CA2064445A1 - Cargo containment strap - Google Patents
Cargo containment strapInfo
- Publication number
- CA2064445A1 CA2064445A1 CA 2064445 CA2064445A CA2064445A1 CA 2064445 A1 CA2064445 A1 CA 2064445A1 CA 2064445 CA2064445 CA 2064445 CA 2064445 A CA2064445 A CA 2064445A CA 2064445 A1 CA2064445 A1 CA 2064445A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- strap
- cargo
- restraining
- hook
- vertical support
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Landscapes
- Package Frames And Binding Bands (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A cargo restraining strap has an elongated thin body which is of at least a substantially uniform width over the entire length of the strap. The strap includes an inside surface and an outside surface, both of which are provided with VELCROTM securing components such that the strap when wrapped around the cargo, secures back on to itself. The strap is contracted from a flexible non-stretchable material and has a hook at one end for securing to while wrapping the strap around the cargo.
SJ-8438-92/dl
A cargo restraining strap has an elongated thin body which is of at least a substantially uniform width over the entire length of the strap. The strap includes an inside surface and an outside surface, both of which are provided with VELCROTM securing components such that the strap when wrapped around the cargo, secures back on to itself. The strap is contracted from a flexible non-stretchable material and has a hook at one end for securing to while wrapping the strap around the cargo.
SJ-8438-92/dl
Description
- 2 - 2~
CARGO CONTAIMMENT STRAP
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a cargo restraining strap.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There are presently available a host of different types of restraining straps used to restrain cargo during transport of the cargo. One of the most common types of restraining strap is one that is stretchable to accommodate different cargo sizes. The problem with a stretchable cargo strap is that it generally has too much give and therefore does not provide sufficient restraint. Another type of cargo strap is one which includes a buckle or some other similar type of fastening means at one end of the strap. This type of securing strap can be awkward to apply and has very little capacity to accommodate different sizes of cargo.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a cargo restraining strap which overcomes the difficulties encountered in prior art restraining straps as described above.
More particularly, the present invention provides an elongated cargo restraining strap which is thin and of a uniform or at least substantially uniform width over the entire length of the strap. The strap has inside and outside surfaces, both of which are provided with VELCRO securing components such that the strap, when SJ-8438-92/dl ~ 3 ~ ~0644 wrapped around a cargo, secures back on to itself. The strap includes hook means at one end for securing to while wrapping around the cargo. The strap is made from a flexible non-stretchable material thereby providing an unyielding restraint on the cargo.
The hook means, in combination with the thin, relatively lightweight of the strap, make it very easy to apply the strap to the cargo. The VELCRO securing components are each of an extended length along the body of the strap thereby making the strap fittable to different sizes of cargo.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above as well as other advantages and features of the present invention will be described in greater detail according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention in which:
Figure 1 is a perspective view o~ a cargo being fitted with a cargo restraining strap according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
Figure la is a perspectivew view of an individual carton from the cargo of Figure l;
Figure 2 is an exploded perspective view of one end of the cargo restraining strap shown in Figure l;
Figure 3 is a perspective view in sections of the cargo restraining strap o Figure l;
Figure 4 is a perspective view of one end of an alternate hook means for a cargo restraining strap accordlng to a further preferred embodiment of the present nventlon;
Figure 5 is a perspective view of a cargo restraining system including both a cargo restraining strap and vertical support members according to still a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
SJ-8~38-92/dl 2~A~
Figure 6 is a perspective view of one of the vertical support members from the cargo restraining system of Figure 5.
DETAILED DE~CRIPTTON OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Figure 1 shows a cargo load generally indicated at C. This cargo load is formed by a plurality of cartons C1 best seen in Figure la. These cartons include handle openings H and have small downwardly extneding legs L which provide and interlock between cartons when they are stacked atop a pallet as shown. A wrap around strap generally indicated at 1 is used to hold or restrain the cargo on the pallet.
The details of the cargo restraining strap 1 are best shown having reference to Figure 3 of the drawings.
In Figure 3, the strap is broken for drawing purposes and the figure does not show full length of the strap. The strap should be long enough to wrap around a cargo on a standard sized pallet with overlap to the strap. Although there is no limitation as to the length of the strap, a typical strap length would be in the order of 15 to 20 feet. Obviously, other strap lengths could be used.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the strap is made from flexible plastic e.g., nylon strands woven to form a flexible substantially non-stretchable belt-like structure. For ease of handling, the belt will have a typical width of anywhere from 1 to 3 inches, preferably in the order of about 2 inches. Generally speaking, anything narrower than one inch provides excessive pressure points which could damage the cargo and anything greater than 3 inches makes the belt quite unwieldly. Eor both handling and manufacturing purposes, the belt is uniform or at least substantially uniform in width over its entire length.
Belt or strap 1 is provided to both its inner and outer surfaces with extended length VE~ICRO securing SJ-8438-92/dl regions, namely regions 5 and 7 as shown in Figure 3.
Again, according to a preferred embodiment, each of the VELCRO strips 5 and 7 extend from 2 to 3 feet along the length of the strap.
Hook means is provided to one end of the strap.
This hook means is used to hold the strap while wrapping around the cargo. The hook means is not designed to provide penetration into the cargo but rather is simply a locator which holds the one end of the strap in a fixed position while tension is placed on the strap as it is being wrapped around the cargo.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 1 through 3, a hook member 9 is fitted at the end of the strap. This hook member includes a base loop 11 and a U-shaped hook portion 13. ThiS particular hook as best seen in F~igure 2 of the drawing has a small diameter relatively sharp end which can be used for example, in hooking to plastic containers or the like which are formed with openings or recesses into which the hook fits without damaging the container. With the hook fitted to the container opening H as shown in Figure 1, the main body 3 of the strap is wrapped around the overall cargo with the hook holding the one end of the strap to the cargo. The strap as shown in Figure 1 is of sufficient length to fully encircle the cargo and is then secured back onto itself by means of the VELCRO securing components 5 and 7 provided on the opposite sides and towards opposite ends of the strap. Since each of the VELCRO securing regions is of an extended length, the exact position to which the strap wraps upon itself is not critical, i.e., the extended length of the VELCRO securin~
regions provides a tolerance or allowance as to the location that the strap needs to wrap back upon itself. It should be noted that the hook, although not needing to be completely flat, is sufficiently flat or small that it does not interfere with the strap as it wraps outwardly around the hook.
Figure 1 shows a particularly good setup for the containment of milk cartons having a construction as shown SJ-8~38 92/dl - 6 - 2 ~
in Figures 1 and 2. these cartons are usually stacked five high and three across. The strap hook is fitted in the handle of the middle carton, second row from the top. this row interlocks with the carton rows above and below. the weight of these three rows interlocked with one another bears down on the interlocked rows of cartons below so that the entire load is effectively stabilized on the pallet.
As will be appreciated this is only a preferred setup and other positions of the strap on the cargo can also be used.
The woven plastic or nylon construction of the strap has very little if any give and therefore provides an extremely tight non-yielding restraint around the cargo.
Eurthermore, the VELCRO securing components 5 and 7 have more than sufficient securing capacity to eliminate any slippage between the two components along the length of the belt. To further add to the security provided by the belt is the fact that the VELCRO components adhere to one another over an extended length rather than at a single point location. The VELCRO components can of course be easily released from one another by pulling outwardly on the overlapped belt end which is much more separable in this direction than it is in the shear direction along the line of the belt.
Figure 2 shows a further preferred feature of the present invention in which the hook end of the belt or strap is formed with a releasably secured belt end portion which is generally indicated at 15. This belt end portion includes VELCRO securing components 19 and 17 on the same side of the belt and spaced from one another by a small gap 18. The belt end is fitted through the loop-like base 11 of hook 9 and reverses upon itself so that the two VELCRO
components 19 and 17 are secured to one another. The loop or base of the hook through which the strap passes before it loops upon itself is trapped at the strap area 18 between the secured VELCRO component 17 and 19.
Figure 4 shows the strap being fitted with a different type of hook 9a. This hook is in the form of a SJ-8438-92/dl - 7 ~
plate-like structure having first and second flat legs lla and 13a bent at 90 relative to one another. Leg lla includes a strap receiving opening through which the end of the strap is looped and secured back on itself as shown in Eigure 4 of the drawings. As will be appreciated from the releasably secured nature of the strap end, hooks 9 and 9a are easily interchangeable with one another. Hook 9a is used when the strap is fitted to, for example, cardboard boxes or the like, where the leg 13a of the hook can be located between two of the boxes as shown in Figure 5 of the drawings. The cardboard is sufficiently rough to hold the hook in position without sliding down between the boxes while the strap is wrapped under tension around the cargo.
Hook 9a is not, however, generally acceptable for use on plastic cartons or the like because these have such a low coefficient of friction that they generally will not hold a plate-like hook against slipping down along the side of a plastic container. The plate-like hook 9a, on the other hand, is much better suited for use with cardboard boxes or the like because it does not have a sharp end which could penetrate and damage a cardboard box.
Figure 5 shows a cargo load generally indicated at C1 again seated atop a standard pallet. The difference between this and the load C shown in Figure 1 is that in the Figure 5 set up, boxes B1 are short and each box therefore does not extend the entire height of the cargo.
Accordingly, one strap wrapped around the cargo might not positively secure all of the boxes over the entire height of the cargo. Therefore, four vertical support members generally indicated at 21 are used in combination with cargo support strap 1. Each of these vertical support members is in the form of a bracket comprising first and second legs 23 set at right angles to one another and fitted with a top or end cap 27. The bottom end 29 of the support member is open between the two legs 23 and 25.
As will be seen in Figure 5, the four support members 21 are located at the four corners of the cargo where the end caps 27 sit atop the upper four corner boxes.
~:J- 8 43 8 - 9 2 /dl - 8 - 2 ~ 4 5 The restraining strap 1 is then wrapped around the four vertical support members which in turn hold all of the vertically stacked boxes in a restrained position. The boxes in the centre of the pallet which are not directly contacted by the vertical support member are held in position simply by the pressure applied by the boxes around them.
It will now be seen how a cargo restraining strap and a combination cargo restraining strap and vertical support member arrangement of the present invention is quickly and easily used for restraining different types of cargos. The strap, although being simple in design, is extremely efficient in its use.
Although various preEerred embodiments of the preSent invention have been described herein in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that variations ~ay be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.
SJ-8438-92/dl
CARGO CONTAIMMENT STRAP
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a cargo restraining strap.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There are presently available a host of different types of restraining straps used to restrain cargo during transport of the cargo. One of the most common types of restraining strap is one that is stretchable to accommodate different cargo sizes. The problem with a stretchable cargo strap is that it generally has too much give and therefore does not provide sufficient restraint. Another type of cargo strap is one which includes a buckle or some other similar type of fastening means at one end of the strap. This type of securing strap can be awkward to apply and has very little capacity to accommodate different sizes of cargo.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a cargo restraining strap which overcomes the difficulties encountered in prior art restraining straps as described above.
More particularly, the present invention provides an elongated cargo restraining strap which is thin and of a uniform or at least substantially uniform width over the entire length of the strap. The strap has inside and outside surfaces, both of which are provided with VELCRO securing components such that the strap, when SJ-8438-92/dl ~ 3 ~ ~0644 wrapped around a cargo, secures back on to itself. The strap includes hook means at one end for securing to while wrapping around the cargo. The strap is made from a flexible non-stretchable material thereby providing an unyielding restraint on the cargo.
The hook means, in combination with the thin, relatively lightweight of the strap, make it very easy to apply the strap to the cargo. The VELCRO securing components are each of an extended length along the body of the strap thereby making the strap fittable to different sizes of cargo.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above as well as other advantages and features of the present invention will be described in greater detail according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention in which:
Figure 1 is a perspective view o~ a cargo being fitted with a cargo restraining strap according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
Figure la is a perspectivew view of an individual carton from the cargo of Figure l;
Figure 2 is an exploded perspective view of one end of the cargo restraining strap shown in Figure l;
Figure 3 is a perspective view in sections of the cargo restraining strap o Figure l;
Figure 4 is a perspective view of one end of an alternate hook means for a cargo restraining strap accordlng to a further preferred embodiment of the present nventlon;
Figure 5 is a perspective view of a cargo restraining system including both a cargo restraining strap and vertical support members according to still a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
SJ-8~38-92/dl 2~A~
Figure 6 is a perspective view of one of the vertical support members from the cargo restraining system of Figure 5.
DETAILED DE~CRIPTTON OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Figure 1 shows a cargo load generally indicated at C. This cargo load is formed by a plurality of cartons C1 best seen in Figure la. These cartons include handle openings H and have small downwardly extneding legs L which provide and interlock between cartons when they are stacked atop a pallet as shown. A wrap around strap generally indicated at 1 is used to hold or restrain the cargo on the pallet.
The details of the cargo restraining strap 1 are best shown having reference to Figure 3 of the drawings.
In Figure 3, the strap is broken for drawing purposes and the figure does not show full length of the strap. The strap should be long enough to wrap around a cargo on a standard sized pallet with overlap to the strap. Although there is no limitation as to the length of the strap, a typical strap length would be in the order of 15 to 20 feet. Obviously, other strap lengths could be used.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the strap is made from flexible plastic e.g., nylon strands woven to form a flexible substantially non-stretchable belt-like structure. For ease of handling, the belt will have a typical width of anywhere from 1 to 3 inches, preferably in the order of about 2 inches. Generally speaking, anything narrower than one inch provides excessive pressure points which could damage the cargo and anything greater than 3 inches makes the belt quite unwieldly. Eor both handling and manufacturing purposes, the belt is uniform or at least substantially uniform in width over its entire length.
Belt or strap 1 is provided to both its inner and outer surfaces with extended length VE~ICRO securing SJ-8438-92/dl regions, namely regions 5 and 7 as shown in Figure 3.
Again, according to a preferred embodiment, each of the VELCRO strips 5 and 7 extend from 2 to 3 feet along the length of the strap.
Hook means is provided to one end of the strap.
This hook means is used to hold the strap while wrapping around the cargo. The hook means is not designed to provide penetration into the cargo but rather is simply a locator which holds the one end of the strap in a fixed position while tension is placed on the strap as it is being wrapped around the cargo.
In the embodiment shown in Figure 1 through 3, a hook member 9 is fitted at the end of the strap. This hook member includes a base loop 11 and a U-shaped hook portion 13. ThiS particular hook as best seen in F~igure 2 of the drawing has a small diameter relatively sharp end which can be used for example, in hooking to plastic containers or the like which are formed with openings or recesses into which the hook fits without damaging the container. With the hook fitted to the container opening H as shown in Figure 1, the main body 3 of the strap is wrapped around the overall cargo with the hook holding the one end of the strap to the cargo. The strap as shown in Figure 1 is of sufficient length to fully encircle the cargo and is then secured back onto itself by means of the VELCRO securing components 5 and 7 provided on the opposite sides and towards opposite ends of the strap. Since each of the VELCRO securing regions is of an extended length, the exact position to which the strap wraps upon itself is not critical, i.e., the extended length of the VELCRO securin~
regions provides a tolerance or allowance as to the location that the strap needs to wrap back upon itself. It should be noted that the hook, although not needing to be completely flat, is sufficiently flat or small that it does not interfere with the strap as it wraps outwardly around the hook.
Figure 1 shows a particularly good setup for the containment of milk cartons having a construction as shown SJ-8~38 92/dl - 6 - 2 ~
in Figures 1 and 2. these cartons are usually stacked five high and three across. The strap hook is fitted in the handle of the middle carton, second row from the top. this row interlocks with the carton rows above and below. the weight of these three rows interlocked with one another bears down on the interlocked rows of cartons below so that the entire load is effectively stabilized on the pallet.
As will be appreciated this is only a preferred setup and other positions of the strap on the cargo can also be used.
The woven plastic or nylon construction of the strap has very little if any give and therefore provides an extremely tight non-yielding restraint around the cargo.
Eurthermore, the VELCRO securing components 5 and 7 have more than sufficient securing capacity to eliminate any slippage between the two components along the length of the belt. To further add to the security provided by the belt is the fact that the VELCRO components adhere to one another over an extended length rather than at a single point location. The VELCRO components can of course be easily released from one another by pulling outwardly on the overlapped belt end which is much more separable in this direction than it is in the shear direction along the line of the belt.
Figure 2 shows a further preferred feature of the present invention in which the hook end of the belt or strap is formed with a releasably secured belt end portion which is generally indicated at 15. This belt end portion includes VELCRO securing components 19 and 17 on the same side of the belt and spaced from one another by a small gap 18. The belt end is fitted through the loop-like base 11 of hook 9 and reverses upon itself so that the two VELCRO
components 19 and 17 are secured to one another. The loop or base of the hook through which the strap passes before it loops upon itself is trapped at the strap area 18 between the secured VELCRO component 17 and 19.
Figure 4 shows the strap being fitted with a different type of hook 9a. This hook is in the form of a SJ-8438-92/dl - 7 ~
plate-like structure having first and second flat legs lla and 13a bent at 90 relative to one another. Leg lla includes a strap receiving opening through which the end of the strap is looped and secured back on itself as shown in Eigure 4 of the drawings. As will be appreciated from the releasably secured nature of the strap end, hooks 9 and 9a are easily interchangeable with one another. Hook 9a is used when the strap is fitted to, for example, cardboard boxes or the like, where the leg 13a of the hook can be located between two of the boxes as shown in Figure 5 of the drawings. The cardboard is sufficiently rough to hold the hook in position without sliding down between the boxes while the strap is wrapped under tension around the cargo.
Hook 9a is not, however, generally acceptable for use on plastic cartons or the like because these have such a low coefficient of friction that they generally will not hold a plate-like hook against slipping down along the side of a plastic container. The plate-like hook 9a, on the other hand, is much better suited for use with cardboard boxes or the like because it does not have a sharp end which could penetrate and damage a cardboard box.
Figure 5 shows a cargo load generally indicated at C1 again seated atop a standard pallet. The difference between this and the load C shown in Figure 1 is that in the Figure 5 set up, boxes B1 are short and each box therefore does not extend the entire height of the cargo.
Accordingly, one strap wrapped around the cargo might not positively secure all of the boxes over the entire height of the cargo. Therefore, four vertical support members generally indicated at 21 are used in combination with cargo support strap 1. Each of these vertical support members is in the form of a bracket comprising first and second legs 23 set at right angles to one another and fitted with a top or end cap 27. The bottom end 29 of the support member is open between the two legs 23 and 25.
As will be seen in Figure 5, the four support members 21 are located at the four corners of the cargo where the end caps 27 sit atop the upper four corner boxes.
~:J- 8 43 8 - 9 2 /dl - 8 - 2 ~ 4 5 The restraining strap 1 is then wrapped around the four vertical support members which in turn hold all of the vertically stacked boxes in a restrained position. The boxes in the centre of the pallet which are not directly contacted by the vertical support member are held in position simply by the pressure applied by the boxes around them.
It will now be seen how a cargo restraining strap and a combination cargo restraining strap and vertical support member arrangement of the present invention is quickly and easily used for restraining different types of cargos. The strap, although being simple in design, is extremely efficient in its use.
Although various preEerred embodiments of the preSent invention have been described herein in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that variations ~ay be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.
SJ-8438-92/dl
Claims (9)
1. An elongated, thin, cargo restraining strap, said restraining strap being of at least a substantially uniform width over the entire length of said strap and having an inside surface and an outside surface each of which is provided with a VELCRO securing component such that said strap when wrapped around a cargo secures back onto itself, said strap being constructed from a flexible non-stretchable material and having hook means at one end thereof for securing to while wrapping said strap around the cargo.
2. A cargo restraining strap as claimed in claim 1 wherein said strap has a width of between 1 inch and 3 inches.
3. A cargo restraining strap as claimed in claim 1, wherein said strap is constructed from woven strands of plastic material.
4. A cargo restraining strap as claimed in claim 1, including a releasable end on said strap in which said hook means is releasably and replaceably secured.
5. A cargo restraining strap as claimed in claim 4, wherein said releaseable end comprises a reversing strap portion forming a loop in which said hook means is secured, said reversing strap portion being secured by VELCRO
fastening components.
fastening components.
6. A cargo restraining strap as claimed in claim 1, wherein said hook means has a U-shaped hook end.
7. A cargo restraining strap as claimed in claim 1, wherein said hook means comprises a plate having first and second legs bent at an angle relative to one another.
SJ-8438-92/dl
SJ-8438-92/dl
8. A cargo strap as claimed in claim 7, wherein said first and second legs are bent at 90° to one another.
9. A cargo containment system comprising a restraining strap and a vertical support member, said strap having an elongated thin body which is of at least a substantially uniform width over the entire length of said strap,, said body having an inside surface and an outside surface both of which are provided with a VELCRO securing component such that when said body is wrapped around a cargo against said vertical support member is fitted, said strap secures back onto itself over both the cargo and said vertical support member, said vertical support member comprising an elongated bracket having first and second legs angled relative to one another, said bracket having an open bottom end and a closed top end for seating atop a corner of the cargo SJ-8438-92/dl
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2064445 CA2064445A1 (en) | 1992-03-30 | 1992-03-30 | Cargo containment strap |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2064445 CA2064445A1 (en) | 1992-03-30 | 1992-03-30 | Cargo containment strap |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2064445A1 true CA2064445A1 (en) | 1993-10-01 |
Family
ID=4149520
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2064445 Abandoned CA2064445A1 (en) | 1992-03-30 | 1992-03-30 | Cargo containment strap |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2064445A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5479681A (en) * | 1993-01-22 | 1996-01-02 | Muraoka Co., Ltd. | Cargo collapse preventing device |
| JP2605221B2 (en) | 1994-08-10 | 1997-04-30 | 株式会社村岡 | Load collapse prevention device for conveyed goods |
| US6050419A (en) * | 1999-01-20 | 2000-04-18 | Kraft Foods, Inc. | Pallet wrap and methods for stabilizing and displaying articles |
| WO2016053381A1 (en) * | 2014-10-03 | 2016-04-07 | Dell Products, L.P. | Modular information technology (it) rack and air flow system |
-
1992
- 1992-03-30 CA CA 2064445 patent/CA2064445A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5479681A (en) * | 1993-01-22 | 1996-01-02 | Muraoka Co., Ltd. | Cargo collapse preventing device |
| JP2605221B2 (en) | 1994-08-10 | 1997-04-30 | 株式会社村岡 | Load collapse prevention device for conveyed goods |
| US6050419A (en) * | 1999-01-20 | 2000-04-18 | Kraft Foods, Inc. | Pallet wrap and methods for stabilizing and displaying articles |
| WO2016053381A1 (en) * | 2014-10-03 | 2016-04-07 | Dell Products, L.P. | Modular information technology (it) rack and air flow system |
| US9681586B2 (en) | 2014-10-03 | 2017-06-13 | Dell Products, L.P. | Modular information technology (IT) rack and air flow system |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Dead |