CA2073138A1 - Use of 9,12,15-octadecatriene-6-ynoic acid - Google Patents

Abstract

Abstract Uses of 9 (Z), 12 (Z),15(Z)-octadecatriene-6-ynoic acid The invention relates to the use of 9(Z),12(Z),15(Z)-octadecatriene-6-ynoic acid as a therapeutically active substance.

Description

2 {3 ~

This invention relates to the use of g(Z),12(Z),15(Z)-octadecatriene-6-ynoic acid which will be re~erred to hereinafter as "dicranine".
Dicranine is a polyunsaturated fatty acid of which the methyl ester can be extracted from the moss Ceratod~n purpureus, as shown in the Article by J. Gellerman et ~l.
published in Biochemistry (1977), Vol~ 16, 7, 1258-1262.
It has surprisingly been ~ound that dicranine has therapeutic properties, more particularly anti-aggregating and anti-inflammatory properties ana also anti-bacterial properties.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to the use of dicranine as a therapeutically active substan~e. More particularly, the present invention relates to the use of dicranine as an anti-aggregating, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial agent.
The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing dicranine as its therapeutically active substance in conjunction with a pharmaceutically inert excipient.
The pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may be formulated, for example, as an injectable solution or as kablets.
The present invention also relates to a cosmetic composition containing dicranine.
The cosmetic composition according to the invention may be ~ormulated, for example, as a cream, ointment or lotion.
The present invention is illustrated by the followiny Examples in which the following abbreviations are used:
- 13-HODE 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid - 12-H~TE 13-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid - 5-HETE 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid - HHT 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid - 12-HPETE 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid ~ f~ 7 ~ 3 - LTB4 ( ss~l2R)-s,l2-dihydroxy-6, 14 -Ci~-8,10-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid - PGG2 15-hydroperoxy-9~,lla-peroxidoprosta-5,13-dienoic acid - PGH2 15-hydroxy-9~ peroxidoprosta-5~13-dienoic acid.
Example 1 describes a process for the synthesis o~
dicranine.
Examples 2 to 6 demonstrate th~ anti-inflammatory, anti-aggreyating and anti-bacterial properties of dicra-nine.

Exampl~ 1 a) 50 mg Fe(N03)3 and 10.9 g metallic sodium are added to 200 ml liquid NH3.
After stirring for 1 hour at ambient temperature, 50 ml propargyloxytetrahydropyran are added dropwise. After stirring for another hour, 30 ml ethyl iodide are added.
Stirring is continued for 12 hours to allow the ammonia to escape. Sulfuric acid is then added to a p~ value o~
approximately 4, after which the mixture is extracted with ether.
The ether phase is recovered and the solvent is evaporated. The residue i5 dissolved in 50 ml methanol, 10 ml 25~ sulfuric acid i6 added to the resulting solution and, a~ter stirring ~or 1 hour, the mixture is diluted with water. The diluted mixture i5 then extracted with ether.
The ether phase is recovered and dried over magnesium sul~ate, a~ter which the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue is distilled and 22 g 2-pentine-1-ol are obtained b) 0.5 ml pyridine is added to a solution of 10.5 g 2-pentine-l-ol in 150 ml ether, after which 4.2 ml phosphorus tribromide are added dropwise.

~ 3 r - I ~ 3 ~3 The mixture is heated under reflux for 3 hours, a~ter which ice is added.
The mixture is then extracted wi~h ether. The ether phase is washed with a potassium carbonate solution and dried ov~r magnesium sulfate and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue is distilled and 9.75 g 1-bromo-2-pentyne are obtained.

c) 25.5 g ethyl bromide are added with stirring to a lo solution of 100 ml THF containing 5.0 g magnesium.
The mixture is cooled to 0C and a solution of 6.0 g propargyl alcohol in 10 ml tetrahydrofuran (THF) is gently added.
The mixture is stirred for 2 hours at 20C and then cooled to 0C. 0.5 g cuprous chloride and a solution of 9.7 g 1-bromo-2-p~ntyne in 15 ml THF are then added in that order. The mixture is heated under reflux for 19 hours, after which an excess of cuprous chloride is added and heating is continued for 5 hours. A mixture of ic~ and sulfuric acid is then added and the resulting mixture is extracted with ether. The ether phase is washed with a potassium carbonate solution and dried over magnesium sul~ate and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure.
The residue is distilled and 6.8 g 2,5-octadiyne~ ol are obtained.

d) 6.5 g 2,5-octadiyne-1-al and 2 ml phosphorus tribro-mide in 75 ml ether are reacted in the same way as de-scribed in b~ to obtain 6.3 g 1-bromo-2,5-octadiyne.
e~ 3.6 ml propargyl alcohol and 6.0 g 1-bromo-2,5-octa-diyne are added to 9.6 ml ethyl bromide and 2~8 g magnesium in 50 ml THF in the same way as described in c) .
4.5 g 2,5,8-undecatriyne-1-ol are obtained in the ~o~m 2 fi~ 7 3 of a white solid.

f) 0.5 ml pyridine and 1.0 g Lindlar catalyst are added to a solution of 2.0 g 2,5,8-undecatriyne-1-ol in 30 ml ethyl acetate. The mixture is placed under hydro-gen at 1 bar for 24 hours.
~he catalyst is recovered by filtration and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure.
Distillation of the residue gives 0.8 g 2,5,8-undeca-triene-l-ol.

g) A mixture of 0.8 g 2,5,8-undecatriene-1-ol and 0.3 ml phosphorus tribromide in 20 ml ether is heated under reflux for 30 minutes in the same way as described in b). Distillation gives 0.52 g 1-bromo-2,5,8 undeca-triene.

h) Bromine is added a solution of 5.0 g 6-heptenoic acid in 70 ml ether to obtain the dibrominated compound (verified by NMR).
A solution of 5 g sodium in 150 ml liguid NH3 is added to this mixture which is then stirred ~or 12 hours to allow the ammonia to escape. 10.0 g solid ammonium chloride and 200 ml water are then added. The mixture is acidified bv addition of 6 N HCl and is then extracted with ether~ The ether phase is washed with wat~r and dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pres-sure. Distillation of the residue gives 3.5 g heptynP-6-oic acid.
i) 550 mg heptyne-6-oic acid in 5 ml THF are added dropwise to a solution of ethyl magnesium bromide prepared from 0.21 g magnesium and 0.97 g ethyl bromide in 50 ml THF.
The mi~ture is stirred for 1 hour at 20C, after which 2 3 ~
20 mg CuCN and 500 mg 1-bromo-2,5,8-undecatriene are added in that order. The mixture is heated under reflux for 6 hours, cooled and, after addition of ice, is acidified with dilute HCl.
The mixture is extracted with ether, the ether phase is recovered and dried over magnesium sul~ate, the residual solvents are evaporated under pressure and a yellow oil is obtained.
Column chromatography and distillation give 260 mg cf a colourless oil which is indentified by NMR of the carbon and proton and by mass spectrometry as being 9(Z),12(Z),15-(Z)-octadecatriene-6-ynoic acid.

Exa~ple 2 This Example tests the effect of dicranine on the lipoxygenase and the cyclooxygenase of isolated human blood platelets.
Platelets are isolated ~rom human blood on an anti-coagulant of the ACD type (Lagarde et ~1., Thrombos. Res.
~1979) 17, 581-588). Dicranine solubilized in ethanol is added to the platelets in suspension in a physiological buffer (Hepe~) in a quantity of approx. 3.105 cells/~l to obtain a dicranine concentration of 10 4 or 10 6 N.
The platelets are incubated ~or 10 minutes at 37C and are then stimulated by addition of an arachidonic acid sol-ution to obtain an arachidonic acid concentration of 10-5 M, followed by incubation for another 10 minut~s at 37C. The whole i5 then acidified to pH 3 by addition of 3N HCl. The total lipids are ~xtracted with ethyl ether and the mono-hydroxylated fatty acids are separated therefrom by thin-layer chromatography using the method described by Guichar-dant et ~1~ in Biochem. Biophys. Acta, (1985), 835, 210-214.
The monohydroxylated fatty acids are measured by hiyh-performance liquid chromatography ~HPLC) and are quantified ? ~3 by comparison with the standard 13-HODE under the assump-tion that they all have the same molar extinction coeffi-cient at 3 .104 M 1 cm~.
During activation of the platelets, two metabolic pathways of the arachidonic acid are activated, namely:
- the lipoxygenase pathway which leads to the formation of 12-HPETE which is reduced to 12-HETE, - the cyclooxygenase pathway which ~orms the metabolites responsible for platelet aggregation, namely::
- the endoperoxides PGG2, PGH2 and the thromboxan A2 (TXA2) which stabilizes into TXB2 - the prostaglandins of series 2 and - a monohydroxylated fatty acid, HHT.
Determi~ation of the 12-HETE enables the lipoxygenase activity to be estimated. Determination of HHT enables the cyclooxygenase activity to be estimated.
The following results are obtained:

Dicranine Visually Increase in Reduction 0 concentration observed effect 12-HETE in HHT
relative to relative to the control the control Control Aggregation 106 M Sliyht inhibition 40% 18%
10-4 M Inhibition o~
platelet aggregation 65~% 31%

Very strong activation of the lipoxygenase pathway and a reduction in the cyclooxygenase pathway are observed for a dicranine cocnentration of lO 4 M. This result shows that the increase in 12-HETE is not associated with greater availability o~ the arachidonic acid which is less well utilized by the cyclooxygenase. Accordingly, dicranine is ef~ective in increasing the 12-HETE. Now, it is known that 12-HETE is involved in the regulation of immunological processes. Accordingly, dicranine may be a~sumed to have an immunological effect The same ef~ect is observed, albeit less strongly, for a dicranine concentration of 10 6 M.

~ample 3 This Example tests the anti-agglomerating properties of dicranine on isolated human blood platelets. The test used is based on Born's turbidimetric method described in Nature (1962), 194, 927-929.
Several inductors each acting specifically at various levels of the action of arachidonic acid were used, namely:
15 - thrombin which takes into account the entire enzymatic mechanism resulting in aggregation, - arachidonic acid, a direct substrate of cyclooxygenase which forms the mediators responsible for aggregation, namely the endoperoxides PGG2, PGH2 and thromboxan A2 (TXA2), - 9-methano-PGH2 (structural analog of PGHz, reference U46619) which causes aggregation on its own.
The following results were obtained for a dicranine concentration of 10-'' M:
1. Without preliminary incubation of the dicranine:
When thrombin (0.1 unit/ml) or arachidonic acid t5.10 6 M) is used as inductor, normal aggregation of the platelets is observed (no inh:ibition). When 9-methano PCH2 (l ~g/ml) is used as inductor, aggregation is completely inhibited. Accordingly, it may be concluded that dicranine does not act at the level of the enzymes phospholipase or cyclooxygenase; on the contrary, it seems to act directly on the receptor site of PGHJTXA2 to inhibit aggregation.
If a second dose of 9-methano-PGH2 (l ~g/ml) i5 added, no aggregation is observed. Accordingly, the inhibition process appears to be irreversible.

2. With incubation of dicranine:
After incubation for 10 minutes ak 37C, aggregation is slightly inhibited when thrombin is used as inductor.
After incubation for 20 minutes at 37C, aggregation is inhibited to a far greater extent with thrombin. One explanation may be that the inhibition of aggregation necessitates the formation of a metabolite of dicranine which takes place by slow kinetics.
The results are set out in the ~ollowing Table:

Inductors Level of aggregation (~) Control Dicranine (10-4 M
Throroin . Without incubation 65 70 . 10 Mins. 70 69 . 20 Mins. 68 44 Arachidonic acid . Without incubation 70 70 9-Methan PGH2 . Without incubation 66 0 This effect may also arise out of the ~act that the synthesis of 12-HETE, which is known as an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, is considerably increased in the presence of dicranine. The same applies to the synthesis of 12-HPETE, its precursor.
It may be concluded from the present Example that, in a concentration of at least 10-4M and after incubation, dicranine has anti-aggregating properties towards human blood platelets.

In addition, the dicranine appears to act through its metabolites (monohydroxylated ~atty acids) rather than directly.

E~ample 4 one of the principal metabolites of dicranine was isolated by HPLC, namely 13-hydroxy-9(Z),12(Z),15(Z)-octadecatriene-6-ynoic acid.
The anti-aggregating properties of this metabolite were studied in accordance with Example 3 using thrombin as inductor in a quantity of 0.1 unit per ml.
Slow inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by thrombin is observed at a metabolite concentration of 10-~M both without incubation and after incubation for 10 minutes.

Example 5 The object of this Example is to test the effects of dicranine on isolated human leucocytes.
Human leucocytes are iso~ated by the method described by Guichardant et al. in Biochem. J. ~1983), 2~6, 79-883.
The leucocytes are then optionally incubated for 30 minutes at 37C in the presence of dicranine in a concentration of 10-4 or 10-6M in ethanol, after which the optionally incu-bated leucocytes are stimulated by addition of arachidonic acid in a concentration of 10-~ and ionophoric calcium (Oven A23187-Sigma) in a concentration of 2.105M and are then left for 10 minutes at 37 n C. The whole i5 then acidified to pH 3 by addition o~ 3N hydrochloric acid. The total lipids are extracted with a mixture o~ ethanol and chlor~form (1:2), after which the lipids extracted are separated by two-dimensional thin~lay~r chromatography.
The monohydroxylated fatty acids are developed in the first dimension with a solvent mixture of hexane, ethyl ether and glacial acetic acid in a ratio by volume of 59:40:1, the dihydroxylated fatty acids remaining at the beginning of the plate. The monohydroxylated fatty acids are collected from the plate together with the 13-HODE and are extracted with ethyl ether. After evaporation of the solvent under nitrogen, they are separated by inverse-phase HPLC with an elution solvent mixture of methanol and aqueous acetic acid, pH 3, in a ratio by volume of 73:27.
They are detected by W spectroscopy at a wavelength of 234 nm and are quantified by compari~on with the standard 13-10 HODE on the assumption that they all have the same molarextinction coefficient at 3 x 104 M1cm1 The dihydroxylated fatty acids remaining at the beginning of the plate are then developed in the second dimension perpendicularly to the first usin~ a solvent mixture of hexane, ethyl ether and glacial acetic acid in a ratio by volume of 25:74:1. They are collected, extrac ted and separated as described above except that the elu-tion solvent mixture used for the HPLC is methanol/aqueous acetic acid, pH 3, in a ratio by volume of 66:34. PGB2 is used as the quantitative evaluation standard for the dihydroxylated fatty acids according to their respective maximum W absorptions (wavelength 280 nm and molar extinc-tion coefficient 2.8 x 104 Mlcm1 for PGB2; wavelenyth 270 nm and molar extinction coefficient 5 x 104 M~1cm~1 for the dihydroxylated derivatives).
It is known that stimulation of the leucocytes by ionophoric calcium in the presence of arachidonic acid activates 5-lipoxyyenase and that this activation trans-lates into a significant synthesis of 5-HETE and leucotri-enes, such as LTB4.
This is observed for the control leucocytes which werenot incubated in the presence of dicranine.
In the case of the leucocytes incubated in the pres-ence of 10~ M dicranine, the activation of 5-lipoxygenase is inhibited. This inhibition causes a significant reduc-tion in the synthesis of 5-HETE and LTB4. This reduction is of the order of 50% ~or their synthesis by comparlson wlth the control which is significant at 5% for LTB4 according to the Student-Fischer paired test.
In the case of the leucocytes incubated in the pres-ence of 10 6 M dicranine, the activation of 5-lipoxygenase is not inhibited. In this concentration, dicranine is not active.
In a concentration of 10-4 M, dicranine inhibits the synthesis of leucotrienes which are the mediators of inflammation. Accordingly, dicranine has anti-inflammatory properties.

Example 6 These Examples describe the anti-bacterial properties of dicranine towards the following bacteria:
- Bacillus stearothermophilus - Bacillus cereus - Bacillus subtilis - Staphylococcus aureus - Streptococcus faecalis E~ample a 3 ml nutrient gelose (SNA) inoculated with 1% of a culture of the bacterium in question previously incubated for 16 to 18 hours are applied to a Petri dish of 15 ml gelose (PCA). A certain quantity of dicranine in the form of a solution in ethanol is applied to a 6.5 mm or 13 mm diameter disc of sterile filter paper. After evaporation of the solvent, the disc is placed at the centre of the Petri dish.
The whole is then incubated for 24 hours at a tempera-ture of 30 to 37C for the mesophilic bacteria and at a temperature of 55C for the thermophilic bacteria. Visual-ly, it can be seen that, in a zone suxrounding the paper 12 ~ ~1 r~ 3 disc, the microorganism has not developed. The diameter in mm of this inhibitlon zone is measured, the following results being obtained:

Dicranine concentration (~g/disc) , B. stearoth. 0 9 11 14 16 17 26 32 35 B. cereus o g 10 11 15 16 19 22 25 B. subtilis 0 8 11 13 13 14 16 19 20 St. aureus 0 10 11 12 16 17 21 22 23 Str. faecalis 6 10 12 13 Not determined Accordingly, inhibition of the development of the bacteria is observed from 25 ~g dicranine per disc or even - for Str. ~aecalis - from 10 ~g dicranine/disc.

Example b 200 ~1 of an infusion based on brain and heart con-taininq 0 to 200 ~g/ml dicranine in the form of its sodium salt are introduced into each cup of a 96 cup plate and 50 ~1 of an aqueous suspension containing 103 to 105 germs per ml are added. The whole is then incubated at the tempera-tures mentioned in Example a.
Samples (100 ~1) are taken a~ter 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hours and are diluted with 900 ~1 physiological salt solution containing 0.85% sodium chloride and 0.1% tryptone to obtain approximately 10 to 300 bacteria per gelose plate. After incubation for 24 hours, the colonies formed are counted. The following re~ult~ are obtained:

13 ~ 3 ~ s;~ ~
a) number of B. Stearothermophilus still viable per ml solution (logarithmic value):

Dicranine concentration (~g/ml) Control 10 50 lOo 150 200 0 Hour 3.699 3.699 3.724 3.699 3.711 3.699 2 Hours 4.009 3.845 3.806 3.176 2.736 2.477 10~ Hours 5.826 --- -- 3.146 2.~16 l.g37 6 Hours 6.975 6.628 6.439 3.263 2.766 1.544 8 Hours 7.975 8.312 7.161 3.845 2.602 1.454 24 Hours 7.484 7.628 7.366 5.866 2.093 0.004 b) Number of B.cereus till viable per ml solution (loga-rithmic value):

Dicranine concentration (~g/ml) Control 10 50 100 150 200 _ 0 Hour 3.699 3.628 3.628 3O415 3.146 2.826 25 2 Hours 3.900 3.699 3.602 3.149 2.107 0.875 4 Hours --~ - 2.924 2.049 0.041 6 Hours 6.591 6.337 5.734 2.778 1.648 0.176 8 Hours 8.238 7.945 6~301 2.767 1.439 0.301 24 Hours 7.544 7.544 7.0 6.071 1.12~ 0.041 ~ ~ 7 ~

c) Number of B. subtilis still viable per ml solution (logarithmic value):

Dicranine concentration (~g/ml) Control 10 50 100 150 200 0 Hour 4.3014.301 4.301 4.000 3.954 2.204 2 Hours 4.~394.204 3.903 3.748 3.716 1.342 104 Hours ~ -- 3.740 3.556 3.699 1.079 6 Hours 6.95~6.851 3.732 3.665 3.618 1.021 8 Hours S.4237.756 3.991 3.782 3.679 0.301 24 Hours 7.7247.484 4.114 3.342 3.277 0.001 Accordingly, it can be seen that, in concentration of 150 ~g/ml, dicranine is bactericidal towards the mesophilic bacteria B. cereus and B. subtilis. In a concentration of 100 ~g/ml, a bacteriostatic effect is observed for 4 hours.
Dicranine is bactericidal towards the thermophilic bacterium B. stearothermophilus from 200 ~g/ml. In concen-tration of 50 to 150 ~g/ml, a bacteriostatic effect is observed for 4 hours.

Claims (6)

1. A chemical compound in the form of 9(Z),12(Z),15(Z)-octadecatriene-6-ynoic acid for its use as a therapeutical-ly active substance.

2. The chemical compounds claimed in claim 1 for its use as an anti-aggregating agent.

3. A chemical compound as claimed in claim 1 for its use as an anti-inflammatory agent.

4. A chemical compound as claimed in claim 1 for its use as an anti-bacterial agent.

5. A pharmaceutical composition containing 9(Z),12(Z),15-(Z)-octadecatriene-6-ynoic acid as its therapeutically active substance in conjunction with a pharmaceutically inert excipient.

6. A cosmetic composition containing 9(Z),12(Z),15(Z)-octadecatriene-6-ynoic acid.