CA2050289A1 - Method and apparatus for producing half-tone separations in color imaging - Google Patents

Abstract

A method of generating a set of half-tone screens (18) for color printing (20) using a digital computer (14) and an x-y plotter (16), including the steps of generating and storing a separate and unique screen function matrix (26) for each of the half-tone screens (18), each matrix (26) comprising a set of light intensity level values in increments going from zero to a maximum, the sequence of numbers being a predetermined pattern that is different from each matrix (26), generating and storing a picture matrix of values representing the pixel portions and desired levels of color intensity of each basic color at the positions in the picture to be printed, creating each screen (18) by dividing each screen area into a plurality of cells (22), each cell (22) being formed as a binary matrix of elemental areas (24) that are selectively either clear or opaque, assigning one of said converted numerical values from each of said basic colors from said set to each of said cells (22) in the corresponding screens (18) being created; and setting the binary values for the elemental areas (24) within a cell (22) by comparing the converted intensity level value for the particular basic color with each of the values in the associated screen function matrix (26) the binary value for each elemental area (24) being set to one value or the other depending on whether the intensity level value is greater or less than the compared value stored in the cell function matrix (26).

Description

WO 9{~ 991 2 ~ ~ ~ 2 ~ 9~ PCl'/US90/01248 ' ~:
. . , ~Eq'HOD AND APPl~:RATU5 FOPc PRODUCING ~ TONE
SEPARATIONS IN COLC)R IMAGING

Background of the Invention ; The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for making color prints and more particularly for making half-tone screens for use in color printing.
In the conventional hal~-tone color reproduction process, an original color print or transparenc~ i5 scanned by a phoko~ensitivQ device that senses the variations in light lntensity at each o~ thc three primary color fre~uencies, namely, red, blue, and green.
The average light intensity level ~or each primary color ~or each incremental area ~pixel) of the scanned oriqinal is quantized and stored digitally.
Alternatively, the digital values for red, green, and blue could be from other sources, such as by a programmed computer. This data is then processed to convert the values to the equivalent light intensity levels required to produce the same color from the three primary pigment colors, cyan, magenta, and yellow. It is also desirable to introduce a "black" component in addition to the three basic colors in the processed output data.
A ~set of ~our screens are produced, using a suitable plotter, from these four sets of values. Each screen, called a hal~-tone screen, is in the ~orm of a grid. Depending on the printing process, the grid may Wos~/10991 20~U289 -2- PC1/U590/01~48 1 be in the form of physical openings or in the form of clear areas of a photographic negatiYe. In the half-tone process, the ratio of the area of each opening or clear area to the surrounding opaque area is determined by the required color intensity for the particular pixel of the reproduced image. Each screen is then used to lay down a grid pattern of dots of the associated one of the three primary colors on the color print reproduction. The resulting color print is a reproductian o~ the original but composed of certain ; patterns o~ four dots o~ varying size. The human eye integrates these dot patterns into the various color tones and detail of the original.
one problem with the superposition of multlple grids i9 the resulting formation o~ interference bands or patterns, known as the Moire e~fect. This e~fect is present whenever sets o~ parallel lines are superimposed at relative angles to each other. Wh~re the set~. o~
lines aro~s, they rein~orce each other, producing dark band5 in the picture. To minimize this e~ect in the color printing hal~-tone process, one technique is to place the superimposed grids at precise angles relative to each other, namely, O degrees ~or yellow, ~15 degrees ~or cyan, -15 degrees ~or magenta, and ~45 degrees for black. This solution and ways of implementing grid angle control are discussed in U.S. Patents 4,456,924 and 4,499,489. One problem with this technique is that a small deviation from these precise angles produces a noticeable Moire effect. The Moire effect is also minimized if screens are aligned at the same angle.
However, this approach has not been considered practical since, when using the same screen geometry, any slight variation in lateral displacement changes the amount of overlap o~ the dots and this in turn changes the ratio of white area to color area, resulting in noticeable changes in color reproduction.

WO90~10991 2 ~ 3g ~ PCT~US90/01248 1 Summary of the Inventi~
The pre~ent invention is directed to an improved method of producing half-tone screens for color reproductions. The screens do not require relative s angular rotation to avoid the Moiré effect. Instead, a rectilinear transposition of successive halftone screens is used to produce the color reproduction. The shape and relative position of dots in the different separations are chosen to minimize color shifts due to variations in registration at the printing stage. More accurate conversion from the RGB colors to the cyan, magenta, yellow, and black is possible due to a more regular pattern of superposition. In the past this conversion has required a geometrical analysis that is complex and uses some simpli~ying assumptions and approximations that introduce some deterioration of color quality. The present invention reduces the computational steps required to process the color data.
These and other advantages o~ the present invention are achieved, in brief, by ~irs~, for example, opkically scanning the color original and measuring the light intensity in a sequence of pixel areas ~or each of the three primary color fre~uencies, or otherwise deriving color video data such as by graphic computations of a computer. Using a digital computer, the intensity levels for each pixel are then converted into a set of numerical values representing the corresponding intensity levels for each of the basic colors to be printed, for example, cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
A different screen function matrix is generated and stored in the computer memory for each of the four color screens being created for use in the color reproduction.
Each screen function matrix ~omprises at least one set of all possible numerical intensity level values for the associated color. However, the pattern or positioning of the values within each matrix di~fers for each color in a predetermined manner.
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2 0 5 ~ 2 8 9 4 PCTtVS~0/01248 1 Using a suitable x-y plotter, for example, each screen is created by dividing the screen area into a plurality of cells, each cell corresponding to one half-tone period. Each C211 is formed by the plotter as a binary matrix of elemental areas, the plotter creating each elemental area in one of two states, e.g., clear or opaque. The screen function matrices have the same dimensions as the cell matrices, so that each elemental area in a cell has a c~rresponding intensity level value in the screen ~unction matrix. ~ach cell o~ a picture screen is mapped to one or more particular pixel areas of the picture being reproduced. The binary state for each elemental area within a cell is determined by comparing the corresponding intensity level value in the screen function matrix with the stored intensity level values derived ~rom the associated pixel areas.

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WO ~/1~991 ~ O ~ 9 Pcr/usgo/ol248 1 Brief Descr~iption of th~_Drawin~s For a better understanding of the invention, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein: ?
FIG. 1 is a hlock diagram of an embodiment of the in~ention:
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the form of the data generated by the scanner from an original color picture being reproduced;
~IG. 3 is a diagram showing the ~orm of the data a~ter conversion for printing;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of screen cell as form by the : plotter;
: FIGS. 5A-D are sets of diagrams showing examples of the four screen function matrices;
FIGS. 6-9 are diagrams of screen cell pakterns for each basic color at ~our dif~erent color intensities;
and FIG. lO is a diagram showing the superlmposed color positions.

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~ 35 wosotlo99l 2 ~ 5 0 2 8 ~ Pcr/us90/0l248 1 Detailed Descrip:tion Referring to FIG.l in detail, the numeral lo indicates generally a scanner for receiving the original color picture that is to be reproduced. The original may be a color photograph, for example, either a print or transparency. The scanner may be o~ any well-known optical scanning device in which the picture is traversed in a raster type pattern by a photosensitive element that detects the level of reflected or transmitted light ~or each of the primary colors, red, green, and blue. Thes~ detected light intensity levels are converted to three electrical analog signals which are connected to an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 12. In addition the scanner 10 generates two signals x and y which define the pixel position and the scanning line respectively of the scanning element as it moves relative to the picture. rrhe A/D converter 12 is synchronized with the pixel position signal x so that a digital outpuk is gene~ated with each predetermined inaremental adv~nce o~ the scanning Qlemen~. Thus, the I picture is converted b~ the scanner 10 and A/D converter j 12 into a series of picture elements (pixels), the average light intensity in each pixel ~or each o~ the three basic colors being a digital value, pre~erably on a scale of O to 1. While a scanner has been shown, the invention is not limited to any particular method of generating the digital color image data. For example, graphical information generated by a computer may be the source of the color image data.
The three digitized red, green, and blue output signals R, G and B, together with x and y position signals, arP inputted to a digital computer 14. The computer stores the data in memory as a picture matrix, shown by the diagram of FIG. 2. The positions Xm,Yn in the stored picture matrix correspond to the pixel positions of the scanned original. The three intensity : .

WO90/10991 2 ~ 9 PCT/~S90/012~8 level ~alues R, G, and B for each pixel are stored in the corresponding position in the picture matrix.
Once the data for the original picture is stored in the picture matrix, the computer processes the data to convert it to an e~uivalent set of intensity values for the primary printing c~lors cyan, maganta, and yellow.
The mathematics for this conversion process is well known. See for example "Principles of Color Reproduction" by J.A.C. Yule, Wiley & Sons, 1967, Chapters l0 and ll. At the same time a fourth set of values ~or black are also pre~erably computed. The resulting data is stored in a print matrix, as shown in FIG.3, the ~our intensity level values C, M, Y, and K
for each pixel being stored in the corresponding position x, y in the print matrix.
The print matrix data is used by ~he computer to provide control information to a plotter 16 which creates the ~our hal~-tone screens 18 required to make the color prints. The plotter i5 a conventional h.igh resolution x-~ plotter. Dependin~ on th@ type o~
screen, the plotter printin~ element or stylus may be a laser beam, an ink jet, or other device capable of producing, on command, a contrasting dot in an elemental area on whatever medium the screen is being formed. The stylus can be positioned by x~y coordinate digital input signals at any selected incremental area within the plotting range. The screens may take a variety of forms depending on the particular p~inting process employed, such as a photographic negative. Once created, the screens are used in a conventional printer 20 to produce color prints.
The command signal for the stylus and the position control signals for the plotter are produced by the computer in the following manner. Re~erring to FIG. 4, the screen 18 being created is divided logically into cells 22, each cell corresponding to one hal~-tone period o~ the screen. The cell size (CS) depends on the : .. ,,'': ,: ,.",: ",'' ~,'.. . '. - , ... : ,; , , . :, ,:

WO9~10991 ~ PCT/US90/01248 -8- ~
: l definition of the printing process. For example, - printing on newsprint provides relatively poor definition and therefore the size of a cell can be relatively large. The cell size is also limited by the elemental size (ES) of the plotter stylus. The more plotter dots within a cell, the better the color range of the reproduced prints. If the cell size is the same as the size of an elemental area, for example, no half-tones can be reproduced. Preferably the cell size should be at least ei~ht times the incremental area so that one cell includes sixty-Pour incremental areas. A
plotter dot or elemental area, indicated at 24, has a physical dimension ES that is fixed by the minimum spacing resolution of the particular plotter used. The cell size CS is an integral multiple n o~ the plotter elemental area size ES. Each cell therefore consists of an n x n binary matrix o~ elemental areas or plotter dots 2~. In the example shown, n - 8.
According to the pre~nt lnvention, the plotter i5 controlled by the comput~r to lay down a uni~ue pattern o~ dots within each cell for each of the four half-tone screens needed to print a reproduction. The pattern varies ~rom cell to cell to satisfy the half-tone or color intensity level requirement of each cell. At the same time the patterns are designed to minimize overlap of individual colors when the screens are superimposed.
To this end, the computer stores a set of four screen function matrices 26. The dimensions of thes~ matrices correspond to the dimensions of the cell matrix, namely, an n x n matrix, where n = CS/Es. Each position in the screen function matrices, therefore, has a corresponding plotter dot (elemental area) position 24 in a cell. The computer stores a different value at each position in a screen function matrix, taken from a set of values representing all the levels of color intensity on a scale of 0 to l. The number of increments into which the intensity scale is divided is equal to the number of WO 90/~0991 2 ~ ~ ~ 2 ~ 9 Pcr/usgo/o1248 . g 1 positions in the matrix, namely, n x n. Referring to FIGS. 5A-D, four screen ~unction matrices 26 are shown by way of example, one ~or each of the ~our basis colors, cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. In the ~igures, the numbers of the positions of aach increment on the intensity scale are shown in place of the actual intensity level values.
once the screen function matrices are computed and stored, the computer controls the plotter to advance the stylus ~rom one elemental area to the next in a predetermined sequence. At each position, the computer issues a binary control signal to the stylus to either activate the stylus or not. The binary control signal is set by comparing the required color intensity level value for the particular half-tone period or cell as derived ~rom the print matrix (see FIG. 3), with the intensity level value stored in the screen ~unction matrix ~or the particular stylus po~ition (elemental area) within the cell. For example, only i~ the reguired color intensity level is greater than the value derived ~rom the screen function matrix will the computer activate the stylus (or not activate the stylus depending on the particular printing process). Figures 6-9 show the plotted cells for each color at four di~ferent levels of color intensity.
Every cell has at least one pixel of the scanned original, as stored in the computerj associated with it.
There does~ not have to be any one-to-one correspondence ~etween the pixels and the cells, although this special case simplifies an understanding of the invention.
Mapping between the pixels and the cells is controlled by the computer so that a pixel value is assigned to each elemental area of the plotter. The same pixel value need not be assigned to every elemental area within a cell. Thus the mapping may vary depending on ; the relative size o~ the printed picture relative to the size o~ the original. For example, i~ a large .
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WO90/10991 2 ~ ~ a~ ~ ~ PCT/USgO/01248 -10- ~
1 magnification of picture size is required, it is obvious that a single pixel of the original picture may be used to control the color intensity of a number of cells or half-tone periods. The number of pixels generated by the scanning process is to a degree independent of the number o~ cells in the printing process, the number of pixels being determined by the size (SS) of each pixel relative to the size of the original being scanned.
Thus, as shown in FIG. 4, the cell boundaries do not necessarily coincide with the pixel boundaries, so that one cell may involve the intensity values from more than one of a group of adjacent pixels. Alternatively, the intensity value of a single pixel may be used to control the plotter in more than one cell.
Referring again to FIG. 5, a set of screen function matrices ~or the four colors, cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, is shown Por a cell formed, for example, as an 8 x 8 binary matrix of plotter element~l areas. ~s noted, the dimen~ions oE the binary matrix arc ~ixed by the ratio o~ the re~uir~d cell ~iz~ to th~ ~ize o~ the elemental area produced by the particular plotter. The intensity level numbers stored in each matrix are arranged in a predetermined pattern of positions which produce unique color patterns in the screen cells.
Figures 6-9 illustrate the color patterns generated for each of the four colors at each of four color intensity levels, namely, at 12.5%, 37.5%, 50% and 81.8% color intensity, respectively.
The relationship between the screen function matrices for the four colors may be expressed as follows. Let Vl (i,j) be the basic matrix for cyan, with i,j = 0,l, ... n. Assuming n is an integral multiple of four, then (black) V4 (i,j) = Vl (i, (j+n/2) mod n) (magenta) V2 (i,j) = Vl ((i+n/4) mod n, (j~n/4) mod n) (yellow) V3 (i,;) - V2 (i, (j~n/2) mod n) WOgO/10991 2 ~ 8 ~ PCT/US90/01248 l where "mod n" 5tands for modulo n. If n is not a multiple of ~our, analogous transformations become more complex in their mathematical definitions.
A significant aspect of the present invention is that not only do the screen function matrices produce di~ferent patterns for each color, each cell for each color has two distinct and separate color areas, and these two color areas are located di~ferently for each of the four colors. In the preferred embodiment shown, the arrangement o~ numbers in the screen function matrix shown in FIG~ 5A ~or the color cyan produces two color areas in a screen cell (see FIGS. 6-9) that are approximately centered in two diagonal quadrants of the cell, while the arrangement of numbers in the screen function matrix shown in FIG. 5D for blacX produces two color areas approximately centered in the other two diagonal quadrants of the cell. The numbers in the function screen matrices Eor magenta and yellow respectively approxim~tely center two color areas respectively at the centers o~ two adjacent boundaries o~ the cell, and at the center and one corner of the cell. When the screens are superimposed, the centers of the co}or areas for all four basic colors are arranged in the pattern shown in FIG. lO.
It will be noted that, with increasing color intensity, the pattern of numbers in the screen function matrices produces expanding areas of color in the cells by causing additional contiguous elemental areas to be added to each of the two color areas. In ~he case of magenta and yellow, because some of the color areas are centered on the boundary of the cell, the areas expand into the adjacent cells. Thus, although each cell has only two areas centered in the cell, some cells, at higher than the minimum color intensity level, may, in effect, have more than two color areas within the boundaries o~ the cell. It Will be 5een that, within a mosaic o~ cells o~ the four superimposed gcreens, the WO90~10991 2 ~ ~ ~ 2 8 ~ PCT/US90/01248 -12- ~
l color areas for cyan and yellow are located at equally-spaced interspersed positions along a ~irst diagonal A, while the color areas for magenta and black are located at equally-spaced interspersed positions along a second parallel diagonail B. This arrangement insures the maximum spacing and minimum overlap between the colors in the pattern of color dots produced by the four screens. While a diagonal orientation o~ the color dots is preferred for best visual results, arrangement ~or the lines ~ and B at an arbitrary angle is equally possible. In the preceding discussion, the primary printing colors have been assigned to specific screen matrices by way of example. In practice, this assignment can be arbitrarily changed.

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Claims (14)

What Is Claimed Is:

1. Method of producing half-tone color reproductions using multiple screens for printing each of at least three basic colors, comprising the steps of:
scanning in a predetermined pattern the color original that is being reproduced;
sensing the light intensity of each of the three basic color frequencies in a sequence of pixel areas;
converting the level of light intensity at each color frequency for each pixel area scanned to a set of numerical values representing the desired levels of color intensity of each of the basic colors to be printed, generating and storing a plurality of screen function matrices, one matrix for each screen, each matrix comprising a set of intensity level values in increments going from zero to maximum color intensity the values being arranged in a different predetermined positional pattern for each matrix;
creating each screen by dividing each screen area into a plurality of cells, each cell being formed as a binary matrix of elemental areas that are selectively either clear or opaque, assigning one of said converted numerical values from each of said basic colors from said set to each of said cells in the corresponding screens being created; and setting the binary values for the elemental areas within a cell by comparing the converted intensity level value for the particular basic color with each of the values in the associated screen function matrix, the binary value for each elemental area being set to one value or the other depending on whether the intensity level value is greater or less then the compared value stored in the cell function matrix.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the position of a particular value within the screen function matrix determines the position of the elemental area in each cell whose binary value is set by that particular value.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the positions of the values within a screen function matrix are fixed such that for any given intensity level value being compared, the resulting elemental areas of the same binary value are positioned in symmetrical groups of contiguous elemental areas when combined with adjacent cells of the resulting screen.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the spacing between the groups within each screen is substantially equal.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein, with the screens superimposed, the spacing between groups associated with each of the different colors is substantially equal.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the number of positions in the screen function matrix is equal to the number of elemental areas in a cell, there being one unique position in the screen function matrix for each elemental area of a cell.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of converting includes converting the sensed light intensity values from each pixel into four basic colors to be printed.

8. The method of claim 7 wherein said step of generating and storing includes the steps of generating and storing four screen function matrices, the two lowest intensity values for a first one of the screen function matrices being approximately positioned in the center and one corner, for a second one of the screen function matrices at the centers of two adjacent edges, for a third one of the screen function matrices at the centers of two diagonal quadrants, and for a fourth one of the screen function matrices at the centers of the remaining two diagonal quadrants.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein said step of generating and storing each of said four matrices includes the step of positioning the values of successively higher light intensity levels in contiguous positions surrounding said two lowest intensity values.

10. The method of producing half-tone screens for use in color printing in which each screen controls the pattern for one basic color when the screens are superimposed, said method comprising the steps of:
generating and storing sets of numerical values, each set representing the desired levels of color intensity for each basic color in a respective one of a plurality of pixel areas of an image to be reproduced;
generating and storing a plurality of screen function matrices, one matrix for each screen, each matrix comprising a set of intensity level values in increments going from zero to maximum color intensity, the values being arranged in a different predetermined positional pattern for each matrix;
creating each screen by dividing each screen area into a plurality of cells, each cell being formed as a binary matrix of elemental areas that are selectively either clear or opaque, assigning at least one set of values from said sets of numerical values to each of said cells; and for each half-tone screen, comparing the numerical value in the assigned set that corresponds to the print color of the half-tone screen with each of the values in the associated screen function matrix, the binary value for each elemental area being set to one or the other depending on whether the intensity level value is greater or less than the compared value stored in the cell function matrix.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the positions of the values within a screen function matrix are fixed such that for any given intensity level being compared, the resulting elemental areas of the same binary value are positioned in symmetrical groups of contiguous elemental areas when combined with adjacent cells of the resulting screen.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein the spacing between the groups within each screen is substantially equal.

13. The method of claim 12 wherein, with the screens superimposed, the spacing between groups associated with each of the different colors is substantially equal.

14. Apparatus for producing half-tone screens for use in color printing in which each screen controls the print pattern for one basic color when the screens are superimposed, said apparatus comprising:
means for generating and storing sets of numerical values, each set representing the desired levels of intensity for each basic color in a respective one of a plurality of pixel areas of an image to be reproduced;

means for storing a plurality of numerical screen function matrices, one matrix for each screen, each matrix comprising a set of intensity level values in increments going from zero to maximum color intensity, the values being arranged in a different predetermined positional pattern for each matrix;
means for plotting a screen including stylus means for creating a binary spot in each incremental area of the screen and means for positioning the stylus means at any incremental area; and control means for the plotting means, said control means dividing the screen being plotted into a plurality of cells, each cell comprising a binary matrix of binary spots of the stylus, there being one spot in the binary matrix for each position in the screen function matrix, the control means setting the binary value of the stylus means by comparing the intensity level value in the corresponding position in the screen function matrix with the desired intensity level rom the means for generating and storing sets of numerical values.