CA2008006A1 - Auxiliary lenses for spectacles and means for attaching same - Google Patents
Auxiliary lenses for spectacles and means for attaching sameInfo
- Publication number
- CA2008006A1 CA2008006A1 CA 2008006 CA2008006A CA2008006A1 CA 2008006 A1 CA2008006 A1 CA 2008006A1 CA 2008006 CA2008006 CA 2008006 CA 2008006 A CA2008006 A CA 2008006A CA 2008006 A1 CA2008006 A1 CA 2008006A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- lenses
- spectacles
- auxiliary
- auxiliary lenses
- lens
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Landscapes
- Eyeglasses (AREA)
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
This invention relates to a pair of auxiliary lenses designed to adjust the vision of a wearer of spectacles from distance viewing to an intermediate distance and means to attach the auxiliary lenses to spectacles which includes a clip and a connecting arm which is pivotal so that the auxiliary lenses may be adjusted vertically or pivoted into or out of the line of sight.
This invention relates to a pair of auxiliary lenses designed to adjust the vision of a wearer of spectacles from distance viewing to an intermediate distance and means to attach the auxiliary lenses to spectacles which includes a clip and a connecting arm which is pivotal so that the auxiliary lenses may be adjusted vertically or pivoted into or out of the line of sight.
Description
Z0~8~)~)6 This invention relates to improvements in ophthalmic lenses. In particular, it relates to apparatus which will allow the attachment of additional corrective lenses to existing spectacles.
Many people, especially over the age of 35, require spectacles or glasses to correct imperfection in their vision.
Some require lenses to adjust their eyes focused a short distance to facilitate reading. Others require lenses which correct the eyes perception of longer focal lengths such as driving glasses.
Some require both, and when the corrective prescription for these two aspects differ, the user often employs "bifocal glasses" in which the different prescriptions are located on different parts of the lenses.
Fortuitously, this can be accommodated because most reading material is located on a desk or lap and therefore viewed through the lower portion of the lens. Distant objects are usually viewed horizontally through the top portion of the lens.
As convenient as this arrangement may be, it has certain limitations and drawbacks. These are especially prevalent and increasingly common with the use of electronic devices which augment or replace the printed page.
The problems arise when people work for long hours with machines and electronic devices which have keyboards, control panels, visual monitors and display screens. These devices present visual material which is neither close, . like a book, or far away, like a tree, but rather at some intermediate distance which was not contemplated in the design or prescription for bifocal lenses.
;' 20C180~6 : ~:
Furthermore, some of these objects, like computer and word processor screens, are often located above the level of the desk where reading material or keyboards are located and are not aligned with the reading portion of the bifocal lenses which are designed for lower objects. Thus, people who operate such equipment as personal computers and word processors frequently have problems with both elevation -~
and focal length which are not adequately overcome by conventional glasses or bifocals.
It is, therefore, the purpose of this invention to provide means by which additional corrective lenses may be added to conventional monofocal or bifocal spectacles.
It is an additional purpose of this invention to provide means to correct the vision of people who wear glasses for intermediate distances while working on computers, word processors and the like.
It is an additional purpose of this invention to provide corrective lenses which may be easily attached while working and detached when finished.
It is an additional purpose of this invention to provide corrective lenses capable of adjustment to make it easier to view objects such as display screens which are mounted above desk level.
It is an additional purpose of this invention to provide . ~ .
additional corrective lenses which are ligh~, compact, adjustable, versatile and inexpensive.
Many people, especially over the age of 35, require spectacles or glasses to correct imperfection in their vision.
Some require lenses to adjust their eyes focused a short distance to facilitate reading. Others require lenses which correct the eyes perception of longer focal lengths such as driving glasses.
Some require both, and when the corrective prescription for these two aspects differ, the user often employs "bifocal glasses" in which the different prescriptions are located on different parts of the lenses.
Fortuitously, this can be accommodated because most reading material is located on a desk or lap and therefore viewed through the lower portion of the lens. Distant objects are usually viewed horizontally through the top portion of the lens.
As convenient as this arrangement may be, it has certain limitations and drawbacks. These are especially prevalent and increasingly common with the use of electronic devices which augment or replace the printed page.
The problems arise when people work for long hours with machines and electronic devices which have keyboards, control panels, visual monitors and display screens. These devices present visual material which is neither close, . like a book, or far away, like a tree, but rather at some intermediate distance which was not contemplated in the design or prescription for bifocal lenses.
;' 20C180~6 : ~:
Furthermore, some of these objects, like computer and word processor screens, are often located above the level of the desk where reading material or keyboards are located and are not aligned with the reading portion of the bifocal lenses which are designed for lower objects. Thus, people who operate such equipment as personal computers and word processors frequently have problems with both elevation -~
and focal length which are not adequately overcome by conventional glasses or bifocals.
It is, therefore, the purpose of this invention to provide means by which additional corrective lenses may be added to conventional monofocal or bifocal spectacles.
It is an additional purpose of this invention to provide means to correct the vision of people who wear glasses for intermediate distances while working on computers, word processors and the like.
It is an additional purpose of this invention to provide corrective lenses which may be easily attached while working and detached when finished.
It is an additional purpose of this invention to provide corrective lenses capable of adjustment to make it easier to view objects such as display screens which are mounted above desk level.
It is an additional purpose of this invention to provide . ~ .
additional corrective lenses which are ligh~, compact, adjustable, versatile and inexpensive.
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20~80~
These objects and other advantages may be achieved by means of the present invention which comprises a pair of adjustable auxiliary lenses adapted to correct the vision of a wearer of spectacles for intermediate distances, attachment means adapted to clamp resiliently on the top portion of said spectacles, means to connect said lenses to said attachment means, said connecting means comprising an arm having a first end and a second end, pivotally connected to said attachment means at one end and pivotally attached to said lenses at the other end so as to permit said auxiliary lenses to be adjusted by vertical translation relative to said spectacles, or to be pivoted upward out of the line of sight, or to be detachable. In one embodiment, the arm has a "C
shaped" circular recess at one end adapted to fit snugly and pivotally over a cylindrical~axle on the attachment means and a "C shaped" cylindrical recess on the second end adapted to fit snugly and pivotally over a cylindrical axle on said lenses. In another embodiment, the "C shaped"
cylindrical recesses on each end of the arm are made of a resilient elastic material capable of being removed from or attached to the cylindrical axle of said attachment means or said lenses respectively.
- ~. .
This invention may be better understood by the following ~` description of one embodiment thereof with reference to the drawings in which .
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a pair of spectacles with auxiliary lenses and means for mounting them on the spectacles in accordance with the present invention.
Z0~8~
Figure 2 is an exploded cross sectional view of the spectacles, auxiliary lenses and attaching means illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 2(a) is a plan view of the attachment means illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 3 is a front elevation view of the auxiliary lenses in Figure 1.
Figure 4 is a cross sectional view of the assembled spectacles, auxiliary lenses and attaching means illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 5 is a cross sectional view of the apparatus in Figure 1 adjusted in a different coniguration.
In the illustrated embodiment, the spectacles 2 have conventional arms 4 and a pair of lenses 6 which may be monofocal or bifocal. These spectacles are mounted with a pair of auxiliary lenses 8 which may be formed in one piece, as illustrated, of molded plastic.
In Figure 2, the assembly may be seen in greater detail.
The lenses 6 of the conventional spectacles, have rims 10, the upper portion of which is surmounted by an attachment means comprising a clip which extends substantially across the top of both lenses of the spectacles and has a forward, downwardly projecting plate 14 and a rearward, downwardly projecting plate 16 which are joined between their top edges by a bridge 18 which is preferably resilient but flexible to allow the plates of the clip to open for insertion but retains them tightly clamped against the rim 10.
Extending forwardly from the front plate 14 is a bar 20 providing an axle 21 to which one end of the connector arm 22 may be fastened while the other end of the connector arm 22 is connected to a similar axle 40 on the auxiliary lenses 8.
20~8 [)~
The forwardmost, horizontal and laterally extending axle portion 21 of the bar 20 has a substantially round cross section which is designed to fit within the substantially circular recess 24 through the opening 26. The recess 24 has a notch 28 which is designed to create resilient flexibility or elasticity so that the opening 26 may be expanded to insert the axle 21. However, the dimensions of the recess 24 are such as to provide a tight but moveable grip on the bar 22 so that the connector may be pivoted about the axis which is concentric with the center line of the bar but will remain in whatever rotational position to which it is adjusted.
Similarly, the other end of the connector has a recess 34 with an opening 36 adapted to receive the substantially cylindrical portion 40 of the auxiliary lenses. A notch 38 provides the same resilient flexibility which allows the lenses to be adjustably rotated within the recess but will hold the lens in whatever position to which it is adjusted.
In Figure 3, the auxiliary lenses 8 are illustrated .
in front elevation and are shown in one piece as if molded in plastic as contemplated by the inventors. The portion between the lenses is provided with an opening 42 which is designed to provide a cylindrical axle 40 by which the ~ ~.
~ lenses can be fastened to the connector 22.
- ~
In Figure 4, the apparatus previously described is shown in cross section and assembled with the clip 12 mounted ; on the upper portion of the rim 10 and the auxiliary lens 8 suspended in front of the spectacle lens 6 by means of the connector arm 22 extending between the top of the auxiliary lenses and the bar 20 of the clip 12. In this configuration, ,~
.
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the lens 8 is in position to correct the users vision through the upper portion of the lens 6. Used in accordance with the purpose of this invention, the auxiliary lens 8 would be ground (or moulded) to correct the user's vision from distance viewing to a more intermediate focal distance.
The auxiliary lens, being smaller than the conventional lens, will leave all or substantially all of the reading portion of the lens 6 unaltered.
Figure S illustrates, in cross section, the same apparatus as Figure 4 except that the auxiliary lens 8 is pivoted 90 degrees up and forward by one or both of the axes of rotation at either end of the connector arm 22 as it might be positioned if the user wished to stop using the auxiliary lenses temporarily but without removing the whole assembly.
Also illustrated in Figure 5 is a configuration in which the lens 8 may be lowered into usable position in relation to the conventional lens 6 but by virtue of the dual axis of rotation of the connector 22, the auxiliary lens 8 might be shifted vertically upwards relative to the fixed lens of the spectacles. Thus, the connector 22 serves not only to fasten the auxiliary lens to the spectacles but also the addltional purpose of adjusting the level of the auxiliary lens relative to the spectacles and the user's eye. This is especially useful and important where the auxiliary lenses are designed to provide vision correction for users who are required to frequently look up at objects above the desk level such as computer monitors and word processing display screens.
Of course, the two axes of rotation provided by the connector arm 22 also permit the auxiliary lens to be temporarily flipped up visually out of the way.
20~8(~
Thus, the present invention provides apparatus which permits frequent or constant viewing of objects at intermediate distance above the level at which reading is normally done with bifocal glasses. The apparatus may be quickly and easily attached or detached from conventional glasses worn by the user; the auxiliary lens may be readily adjusted up and down to suit the situation or the preference of the user; the lenses may be temporarily flipped out of the line of sight when not in use and quickly replaced to their useful position.
As contemplated by the inventors, the apparatus, including the auxiliary lenses, connectors and clip, may all be made of molded plastic and therefore relatively light, attractive and relatively inexpensive.
If desired, the auxiliary lenses may be tinted or provided with ultra violet filtering capability for use in sunlight or where ambient lighting provided by fluorescent fixtures or the like require it. Because they are readily attached or removed, the user may have a number of lenses with different corrective prescriptions, filtering capability or other features and may be provided in different sized optics, depending on whether they are used on prescription or non-prescription or bifocal glasses.
The ability to adjust the auxiliary lenses up or down by means of the double pivoting connecting arm 22 is especially important because when the optical centers of any lenses are not coincident with the line of sight a vertical prism effect is induced which will cause objects to appear objects to appear higher or lower than they actually are. This phenomena known as "j p" can be avoided in the auxiliary -lenses by providing that the optic centers are vertically "de-centered" appropriately, and any small adjustment can be made using the translating capability of the connector arm 22. The optical centers may also be de-centered inwardly to give what is referred to as a "base in" effect to make reading easier by virtue of reducing the angle of convergence on the eyes.
Because of the nature of the attachment apparatus, the auxiliary lenses are designed to conform relatively closely to the standard fixed lenses of a pair of spectacles and therefore avoid awkward or unattractive projections.
Furthermore, because of the ability of the lenses to pivot about the axes of the connector, they may be tilted to avoid glare from whatever light sources may be in an inconvenient position.
Although the forgoing description refers to lenses which may be "ground or moulded" as required, it is contemplated that a combined one piece pair of auxiliary lenses such as illustrated in the described embodiment, would be difficult to prepare by grinding and would be most appropriately and easily manufactured by injection moulding.
As contemplated by the inventors, the auxiliary lenses may provide a wider field of view than is conventionally available in a bifocal lens or the binocular attachments used for viewing very small objects. In this context, it is felt by the inventors that the auxiliary lenses of the present invention would be especially advantageous and comfortable to the wearer if they were manufactured with an aspherical configuration which makes the periphery of the lenses less subject to distortion. Thus, the lenses of the present Z0~8~
invention would be rendered useful in correcting the focal distance without narrowing the field of vision when the user is required to look at larger objects such as video screens or TV monitors.
Ideally, by grinding or molding the auxiliary lens with a concave posterior curvature, the auxiliary lenses will more closely conform with conventional lenses and provide a more convenient and attractive visual aid to those who must work at modern work stations with computer terminals, display screens, control panels, keyboards and the like.
It will, of course, be realized that various modifications to the illustrated embodiment may be employed without departing from the inventive concept herein.
g_ ~'
~ '' .
~`~
20~80~
These objects and other advantages may be achieved by means of the present invention which comprises a pair of adjustable auxiliary lenses adapted to correct the vision of a wearer of spectacles for intermediate distances, attachment means adapted to clamp resiliently on the top portion of said spectacles, means to connect said lenses to said attachment means, said connecting means comprising an arm having a first end and a second end, pivotally connected to said attachment means at one end and pivotally attached to said lenses at the other end so as to permit said auxiliary lenses to be adjusted by vertical translation relative to said spectacles, or to be pivoted upward out of the line of sight, or to be detachable. In one embodiment, the arm has a "C
shaped" circular recess at one end adapted to fit snugly and pivotally over a cylindrical~axle on the attachment means and a "C shaped" cylindrical recess on the second end adapted to fit snugly and pivotally over a cylindrical axle on said lenses. In another embodiment, the "C shaped"
cylindrical recesses on each end of the arm are made of a resilient elastic material capable of being removed from or attached to the cylindrical axle of said attachment means or said lenses respectively.
- ~. .
This invention may be better understood by the following ~` description of one embodiment thereof with reference to the drawings in which .
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a pair of spectacles with auxiliary lenses and means for mounting them on the spectacles in accordance with the present invention.
Z0~8~
Figure 2 is an exploded cross sectional view of the spectacles, auxiliary lenses and attaching means illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 2(a) is a plan view of the attachment means illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 3 is a front elevation view of the auxiliary lenses in Figure 1.
Figure 4 is a cross sectional view of the assembled spectacles, auxiliary lenses and attaching means illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.
Figure 5 is a cross sectional view of the apparatus in Figure 1 adjusted in a different coniguration.
In the illustrated embodiment, the spectacles 2 have conventional arms 4 and a pair of lenses 6 which may be monofocal or bifocal. These spectacles are mounted with a pair of auxiliary lenses 8 which may be formed in one piece, as illustrated, of molded plastic.
In Figure 2, the assembly may be seen in greater detail.
The lenses 6 of the conventional spectacles, have rims 10, the upper portion of which is surmounted by an attachment means comprising a clip which extends substantially across the top of both lenses of the spectacles and has a forward, downwardly projecting plate 14 and a rearward, downwardly projecting plate 16 which are joined between their top edges by a bridge 18 which is preferably resilient but flexible to allow the plates of the clip to open for insertion but retains them tightly clamped against the rim 10.
Extending forwardly from the front plate 14 is a bar 20 providing an axle 21 to which one end of the connector arm 22 may be fastened while the other end of the connector arm 22 is connected to a similar axle 40 on the auxiliary lenses 8.
20~8 [)~
The forwardmost, horizontal and laterally extending axle portion 21 of the bar 20 has a substantially round cross section which is designed to fit within the substantially circular recess 24 through the opening 26. The recess 24 has a notch 28 which is designed to create resilient flexibility or elasticity so that the opening 26 may be expanded to insert the axle 21. However, the dimensions of the recess 24 are such as to provide a tight but moveable grip on the bar 22 so that the connector may be pivoted about the axis which is concentric with the center line of the bar but will remain in whatever rotational position to which it is adjusted.
Similarly, the other end of the connector has a recess 34 with an opening 36 adapted to receive the substantially cylindrical portion 40 of the auxiliary lenses. A notch 38 provides the same resilient flexibility which allows the lenses to be adjustably rotated within the recess but will hold the lens in whatever position to which it is adjusted.
In Figure 3, the auxiliary lenses 8 are illustrated .
in front elevation and are shown in one piece as if molded in plastic as contemplated by the inventors. The portion between the lenses is provided with an opening 42 which is designed to provide a cylindrical axle 40 by which the ~ ~.
~ lenses can be fastened to the connector 22.
- ~
In Figure 4, the apparatus previously described is shown in cross section and assembled with the clip 12 mounted ; on the upper portion of the rim 10 and the auxiliary lens 8 suspended in front of the spectacle lens 6 by means of the connector arm 22 extending between the top of the auxiliary lenses and the bar 20 of the clip 12. In this configuration, ,~
.
20Cgl~
the lens 8 is in position to correct the users vision through the upper portion of the lens 6. Used in accordance with the purpose of this invention, the auxiliary lens 8 would be ground (or moulded) to correct the user's vision from distance viewing to a more intermediate focal distance.
The auxiliary lens, being smaller than the conventional lens, will leave all or substantially all of the reading portion of the lens 6 unaltered.
Figure S illustrates, in cross section, the same apparatus as Figure 4 except that the auxiliary lens 8 is pivoted 90 degrees up and forward by one or both of the axes of rotation at either end of the connector arm 22 as it might be positioned if the user wished to stop using the auxiliary lenses temporarily but without removing the whole assembly.
Also illustrated in Figure 5 is a configuration in which the lens 8 may be lowered into usable position in relation to the conventional lens 6 but by virtue of the dual axis of rotation of the connector 22, the auxiliary lens 8 might be shifted vertically upwards relative to the fixed lens of the spectacles. Thus, the connector 22 serves not only to fasten the auxiliary lens to the spectacles but also the addltional purpose of adjusting the level of the auxiliary lens relative to the spectacles and the user's eye. This is especially useful and important where the auxiliary lenses are designed to provide vision correction for users who are required to frequently look up at objects above the desk level such as computer monitors and word processing display screens.
Of course, the two axes of rotation provided by the connector arm 22 also permit the auxiliary lens to be temporarily flipped up visually out of the way.
20~8(~
Thus, the present invention provides apparatus which permits frequent or constant viewing of objects at intermediate distance above the level at which reading is normally done with bifocal glasses. The apparatus may be quickly and easily attached or detached from conventional glasses worn by the user; the auxiliary lens may be readily adjusted up and down to suit the situation or the preference of the user; the lenses may be temporarily flipped out of the line of sight when not in use and quickly replaced to their useful position.
As contemplated by the inventors, the apparatus, including the auxiliary lenses, connectors and clip, may all be made of molded plastic and therefore relatively light, attractive and relatively inexpensive.
If desired, the auxiliary lenses may be tinted or provided with ultra violet filtering capability for use in sunlight or where ambient lighting provided by fluorescent fixtures or the like require it. Because they are readily attached or removed, the user may have a number of lenses with different corrective prescriptions, filtering capability or other features and may be provided in different sized optics, depending on whether they are used on prescription or non-prescription or bifocal glasses.
The ability to adjust the auxiliary lenses up or down by means of the double pivoting connecting arm 22 is especially important because when the optical centers of any lenses are not coincident with the line of sight a vertical prism effect is induced which will cause objects to appear objects to appear higher or lower than they actually are. This phenomena known as "j p" can be avoided in the auxiliary -lenses by providing that the optic centers are vertically "de-centered" appropriately, and any small adjustment can be made using the translating capability of the connector arm 22. The optical centers may also be de-centered inwardly to give what is referred to as a "base in" effect to make reading easier by virtue of reducing the angle of convergence on the eyes.
Because of the nature of the attachment apparatus, the auxiliary lenses are designed to conform relatively closely to the standard fixed lenses of a pair of spectacles and therefore avoid awkward or unattractive projections.
Furthermore, because of the ability of the lenses to pivot about the axes of the connector, they may be tilted to avoid glare from whatever light sources may be in an inconvenient position.
Although the forgoing description refers to lenses which may be "ground or moulded" as required, it is contemplated that a combined one piece pair of auxiliary lenses such as illustrated in the described embodiment, would be difficult to prepare by grinding and would be most appropriately and easily manufactured by injection moulding.
As contemplated by the inventors, the auxiliary lenses may provide a wider field of view than is conventionally available in a bifocal lens or the binocular attachments used for viewing very small objects. In this context, it is felt by the inventors that the auxiliary lenses of the present invention would be especially advantageous and comfortable to the wearer if they were manufactured with an aspherical configuration which makes the periphery of the lenses less subject to distortion. Thus, the lenses of the present Z0~8~
invention would be rendered useful in correcting the focal distance without narrowing the field of vision when the user is required to look at larger objects such as video screens or TV monitors.
Ideally, by grinding or molding the auxiliary lens with a concave posterior curvature, the auxiliary lenses will more closely conform with conventional lenses and provide a more convenient and attractive visual aid to those who must work at modern work stations with computer terminals, display screens, control panels, keyboards and the like.
It will, of course, be realized that various modifications to the illustrated embodiment may be employed without departing from the inventive concept herein.
g_ ~'
Claims (3)
1. Adjustable auxiliary lenses for spectacles and means to attach and adjust same comprising - a pair of auxiliary lenses adapted to correct the vision of a wearer of spectacles for intermediate distances;
- attachment means adapted to fit on the top portion of a pair of spectacles;
- means to connect said lenses to said attachment means;
- said connecting means comprising an arm having a first end and a second end, said arm pivotally connected to said attachment means at one end and pivotally attached to said auxiliary lenses at the other end.
- attachment means adapted to fit on the top portion of a pair of spectacles;
- means to connect said lenses to said attachment means;
- said connecting means comprising an arm having a first end and a second end, said arm pivotally connected to said attachment means at one end and pivotally attached to said auxiliary lenses at the other end.
2. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, in which said connecting arm has a "C shaped" circular recess at one end adapted to fit tightly and pivotally over a cylindrical axis on said attachment mean and a "C shaped" cylindrical recess at the second end adapted to fit tightly and pivotally over a cylindrical axis on said lenses respectively.
3. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 2, in which said "C shaped"
cylindrical recess is formed of a resiliently elastic material and thereby capable of being attached to or removed from the axels of said attaching means or said lenses respectively.
cylindrical recess is formed of a resiliently elastic material and thereby capable of being attached to or removed from the axels of said attaching means or said lenses respectively.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2008006 CA2008006A1 (en) | 1990-01-17 | 1990-01-17 | Auxiliary lenses for spectacles and means for attaching same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2008006 CA2008006A1 (en) | 1990-01-17 | 1990-01-17 | Auxiliary lenses for spectacles and means for attaching same |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2008006A1 true CA2008006A1 (en) | 1991-07-17 |
Family
ID=4144051
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2008006 Abandoned CA2008006A1 (en) | 1990-01-17 | 1990-01-17 | Auxiliary lenses for spectacles and means for attaching same |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2008006A1 (en) |
-
1990
- 1990-01-17 CA CA 2008006 patent/CA2008006A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Dead |