CA2019426C - Lithium salts as red blood cells lysing hemoglobin denaturing reagents - Google Patents
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Abstract
Use of a lithium salt, particularly lithium thiocyanate, as an agent for lysing red blood cells and denaturing hemoglobin in the performance of an immunoassay to detect the relative amount of a hemoglobin derivative in a blood sample. The method is particularly useful in the determination of hemoglobin Alc. The method provides a rapid means for releasing hemoglobin from red blood cells by lysis and for exposing the epitope that is characteristic of the Alc form. Low concentrations of the lithium salt provide rapid release and denaturation of hemoglobin without the need for dilution prior to the performance of the immunoassay.
Description
LITHIUM SALTS AS RED BLOOD CELL
LYSING AND HEMOGLOBIN DENATURING REAGENTS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to methods and 5 reagents for the lysis of erythrocytes in a blood sample. More particularly, the invention relates to the release of hemoglobin by lysis of erythrocytes and the denaturation thereof for the 10 purpose of immunoassay determination of a particular hemoglobin derivative such as hemoglobin Alc.
The determination of the relative amount of hemoglobin that exists in the bloodstream in a 15 particular derivative form generated by in vivo processes is of considerable importance to medical diagnosis. Of particular significance is the measurement of glycated hemoglobins to assess the long term blood glucose control in diabetes 15 mellitus. The glycated form of hemoglobin that MS-1589.1 ~~1~426 perhaps is the most important in diabetes management is the derivative commonly known as hemoglobin Alc. This hemoglobin derivative is produced in vivo by the nonenzymatic reaction of 5 glucose with the hemoglobin protein. Glucose becomes covalently attached in a rearranged form to the amino-terminal valine residue of the beta-chain in native hemoglobin. Normal individuals have between about 3 and about 6 percent of their total 1Q hemoglobin in the Alc form, while an uncontrolled diabetic individual could have as much as 3 to 4-fold higher levels of this hemoglobin derivative in the bloodstream.
A variety of methods have been developed for 15 the measurement of glycated hemoglobin. The conventionally used methods are based on diverse techniques such as ration exchange chromatography, electrophoresis, and dye complexation (hydroxy-f urfural/thiobarbituric acid). These techniques 20 are well known to be tedious, complex, requiring special technical skills, and suffer from imprecision and nonspecificity. Quite recently, monoclonal antibodies specific for the the glycated N-terminal peptide residue that characterizes 25 hemoglobin Alc have been developed, enabling the detection of this hemoglobin derivative by convenient immunoassay approaches (see U.S. Pat.
No. 4,647,654).
The immunoassay determination of hemoglobin 30 Alc using monoclonal antibodies is highly specific and the procedure used is significantly less tedious and complex than the conventional prior art methods. Nevertheless, the optimal hemoglobin Alc immunoassays have been found to require the MS-1589.1 denaturation of hemoglobin in order to expose the glycated N-terminal peptide epitope for antibody binding (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,658,022). Conditions which have been shown to provide the necessary 5 degree of denaturation of hemoglobin for exposure of the Alc epitope have typically also be sufficient for denaturation of antibody reagents used in the immunoassay detection of the exposed epitope. For example, when using chemical 1Q denaturants, it has generally been found necessary to dilute the denatured hemoglobin mixture sufficiently to reduce the concentration of denaturant below that which would significantly interfere with the immunoassay reaction. Such a 15 dilution step is inconvenient and can introduce error to the assay measurement.
An improved denaturant reagent for use in the immunoassay determination of hemoglobin derivatives such as hemoglobin Alc is described in European 20 Patent Publication 315,864. The blood sample is treated with the combination of a thiocyanate salt and an oxidant to release and denature the hemoglobin in the sample and to convert hemoglobin to its spectrophotometrically detectable 25 met-hemoglobin form. In this way, total hemoglobin can be determined by absorbance measurement of met-hemoglobin and the Alc portion determined and related to total hemoglobin content by immunoassay.
The presence of the met-hemoglobin oxidant 30 during denaturation was found to significantly increase the rate of denaturation of hemoglobin, thereby reducing the overall assay time and improving the reliability of the determination.
However, the concentration of thiocyanate salt MS-1589.1 required for optimal denaturation is sufficiently high that a reduced immunoassay response has been observed. Thus, a dilution step is generally required after denaturation in order to reduce the 5 thiocyanate concentration to a level that does not significantly interfere with the ability of antibody to bind to the exposed Alc epitope.
SUN~IARY OF THE INVENTION
It has been unexpectedly found that the nature 10 of the counter cation in the denaturant salt, particularly when the denaturant salt is a thiocyanate salt, has a significant effect on its ability to denature hemoglobin for purposes of detecting hemoglobin derivatives such as hemoglobin 15 Alc by immunoassay. It has been found that the use of a lithium salt form of an anion capable of lysing erythrocytes and of denaturing released hemoglobin (including the derivative forms thereof present in a test sample) significantly increases 20 the rate of lysis and denaturation without interfering significantly with the immunoassay.
Significantly, the use of lithium denaturant salts of the present invention has been found to eliminate the need for dilution of the denatured 25 hemoglobin mixture prior to performance of the immunoassay. The lithium salt forms of lysing/denaturing anions, such as thiocyanate, have been found to be effective to rapidly lyse erythrocytes and denature released hemoglobin at 3Q concentrations low enough that the immunoassay reaction can take place without significant MS-1589.1 interference directly in the resulting denatured mixture.
Accordingly, the lithium salts of the present invention are useful as lysing/denaturing reagents 5 in analytical methods for determining a particular hemoglobin derivative in a blood sample. In such methods, the blood sample is treated with the lysing/denaturing reagent to lyse erythrocytes and to denature a detectable amount of the hemoglobin 1Q derivative of interest that is released from the erythrocytes, and the resulting mixture is assayed by immunoassay to detect the denatured form of the hemoglobin derivative therein. Normally, it will be desired to relate the amount of the hemoglobin 15 derivative of interest as a fraction or percentage of the total amount of hemoglobin in the sample.
In such case, the blood sample is additionally treated with an oxidant, such as a ferricyanide salt, to convert the released hemoglobin (including 2Q all derivative forms thereof) to its met-hemoglobin form. The resulting met-hemoglobin in the mixture can then be assayed spectrophotometrically to provide a measure of the total hemoglobin content of the sample, and the percent that is in the form 25 of the hemoglobin derivative of interest can be calculated from the spectrophotometric met-hemoglobin and hemoglobin derivative immunoassay results.
In the course of discovering the improved 3Q properties of the lithium salt forms of lysing/
denaturing anions, it was also found that the particular salts lithium thiocyanate and lithium perchlorate are superior to other cation forms in the lysis of erythrocytes irrespective of MS-1589.1 denaturation. Such property of these lithium salts is useful in methods, including analytical methods, requiring the lysis of erythrocytes such as to release a substance to be detected, to remove interferences, and the like.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figs. 1-4 are graphs showing the time courses for the lysis of red blood cells (RBC) using various thiocyanate salts. The data demonstrates 1Q that the lithium salt is the most efficient for RBC
lysis.
Fig. 5 is a graph showing the time courses for the lysis of RBC using the lithium and sodium salt forms of thiocyanate and perchlorate. The lithium salt outperformed the sodium salt in each case.
Fig. 6 is a graph showing the time course for the denaturation of hemoglobin using various thiocyanate salts. The data demonstrate that the lithium salt is the most efficient for hemoglobin denaturation.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention involves the use of a lithium salt form of an anion which will be referred to herein as a lysing/denaturing anion.
The lysing/denaturing anion can be selected from any which are known or found to be effective to lyse erythrocytes to release hemoglobin therefrom and to denature the hemoglobin derivative of MS-1589.1 interest sufficiently for detection by immunoassay.
The most preferred anion is thiocyanate. Other anions which can be used include, without limitation, perchlorate, cyanide, iodate, and periodate. Other functional anions will be recognized by those working in the field or will be readily determinable by routine experimentation.
The preferred lysing/denaturing reagent therefore is lithium thiocyanate. In general, concentrations of lithium thiocyanate above about 0.5 molar (M) in the medium or mixture in which the hemoglobin derivative of interest is to be released and denatured will be effective at temperatures between about room temperature (i.e., around 20-25°C) and slightly elevated temperatures (e. g., up to about 37°C) and in the presence of oxidant (described in detail below). Maximum efficiency of lysis and denaturation occurs at about 1.25 M, although concentrations up to about 3.5 M have been 20. found to be tolerable by the immunoassay without dilution. However, in order to operate at concentrations above about 3.0 M, it can be necessary to make modifications of the immunoassay reagents or assay protocol which are economically impractical or undesirable, e.g., increasing the concentration of reagent antibody. Higher concentrations, e.g., up to 6 M, can be used for lysis, however, the resulting mixture will normally require dilution to below 3.5 M for the immunoassay step. Therefore, the concentration of lithium thiocyanate in the lysis/denaturation medium will usually be from about 0.5 to about 3.5 M, and more preferably below about 3.0 M. A more preferred range of concentration is between about 1.0 and MS-1589.1 about 2.0 M, with 1.25 M being presently considered optimal and most preferred.
The above concentration ranges will vary somewhat with temperature and with the 5 concentration of oxidant. One skilled in the art will be able to optimize the lysis/denaturing conditions for a particular hemoglobin derivative immunoassay. Concentration ranges for the lysis/denaturing reagent, the effect of oxidant, 10 the effect of temperature, and the like can be readily determined empirically for any particular assay. Presently, the most preferred conditions are 1.25 M lithium thiocyanate, with 0.76 mM
ferricyanide as oxidant, at 37°C.
15 The determination of the concentration or amount of a particular hemoglobin,derivative in a blood sample can be performed in the absence of oxidant. Oxidant serves to enhance the denaturation effects of thiocyanate as a lysing/
2Q denaturing anion, and also to convert hemoglobin to met-hemoglobin to provide a means for total hemoglobin measurement. If desired, one can determine the absolute concentration or amount of the hemoglobin derivative (without regard for the 25 concentration or amount of total hemoglobin in the sample) by immunoassay, or can perform a separate total hemoglobin assay on a second sample and correlate the results with the hemoglobin derivative immunoassay in order to calculate 30 percent or proportion of hemoglobin in the derivative form.
It is particularly advantageous to perform a determination of the relative amount of the MS-1589.1 - g _ hemoglobin derivative in a single sample of blood.
The combined use of a lithium thiocyanate lysis/
denaturing reagent with oxidant provides a means of rapidly and reproducibly converting essentially all 5 of the hemoglobin in the blood sample into a denatured thiocyan-met-hemoglobin form. This form of hemoglobin serves as the basis for measuring total sample hemoglobin, with the denatured form of the particular hemoglobin derivative of interest 1Q serving as the analyte in the immunoassay. As described below, the immunoassay is preferably based on the specific affinity of a monoclonal antibody for the denatured form of the hemoglobin derivative of interest.
15 When used, the oxidant can be selected from essentially any inorganic or organic oxidizing agent of sufficient electrochemical potential to convert the native hemoglobin ferrous ion to its ferric met-hemoglobin form. Of course, an oxidant 2Q candidate selected by its oxidation potential will be tested in the assay system to assure that it will not interfere significantly with the total and hemoglobin derivative assays. A variety of oxidants are known in the literature to be 25 effective in converting hemoglobin to its met-hemoglobin form [see Advances in Clinical Chemistry 8:142-185 (1965)]. Oxidants that qualify based on oxidation potential include ferricyanide, iodate, chlorate, bromate, chromate, mercuric 3d chloride, ceric and thallium ions, hypochlorite, periodate, iodide, hydroxyamine, bromosuccimide, chlorosuccimide, chloroamine, perchlorate and peroxide. The degree of enhancement of the denaturation kinetics, yielding reduced time for MS-1589.1 the required denaturation, will of course vary according to the oxidant used. Empirical testing can be readily performed to enable selection of an oxidant that, in combination with lithium 5 thiocyanate, provides sufficiently rapid denaturation.
Sufficient denaturation shall be understood in the present context to mean the point at which the denaturation of hemoglobin in the blood sample 10 provides substantially the maximum amount of the denatured form of the hemoglobin derivative of interest that can be detected using the selected immunoassay. Therefore, sufficient denaturation does not intend necessarily the complete disruption 15 of all tertiary and secondary structure of the hemoglobin protein, but rather maximum exposure of the epitope of the hemoglobin derivative detected by the selected immunoassay means. Normally, the immunoassay is based on monoclonal antibody 2Q specificity for a unique epitope that characterizes the hemoglobin derivative.
The oxidant will be added in excess amounts, for example, in 5-fold excess of the amount of heme normally present in the sample. Amounts up to 25 20-fold excess can be used advantageously.
Appropriate amounts for particular assays can be determined by the worker in the field.
The thiocyanate/oxidant denaturant pair can be mixed with the blood sample stepwise or, as would 3Q be preferred, simultaneously. Normally, a denaturant reagent solution of the thiocyanate and oxidant is prepared and mixed directly with the blood sample. For reasons of stability, the denaturant reagent solution will oftentimes be MS-1589.1 prepared only immediately prior to its use in the assay. However, where stability will allow or where stabilizing agents or construction of the device are used which permit the thiocyanate salt 5 and oxidant to be together, the denaturant reagent solution can be stored and/or packaged over prolonged time periods. The denaturant components can be in a dry form and mixed or otherwise associated so as to form the reagent solution upon 1Q rehydration with test sample and/or a diluent or buffer.
It is contemplated that the present method applies to the assay of any hemoglobin derivative in blood which is detected in its denatured form by 15 immunoassay. Such hemoglobin derivatives, include without limitation, acetaldehyde-hemoglobin adducts associated with alcohol abuse, urea-hemoglobin adducts present in the blood of uremic patients, aspirin-hemoglobin complexes, and particularly the 2Q family of glycated hemoglobins formed by nonenzymatic reaction of glucose with reactive amine groups on the hemoglobin protein. The present invention is especially applicable to the determination of hemoglobin Alc as defined above.
25 Where it is desired to determine the relative amount of the hemoglobin derivative in a blood sample, the treated, denatured blood sample is separately assayed for total met-hemoglobin and for the hemoglobin derivative of interest, followed by 3Q a mathematical correlation of the results to give a measure of the relative amount of the blood hemoglobin that is in the derivatized form of interest. Total met-hemoglobin can be measured in any conventional manner such as the Drabkins' MS-1589.1 procedure (National Commission for Clinical Laboratory Standards of the U.S., Proposed Standard PSH-15). A most convenient method for measuring total met-hemoglobin is by measuring its absorbance 5 in solution at a characteristic wavelength, e.g., 540 nm.
The determination of the hemoglobin derivative will normally be performed by immunoassay. As described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos.
l0 4,647,654 and 4,658,022, monoclonal antibodies can be developed which bind specifically to the epitope that characterizes the hemoglobin derivative, e.g., hemoglobin Alc, in the denatured protein. The particular immunoassay technique and format, as 15 well as the labeling approach and detection signal generated, is not critical to the present invention. In principle, nonradioisotopic methods are preferred, such as those based on the use of enzyme labels (ELISA) and the like.
20 A method that is particularly useful because it can be performed without a separation step and provides a measurable absorbance change related to analyte concentration is particle agglutination inhibition immunoassay. Such an assay is based on 25 the specific interaction of an antibody particle reagent and an agglutinator reagent. The antibody particle reagent comprises the antibody, or a fragment thereof, bound to a water suspendable particle (e.g., a polystyrene or other latex). The 30 agglutinator comprises a plurality of epitopic binding sites for the antibody reagent. In the absence of analyte, the antibody particle and agglutinator bind to one another to form a light scattering complex that is readily quantitated by MS-1589.1 turbidimetric measurement. In the presence of increasing amounts of analyte, the turbidity of the solution decreases as antibody particles become bound to the analyte and cannot bind to the agglutinator. The agglutinator can conveniently comprise a polymer backbone to which are attached a number of organic moieties, e.g., peptide residues, which define the epitope that characterizes the hemoglobin derivative of interest. For example, 1Q for hemoglobin Alc determinations, the epitopes can comprise glycated peptide residues of a few amino acid units corresponding to the sequence of the glycated N-terminal residue in hemoglobin Alc.
The respective total met-hemoglobin and derivative hemoglobin assays can be performed on the same of different portions of the treated blood sample. In the latter case, a first volume of the treated sample is directly assayed for met-hemoglobin, usually after making an appropriate 2Q dilution in buffer, and a second volume is assayed for the denatured hemoglobin derivative as described above. It is also possible to conduct both assays in series on the same treated sample volume such as by making an appropriate dilution of the treated sample, assaying for thiocyan-met-hemoglobin, and then either adding the reagents of the immunoassay system or adding the solution to such reagents.
The present invention also provides a test 3Q system for determining the hemoglobin derivative of interest in a blood sample. The test system will comprise the lysing/denaturant reagent of the present invention and reagents for immunoassaying a lysed and denatured blood sample for the amount of MS-1589.1 the denatured form of the hemoglobin derivative released from erthrocytes by the action of the lysing/denaturing reagent on the sample. Where the assay is intended to provide a determination of the relative amount of hemoglobin . that is in the derivative form of interest, the test system will preferably comprise in addition an oxidant as described above.
The test system can be in a variety of forms, from a test kit comprising individual containers holding the various reagent components to a unitized test device containing all of the necessary test reagents and which is manipulable to perform all of the assay steps within the singular device (an example of the latter is described in commonly assigned, copending Canadian Patent Application Serial No. 593,628, filed March 14, 1989, and entitled "Reaction Vessel for Performing Sequential Analytical Assays".
As stated previously, in the course of discovering the improved properties of the present lithium salts as lysing/denaturing reagents in hemoglobin derivative assays, it was also found that certain lithium salts have improved erythrocyte lysing properties irrespective of denaturation of released hemoglobin.
As compared with the corresponding sodium, potassium, or ammonium salts, the lithium salts showed an unanticipated enhanced ability to lyse erthrocytes.
As demonstrated in the examples below, two particular lithium salts, lithium thiocyanate and lithium perchlorate, showed improved lysing properties compared to other cationic forms thereof. Such lithium salts will be advantageous when it is desired to lyse erythrocytes irrespective of whether or not it is further desired to denature constituents released therefrom.
5 As erythrocyte lysing agents, the salts lithium thiocyanate and lithium perchlorate have shown themselves to provide more rapid and complete lysis at lower concentrations than their sodium, potassium, and ammonium counterparts. On the other 1Q hand, other salts have shown little or no ability to effectively lyse erythrocytes, particularly chloride, hydroxide, and acetate salts, irrespective of the cation. It is anticipated that where the sodium, potassium, or 15 ammonium salt of a particular anion exhibits erythrocyte lysing properties, the lithium form of such salt will exhibit enhanced lysis.
Accordingly, such lithium salts are contemplated within the spirit of the present invention and will 20 be considered equivalents to lithium thiocyanate and lithium perchlorate for the purposes hereof.
MS-1589.1 The present invention will now be illustrated, but is not intended to be limited, by the following examples.
EXAMPLES
5 A. LYSIS OF RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC) BY THIOCYANATE
SALTS
Thiocyanate solutions of 1.5 M containing different cations were prepared in 200 mM glycine with 0.25% potassium ferricyanide at pH 9 and were 10 equilibrated at 37°C. A 5 ul sample of fresh whole blood was pipetted into 2.5 ml of thiocyanate solution and the absorbance at 540 nm was measured at 37°C and recorded at 30 second intervals for about 10 minutes. The rate of lysis in the 15 presence of the ferricyanide oxidant was determined as the time required to reach an absorbance minimum (complete lysis). The results are shown in Table 1.
20 Cation Time Required for Complete Lysis Guanidine < 1 min*
Lithium ~ 1 min Ammonium ~ 3 min Sodium ~ 5 min 25 Potassium ~ 8 min *Guanidine is not compatible with the HbAlc immunoassay MS-1589.1 The above experiment was repeated with thiocyanate solutions at different concentrations.
Thiocyanate solutions were prepared in 200 mM
glycine, pH 9, containing 0.250 potassium 5 ferricyanide and were equilibrated at 37°C. To measure the rate of lysis, 5 ul of fresh whole blood was pipetted into 2.5 ml of thiocyanate solution. The absorbance at 540 nm was measured at 37°C and recorded at 30 second intervals for 10 10 minutes. The rate of lysis was determined as the time required to reach an absorbance minimum (complete lysis). The results are shown in Figs. 1-4 and summarized in Table 2.
MS-1589.1 Thiocyanate Time Required For Cation Concentration, M Complete Lysis, Min.
potassium 0.1 > 10 5 0.5 > 10 1.0 > 10 1.25 > 10 1.5 3.5 1.5 1 sodium 0.1 > 10 Q
0.5 > 10 1.0 > 10 1.25 > 10 1.5 5 15 3.5 ammonium 0.1 > 10 0.5 > 10 1.0 9 1.25 20 1.5 3.5 < 0.5 lithium 0.1 > 10 0.5 > 10 1.0 5 25 1.25 1 1.5 < 0.5 MS-1589.1 201942b B. LYSIS OF RBC WITH HEMOGLOBIN DENATURATION USING
THIOCYANATE SALTS
Reagents (1) Lysing/denaturing reagent: 0.5, 1.0, or 5 1.5 M lithium thiocyanate or 1.5 M ammonium thiocyanate in 200 mM glycine containing 0.250 potassium ferricyanide at pH 9.0 (2) Antibody-Latex reagent: The antibody coating is done at a latex concentration of 0.50 10 [0.085 dun diameter polystyrene latex, Seragen, Indianapolis, IN, USA] and the antibody [Monoclonal antibody prepared as described in US Patent No.
4,647,654, purified from ascites fluid by protein A
affinity chromatography (BioRad Laboratories, 15 Richmond, CA, USA)] is normally used in a final concentration of 1 mg/ml in the coating reaction.
An antibody solution at 2x concentration is prepared by diluting the required amount of antibody into a 10 mM glycine buffer with added 20 NaCl to give the final conductivity desired (between 0.5 and 1.8 mmho). The 20 latex is diluted to 2x concentration (or lo) by mixing with an equal volume of the 10 mM glycine buffer. The reaction is initiated by pouring the latex 25 suspension into a vessel containing the antibody solution. The antibody solution is mixed with a magnetic stir bar when the latex is added. All solutions are at room temperature. The mixing is continued overnight (at least 15 hours) taking care 3Q to insulate the vessel so that heating from the magnetic stir plate does not occur. This can be accomplished by suspending the vessel above the MS-1589.1 stir plate leaving about an inch air space for insulation.
After the 15 hours mixing, the resulting suspension is divided equally into polypropylene 5 centrifuge tubes (approximately 10 mL per tube) for a Sorvall SS-34 rotor [DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA]. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm (2700 x g) for 60 minutes. The supernatant is decanted. The pellet is washed two times with 10 10 mM glycine buffer containing the desired overcoating protein [typically to protease free bovine serum albumin (BSA-pf) obtained from Miles Inc., Elkhart, IN, USA]. To wash the pellet, a volume of wash solution equal to the original 15 volume n the tube is added. The pellet is resuspended by vigorous vortexing and short-term sonication (10-15 seconds at a time). After the initial resuspension, the Ab-latex is allowed to stand at room temperature for one hour before 20 recentrifuging. After the initial resuspension and centrifuging, subsequent resuspensions are centrifuged immediately once the pellet is completely dispersed. After the second wash, the pellets are resuspended in a volume equal to the 25 initial reaction volume. The suspension is filtered through a 0.8u filter and stored at 5°C.
The concentration is determined by measuring the absorbance at 546 nm of the original supernatant, the supernatant from the first and 30 second washings, and a 100x dilution of the final sample. The sum of these absorbances is assumed to be 100°s or equal to 0.50 latex. The absorbance of the final sample is divided by the sum of the absorbances used to calculate 100%. The absorbance MS-1589.1 of the 100x dilution of the final sample is multiplied by 100 to generate an absorbance for the final sample.
Example:
5 Sample A546 Supernatant 0.044 First Wash 0.034 Second Wash 0.021 Final (100 x dil) 0.051 x 100 = 5.1 10 100 (or 0.50 latex) - 5.10 + 0.044 + 0.034 +
0.021 = 5.199 Latex concentration of final sample =
(5.1/5.199) x 0.50 = 0.490 The concentrated Ab-Latex is diluted to 2.50 15 with 200 mM glycine buffer, pH 9 containing 0.05 BSA-pf. Mannitol at a 4°s concentration may also be present in the buffer. Following dilution, the Ab-latex solution is sonicated briefly (5 to 10 sec.) 20 (3) Agglutinator reagent: Poly(aspartic acid) was prepared according to the procedure of Alpert, ,T. Chromatography 266:23(1983).
Aminoethanol (80 mmoles) and 4,9-dioxa-1,12-dodecanediamine (20 mmoles) were 25 dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) under argon.
The solution was treated with a solution of poly(aspartic acid) (10 mmoles) and DMF. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and then 70°C for 2 hours. The mixture was then 30 cooled and most of the liquid was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. The oily MS-1589.1 residue was washed repeatedly with ether and then warm tetrahydrofuran. The product was solidified and recovered by filtration. The crude product was dissolved in water and the pH was adjusted to neutral. The solution was then purified with a BioRad P6-DG desalting gel column (BioRad Laboratories, Richmond, CA, USA). Fractions containing the amino-functionalized polymer were pooled and lyophilized. The number of amino groups on the polymer was determined by Habeeb's TNBS
assay [Anal. Biochem. 14:328-336(1966)] and found to be 22 per mg polymer.
Amino functionalized poly(aspartic acid) (10.7 mg) and SMCC (30 mg) were dissolved in DMF.
The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 hours. Ice water was added to the mixture and the activated polymer was separated from the mixture with a BioRad P6-DG gel column.
The activated polymer was then allowed to react at 20_ room temperature for 3 minutes with the glycated peptide (20 mg):
OH
HO
HO H2-Val-His-Leu-Thr-Tyr-Cys OH
prepared according to the methods described in European Patent Publication 185,870. After the reaction, the product was again purified with a P6-DG gel column and lyophilized.
The number of maleimido groups on the activated polymers was determined by the PDS assay [Grassetti and Murray, Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
119:44-49(1967)] and found to be 0.46 ~unole per mg MS-1589.1 _ __._.~...~~______.. _ ~...~...~,..-..~._... . .. ._. . _._ ._~,....... _ ~.
«:~t-201942b polymer. The amount of Glc-peptide on the polymers was determined by W/Vis absorption measurement using the molar extinction coefficient at 275 nm for tyrosine and found also to be 0.46 ~unole per mg polymer.
A working solution of the agglutinator reagent is prepared from a 1.0 mg/mL water stock solution.
A 50 ug/mL solution is prepared by diluting the stock with 20 mM citrate buffer, pH 4 containing 0 .1 o BSA-pf .
Dv.~......i, , .....
Whole blood (10 ul) was mixed with 5 ml of the lysing/denaturing reagent and then allowed to stand at 37°C. At different time intervals, 0.5 ml of the treated blood sample was mixed with 10 ul of antibody-latex reagent (2.50) and 10 ul of agglutinator reagent (50 ug/ml) and the immuno-reaction was monitored by measuring the absorbance at 540 nm. Complete denaturation was determined as the time required to reach the minimum absorbance and the results are shown in Table 3.
Time Required For Cation Conc. Complete Denaturation Ammonium 1.5 M ~ 4 min Lithium 0.5 M ~ 2.5 min Lithium 1.0 M ~ 1 min Lithium 1.5 M ~ 1 min MS-1589.1 C. LYSIS OF RBC WITH HEMOGLOBIN DENATURATION BY
VARIOUS CATIONIC SALTS OF THIOCYANATE
Reagents The same reagents were used as in Part B above except that:
(a) The following series of lysing/denaturing reagent were used: 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.25, or 2.5 M thiocyanate solution (lithium, ammonium, potassium, or sodium) in 200 mM
glycine containing 0.25% potassium ferricyanide at pH 9.0, and (b) The working solution for the agglutinator reagent was prepared from a 1.0 mg/ml water stock solution by diluting to a 10 ug/ml solution with 20 mM citrate, pH
4, containing O.lo BSA-pf.
n,-,.,.."a, , .....
Whole blood was prediluted by mixing 1 part blood with 4 parts distilled water in order to 2Q completely lyse red blood cells and allow for more accurate delivery of blood. Diluted sample (5 ul) was mixed with 500 u1 of lysing/denaturing reagent and was then allowed to incubate at 37°C. At appropriate time intervals, 0.5 ml of the treated blood sample was mixed with 10 ul of antibody-latex reagent (2.50) and 10 ul of agglutinator reagent (10 ug/ml) and the immuno-reaction was monitored by measuring the absorbance at 540 nm.
MS-1589.1 i~
Complete denaturation was determined as the time required to reach the minimum absorbance and the results are shown in Fig. 5 and Table 4.
Thiocyanate Time Required For Cation Concentration, Denaturation, Min.
M
potassium 0.1 > 10 0.5 > 10 1.0 > 10 1.25 9-10 2.5 insufficient reactivity sodium 0.1 > 10 0.5 > 10 1.0 > 10 1.25 9-10 2.5 insufficient reactivity ammonium 0.1 > 10 0.5 > 10 1.0 9-10 2Q 1.25 2-3 2.5 insufficient reactivity lithium 0.1 > 10 0.5 8-9 1.0 3-4 1.25 < 1 2.5 insufficient reactivity MS-1589.1 D. LYSIS OF RBC BY SODIUM AND LITHIUM SALTS OF
VARIOUS ANIONS
Lysing solutions of 1.5 M of the sodium and lithium salt forms of perchlorate, thiocyanate, 5 chloride, hydroxide and acetate were prepared in 200 mM glycine, pH 9, and were equilibrated at 37°C. A 5 ~.1 sample of fresh whole blood was pipetted into 2.5 ml of lysing solution and the absorbance at 540 nm was measured at 37°C and 10 recorded at 30 second intervals for 10 minutes.
The rate of lysis was determined as the time required to reach an absorbance minimum. The results are shown in Fig. 6 and summarized in Table 5:
Salt Solution Time Required for (1.5 M) Complete Lysis LiSCN 1 min NaSCN 4 min 20 LiC104 2 min NaC104 6 min Li acetate slow and incomplete No lysis was observed for the chloride or hydroxide salts up to 2.8 M in the assay buffer 25 system. In the case of acetate, some lysis was detected, however, the lysis was incomplete.
MS-1589.1 The present invention has been particularly described and exemplified above. Clearly, other variations and modifications of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope 5 of the invention.
MS-1589.1
LYSING AND HEMOGLOBIN DENATURING REAGENTS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to methods and 5 reagents for the lysis of erythrocytes in a blood sample. More particularly, the invention relates to the release of hemoglobin by lysis of erythrocytes and the denaturation thereof for the 10 purpose of immunoassay determination of a particular hemoglobin derivative such as hemoglobin Alc.
The determination of the relative amount of hemoglobin that exists in the bloodstream in a 15 particular derivative form generated by in vivo processes is of considerable importance to medical diagnosis. Of particular significance is the measurement of glycated hemoglobins to assess the long term blood glucose control in diabetes 15 mellitus. The glycated form of hemoglobin that MS-1589.1 ~~1~426 perhaps is the most important in diabetes management is the derivative commonly known as hemoglobin Alc. This hemoglobin derivative is produced in vivo by the nonenzymatic reaction of 5 glucose with the hemoglobin protein. Glucose becomes covalently attached in a rearranged form to the amino-terminal valine residue of the beta-chain in native hemoglobin. Normal individuals have between about 3 and about 6 percent of their total 1Q hemoglobin in the Alc form, while an uncontrolled diabetic individual could have as much as 3 to 4-fold higher levels of this hemoglobin derivative in the bloodstream.
A variety of methods have been developed for 15 the measurement of glycated hemoglobin. The conventionally used methods are based on diverse techniques such as ration exchange chromatography, electrophoresis, and dye complexation (hydroxy-f urfural/thiobarbituric acid). These techniques 20 are well known to be tedious, complex, requiring special technical skills, and suffer from imprecision and nonspecificity. Quite recently, monoclonal antibodies specific for the the glycated N-terminal peptide residue that characterizes 25 hemoglobin Alc have been developed, enabling the detection of this hemoglobin derivative by convenient immunoassay approaches (see U.S. Pat.
No. 4,647,654).
The immunoassay determination of hemoglobin 30 Alc using monoclonal antibodies is highly specific and the procedure used is significantly less tedious and complex than the conventional prior art methods. Nevertheless, the optimal hemoglobin Alc immunoassays have been found to require the MS-1589.1 denaturation of hemoglobin in order to expose the glycated N-terminal peptide epitope for antibody binding (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,658,022). Conditions which have been shown to provide the necessary 5 degree of denaturation of hemoglobin for exposure of the Alc epitope have typically also be sufficient for denaturation of antibody reagents used in the immunoassay detection of the exposed epitope. For example, when using chemical 1Q denaturants, it has generally been found necessary to dilute the denatured hemoglobin mixture sufficiently to reduce the concentration of denaturant below that which would significantly interfere with the immunoassay reaction. Such a 15 dilution step is inconvenient and can introduce error to the assay measurement.
An improved denaturant reagent for use in the immunoassay determination of hemoglobin derivatives such as hemoglobin Alc is described in European 20 Patent Publication 315,864. The blood sample is treated with the combination of a thiocyanate salt and an oxidant to release and denature the hemoglobin in the sample and to convert hemoglobin to its spectrophotometrically detectable 25 met-hemoglobin form. In this way, total hemoglobin can be determined by absorbance measurement of met-hemoglobin and the Alc portion determined and related to total hemoglobin content by immunoassay.
The presence of the met-hemoglobin oxidant 30 during denaturation was found to significantly increase the rate of denaturation of hemoglobin, thereby reducing the overall assay time and improving the reliability of the determination.
However, the concentration of thiocyanate salt MS-1589.1 required for optimal denaturation is sufficiently high that a reduced immunoassay response has been observed. Thus, a dilution step is generally required after denaturation in order to reduce the 5 thiocyanate concentration to a level that does not significantly interfere with the ability of antibody to bind to the exposed Alc epitope.
SUN~IARY OF THE INVENTION
It has been unexpectedly found that the nature 10 of the counter cation in the denaturant salt, particularly when the denaturant salt is a thiocyanate salt, has a significant effect on its ability to denature hemoglobin for purposes of detecting hemoglobin derivatives such as hemoglobin 15 Alc by immunoassay. It has been found that the use of a lithium salt form of an anion capable of lysing erythrocytes and of denaturing released hemoglobin (including the derivative forms thereof present in a test sample) significantly increases 20 the rate of lysis and denaturation without interfering significantly with the immunoassay.
Significantly, the use of lithium denaturant salts of the present invention has been found to eliminate the need for dilution of the denatured 25 hemoglobin mixture prior to performance of the immunoassay. The lithium salt forms of lysing/denaturing anions, such as thiocyanate, have been found to be effective to rapidly lyse erythrocytes and denature released hemoglobin at 3Q concentrations low enough that the immunoassay reaction can take place without significant MS-1589.1 interference directly in the resulting denatured mixture.
Accordingly, the lithium salts of the present invention are useful as lysing/denaturing reagents 5 in analytical methods for determining a particular hemoglobin derivative in a blood sample. In such methods, the blood sample is treated with the lysing/denaturing reagent to lyse erythrocytes and to denature a detectable amount of the hemoglobin 1Q derivative of interest that is released from the erythrocytes, and the resulting mixture is assayed by immunoassay to detect the denatured form of the hemoglobin derivative therein. Normally, it will be desired to relate the amount of the hemoglobin 15 derivative of interest as a fraction or percentage of the total amount of hemoglobin in the sample.
In such case, the blood sample is additionally treated with an oxidant, such as a ferricyanide salt, to convert the released hemoglobin (including 2Q all derivative forms thereof) to its met-hemoglobin form. The resulting met-hemoglobin in the mixture can then be assayed spectrophotometrically to provide a measure of the total hemoglobin content of the sample, and the percent that is in the form 25 of the hemoglobin derivative of interest can be calculated from the spectrophotometric met-hemoglobin and hemoglobin derivative immunoassay results.
In the course of discovering the improved 3Q properties of the lithium salt forms of lysing/
denaturing anions, it was also found that the particular salts lithium thiocyanate and lithium perchlorate are superior to other cation forms in the lysis of erythrocytes irrespective of MS-1589.1 denaturation. Such property of these lithium salts is useful in methods, including analytical methods, requiring the lysis of erythrocytes such as to release a substance to be detected, to remove interferences, and the like.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figs. 1-4 are graphs showing the time courses for the lysis of red blood cells (RBC) using various thiocyanate salts. The data demonstrates 1Q that the lithium salt is the most efficient for RBC
lysis.
Fig. 5 is a graph showing the time courses for the lysis of RBC using the lithium and sodium salt forms of thiocyanate and perchlorate. The lithium salt outperformed the sodium salt in each case.
Fig. 6 is a graph showing the time course for the denaturation of hemoglobin using various thiocyanate salts. The data demonstrate that the lithium salt is the most efficient for hemoglobin denaturation.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention involves the use of a lithium salt form of an anion which will be referred to herein as a lysing/denaturing anion.
The lysing/denaturing anion can be selected from any which are known or found to be effective to lyse erythrocytes to release hemoglobin therefrom and to denature the hemoglobin derivative of MS-1589.1 interest sufficiently for detection by immunoassay.
The most preferred anion is thiocyanate. Other anions which can be used include, without limitation, perchlorate, cyanide, iodate, and periodate. Other functional anions will be recognized by those working in the field or will be readily determinable by routine experimentation.
The preferred lysing/denaturing reagent therefore is lithium thiocyanate. In general, concentrations of lithium thiocyanate above about 0.5 molar (M) in the medium or mixture in which the hemoglobin derivative of interest is to be released and denatured will be effective at temperatures between about room temperature (i.e., around 20-25°C) and slightly elevated temperatures (e. g., up to about 37°C) and in the presence of oxidant (described in detail below). Maximum efficiency of lysis and denaturation occurs at about 1.25 M, although concentrations up to about 3.5 M have been 20. found to be tolerable by the immunoassay without dilution. However, in order to operate at concentrations above about 3.0 M, it can be necessary to make modifications of the immunoassay reagents or assay protocol which are economically impractical or undesirable, e.g., increasing the concentration of reagent antibody. Higher concentrations, e.g., up to 6 M, can be used for lysis, however, the resulting mixture will normally require dilution to below 3.5 M for the immunoassay step. Therefore, the concentration of lithium thiocyanate in the lysis/denaturation medium will usually be from about 0.5 to about 3.5 M, and more preferably below about 3.0 M. A more preferred range of concentration is between about 1.0 and MS-1589.1 about 2.0 M, with 1.25 M being presently considered optimal and most preferred.
The above concentration ranges will vary somewhat with temperature and with the 5 concentration of oxidant. One skilled in the art will be able to optimize the lysis/denaturing conditions for a particular hemoglobin derivative immunoassay. Concentration ranges for the lysis/denaturing reagent, the effect of oxidant, 10 the effect of temperature, and the like can be readily determined empirically for any particular assay. Presently, the most preferred conditions are 1.25 M lithium thiocyanate, with 0.76 mM
ferricyanide as oxidant, at 37°C.
15 The determination of the concentration or amount of a particular hemoglobin,derivative in a blood sample can be performed in the absence of oxidant. Oxidant serves to enhance the denaturation effects of thiocyanate as a lysing/
2Q denaturing anion, and also to convert hemoglobin to met-hemoglobin to provide a means for total hemoglobin measurement. If desired, one can determine the absolute concentration or amount of the hemoglobin derivative (without regard for the 25 concentration or amount of total hemoglobin in the sample) by immunoassay, or can perform a separate total hemoglobin assay on a second sample and correlate the results with the hemoglobin derivative immunoassay in order to calculate 30 percent or proportion of hemoglobin in the derivative form.
It is particularly advantageous to perform a determination of the relative amount of the MS-1589.1 - g _ hemoglobin derivative in a single sample of blood.
The combined use of a lithium thiocyanate lysis/
denaturing reagent with oxidant provides a means of rapidly and reproducibly converting essentially all 5 of the hemoglobin in the blood sample into a denatured thiocyan-met-hemoglobin form. This form of hemoglobin serves as the basis for measuring total sample hemoglobin, with the denatured form of the particular hemoglobin derivative of interest 1Q serving as the analyte in the immunoassay. As described below, the immunoassay is preferably based on the specific affinity of a monoclonal antibody for the denatured form of the hemoglobin derivative of interest.
15 When used, the oxidant can be selected from essentially any inorganic or organic oxidizing agent of sufficient electrochemical potential to convert the native hemoglobin ferrous ion to its ferric met-hemoglobin form. Of course, an oxidant 2Q candidate selected by its oxidation potential will be tested in the assay system to assure that it will not interfere significantly with the total and hemoglobin derivative assays. A variety of oxidants are known in the literature to be 25 effective in converting hemoglobin to its met-hemoglobin form [see Advances in Clinical Chemistry 8:142-185 (1965)]. Oxidants that qualify based on oxidation potential include ferricyanide, iodate, chlorate, bromate, chromate, mercuric 3d chloride, ceric and thallium ions, hypochlorite, periodate, iodide, hydroxyamine, bromosuccimide, chlorosuccimide, chloroamine, perchlorate and peroxide. The degree of enhancement of the denaturation kinetics, yielding reduced time for MS-1589.1 the required denaturation, will of course vary according to the oxidant used. Empirical testing can be readily performed to enable selection of an oxidant that, in combination with lithium 5 thiocyanate, provides sufficiently rapid denaturation.
Sufficient denaturation shall be understood in the present context to mean the point at which the denaturation of hemoglobin in the blood sample 10 provides substantially the maximum amount of the denatured form of the hemoglobin derivative of interest that can be detected using the selected immunoassay. Therefore, sufficient denaturation does not intend necessarily the complete disruption 15 of all tertiary and secondary structure of the hemoglobin protein, but rather maximum exposure of the epitope of the hemoglobin derivative detected by the selected immunoassay means. Normally, the immunoassay is based on monoclonal antibody 2Q specificity for a unique epitope that characterizes the hemoglobin derivative.
The oxidant will be added in excess amounts, for example, in 5-fold excess of the amount of heme normally present in the sample. Amounts up to 25 20-fold excess can be used advantageously.
Appropriate amounts for particular assays can be determined by the worker in the field.
The thiocyanate/oxidant denaturant pair can be mixed with the blood sample stepwise or, as would 3Q be preferred, simultaneously. Normally, a denaturant reagent solution of the thiocyanate and oxidant is prepared and mixed directly with the blood sample. For reasons of stability, the denaturant reagent solution will oftentimes be MS-1589.1 prepared only immediately prior to its use in the assay. However, where stability will allow or where stabilizing agents or construction of the device are used which permit the thiocyanate salt 5 and oxidant to be together, the denaturant reagent solution can be stored and/or packaged over prolonged time periods. The denaturant components can be in a dry form and mixed or otherwise associated so as to form the reagent solution upon 1Q rehydration with test sample and/or a diluent or buffer.
It is contemplated that the present method applies to the assay of any hemoglobin derivative in blood which is detected in its denatured form by 15 immunoassay. Such hemoglobin derivatives, include without limitation, acetaldehyde-hemoglobin adducts associated with alcohol abuse, urea-hemoglobin adducts present in the blood of uremic patients, aspirin-hemoglobin complexes, and particularly the 2Q family of glycated hemoglobins formed by nonenzymatic reaction of glucose with reactive amine groups on the hemoglobin protein. The present invention is especially applicable to the determination of hemoglobin Alc as defined above.
25 Where it is desired to determine the relative amount of the hemoglobin derivative in a blood sample, the treated, denatured blood sample is separately assayed for total met-hemoglobin and for the hemoglobin derivative of interest, followed by 3Q a mathematical correlation of the results to give a measure of the relative amount of the blood hemoglobin that is in the derivatized form of interest. Total met-hemoglobin can be measured in any conventional manner such as the Drabkins' MS-1589.1 procedure (National Commission for Clinical Laboratory Standards of the U.S., Proposed Standard PSH-15). A most convenient method for measuring total met-hemoglobin is by measuring its absorbance 5 in solution at a characteristic wavelength, e.g., 540 nm.
The determination of the hemoglobin derivative will normally be performed by immunoassay. As described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos.
l0 4,647,654 and 4,658,022, monoclonal antibodies can be developed which bind specifically to the epitope that characterizes the hemoglobin derivative, e.g., hemoglobin Alc, in the denatured protein. The particular immunoassay technique and format, as 15 well as the labeling approach and detection signal generated, is not critical to the present invention. In principle, nonradioisotopic methods are preferred, such as those based on the use of enzyme labels (ELISA) and the like.
20 A method that is particularly useful because it can be performed without a separation step and provides a measurable absorbance change related to analyte concentration is particle agglutination inhibition immunoassay. Such an assay is based on 25 the specific interaction of an antibody particle reagent and an agglutinator reagent. The antibody particle reagent comprises the antibody, or a fragment thereof, bound to a water suspendable particle (e.g., a polystyrene or other latex). The 30 agglutinator comprises a plurality of epitopic binding sites for the antibody reagent. In the absence of analyte, the antibody particle and agglutinator bind to one another to form a light scattering complex that is readily quantitated by MS-1589.1 turbidimetric measurement. In the presence of increasing amounts of analyte, the turbidity of the solution decreases as antibody particles become bound to the analyte and cannot bind to the agglutinator. The agglutinator can conveniently comprise a polymer backbone to which are attached a number of organic moieties, e.g., peptide residues, which define the epitope that characterizes the hemoglobin derivative of interest. For example, 1Q for hemoglobin Alc determinations, the epitopes can comprise glycated peptide residues of a few amino acid units corresponding to the sequence of the glycated N-terminal residue in hemoglobin Alc.
The respective total met-hemoglobin and derivative hemoglobin assays can be performed on the same of different portions of the treated blood sample. In the latter case, a first volume of the treated sample is directly assayed for met-hemoglobin, usually after making an appropriate 2Q dilution in buffer, and a second volume is assayed for the denatured hemoglobin derivative as described above. It is also possible to conduct both assays in series on the same treated sample volume such as by making an appropriate dilution of the treated sample, assaying for thiocyan-met-hemoglobin, and then either adding the reagents of the immunoassay system or adding the solution to such reagents.
The present invention also provides a test 3Q system for determining the hemoglobin derivative of interest in a blood sample. The test system will comprise the lysing/denaturant reagent of the present invention and reagents for immunoassaying a lysed and denatured blood sample for the amount of MS-1589.1 the denatured form of the hemoglobin derivative released from erthrocytes by the action of the lysing/denaturing reagent on the sample. Where the assay is intended to provide a determination of the relative amount of hemoglobin . that is in the derivative form of interest, the test system will preferably comprise in addition an oxidant as described above.
The test system can be in a variety of forms, from a test kit comprising individual containers holding the various reagent components to a unitized test device containing all of the necessary test reagents and which is manipulable to perform all of the assay steps within the singular device (an example of the latter is described in commonly assigned, copending Canadian Patent Application Serial No. 593,628, filed March 14, 1989, and entitled "Reaction Vessel for Performing Sequential Analytical Assays".
As stated previously, in the course of discovering the improved properties of the present lithium salts as lysing/denaturing reagents in hemoglobin derivative assays, it was also found that certain lithium salts have improved erythrocyte lysing properties irrespective of denaturation of released hemoglobin.
As compared with the corresponding sodium, potassium, or ammonium salts, the lithium salts showed an unanticipated enhanced ability to lyse erthrocytes.
As demonstrated in the examples below, two particular lithium salts, lithium thiocyanate and lithium perchlorate, showed improved lysing properties compared to other cationic forms thereof. Such lithium salts will be advantageous when it is desired to lyse erythrocytes irrespective of whether or not it is further desired to denature constituents released therefrom.
5 As erythrocyte lysing agents, the salts lithium thiocyanate and lithium perchlorate have shown themselves to provide more rapid and complete lysis at lower concentrations than their sodium, potassium, and ammonium counterparts. On the other 1Q hand, other salts have shown little or no ability to effectively lyse erythrocytes, particularly chloride, hydroxide, and acetate salts, irrespective of the cation. It is anticipated that where the sodium, potassium, or 15 ammonium salt of a particular anion exhibits erythrocyte lysing properties, the lithium form of such salt will exhibit enhanced lysis.
Accordingly, such lithium salts are contemplated within the spirit of the present invention and will 20 be considered equivalents to lithium thiocyanate and lithium perchlorate for the purposes hereof.
MS-1589.1 The present invention will now be illustrated, but is not intended to be limited, by the following examples.
EXAMPLES
5 A. LYSIS OF RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC) BY THIOCYANATE
SALTS
Thiocyanate solutions of 1.5 M containing different cations were prepared in 200 mM glycine with 0.25% potassium ferricyanide at pH 9 and were 10 equilibrated at 37°C. A 5 ul sample of fresh whole blood was pipetted into 2.5 ml of thiocyanate solution and the absorbance at 540 nm was measured at 37°C and recorded at 30 second intervals for about 10 minutes. The rate of lysis in the 15 presence of the ferricyanide oxidant was determined as the time required to reach an absorbance minimum (complete lysis). The results are shown in Table 1.
20 Cation Time Required for Complete Lysis Guanidine < 1 min*
Lithium ~ 1 min Ammonium ~ 3 min Sodium ~ 5 min 25 Potassium ~ 8 min *Guanidine is not compatible with the HbAlc immunoassay MS-1589.1 The above experiment was repeated with thiocyanate solutions at different concentrations.
Thiocyanate solutions were prepared in 200 mM
glycine, pH 9, containing 0.250 potassium 5 ferricyanide and were equilibrated at 37°C. To measure the rate of lysis, 5 ul of fresh whole blood was pipetted into 2.5 ml of thiocyanate solution. The absorbance at 540 nm was measured at 37°C and recorded at 30 second intervals for 10 10 minutes. The rate of lysis was determined as the time required to reach an absorbance minimum (complete lysis). The results are shown in Figs. 1-4 and summarized in Table 2.
MS-1589.1 Thiocyanate Time Required For Cation Concentration, M Complete Lysis, Min.
potassium 0.1 > 10 5 0.5 > 10 1.0 > 10 1.25 > 10 1.5 3.5 1.5 1 sodium 0.1 > 10 Q
0.5 > 10 1.0 > 10 1.25 > 10 1.5 5 15 3.5 ammonium 0.1 > 10 0.5 > 10 1.0 9 1.25 20 1.5 3.5 < 0.5 lithium 0.1 > 10 0.5 > 10 1.0 5 25 1.25 1 1.5 < 0.5 MS-1589.1 201942b B. LYSIS OF RBC WITH HEMOGLOBIN DENATURATION USING
THIOCYANATE SALTS
Reagents (1) Lysing/denaturing reagent: 0.5, 1.0, or 5 1.5 M lithium thiocyanate or 1.5 M ammonium thiocyanate in 200 mM glycine containing 0.250 potassium ferricyanide at pH 9.0 (2) Antibody-Latex reagent: The antibody coating is done at a latex concentration of 0.50 10 [0.085 dun diameter polystyrene latex, Seragen, Indianapolis, IN, USA] and the antibody [Monoclonal antibody prepared as described in US Patent No.
4,647,654, purified from ascites fluid by protein A
affinity chromatography (BioRad Laboratories, 15 Richmond, CA, USA)] is normally used in a final concentration of 1 mg/ml in the coating reaction.
An antibody solution at 2x concentration is prepared by diluting the required amount of antibody into a 10 mM glycine buffer with added 20 NaCl to give the final conductivity desired (between 0.5 and 1.8 mmho). The 20 latex is diluted to 2x concentration (or lo) by mixing with an equal volume of the 10 mM glycine buffer. The reaction is initiated by pouring the latex 25 suspension into a vessel containing the antibody solution. The antibody solution is mixed with a magnetic stir bar when the latex is added. All solutions are at room temperature. The mixing is continued overnight (at least 15 hours) taking care 3Q to insulate the vessel so that heating from the magnetic stir plate does not occur. This can be accomplished by suspending the vessel above the MS-1589.1 stir plate leaving about an inch air space for insulation.
After the 15 hours mixing, the resulting suspension is divided equally into polypropylene 5 centrifuge tubes (approximately 10 mL per tube) for a Sorvall SS-34 rotor [DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA]. The suspension is centrifuged at 15,000 rpm (2700 x g) for 60 minutes. The supernatant is decanted. The pellet is washed two times with 10 10 mM glycine buffer containing the desired overcoating protein [typically to protease free bovine serum albumin (BSA-pf) obtained from Miles Inc., Elkhart, IN, USA]. To wash the pellet, a volume of wash solution equal to the original 15 volume n the tube is added. The pellet is resuspended by vigorous vortexing and short-term sonication (10-15 seconds at a time). After the initial resuspension, the Ab-latex is allowed to stand at room temperature for one hour before 20 recentrifuging. After the initial resuspension and centrifuging, subsequent resuspensions are centrifuged immediately once the pellet is completely dispersed. After the second wash, the pellets are resuspended in a volume equal to the 25 initial reaction volume. The suspension is filtered through a 0.8u filter and stored at 5°C.
The concentration is determined by measuring the absorbance at 546 nm of the original supernatant, the supernatant from the first and 30 second washings, and a 100x dilution of the final sample. The sum of these absorbances is assumed to be 100°s or equal to 0.50 latex. The absorbance of the final sample is divided by the sum of the absorbances used to calculate 100%. The absorbance MS-1589.1 of the 100x dilution of the final sample is multiplied by 100 to generate an absorbance for the final sample.
Example:
5 Sample A546 Supernatant 0.044 First Wash 0.034 Second Wash 0.021 Final (100 x dil) 0.051 x 100 = 5.1 10 100 (or 0.50 latex) - 5.10 + 0.044 + 0.034 +
0.021 = 5.199 Latex concentration of final sample =
(5.1/5.199) x 0.50 = 0.490 The concentrated Ab-Latex is diluted to 2.50 15 with 200 mM glycine buffer, pH 9 containing 0.05 BSA-pf. Mannitol at a 4°s concentration may also be present in the buffer. Following dilution, the Ab-latex solution is sonicated briefly (5 to 10 sec.) 20 (3) Agglutinator reagent: Poly(aspartic acid) was prepared according to the procedure of Alpert, ,T. Chromatography 266:23(1983).
Aminoethanol (80 mmoles) and 4,9-dioxa-1,12-dodecanediamine (20 mmoles) were 25 dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) under argon.
The solution was treated with a solution of poly(aspartic acid) (10 mmoles) and DMF. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and then 70°C for 2 hours. The mixture was then 30 cooled and most of the liquid was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. The oily MS-1589.1 residue was washed repeatedly with ether and then warm tetrahydrofuran. The product was solidified and recovered by filtration. The crude product was dissolved in water and the pH was adjusted to neutral. The solution was then purified with a BioRad P6-DG desalting gel column (BioRad Laboratories, Richmond, CA, USA). Fractions containing the amino-functionalized polymer were pooled and lyophilized. The number of amino groups on the polymer was determined by Habeeb's TNBS
assay [Anal. Biochem. 14:328-336(1966)] and found to be 22 per mg polymer.
Amino functionalized poly(aspartic acid) (10.7 mg) and SMCC (30 mg) were dissolved in DMF.
The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 hours. Ice water was added to the mixture and the activated polymer was separated from the mixture with a BioRad P6-DG gel column.
The activated polymer was then allowed to react at 20_ room temperature for 3 minutes with the glycated peptide (20 mg):
OH
HO
HO H2-Val-His-Leu-Thr-Tyr-Cys OH
prepared according to the methods described in European Patent Publication 185,870. After the reaction, the product was again purified with a P6-DG gel column and lyophilized.
The number of maleimido groups on the activated polymers was determined by the PDS assay [Grassetti and Murray, Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
119:44-49(1967)] and found to be 0.46 ~unole per mg MS-1589.1 _ __._.~...~~______.. _ ~...~...~,..-..~._... . .. ._. . _._ ._~,....... _ ~.
«:~t-201942b polymer. The amount of Glc-peptide on the polymers was determined by W/Vis absorption measurement using the molar extinction coefficient at 275 nm for tyrosine and found also to be 0.46 ~unole per mg polymer.
A working solution of the agglutinator reagent is prepared from a 1.0 mg/mL water stock solution.
A 50 ug/mL solution is prepared by diluting the stock with 20 mM citrate buffer, pH 4 containing 0 .1 o BSA-pf .
Dv.~......i, , .....
Whole blood (10 ul) was mixed with 5 ml of the lysing/denaturing reagent and then allowed to stand at 37°C. At different time intervals, 0.5 ml of the treated blood sample was mixed with 10 ul of antibody-latex reagent (2.50) and 10 ul of agglutinator reagent (50 ug/ml) and the immuno-reaction was monitored by measuring the absorbance at 540 nm. Complete denaturation was determined as the time required to reach the minimum absorbance and the results are shown in Table 3.
Time Required For Cation Conc. Complete Denaturation Ammonium 1.5 M ~ 4 min Lithium 0.5 M ~ 2.5 min Lithium 1.0 M ~ 1 min Lithium 1.5 M ~ 1 min MS-1589.1 C. LYSIS OF RBC WITH HEMOGLOBIN DENATURATION BY
VARIOUS CATIONIC SALTS OF THIOCYANATE
Reagents The same reagents were used as in Part B above except that:
(a) The following series of lysing/denaturing reagent were used: 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.25, or 2.5 M thiocyanate solution (lithium, ammonium, potassium, or sodium) in 200 mM
glycine containing 0.25% potassium ferricyanide at pH 9.0, and (b) The working solution for the agglutinator reagent was prepared from a 1.0 mg/ml water stock solution by diluting to a 10 ug/ml solution with 20 mM citrate, pH
4, containing O.lo BSA-pf.
n,-,.,.."a, , .....
Whole blood was prediluted by mixing 1 part blood with 4 parts distilled water in order to 2Q completely lyse red blood cells and allow for more accurate delivery of blood. Diluted sample (5 ul) was mixed with 500 u1 of lysing/denaturing reagent and was then allowed to incubate at 37°C. At appropriate time intervals, 0.5 ml of the treated blood sample was mixed with 10 ul of antibody-latex reagent (2.50) and 10 ul of agglutinator reagent (10 ug/ml) and the immuno-reaction was monitored by measuring the absorbance at 540 nm.
MS-1589.1 i~
Complete denaturation was determined as the time required to reach the minimum absorbance and the results are shown in Fig. 5 and Table 4.
Thiocyanate Time Required For Cation Concentration, Denaturation, Min.
M
potassium 0.1 > 10 0.5 > 10 1.0 > 10 1.25 9-10 2.5 insufficient reactivity sodium 0.1 > 10 0.5 > 10 1.0 > 10 1.25 9-10 2.5 insufficient reactivity ammonium 0.1 > 10 0.5 > 10 1.0 9-10 2Q 1.25 2-3 2.5 insufficient reactivity lithium 0.1 > 10 0.5 8-9 1.0 3-4 1.25 < 1 2.5 insufficient reactivity MS-1589.1 D. LYSIS OF RBC BY SODIUM AND LITHIUM SALTS OF
VARIOUS ANIONS
Lysing solutions of 1.5 M of the sodium and lithium salt forms of perchlorate, thiocyanate, 5 chloride, hydroxide and acetate were prepared in 200 mM glycine, pH 9, and were equilibrated at 37°C. A 5 ~.1 sample of fresh whole blood was pipetted into 2.5 ml of lysing solution and the absorbance at 540 nm was measured at 37°C and 10 recorded at 30 second intervals for 10 minutes.
The rate of lysis was determined as the time required to reach an absorbance minimum. The results are shown in Fig. 6 and summarized in Table 5:
Salt Solution Time Required for (1.5 M) Complete Lysis LiSCN 1 min NaSCN 4 min 20 LiC104 2 min NaC104 6 min Li acetate slow and incomplete No lysis was observed for the chloride or hydroxide salts up to 2.8 M in the assay buffer 25 system. In the case of acetate, some lysis was detected, however, the lysis was incomplete.
MS-1589.1 The present invention has been particularly described and exemplified above. Clearly, other variations and modifications of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope 5 of the invention.
MS-1589.1
Claims (20)
1. In an analytical method for determining a particular hemoglobin derivative in a blood sample, wherein (a) the bland sample is treated with a lysing/denaturing reagent to lyse erythrocytes and to denature a detectable amount said derivative thereof released from erythrocytes, and (b) the resulting mixture is assayed by immunoassay for the amount of the denatured form of said hemoglobin derivative present therein, the improvement which comprises employing as said lysing/denaturing reagent, a lithium salt form of an anion that is capable of lysing erythrocytes and denaturing said hemoglobin derivative, whereby the erythrocyte lysis and denaturation of said hemoglobin derivative is accomplished rapidly at a concentration of the lithium salt which does not interfere significantly with the immunoassay step.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein lithium thiocyanate is employed as said lysing/denaturing reagent.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein lithium thiocyanate is added in an amount to give a concentration of between about 0.5 and about 3.5 molar.
4. The method of claim 3 performed at between about room temperature and about 37°C.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein lithium thiocyanate is added in an amount to give a concentration of about 1.25 molar.
6. The method of claim 2 wherein the blood sample is combined with an aqueous solution of lithium thiocyanate, the concentration of lithium thiocyanate in the resulting mixture being between about 0.5 and about 3.5 molar.
7. The method of claim 1 for the determination of the relative amount of hemoglobin that is in the form of said derivative in the sample, wherein the blood sample is additionally treated with an oxidant to convert essentially all forms of hemoglobin released by the lysing/
denaturing reagent to their met-hemoglobin forms, the resulting mixture is assayed for the amount of total met-hemoglobin present therein, and the measured amount of hemoglobin derivative is related to the measured amount of total met-hemoglobin.
denaturing reagent to their met-hemoglobin forms, the resulting mixture is assayed for the amount of total met-hemoglobin present therein, and the measured amount of hemoglobin derivative is related to the measured amount of total met-hemoglobin.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the oxidant is a ferricyanide salt.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein the particular hemoglobin derivative to be determined is hemoglobin Alc.
10. In a test system for determining a particular hemoglobin derivative in a blood sample, comprising (1) a lysing/denaturing reagent to lyre erythrocytes and to denature a detectable amount of said hemoglobin derivative released from erythrocytes, and (2) reagents for immunoassaying a lysed and denatured blood sample for the amount of the denatured form of said hemoglobin derivative present therein, the improvement wherein said lysing/denaturing reagent is a lithium salt form of an anion that is capable of lysing erythrocytes and denaturing said hemoglobin derivative.
11. The test system of claim 10 wherein said lysing/denaturing reagent is lithium thiocyanate.
12. The test system of claim 10 for the determination of the relative amount of hemoglobin that is in the form of said derivative in the sample, said test system additionally comprising an oxidant to convert essentially all forms of hemoglobin released by the lysing/denaturing reagent to their met-hemoglobin forms.
13. The test system of claim 12 wherein the oxidant is a ferricyanide salt.
14. The test system of claim 12 wherein the particular hemoglobin derivative to be determined is hemoglobin Alc:
15. A method for lysing erythrocytes in a blood sample, comprising the step of contacting the blood sample with an effective amount of lithium thiocyanate or lithium perchlorate.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the blood sample is contacted with an effective amount of lithium thiocyanate.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein lithium thiocyanate is added in an amount to give a concentration of between about 0.5 and about 6 molar.
18. The method of claim 17 performed between about room temperature and about 37°C.
19. The method of claim 16 wherein lithium thioayanate is added in an amount to give a concentration of about 1.25 molar.
20. The method of claim 16 wherein the blood sample is combined with an aqueous solution of lithium thiocyanate, the concentration of lithium thiocyanate in the resulting mixture being between about 0.5 and about 3.5 molar.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US37958289A | 1989-07-13 | 1989-07-13 | |
| US379,582 | 1989-07-13 | ||
| US522,835 | 1990-05-14 | ||
| US07/522,835 US5151369A (en) | 1989-07-13 | 1990-05-14 | Lithium salts as red blood cell lysing and hemoglobin denaturing reagents |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2019426A1 CA2019426A1 (en) | 1991-01-13 |
| CA2019426C true CA2019426C (en) | 2000-12-19 |
Family
ID=27008679
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002019426A Expired - Lifetime CA2019426C (en) | 1989-07-13 | 1990-06-20 | Lithium salts as red blood cells lysing hemoglobin denaturing reagents |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5151369A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2019426C (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6627738B2 (en) * | 1995-09-15 | 2003-09-30 | Duke University | No-modified hemoglobins and uses therefor |
| US6911427B1 (en) | 1995-09-15 | 2005-06-28 | Duke University | No-modified hemoglobins and uses therefore |
| US5891735A (en) * | 1995-09-15 | 1999-04-06 | Duke University Medical Center | Method for measuring nitric oxide in nitrosyl (FeII)-hemoglobin and S-nitrosohemoglobin |
| US7449339B2 (en) * | 1999-11-23 | 2008-11-11 | Nir Diagnostics Inc. | Spectroscopic method and apparatus for total hemoglobin measurement |
| US6949384B2 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2005-09-27 | Spectromedical Inc. | Method for monitoring degradation of Hb-based blood substitutes |
| US7459127B2 (en) * | 2002-02-26 | 2008-12-02 | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. | Method and apparatus for precise transfer and manipulation of fluids by centrifugal and/or capillary forces |
| US7094354B2 (en) | 2002-12-19 | 2006-08-22 | Bayer Healthcare Llc | Method and apparatus for separation of particles in a microfluidic device |
| US7125711B2 (en) * | 2002-12-19 | 2006-10-24 | Bayer Healthcare Llc | Method and apparatus for splitting of specimens into multiple channels of a microfluidic device |
| US7347617B2 (en) | 2003-08-19 | 2008-03-25 | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. | Mixing in microfluidic devices |
| WO2006112339A1 (en) * | 2005-04-14 | 2006-10-26 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Method for determination of hemoglobin derivative, and reagent composition, assay kit, analysis device and analysis system for use in the method |
| CN114994337B (en) * | 2022-06-07 | 2023-09-05 | 北京市计量检测科学研究院 | Hemoglobin detection method |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4255385A (en) * | 1979-10-23 | 1981-03-10 | Abbott Laboratories | Reagent and test kit for determining glycosylated hemoglobin |
| US4801299A (en) * | 1983-06-10 | 1989-01-31 | University Patents, Inc. | Body implants of extracellular matrix and means and methods of making and using such implants |
| US4582789A (en) * | 1984-03-21 | 1986-04-15 | Cetus Corporation | Process for labeling nucleic acids using psoralen derivatives |
| US4880749A (en) * | 1984-06-05 | 1989-11-14 | Eastman Kodak Company | Analytical element and its use in a whole blood hemoglobin assay |
| US4853338A (en) * | 1987-05-20 | 1989-08-01 | Technicon Instruments Corporation | Cyanide-free hemoglobin reagent |
| US4970171A (en) * | 1987-11-09 | 1990-11-13 | Miles Inc. | Denaturant reagents for convenient determination of hemoglobin derivatives in blood |
| US4847209A (en) * | 1987-11-09 | 1989-07-11 | Miles Inc. | Latex agglutination immunoassay in the presence of hemoglobin |
| IL94724A (en) * | 1989-07-13 | 1994-02-27 | Miles Inc | Lysis of red blood cells and hemoglobin denaturing by the use of lithium salts |
-
1990
- 1990-05-14 US US07/522,835 patent/US5151369A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-06-20 CA CA002019426A patent/CA2019426C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2019426A1 (en) | 1991-01-13 |
| US5151369A (en) | 1992-09-29 |
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