almost completely the bundle of articles, e.g. wrappers the packaging elements, e.g. wrappers being formed by folding a single blank
- B65D71/36—Packaging elements holding or encircling completely or almost completely the bundle of articles, e.g. wrappers the packaging elements, e.g. wrappers being formed by folding a single blank having a tubular shape, e.g. tubular wrappers, with end walls
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D2571/00—Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans, pop bottles; Bales of material
- B65D2571/00123—Bundling wrappers or trays
- B65D2571/00432—Handles or suspending means
- B65D2571/00438—Holes
- B65D2571/0045—Holes for hands
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D2571/00—Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans, pop bottles; Bales of material
- B65D2571/00123—Bundling wrappers or trays
- B65D2571/00555—Wrapper opening devices
- B65D2571/00561—Lines of weakness
- B65D2571/00574—Lines of weakness whereby contents can still be carried after the line has been torn
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D2571/00—Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans, pop bottles; Bales of material
- B65D2571/00123—Bundling wrappers or trays
- B65D2571/00648—Elements used to form the wrapper
- B65D2571/00654—Blanks
- B65D2571/0066—Blanks formed from one single sheet
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D2571/00—Bundles of articles held together by packaging elements for convenience of storage or transport, e.g. portable segregating carrier for plural receptacles such as beer cans, pop bottles; Bales of material
- B65D2571/00123—Bundling wrappers or trays
- B65D2571/00709—Shape of the formed wrapper, i.e. shape of each formed element if the wrapper is made from more than one element
- B65D2571/00722—Shape of the formed wrapper, i.e. shape of each formed element if the wrapper is made from more than one element tubular with end walls, e.g. walls not extending on the whole end surface
- B65D2571/00728—Shape of the formed wrapper, i.e. shape of each formed element if the wrapper is made from more than one element tubular with end walls, e.g. walls not extending on the whole end surface the end walls being closed by gluing
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Cartons (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
- Details Of Rigid Or Semi-Rigid Containers (AREA)
Abstract
A bottle carrying carton for carrying bottles in an upright state includes a bottom panel on which said bottles are arranged.
Opposed side panels and opposed end panels are provided, each end panel having a handle flap cut therein to define a handle upon being folded inwardly. The invention relates to an improvement comprising a primary fold line formed in the handle flap from one side to the other thereof, and a slit formed in the handle flap from the mid point of the primary fold line to the lowermost edge of the handle flap.
Opposed side panels and opposed end panels are provided, each end panel having a handle flap cut therein to define a handle upon being folded inwardly. The invention relates to an improvement comprising a primary fold line formed in the handle flap from one side to the other thereof, and a slit formed in the handle flap from the mid point of the primary fold line to the lowermost edge of the handle flap.
Description
~920~3 The present invention rela-tes to the field of packaging. In particular, the present invention relates to an improvement in the handle structure of a carton for holding bottles.
A beverage that is traditionally sold in bottles is beer and it is common to package beer in cartons of 6, 1~ or 24 bottles. The present invention has particular relevance to cartons for holding twelve boktles of beer in a three by four configuration. Cartons for packaging beer bottles in such a configuration are rectangular in plan view, lengthwise dimensioned to hold four upright bottle~ of beer in a row and widthwise dimensioned to hold three such rows of four bottles each. At each end of the carton, there is an end panel, that is prsvided with a handle. As disclosed for instance in applicant's co-pending Canadian Patent Application No. 2,045,825, filed June 27, 1991, the handle is situated near the upper edge of the end panels, in about ~he centre thereof. Each handle is defined by a flap that is generally rectangular, with rounded corners, hinged to the end panel at its upper edge, and separable usually by being die-cutl from the end panel along the remainder of its periphery. To use the handle, one pushes in on the flap, and grasps the end panel of the carton at the upper edge of the flap, where it is hinged to the end panel. Th;s form of 2 ~ 2 ~
handle has been in common use for quite a long time, especially on twenty-four pack cartons of beer.
In the case of a twenty-four pack carton, it will be understood that the configuration of bottles is four wide by six long, and therefore in the centre of the end panel of such a carton there will be a space between two bottle necks. In the case of a three by Eour carton, though, in the centre of the carton where the flap from the handle folds in, there is located the neck of a bottle. As the flap is folded in~ i~ it is pushed against that bottle neck, it will often tear, and a tear will often travel up the Elap to khe end panel of the carton, causing structural failure of the end panel. To avoid this problem, it became common practice to dimension the handles so that they were not wide enough to contact the centre bottle neck, and would not thereby be caused to tear. This provided a handle that is difficult for many persons to grasp, however, since it is quite narrow.
In applicant's aforementioned co-pending Canadian patent application, it is proposed to provide a wider handle, with a hinge line formed in it so that, upon being pushed in, the Elap will not tear when it contacts the centre bottle neck, bur rather will bend. Such a solution has proven successful but there remained a tendency for some 2~12~23 handle flaps to tear, especially if they are puPhed in abruptly and with force.
It is the object of the present invention to provide an ~ oved handle ~or a three bottle by four bottle configuration carton, that is large enough to accommodate most or all persons hands, but will not hear upon being pressed against a bottle neck.
In a broad aspect, the present invention relates to an improvement in a bottle carrying carton for carrying bottles in an upright state, said carton including a bottom panel on which said bottles are arranged, opposed side panels and opposed end panels, each end panel having a handle flap cut therein to define a handle upon being folded inwardly. The improvement comprises a primary fold line formed in said handle flap from one side to the other thereof, and a slit formed in said handle flap from the mid point of said primary fold line to the lowermost edge of said handle flap.
In a preferred embodiment of th~ present invention, at least one secondary fold line extending at an incllned angle from said ~lit to the lowermost edge of said handle flap.
In a particularly advantageous embodiment, two said secondary ~old lines are providedl configured as a shallow, ~192~
inverted V from the ~unction of said slit and said primary fold line to the lowermost edge of said flap.
Said carton may be a carton for holding twelve bottles in a three wide by four long arrangement, there being a bottle situated directly adjacent said handle flap at each ~nd of said carton. Moreover, Said primary fold line is advantageously spaced from the upper edge of said handle flap by a distance less than or equal to the distance between the upper edge of said handle flap and the neck of a said bottle located directly adjacent said handle flaps.
Furthermore, said secondary fold lines, at the lower sdge of said handle flap, are spaced apart by a distance greater than or e~ual to the width of a said neck of a said bottle, in the most preferred embodiment of the present invention.
In drawings that illustrate the present invention by way of example:
Figure 1 is an end view of a carton employing the improve~ handle of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a detail view of the handle shown in Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a perspective view of the carton of Figure 1.
2 ~ 3 Referring now to the drawings, a carton C is illustrated, with an end panel defined by top and bottom flaps 1 and 2 that overlie side flaps 3 and 4. The carton illustrated is an end load carton, generally configured as described and claimed in applicant's aforementioned pending Canadian patent application, but it: will be understood that the present invention is applicable to virtually any carton construction.
A handle flap 5 is formed in the end oE the carton, the handle being wide enough (measured from top to bottom) to accommodate the fingers of a large human hand. The handle flap is cut from the material of the carton end and is generally rectangular, with side edges 6 connected together by a lower edge 7 cut in the carton end, and an upper edge 8 that forms a hinge line so that the handle flap may be pushed in to form a handle aperture in the end of the carton.
A primary fold line 9 is formed in the handle flap, from side to side, by perforating same as illustrated, or by other suitable means such as debossing with pressureO The primary fold line is located a distance from the hinge line 8 that is equal to or less than the absolute distance between the neck of the middle bottle nearest the hinge line 2~2~23 8 in a three by four bottle arrangement so that upon folding inwardly of flap 5, the flap will bend at primary fold line 9, and the portion of the flap above primary fold line 9 will nct bear against such bottlle neck. The approximate alignment of a bottle neck in a three by four carton is shown by phantom line B in Figures 1 and 3.
~ slit 11 extends downwardly from a point substantially at the centre of primary fold line 9, to the bottom edge r/
of flap 5. Slit 11, which is cut entirely through flap 5, preferably when the blank form which the càrton is die-cut, permits that part of the flap 5 that contacts the bottle neck to separate away from the bottle neck, without tearing of the flap. Since slit ~1 terminates at primary fold line 9, it will not transmit any tear into the upper part of the handle flap.
Extending downwardly from the junction of slit 11 and primary fold line 9, in a shallow inverted V~ are secondary fold lines 10 that terminate in the region of the lower corners of flap 5. As flap 5 is pressed inwardly~ then, against a bottle nack, and begins to bend slightly at primary fold line 9, and to separate at slit 11, it will als~ tend to bend at secondary fold lines 10, thereby further ensuring that there is no transmittable tearing of the handle flap. This also makes the handle flap somewhat , .
easier to press in, for those who do not possess great ~inger strength. It will be understood that secondary fold lines 10 are spaced apart at their lower extremities b~ at least the width of a bottle neck, preferably a greater width. They may, like primary fold lines 9, be formed by lines of perforation (as illustrated) or by debossing with pressure.
It is to be understood that the examples described above are not meant to limit the scope of the present invention. It is expected that numerous variants will be obvious to the person skilled in the field of carton design without any departure from the spirit of the invention. The appended claims, properly construed, form the only limitation upon the scope of the invention.
:' :
: ~.
-: , ~,
A beverage that is traditionally sold in bottles is beer and it is common to package beer in cartons of 6, 1~ or 24 bottles. The present invention has particular relevance to cartons for holding twelve boktles of beer in a three by four configuration. Cartons for packaging beer bottles in such a configuration are rectangular in plan view, lengthwise dimensioned to hold four upright bottle~ of beer in a row and widthwise dimensioned to hold three such rows of four bottles each. At each end of the carton, there is an end panel, that is prsvided with a handle. As disclosed for instance in applicant's co-pending Canadian Patent Application No. 2,045,825, filed June 27, 1991, the handle is situated near the upper edge of the end panels, in about ~he centre thereof. Each handle is defined by a flap that is generally rectangular, with rounded corners, hinged to the end panel at its upper edge, and separable usually by being die-cutl from the end panel along the remainder of its periphery. To use the handle, one pushes in on the flap, and grasps the end panel of the carton at the upper edge of the flap, where it is hinged to the end panel. Th;s form of 2 ~ 2 ~
handle has been in common use for quite a long time, especially on twenty-four pack cartons of beer.
In the case of a twenty-four pack carton, it will be understood that the configuration of bottles is four wide by six long, and therefore in the centre of the end panel of such a carton there will be a space between two bottle necks. In the case of a three by Eour carton, though, in the centre of the carton where the flap from the handle folds in, there is located the neck of a bottle. As the flap is folded in~ i~ it is pushed against that bottle neck, it will often tear, and a tear will often travel up the Elap to khe end panel of the carton, causing structural failure of the end panel. To avoid this problem, it became common practice to dimension the handles so that they were not wide enough to contact the centre bottle neck, and would not thereby be caused to tear. This provided a handle that is difficult for many persons to grasp, however, since it is quite narrow.
In applicant's aforementioned co-pending Canadian patent application, it is proposed to provide a wider handle, with a hinge line formed in it so that, upon being pushed in, the Elap will not tear when it contacts the centre bottle neck, bur rather will bend. Such a solution has proven successful but there remained a tendency for some 2~12~23 handle flaps to tear, especially if they are puPhed in abruptly and with force.
It is the object of the present invention to provide an ~ oved handle ~or a three bottle by four bottle configuration carton, that is large enough to accommodate most or all persons hands, but will not hear upon being pressed against a bottle neck.
In a broad aspect, the present invention relates to an improvement in a bottle carrying carton for carrying bottles in an upright state, said carton including a bottom panel on which said bottles are arranged, opposed side panels and opposed end panels, each end panel having a handle flap cut therein to define a handle upon being folded inwardly. The improvement comprises a primary fold line formed in said handle flap from one side to the other thereof, and a slit formed in said handle flap from the mid point of said primary fold line to the lowermost edge of said handle flap.
In a preferred embodiment of th~ present invention, at least one secondary fold line extending at an incllned angle from said ~lit to the lowermost edge of said handle flap.
In a particularly advantageous embodiment, two said secondary ~old lines are providedl configured as a shallow, ~192~
inverted V from the ~unction of said slit and said primary fold line to the lowermost edge of said flap.
Said carton may be a carton for holding twelve bottles in a three wide by four long arrangement, there being a bottle situated directly adjacent said handle flap at each ~nd of said carton. Moreover, Said primary fold line is advantageously spaced from the upper edge of said handle flap by a distance less than or equal to the distance between the upper edge of said handle flap and the neck of a said bottle located directly adjacent said handle flaps.
Furthermore, said secondary fold lines, at the lower sdge of said handle flap, are spaced apart by a distance greater than or e~ual to the width of a said neck of a said bottle, in the most preferred embodiment of the present invention.
In drawings that illustrate the present invention by way of example:
Figure 1 is an end view of a carton employing the improve~ handle of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a detail view of the handle shown in Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a perspective view of the carton of Figure 1.
2 ~ 3 Referring now to the drawings, a carton C is illustrated, with an end panel defined by top and bottom flaps 1 and 2 that overlie side flaps 3 and 4. The carton illustrated is an end load carton, generally configured as described and claimed in applicant's aforementioned pending Canadian patent application, but it: will be understood that the present invention is applicable to virtually any carton construction.
A handle flap 5 is formed in the end oE the carton, the handle being wide enough (measured from top to bottom) to accommodate the fingers of a large human hand. The handle flap is cut from the material of the carton end and is generally rectangular, with side edges 6 connected together by a lower edge 7 cut in the carton end, and an upper edge 8 that forms a hinge line so that the handle flap may be pushed in to form a handle aperture in the end of the carton.
A primary fold line 9 is formed in the handle flap, from side to side, by perforating same as illustrated, or by other suitable means such as debossing with pressureO The primary fold line is located a distance from the hinge line 8 that is equal to or less than the absolute distance between the neck of the middle bottle nearest the hinge line 2~2~23 8 in a three by four bottle arrangement so that upon folding inwardly of flap 5, the flap will bend at primary fold line 9, and the portion of the flap above primary fold line 9 will nct bear against such bottlle neck. The approximate alignment of a bottle neck in a three by four carton is shown by phantom line B in Figures 1 and 3.
~ slit 11 extends downwardly from a point substantially at the centre of primary fold line 9, to the bottom edge r/
of flap 5. Slit 11, which is cut entirely through flap 5, preferably when the blank form which the càrton is die-cut, permits that part of the flap 5 that contacts the bottle neck to separate away from the bottle neck, without tearing of the flap. Since slit ~1 terminates at primary fold line 9, it will not transmit any tear into the upper part of the handle flap.
Extending downwardly from the junction of slit 11 and primary fold line 9, in a shallow inverted V~ are secondary fold lines 10 that terminate in the region of the lower corners of flap 5. As flap 5 is pressed inwardly~ then, against a bottle nack, and begins to bend slightly at primary fold line 9, and to separate at slit 11, it will als~ tend to bend at secondary fold lines 10, thereby further ensuring that there is no transmittable tearing of the handle flap. This also makes the handle flap somewhat , .
easier to press in, for those who do not possess great ~inger strength. It will be understood that secondary fold lines 10 are spaced apart at their lower extremities b~ at least the width of a bottle neck, preferably a greater width. They may, like primary fold lines 9, be formed by lines of perforation (as illustrated) or by debossing with pressure.
It is to be understood that the examples described above are not meant to limit the scope of the present invention. It is expected that numerous variants will be obvious to the person skilled in the field of carton design without any departure from the spirit of the invention. The appended claims, properly construed, form the only limitation upon the scope of the invention.
:' :
: ~.
-: , ~,
Claims (7)
1. In a bottle carrying carton for carrying bottles in an upright state, said carton including a bottom panel on which said bottles are arranged, opposed side panels and opposed end panels, each end panel having a handle flap cut therein to define a handle upon being folded inwardly, the improvement comprising a primary fold line formed in said handle flap from one side to the other thereof, and a slit formed in said handle flap from the mid point of said primary fold line to the lowermost edge of said handle flap.
2. The improvement of Claim 1, further comprising at least one secondary fold line extending at an inclined angle from said slit to the lowermost edge of said handle flap.
3. The improvement of Claim 2, wherein two said secondary fold lines are provided, configured as a shallow, inverted V from the junction of said slit and said primary fold line to the lowermost edge of said flap.
4. The improvement of Claim 3, wherein said carton is a carton for holding twelve bottles in a three wide by four long arrangement, there being a bottle situated directly adjacent said handle flap at each end of said carton, and wherein said primary fold line is spaced from the upper edge of said handle flap by a distance less than or equal to the distance between the upper edge of said handle flap and the neck of a said bottle located directly adjacent said handle flaps.
5. The improvement of Claim 4, wherein said secondary fold lines, at the lower edge of said handle flap, are spaced apart by a distance greater than or equal to the width of a said neck of a said bottle.
6. The improvement of any of Claims 2 - 5, wherein said primary and secondary fold lines are lines of perforations.
7. The improvement as claimed in any of Claims 2 - 5, wherein said primary and secondary fold lines are pressure formed debossed lines.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2092023 CA2092023C (en) | 1993-03-19 | 1993-03-19 | End load carton handle improvement |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2092023 CA2092023C (en) | 1993-03-19 | 1993-03-19 | End load carton handle improvement |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2092023A1 CA2092023A1 (en) | 1994-09-20 |
| CA2092023C true CA2092023C (en) | 1997-11-18 |
Family
ID=4151327
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2092023 Expired - Fee Related CA2092023C (en) | 1993-03-19 | 1993-03-19 | End load carton handle improvement |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2092023C (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NZ631247A (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2016-06-24 | Graphic Packaging Int Inc | Carton with insert |
-
1993
- 1993-03-19 CA CA 2092023 patent/CA2092023C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2092023A1 (en) | 1994-09-20 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US4784316A (en) | Carton carrying handle | |
| US3186545A (en) | Fully enclosed bottle package | |
| CA2451386C (en) | Carton blank for packaging | |
| US4470503A (en) | Returnable bottle carrier with strap handle | |
| EP1335860B1 (en) | Carton with article dispenser | |
| AU2007204823B2 (en) | Carton with dispenser | |
| EP0824476B1 (en) | Stress-relieving arrangement for carton handles | |
| AU573299B2 (en) | Paperboard carton and blank therefor | |
| US6604677B1 (en) | Carton with top dispensing feature | |
| US20190337696A1 (en) | Carton, blank therefor and package | |
| US4637515A (en) | Wrap-around carrier with improved handle | |
| US5490593A (en) | Glass bottle carrier with divider | |
| AU2011318327B2 (en) | Carton with handle | |
| GB2093434A (en) | Wrap around carrier for returnable bottles | |
| CA2825402C (en) | Carton and carton blank with display window | |
| EP0391623A1 (en) | Carton with slot type carrying handle | |
| US7874477B2 (en) | Carton with top dispensing feature | |
| JPH01501135A (en) | Rollable carrier with improved handle | |
| US5820185A (en) | Device for carrying containers | |
| US20060237520A1 (en) | Carton with deflectable carry top | |
| US3315803A (en) | Beverage container carton with punchout container handles | |
| CA2092023C (en) | End load carton handle improvement | |
| EP0511680A1 (en) | Opening structure for wedge-shaped pie carton | |
| US20070023491A1 (en) | Carton with dispenser | |
| CN114502481B (en) | Carrier for containers |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |