CA2014429C - Catalytic cracking catalyst containing diatomaceous earth - Google Patents

Abstract

A catalytic composite and its use in the fluidized catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons in the absence of added hydrogen. The composite comprises a binder material, a crystalline aluminosilicate, preferably a Y-type zeolite, and diatomaceous earth. Optional ingredients are kaolin, barium titanate and discrete particles of porous alumina.
Absent from the composite is a supported catalytically active metal or metal oxide. The catalytic composite of the invention achieves higher gasoline production with lower coke production as compared to FCC catalysts with no diatomaceous earth content.

Description

CATALYTIC CRACKING CATALYST
CONTAINING DIATOMACEOUS EARTH
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The field of art to which the claimed invention pertains is catalytic composites as well as the manufacture and use thereof. More specifically, the claimed invention relates to use of a catalytic composite comprising diatomaceous earth dispersed in a refractory metal oxide binder material.
There are a number of continuous cyclical processes employing fluidized solid techniques in which carbonaceous materials are deposited on the solids in the reaction zone and the solids are conveyed during the course of the cycle to another zone where carbon deposits are at least partially removed by combustion in an oxygen-containing medium. The solids from the latter zone are subsequently withdrawn and reintroduced in whole or in part to the reaction zone.
One of the more important processes of this nature is the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process in which heavy petroleum hydrocarbon feed stocks boiling in excess of about 400oF are converted to lower boiling hydrocarbons in the motor fuel boiling range by heating them in contact with an amorphous silica-alumina catalyst maintained in a fluidized state. The FCC process does not employ added hydrogen.
while other composites comprising silica, e.g. silica-zirconia, silica-magnesia, etc., have been known to catalyze the cracking reaction, the silica-alumina composite has been by far the most widely accepted catalyst in the industry.
More recently, improved catalysts having the capability of yielding greater proportions of high octane gasoline have i~~'~_~~~~
been prepared by the inclusion of a finely divided zeolite, or crystalline aluminosilicate, either naturally occurring or synthetically prepared, within the amorphous silica-alumina matrix. Prior inventors have prepared, tested and compared hydrocarbon conversion catalysts comprising a finely divided crystalline aluminosilicate distributed in an amorphous silica matrix on the one hand, and in an amorphous silica-alumina matrix on the other hand.
The FCC reaction produces, in addition to the desirable products, such as high octane gasoline, a quantity of undesirable products such as the carbonaceous material or coke that deposits on the catalyst. The above mentioned zeolite containing catalysts enable minimization of these undesirable products while maximizing the conversion to the desirable products. Continuous efforts are being made, however, to improve the performance of even the zeolite containing catalysts.
There are many zeolite containing FCC catalysts described in the art other than those mentioned above which achieve improved performance by the addition of certain ingredients either to the catalyst itself or to the materials used in the manufacture of the catalyst at one or more of the manufacturing states. None of such zeolite containing FCC catalysts, however, contains diatomaceous earth.
U.S. Patent No. 4,233,139 to Murrell et al. does teach a hydrocarbon conversion catalyst which may contain kieselguhr (includes diatomaceous earth), but does not teach zeolite content in the catalyst and does require a supported catalytically active metal oxide comprising or mixed with an oxide of tungsten or niobium.

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There are numerous teachings in the art of catalytic compositions which might contain both zeolite and diatomaceous earth, but which also contain supported catalytic metal oxides and which are for hydrogenation processes and not suitable for the fluidized catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons in the absence of hydrogen.
Examples of such art are U.S. Patent Nos. 4,218,308;
4,497,907; and European Patent Application 0 097 047.
In the EncSrclopedia of Chemical Technology, Kirk-Othmer, Third Edition, Volume 7, it is mentioned that special grades of diatomite are used as a carrier for catalysts in petroleum refining.
I have discovered that diatomaceous earth incorporated into a molecular sieve type fluidized catalytic cracking process enables higher production of gasoline while minimizing the production of undesirable coke.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is, accordingly, a broad objective of my invention to provide a novel catalytic composite and process for cracking a hydrocarbon charge stock.
In brief summary, my invention is, in one embodiment, a catalytic composite suitable for the fluidized catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons in the absence of added hydrogen.
The composite comprises particles containing a binder material comprising at least one inorganic refractory metal oxide selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, zirconia, boria, magnesia, titania and chromia, as well as a crystalline aluminosilicate and diatomaceous earth. The composite does not include a supported catalytically active metal or metal oxide which would include the free metal or oxide of tungsten, niobium, nobel metal, or other Group VIII metal. A catalytically active metal or metal oxide would not be considered supported if it was dispersed throughout the composite or was part of the crystalline structure of an aluminosilicate.
In a second embodiment, my invention is a process for cracking a hydrocarbon charge stock which comprises contacting the charge stock at cracking conditions with the above described catalytic composite.
Other objectives and embodiments of my invention encompass details about composite ingredients, steps in the manufacture and chemicals and conditions used in such manufacture, all of which are hereinafter disclosed in the following discussion of each of the facets of my invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 provides illustration for the discussion hereinbelow of the effect of diatomaceous earth on pore volume and size distribution.
Figures 2 through 4 serve to present experimental results associated with the various following examples.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The catalyst composite of the present invention is intended to be used in a process for cracking a hydrocarbon charge stock at cracking conditions. The most common form of such a process is well known to the art as the fluid catalytic cracking process and is described in detail in numerous publications, such as U.S. Patent Nos. 2,409,353;

3,692,864; and 2,698,281: to name just a few of the most basic of these publications.
In a typical FCC process flow, finely divided regenerated catalyst leaves the regeneration zone at a certain temperature and contacts a feedstock in a lower portion of a reaction riser zone. While the resulting mixture, which has a temperature of from about 600° to about 1000°F, passes up through the riser, conversion of the feed to lighter products and to coke deposited on the catalyst occurs. The effluent from the riser is discharged into a disengaging space where additional conversion can take place. The hydrocarbon vapors, containing entrained catalyst; are then passed through one or more cyclone separation means to separate any spent catalyst from the hydrocarbon vapor stream. The separated hydrocarbon vapor stream is passed into a fractionation zone, known in the art as the main column, wherein the hydrocarbon effluent is separated into such typical fractions as light gases and gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil and slurry oil.
Various fractions from the main column can be recycled along with the feedstock to the reaction riser. Typically, fractions such as light gases and gasoline are further separated and processed in a gas concentration process located downstream of the main column. Some of the fractions from the main column, as well as those recovered from the gas concentration process may be recovered as final product streams. The separated spent catalyst passes into the lower portion of the-disengaging space and eventually leaves that zone passing through stripping means in which a stripping gas, usually steam, countercurrently contacts the spent catalyst purging adsorbed and interstitial hydrocarbons from the catalyst. The spent catalyst containing coke leaves the stripping zone and passes into a regeneration zone, where, in the presence of fresh regeneration gas and at a temperature of from about 1150° to about 1400°F, combustion of coke produces regenerated catalyst having a carbon content of from about 0.01 to about 0.5 wt% and flue gas containing carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen and perhaps a small quantity of °xygen. Usually, the fresh regeneration gas is air, but it could be air either enriched or deficient in oxygen. Flue gas is separated from entrained regenerated catalyst by cycl°ne separation means located within the regeneration zone and separated flue gas is passed from the regeneration zone, typically, to a carbon monoxide boiler where the chemical heat of carbon monoxide is recovered by combustion as a fuel for the production of steam. Regenerated catalyst which was separated from the flue gas is returned to the lower portion of the regeneration zone which is maintained as a dense bed of spent catalyst. Regenerated catalyst leaves this dense bed and, as previously mentioned, contacts the feedstock in a reaction zone.
The FCC catalysts contemplated for use by this invention are the aluminosilicate or zeolite-containing catalysts. The aluminosilicate or zeolite will be dispersed in an amorphous porous inorganic oxide matrix.
Zeolitic crystalline aluminosilicates occur both naturally or are synthesized. In hydrated form, the crystalline aluminosilicates generally encompass those zeolites represented by the Formula 1 below:
Formula 1 M2~nO:A1203:wSi02:yH20 where "M" is a cation which balances the electrovalence of the aluminum-centered tetrahedra and which is generally referred to as an exchangeable cationic site, "n" represents the valence of the cation, "w" represents the moles of Si02, and "y" represents the moles of water. The generalized cation "M" may be monovalent, divalent or trivalent or mixtures thereof.
Crystalline aluminosilicates particularly useful comprise zeolites in either the X or Y form. The X zeolite in the hydrated or partially hydrated form can be represented in terms of mole oxides as shown in Formula 2 below:
Formula 2 (0.9~0.2)M2/nO:A1203:(2.50~0.5)Si02:yH20 where "M" represents at least one cation having a valence of not more than 3, "n" represents the valence of "M", and "y"
is a value up to about 9 depending upon the identify of "M"
and the degree of hydration of the crystal. As noted from Formula 2 the Si02/A1203 mole ratio of X zeolite is 2.5+0.5.
The cation "M" may be one or more of a number of cations such as a hydrogen cation, an alkali metal cation, or an alkaline earth cation, or other selected cations, and is generally referred to as an exchangeable cationic site. As the X zeolite is initially prepared, the cation "M" is usually predominately sodium, that is, the major cation at the exchangeable cationic sites is sodium, and the zeolite is therefore referred to as a sodium-X zeolite. Depending upon the purity of the reactants used to make the zeolite, other cations mentioned above may be present, however, as impurities. The Y zeolite in the hydrated or partially hydrated form can be similarly represented in terms of mole oxides as in Formula 3 below:
Formula 3 (0.9+0.2)M2/nO:A1203:wSi02:yH20 where "M" is at least one ration having a valence not more than 3, "n" represents the valence of "M", "w" is a value greater than about 3 up to about 6, and "y" is a value up to about 9 depending upon the identify of "M" and the degree of hydration of the crystal. The Si02/A1203 mole ratio for Y
zeolites can thus be from about 3 to about 6. Like the X
zeolite, the ration "M" may be one or more of a variety of rations but, as the Y zeolite is initially prepared, the ration "M" is also usually predominately sodium. A Y
zeolite containing predominately sodium rations at the exchangeable cationic sites is therefore referred to as a sodium-Y zeolite.
Cations occupying the exchangeable cationic sites in the zeolite may be replaced with other rations by ion exchange methods well known to those having ordinary skill in the field of crystalline aluminosilicates. Such methods are generally performed by contacting the zeolite or a base metal containing the zeolite with an aqueous solution of the soluble salt of the ration or rations desired to be placed upon the zeolite. After the desired degree of exchange takes place the sieves are removed from the aqueous solution, washed and dried to a desired water content. By such methods the sodium rations and any non-sodium rations which might be occupying exchangeable sites as impurities in a sodium-X or sodium-Y zeolite can be partially or essentially completely replaced with other rations.
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...

The preferred zeolite for use in the catalytic composite of the present invention is a sodium-Y zeolite with cations occupying the exchangeable cationic sites in the zeolite being essentially completely exchanged with ammonium and rare earth metal cations. It is particularly preferred that the Y zeolite be treated with steam so that its unit cell size is reduced to from about 24.25 to 24.55 angstroms. Such zeolite is known as ultrastable Y zeolite (USY). The zeolite should comprise from about 20 to about 40 wt% of the composite.
Diatomaceous earth is an essential ingredient of the catalytic composite of the present invention, not as a carrier or catalyst support, but as an essential part of the catalyst and having a direct effect on its catalytic properties. Diatomaceous earth comes from diatomite which is a chalky, sedimentary rock composed of the skeletal remains of single cell aquatic plants called diatoms. The diatoms are food for minute marine animal life and are literally regarded as "grass of the sea". A complete diatom consists of the living cell itself, encased in and protected by two half cell walls. The cell walls are composed of opaline silica with porous structure. Two types of diatomaceous earth are being mined, a salt water and a fresh water variety. While the salt water deposit has a variety of different species with many distinct shapes, the fresh water one has only a cylindrical rod form. Salt water type diatomaceous earth may be obtained from the Johns Manville Company (Grade FC) and fresh water type from the Eagle-Picher Company (Celetom MN-4). The properties and composition of the latter two types of diatomaceous earth are set forth in the following Table 1.

~o ~ ~~~s Analvsis of Diatomaceous Earth Grade Celite* k'C ~-4 Supplier John Manville Eagle Picher LOI % wb 7.4 5.3 Na20 % db 0.07 0.12 A1203 % db 4.9 2.9 Si02 % db 89.1 93.9 Fe203 % db 1.53 O,~g Ca0 % db 0.45 0.45 Quartz db 2 not detectable %

PSD ~ (Coulter Counter) (Coulter Counter) - 20 /um % 93 100 - 15 /um % 84 99.5 - 10 /um % 63 91 - 5 /um % 26 50 - 3 /um % 8 22 - 2 /um % 1 4 d5p /um 7.9 5.0 SA (Area meter) m2/g 7 8 PV (ml/g) 1.33 1.03 ABD (g/ml) 0.09 0.12 * Trade-mark Because of the low density and high porosity of diatomaceous earth, its incorporation into a catalytic composite tends to lower the apparent bulk density (ABD) of the composite and enlarge the pore volume (PV) of the composite. It is preferred to mill the diatomaceous earth to a particle size of from about 2 to about 5 microns, since such milling will increase the ABD of the composite by about 10% while reducing the PV only slightly. Increased ABD
enhances the physical strength of the composite while improving its flow and circulation behavior during FCC
operation. Pore volume and pore size determinations as discussed herein were by the mercury porosimetry (BET) method. The term ~~particle size~~ as it pertains to any particle discusse3 herein, refers to the largest linear dimension of the particle in question.
The following Table 2 shows the effect of milled and unmilled diatomaceous earth in a catalytic composite:

The Influence of D.E.
unmilled milled D.E.% ABD (g/ml) ABD (g/ml) 0.77 - 0.81 _ 0.54 - 0.58 0.60 - 0.70*

25 0:42 - 0.50 0.48 - 0.54 50 0.34 0.56 PV (ml/g) PV (ml/g) 0 0.28 - 0.31 -IO 0.38 0.34 - 0.37 25 0.49, 0.47 0.36 50 0.52 0.54 * measured after calcining at 600°C, one hour.

'"' AM 45384 From the above table it can be seen that the ABD
decreases from 0.77 to 0.34 and the PV increases from 0.28 to 0.52 when the diatomaceous earth content increases from 0 to 50%. Catalysts with 25% or more diatomaceous earth have too low ABD and too high PV and not suitable for FCC
operation. Only catalysts with from about 5 to about 15 wt%
diatomaceous earth exhibit optimum ABD after calcining and good physical strength, with Davidson Attrition Index (standard commercial method) less than 7. The commercial maximum acceptable value for attrition index is from 10 to 15, so 7 would be considered excellent.
The incorporation of diatomaceous earth into a catalytic composite I have found will also affect its pore size distribution as shown in Figure 1. When the diatomaceous earth content is about 10 wt%, I have found the majority of the pores are from 350 to 1,500 A in diameter.
When 25 wt% diatomaceous earth is used the pores from 700 to 6,000 A in diameter will be increased substantially. The latter pore size distribution creates "craters" on the surface of the composite, which leads to a physically weak catalyst. Milling the 10% diatomaceous earth (from about 2 to about 5 microns) before embedding it in the composite, I
have further found, will reduce the percentage of pores of about 3,500 A, and substantially reduce the 6,000 A + pores.
As will be vividly illustrated by the following examples, the use of diatomaceous earth achieves marked improvement in the performance of the FCC catalyst.
FCC catalyst is made by techniques wherein a solution of the binder precursor, such as a solution of one or more soluble salts of aluminum, silicon, zirconium, barium, magnesium, titanium, or chromium are comingled in an acid ~~~_44~9 solution (pH at less than 2.5) with the various other ingredients (including zeolite and diatomaceous earth) of the catalyst and spray dried to obtain a dry powder product.
The binder will usually comprise from about 10 to about 30 wt% of the composite. In principle, the spray dryer works by pumping the solution or slurry to be dried under high pressure to a pressure jet spray nozzle, or under mild pressure to an atomizer with variable rpm (revolution per minute) to create fine droplets in which it is mixed with hot air (about 540°C) under conditions of high turbulence and sprayed into a chamber. Alternatively, the solution or slurry may be pumped under mild pressure to an atomizer having variable speed capability to create fine droplets which are sprayed into the chamber with the hot air. In the chamber the liquid is evaporated from the solution or slurry and the dried solids particles are collected. The dried solids are preferably washed in a washing solution, such as an aqueous ammonium sulfate and ammonia, to remove extraneous materials which tend to clog the pores of the dried solids following spray drying. It is the nature of these solids to be very porous and to have a high effective surfaca area, thus enhancing their catalytic effect.
Kaolin (A1203.2H20'2Si02) is usually added to the above binder precursor to function as a filler material and impart bulk to the finished composite. The typical amount of kaolin used is from about 20 to about 30 wt%.
Some of the kaolin may be replaced by an equal amount of barium titanate (BaTi03), a high density material, which will impart a higher ABD to the catalyst without lowering the Pv and without shifting the pore size distribution. The amount of barium titanate used may range from 0% to about 10 wt%, with about 5 wt% being preferred. That will facilitate °

' AM 45384 a finished composite ABD of from about .65 to about .80 which is preferred so as to obtain desirable FCC flow characteristics. Barium titanate also serves to passivate metallic contaminants in the FCC chargestock such as nickel and vanadium.
Discrete particles of porous alumina may also be added to the binder solution in an amount of about 0 to about 20 wt%. The porous alumina tends to enhance the activity of the catalyst with regard to cracking the heavy ends of the chargestock. The average particle size of the alumina should be from about 2 to about 5 microns in diameter. The preferred alumina will be "bulk" alumina, which refers to a material preformed so that its surface area (greater thaw 20 m/g) and pore structure (greater than 0.33 cc/g) are stabilized so as to remain unchanged when added to the binder sol.
The catalytic composite may also contain from 0 to about 3 wt% (based on the oxide) rare earth metal. Rare earth metals are known to impart high thermal stability and catalytic activity to FCC catalysts. The preferred means of adding the rare earth to the catalyst is known as the "conventional procedure" and involves ion exchanging from about 80 to 90% of the sodium ions in the zeolite with rare earth ions before adding the zeolite to the sol mixture.
The zeolite may be first ion exchanged with ammonium ions (from a solution of ammonium sulfate) twice and then the rare earth ions (from a solution of lanthanum oxide (60%), neodymium oxide (20%), cerium oxide (10%), praseodymium oxide (8%) and various other oxides for the remainder).

"'~' AM 45384 The following examples are presented to illustrate the method of manufacture of the catalytic composite of the present invention as well as its subsequent use in a fluid catalytic cracking process and are not intended to unduly restrict the scope and spirit of the claims attached hereto.

i~~~_~~~~

In the manufacture of the catalyst composite of the present invention, slurry gel sols were prepared as follows:
I. Binder precursor solutions were prepared by mixing water, sulfuric acid (50%) and waterglass (13.83%
Si02 + 4.2% Na20).
II. The mixtures of I were chilled to 15-20oC.
III. Milled USY zeolite (about 34% solid) and milled alumina slurries (16.3% solid, when used) were separately mixed to a pH of about 3.0 to 3.2.
IV. Diatomaceous earth slurries (18% solid) or powder were added to the mixtures of II.
V. Kaolin powder (when used) and barium titanate (when used) were added to the slurries of IV.
VI. The zeolite and alumina slurries of III were added to the slurries of V.
VII. The above mixtures and slurries were all well stirred in the course of preparation and the temperature of the final mixtures of VI maintained at a temperature under 20°C and pH less than 4Ø
VIII. The mixtures of VI were spray dried into crude catalyst having average particle sizes from about 60 to about 75 microns.
IX. The crude catalysts of VIII were washed to reduce the sodium sulfate or oxide content to about 0.2-4 wt% based on Na20 and the wet catalyst dried to a moisture content less than 10 wt%.
The following Table 3 sets forth sixteen catalyst formations of varying compositions prepared via the above method:

",~, AM 45384 Formulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 Binder 20 20 20 20 20 20 Zeolite (USY) 30 30 30 30 30 30 Kaolin 50 40 40 25 25 -D.E. - 10* 10 25* 25 50*

Analysis of fresh catalysts S.A. 211 216 200 225 198 208 PV 0.28 0.41 0.43 0.36 0.49 0.54 ABD 0.72 0.60 0.55 0.48 0.42 0.56 XRD 30.60 27.70 27.00 31.00 27.90 27.10 Si02 67.86 72.18 71.77 80.18 81.93 86.85 A1203 30.19 26.66 27.02 19.47 18.51 10.91 Ti02 1.40 1.20 1.24 0.71 0.64 0.16 Na2~ 0.28 0.41 0.38 0.51 0.42 0.67 S04= 0.16 0.26 0.29 0.37 0.54 0.42 Formulation 7 8 9 10 Binder 20 20 20 20 Zeolite (USY) 30 30 30 30 Kaolin 50 40 25 -D.E. - 10 25 50 Analysis of resh f catalysts S.A. 204 207 203 227 PV 0.31 0.38 0.47 0.52 ABD 0.81 0.58 0.50 0.34 Si02 66.97 6 9.48 71.43 76.15 A1203 30.26 2 5.26 20.38 10.38 Ti02 1.45 1.15 0.84 0.18 Re203 1.30 1.30 1.13 1.24 Na20 0.36 0.40 0.42 0.52 S04= 0.19 0.24 0.18 0.36 i~~.~~'_~~~'~

Formulation 11 12 Binder 20 20 Zeolite (USY) 30 30 Kaolin 50 25 D.E. - 25 Analysis fresh steamed fresh steamed S.A. 134 124 PV 0.29 0.25 0.47 0.42 ABD 0.72 0.78 0.48 0.50 UCS 24.56 24.32 24.55 24.28 XRD 29.30 28.06 28.70 24.90 Si02 68.16 68.74 74.69 75.93 A1203 29.70 30.42 18.63 20.25 Ti02 1.35 1.34 0.71 0.76 Re203 0.63 0.71 0.64 0.67 Na20 0.39 0.47 0.66 0.56 Formulation 13 14 15 16 Binder 20 20 20 20 Zeolite (USY) 30 30 30 30 Kaolin 50 50 40 35 D.E. - - 10* lOEP

Barium titanate(BT) - - 5 -Analysis fresh fresh stmd fresh stmd fresh stmd stmd S.A. 133 191 133 198 137 189 122 PV 0.31 0.32 0.29 0.35 0.34 0.37 0.36 ABD 0.77 0.83 0.77 0.65 0.70 0.70 0.78 UCS 24.25 24.51 24.19 24.52 24.25 4.42 24.25 XRD 26.70 28.90 30.70 27.30 27.80 5.50 25.60 AI 6:34 6.72 SiO2 64.17 67.12 66.79 68.76 69.40 0.11 72.97 ~ 7 Al~ 34.35 30.23 30.61 26.70 26.99 3.53 24.72 z 2 Ti02 1.45 1.53 1.58 1.21 1.21 3.82 3.88 Na20 0.33 0.21 0.42 0.36 0.41 0.31 0.31 S04= 0.09 0.11 0.07 0.14 - 0.12 0.03 * = milled D.E.
EP = D.E. from Eagle-Picher XRD = crystallinity content UCS = unit cell size of zeolite (angstroms) ~~~_~~4~'~

Analysis of formulations 11 through 16 includes the steamed compositions (steam at 795°C for six hours), since these formulations were to be tested in a circulating pilot unit (CPU) which simulates a commercial unit where the practice is to steam the fresh catalyst so as to lower its initial activity.

Portions of the above formulations l6 (diatomaceous earth from Eagle-Picher), 15 (diatomaceous earth from Manville) and 14 (base case) were subjected to a steam test to determine thermal stability. After 795, 810 and 84°0oC
steaming for six hours, all three catalysts showed similar surface retentions, as shown in Figure 2. This suggests that neither diatomaceous earth material accelerates the thermal destruction of the catalyst.

Formulations 1 through 10 were each evaluated in a series of 10 test runs in an FCC mode microactivity test pilot plant (MAT). Reaction temperature was 485oC. The feed to the MAT was a Kuwait vacuum gas oil having the composition set forth in the following Table 4:

MAT FEED
Kuwait VGO
API Gravity 20.2 Specific Gravit~ 0.9328 Aniline Point, F 176.
Basic Nitrogen, wppm 240.
Conradson Carbon, wt% 0.5 Composition, wt%
Carbon Hydrogen Sulfur 2.94 Nitrogen 0.0830 Distillation D-2887 IBP 590.

5% 664.

10% 698.

20% -30% -40% -50% 839.

60% -70% -80% -90% 981.

95% 1012.

FBP 1081.

The results of the test runs are set forth in the following Table 5.

MAT RESULTS
Formulation and Run No. 1 2 3 4 5 (0%DE) (10%DE) (10%DE) (25%DE) (25%DE) FEED KVGO KVGO KVGO KVGO KVGO

W.H.S.V. 36.170 36.150 36.150 36.090 36.030 CAT/OIL 3.980 3.980 3.980 3.990 4.000 ASTM CONV 62.800 63.100 60.100 69.200 67.500 K 21.700 65.500 55.900 85.700 79.100 CONY WT% 64.300 64.400 60.700 70.400 68.700 MAT BAL. 98.600 98.100 96.400 97.900 98.100 H2 0.030 0.033 0.028 0.018 0.032 C1 0.383 0.354 0.327 0.441 0.379 C2+C2= 0.878 0.819 0.746 1.030 0.847 0.630 0.572 0.482 0.711 0.585 C3= 4.236 3.781 3.485 4.541 4.157 I-C4 2.948 2.486 1.887 3.355 2.986 N-C4 0.603 0.533 0.414 0.687 0.582 C4= 5.973 5.606 5.143 6.153 5.897 C5+ IN GAS 8.874 8.803 8.096 9.482 9.343 H2+C1+C2S 1.291 1.206 1.101 1.490 1.259 C3S+C4S 14.390 12.976 11.410 15.447 14.207 GAS 15.700 14.200 12.500 16.900 15.500 GASOLINE 46.500 48.300 46.700 50.900 51.000 L.C.O. 19.400 19.600 21.700 18.400 18.400 BOTTOMS 16.400 16.000 17.600 11.200 12.900 COKE ON F 2.030 1.950 1.470 2.510 2.280 SELECTIVITIES

GAS 0.244 0.220 0.206 0.241 0.225 GASOLINE 0.724 0.749 0.770 0.723 0.742 COKE 0.032 0.030 0.024 0.036 0.033 TABLE 5 CONT'D.) MAT RESULTS
Formulation and Run No. 6 7 8 9 10 (25%DE) (0%DE) (10%DE) (25%DE) (50%DE) FEED KVGO KVGO KVGO KVGO KVGO

W.H.S.V. 36.150 36.170 36.170 36.170 36.170 CAT/OIL 3.980 3.980 3.980 3.980 3.980 ASTM CONV 61.600 65.300 68.300 66.800 60.100 K 60.600 68.800 78.500 75.600 56.200 CONV WT% 62.600 65.500 68.500 67.600 60.900 MAT BAL. 97.300 95.200 95.000 97.100 96.600 H2 0.018 0.013 0.023 0.016 0.012 Cl 0.315 0.444 0.453 0.484 0.415 C2+C2= 0.724 0.980 0.986 0.975 0.821 C3 0.509 0.896 0.877 0.922 0.638 C3= 3.382 3.843 3.783 3.706 3.350 I-C4 2.580 3.654 3.671 3.505 2.641 N-C4 0.526 0.864 0.890 0.878 0.623 C4= 4.764 4.621 4.460 4.139 4.027 C5+ IN GAS 8.489 9.233 10.161 9.711 8.526 H2+C~1+C2S 1.057 1.437 1.462 1.475 1.247 C3S+C4S 11.761 13.878 13.680 13.150 11.279 GAS 12.800 15.300 15.200 14.600 12.500 GASOLINE 47.800 47.400 50.500 49.800 45.700 L.C.O. 20.200 20.100 19.200 18.600 19.300 BOTTOMS 17.200 14.400 12.400 13.800 19.900 COKE ON F 2.030 2.830 2.790 3.190 2.630 SELECTIVITIES
GAS 0.205 0.234 0.221 0.216 0.206 GASOLINE 0.763 0.723 0.738 0.736 0.751 COKE 0.032 0.043 0.041 0.047 0.043 It can be seen from the above MAT results that the catalysts with diatomaceous earth content perform better than the base cases, particularly from the standpoint of being able to achieve the most desirable balance between high gasoline production with low coke make.

A circulating pilot unit (CPU) was employed to test the catalyst composite of the instant invention and obtain comparative data with base line catalysts not containing diatomaceous earth. The CPU provides a very close simulation to commercial FCC units, including reactor and regenerator sections with catalyst circulated between them, and thus produces data which accurately represents what could be expected commercially. The CPU was operated at atmospheric pressure and a five-stage isothermal riser reactor was used at a reactor temperature of 510oC and a feed rate of 10 g/min. The feedstock, a Four Corners vacuum gas oil, had the compositions set forth in the following Table 6:

CPU FEED
Four-Corners VGO
API Gravity 25.0 Specific Gravit~ 0.9042 Aniline Point, F 194.5 Basic Nitrogen, wppm N/A
Conradson Carbon, wt% 1.03 Composition, wt%
Carbon Hydrogen Sulfur 0.46 Nitrogen 0.1083 Distillation D-1160 IBP 439.

5% 603.

10% 641.

20% -30% -40% -50% 810.

60% 855.

70% 910.

80% 989.

90% -95% -FBP 1033.

Catalyst formulations 11 (0% D.E.) and 12 (25% D.E.) from Example 1 were tested in the CPU and the products analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The GC set of analyses are as set forth in the following Tables 7 and 8 which show the results of five test runs for each formulation:

CPU Results Based on GLC Analysis (Formulation 11 0% D.E.) Cat to 0i1 Ratio 7.1 6.5 5.1 4.7 3.9 Conversion, wt% 78.50 76.00 72.13 71.58 69.52 Coke Yield, wt% 3.85 3.22 3.04 2.64 2.34 Fuel Gas, wt% 1.50 1.60 1.47 1.64 1.68 LPG Yield, wt% 17.79 17.48 15.98 15.65 14.46 Gasoline, wt% 55.36 53.71 51.64 51.64 51.04 C12/C2 0, wt% 12.54 13.86 14.90 14.73 15.31 C20+ Bottoms, wt% 8.96 10.14 12.97 13.69 15.17 CPU Results Based on GLC Analysis (Formulation 12 25% D.E.) Cat to Oil Ratio 7.6 7.1 6.0 4.7 4.1 Conversion, wt% 77.44 76.75 76.75 74.72 72.29 Coke Yield, wt% 3.91 3.97 3.19 3.55 2.34 Fuel Gas, wt% 1.41 1.37 1.33 1.38 1.26 LPG Yield, wt% 16.30 15.54 15.71 14.32 13.68 Gasoline, wt% 55.82 55.87 56.51 55.46 55.00 C12/C2 0, wt% 11.47 12.33 12.04 12.67 13.44 C20+ Bottoms, wt% 11.08 10.92 11.21 12.61 14.27 Tables 7 and 8 clearly show significantly higher gasoline production, when using the diatomaceous earth containing catalyst of the present invention, without significant increase in coke make.

Formulations 13 through 16 from Example 1 were tested in the CPU precisely like Formulations 11 and 12, with the results tabulated and plotted on Figures 3 and 4 as gasoline production vs. conversion and coke production vs.
conversion, respectively, as percentage of product.
The results show a startling superiority of Formulations l5 and 16 of the present invention, which contain diatomaceous earth, at all practical conversion levels. The best of both worlds is achieved, maximizing gasoline make and minimizing coke make.

Claims (18)

1. A catalytic composite suitable for the fluidized catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons in the absence of added hydrogen comprising particles containing a binder material comprising at least one inorganic refractory metal oxide selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, zirconium, boria, magnesia, titania and chromia, a crystalline aluminosilicate and diatomaceous earth, but not including a supported catalytically active metal or metal oxide, said diatomaceous earth being present in amounts between about 5 wt% to about 15 wt% of said composite and being dispersed throughout the binder material, the particle size of the diatomaceous earth being from about 2 to about 5 microns.

2. The catalytic composite of claim 1 wherein said composite contains from about 20 to about 30 wt%
kaolin.

3. The catalytic composite of claim 1 wherein the composite contains from 0 to about 10 wt% barium titanate.

4. The catalytic composite of claim 3 wherein the apparent bulk density of the composite is from, about 0.65 to about 0.80 g/cc.

5. The catalytic composite of claim 1 wherein the composite contains from about 10 to about 30 wt% of said binder material.

6. The catalytic composite of claim 1 wherein said crystalline aluminosilicate comprises a Y-zeolite comprising from about 20 to about 40 wt% of said composite.

7. The catalytic composite of claim 1 wherein said composite contains from 0 to about 20 wt% discrete particles of porous alumina.

8. The catalytic composite of claim 1 wherein said composite contains from about 0 to about 3 wt% rare earth metal based on the oxide.

9. A process for cracking a hydrocarbon charge stock which comprises contacting said charge stock at cracking conditions with a catalytic composite comprising at least one inorganic refractory metal oxide selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, zirconium, boria, magnesia, titania and chromia, a crystalline aluminosilicate and diatomaceous earth, but not including a supported catalytically active metal or metal oxide.

10. The process of claim 9 wherein said composite contains from about 5 wt% to about 15 wt% diatomaceous earth dispersed throughout the binder material.

11. The process of claim 9 wherein said composite contains from about 20 to about 30 wt% kaolin.

12. The process of claim 9 wherein the particle size of the diatomaceous earth is from about 2 to about 5 microns.

13. The process of claim 9 wherein the composite contains from 0 to about 10 wt% barium titanate.

14. The process of claim 13 wherein the apparent bulk density of the composite is from about 0.65 to about 0.80 g/cc.

15. The process of claim 9 wherein the composite contains from about 10 to about 30 wt% of said binder material.

16. The process of claim 9 wherein said crystalline aluminosilicate comprises a Y-zeolite comprising from about 20 to about 40 wt% of said composite.

17. The process of claim 9 wherein said composite contains from 0 to about 20 wt% discrete particles of porous alumina.

18. The process of claim 9 wherein said composite contains from about 0 to about 3 wt% rare earth metal, based on the oxide.