CA2000606A1 - Packaging for shipment and containment of hazardous liquids - Google Patents
Packaging for shipment and containment of hazardous liquidsInfo
- Publication number
- CA2000606A1 CA2000606A1 CA 2000606 CA2000606A CA2000606A1 CA 2000606 A1 CA2000606 A1 CA 2000606A1 CA 2000606 CA2000606 CA 2000606 CA 2000606 A CA2000606 A CA 2000606A CA 2000606 A1 CA2000606 A1 CA 2000606A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- liquid
- layer
- package
- container
- hazardous
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D81/00—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents
- B65D81/24—Adaptations for preventing deterioration or decay of contents; Applications to the container or packaging material of food preservatives, fungicides, pesticides or animal repellants
- B65D81/26—Adaptations for preventing deterioration or decay of contents; Applications to the container or packaging material of food preservatives, fungicides, pesticides or animal repellants with provision for draining away, or absorbing, or removing by ventilation, fluids, e.g. exuded by contents; Applications of corrosion inhibitors or desiccators
- B65D81/264—Adaptations for preventing deterioration or decay of contents; Applications to the container or packaging material of food preservatives, fungicides, pesticides or animal repellants with provision for draining away, or absorbing, or removing by ventilation, fluids, e.g. exuded by contents; Applications of corrosion inhibitors or desiccators for absorbing liquids
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D85/00—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials
- B65D85/70—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for materials not otherwise provided for
- B65D85/84—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for materials not otherwise provided for for corrosive chemicals
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present invention pertains to a method of packaging hazardous liquids for shipment or containment, and to the structure and composition of the packaging which can be used to practice the method.
The method comprises packaging a hazardous liquid for shipment or containment wherein the hazardous liquid, present in at least one sealed container or in a leaking container, respectively, is placed in a package which can be sealed so that the package completely surrounds and isolates the container, wherein the improvement comprises:
constructing the packaging material so that it comprises at least two layers, including an interior layer and an exterior layer, wherein the interior layer of the packaging material adjacent to the sealed or leaking container can be penetrated by liquid which escapes from the container, and wherein the exterior layer of the packaging material, the external portion of which is in contact with the external environment, is impermeable by the liquid and by hazardous vapor therefrom. Typically the packaging material is comprised of three layers, the interior, permeable layer, an adjacent layer which comprises an absorbent or adsorbent, and the exterior impermeable layer.
The present invention pertains to a method of packaging hazardous liquids for shipment or containment, and to the structure and composition of the packaging which can be used to practice the method.
The method comprises packaging a hazardous liquid for shipment or containment wherein the hazardous liquid, present in at least one sealed container or in a leaking container, respectively, is placed in a package which can be sealed so that the package completely surrounds and isolates the container, wherein the improvement comprises:
constructing the packaging material so that it comprises at least two layers, including an interior layer and an exterior layer, wherein the interior layer of the packaging material adjacent to the sealed or leaking container can be penetrated by liquid which escapes from the container, and wherein the exterior layer of the packaging material, the external portion of which is in contact with the external environment, is impermeable by the liquid and by hazardous vapor therefrom. Typically the packaging material is comprised of three layers, the interior, permeable layer, an adjacent layer which comprises an absorbent or adsorbent, and the exterior impermeable layer.
Description
~ Q6 BACKGROU~D OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention This inventio~ pertains to a method of pack-aging hazardous liquids for shipment or containment and to the structure and composition of the packaging which can be used to practice the method.
1. Field of the Invention This inventio~ pertains to a method of pack-aging hazardous liquids for shipment or containment and to the structure and composition of the packaging which can be used to practice the method.
2. Background Art The business needs of today frequently require shipment of one or more individual containers of liquid, wherein the individual containers can be as small as a test tube or as large as a bulk container for an industrial chemical (which may be 24 inches in diameter or more). The liquld to be shipped can comprise chemical compounds, synthetic polymers, aromatics, hydrocarbons, biological materials, and radioactive materials, for example. The l~quid may comprise a solution, a suspenslon, or a disperRion, each havlng different ~low characteristics and dl~ierent re~cti~e capablllties. It ls not uncommon that the liquid to be Rhipped i~ toxlc or contains biologically active or reactlve components which present a danger to persons who are exposed to the fluld without the proper protective barrier clothing, eye protection and respiratory equipment. -Even when the packaging in which hazardous liquids are shipped is carefully marked with warnings to alert those who will be handling the shipment to use special care, there ls always the possibility the liquid will escape ~
from a package damaged during shipment, exposing those persons - -handling the package to potential harm. Thus, the packaging ~
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in which hazardous liquids are shipped should be capable of preventing the escape of the liquid being shipped and any hazardous vapors thereof.
lnadequacies in existing packaging meaDs recently became apparent when medical doctors searched ~or packaging which could be used for shipment of blood test kits to outside testing laboratories. Tbe existing shipping method provides for shipping of test t~be samples of blood iD a formed ~tyrofoam tray which is placed in a gusseted envelope.
~owever, on occasion during shipment, breakage of the test tubes occurs due to rough package handling, causing blood to leak out the edges of the styrofoam tray or cracks or breaks in the tray. Should the blood be contaminated with such as a deadly virus, persons handling the package are thereby exposed to a potentially life threatening hazard. Similar consider-ations apply to urine specimans, biohazardous fluids in general, and toxic solutions. At this time, the U.S. Postal Service is considering a ban on shipment of disease causing germs or hazardous toxins (etiologic agents).
- It is pos~ible to provide packaging ~hich is capable o$ protecting the liquid container better; it is po68ible to prov~de a liquid container which can~ot be crushed. Example~ oi materials which can be used to ~abrlcate such packaging or liquid containers lnclude iibergla8s, metal~, and reiniorced composites oi' the type commonly used ln the chemical industry. However, such packaging or containers are very expensive to ~anufacture, and reuse requires special tracking during shipment and co~tly cleaning procedures. The stronger packaging and containers would typically be heavier, increasing shipping costs and making handling more difficult. Containers comprised of fiberglass or metal canisters aDd bombs are less :, :
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~Q~ 6 convenient to use; doctors and nurses prefer tray-form packages for tabletop convenience in laying out tubes of blood and ~lides.
Examples of subject matter related to the present invention include the United States patents listed below.
~ .S. Patent No. 3,986,914 to Howard, dated October 19, 1976, describes a plastic pouch-like container which is provided with a plastic bead seal at the junction of an interlocking fastener and the side edges of the container.
The plastic bead seal acts as a barrier to prevent leakage of fluids or contaminating bacteria through the plastic container in the area adjacent to the fastener/closure of the container.
U.S. Patent No. 4,267,928 to Curry, Jr., dated ~ay 19, 1981, describes a composite structure container for commercial use in transporting fluids. The container is a composite paper body with a plastic liner forming a structure that is adapted to be sealed with a crimped-on cap, to preserve items stored in the container either under atoms-pheric pressure, ~acuum, or pressurized conditions.
U.S. Patent ~o. 4,282,984 to Curry, Jr., dated August 11, 1981, describes a composite container structure 6imilar to that described ln No. 4,267,928, including u e of a resinous tube surrounding the outside oi the composite ~tructure, which tube can be shrunk into place over the outer suriace ot tbe structure to form a seal.
~ .S. Patent No. 4,495,082 to ~ita et al., dated January 22, 1985, describes a water absorbant excellent in wa$er holding capacity under pressure. The absorbant compri~es a mixture of a cotton-like material "~" manufact-ured by a pulping treatment of bagasse containlng at least 5 percent by weight of pith and having a lignin content of S-25 percent by ~eight and a pulp "B" having a lignin content ! -D-M R*802 ,- ~-''.
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o, not greater tban ~ percent by weight, whereiD the weight ratio of A:B ranges from 95:5 to 20:80.
U.S. Patent ~. 4,572,361 to Fontlladosa, dated February 25, 1986, describes a means for tbe packing and orderly display of consumer fluid product containers. Tbe means provides for holdiDg the consumer fluid product containers which are of a tube type in fixed, closely packed positions, to prevent da~age during shipment.
~ .S. Patent No. 4,597,765 to ~latt, dated July 1, 1986, discloses a meth~d and apparatus for pàckaging a fluid contai~ing pr~thesis.
U.S. Patent No. 4,615,923 tO ~arx, dated October 7, 1986, describes a ~ater-absorbing insert for ~ood packs.
The insert is 6dapted to be used in direct abutment with food, and comprises an outer covering aDd an inner filling. The outer coveri~g is pervious to water is is preferably made ~rom an acid-free paper. The filler includes kieselguhr and an organic gel former selected from the group consisting oi carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose etber, polyvinylpyrrolidoD, s~arch, dextrose, gelatin aDd pectiD.
U.S. Patent ~o. 4,735,843 to Noda, dated ~pril 5, 1~88, describes 6electively surface-bydrophillc porous or perforated ~beets. The fluid-directed $ront ~ace oi the ~heet comprise~ a bydrophilic periorated surface ~aving a multiplicity of holeE ~or fluid pa~age. The back ~ace oi the sbeet is coated ~ith a rubber-like material iDsoluble iD aqueous fluid but ha~iDg surface-hydrophilic propert~e~, ~hereby the ba~ face oi the sheet is rendered hydrophilic. The sheets are particularly useful as cover ~heets for absorbant 6tructures suc~ as diapers, bandages and catamenial~.
~ .S. Patent No. 4,738,674 to Todd et al., dated April 19, 1988, describes a method for automatlcally and contiDuou~ly indlcating wetness of diaper~, hospital D- M R*802 .
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underpads, and the like, wherein moisture indicator strips of a capillary action type are used to provide a visual indication of wetness at a point removed from the actual point of uetness. A wicking strip is used to transfer the moisture to a moisture indicating substance which visually indicates the presence of moisture.
U.S. Patent No. ~,738,675 to Buckley et al., dated April 19, 1988, describes a disposable diaper comprising a fluid impervious back sheet, a fluid pervious front sheet, a first absorbaDt pad adjacent the front sheet and comprising a loosely formed fiberous mass, and a separate second absorbent pad between the first pad and the bac~ sheet. The second pad comprises a mass of fibers having compressed regions extending throughout a substantial part of the second pad and having relatively uncompressed areas adjacent the compressed regio~s. The compressed regions are used to promote the spreading of fluid throughout the pad, and to direct fluid flow against the force of gravity when the diaper is positioned on the baby.
U.S. Patent 4,740,528 to Garvey et al., dated April 26, 1988, de~cribes an absorbeDt superwicking crossliDked polyurethane ioam composition into ~hich is incorporated an efiective amou~t of at least one ~mino acid, a one percent by weig~t agueous solution of which has a pH of no more than about 8. Said amino acid contains one amino acid group and at least one carboxylic acid group. The polyurethane ~ -foam coEposition is useful as a sponge and in the manufacture of ~uch absorbent composite structures as disposable diapers, incontiDent products, etc.
; U.S. Patent No. 4,744,374 to Deffeves et al., dated ~ay 17, 1988, discloses a family of crystalline, microporous silaceous materials of regular geometry ~hich are substantially hydrophobic and ~hich exhibit a stronger aiiinity for less :' :.
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polar molecules such as ammonia than for water under equivalent exposure conditions. Such silacious materials would be useful i~ fabrication of filter cartridges for pipes, cigars or cigarettes, and would be expected to absorb significant amounts of carbon monoxide from mainstream smoke more effectively than previously used hydrophilic materials. The hydrophobic material comprises microporous crystalline tectosilicate of regular geometry having aluminum-free sites in a silaceous lattice that are characterized by the presence of about 1-4 associated moieties in said sites of the formula - SiOR, wherein ~ is a substituent that is a weaker point source than aluminum.
U.S. Patent No. 4,748,069 to Cullen, dated May 31, 1988, describes a liquid absorbing and immobilizing packet ;
and paper therefor. The packet comprises an envelope which is degradable in the liquid and a liquid absorbing and im-mobilizing material in the envelope. The liquid absorbing and immobilizing material recommended for aqueous solutions including dilute alkalis, dilute acids, and body fluids is sodium polyacrylate. Tbe envelope can comprise a layer of a liquid degradable material having a patterned coating of sealing material in ~he layer, wherein the pattern is such that uncoated portions of the envelope remain exposed to be degraded by contact with the liquid.
U.S. Patent No. 4,748,076 to Saotome, dated ~ay 31,1988, describes a water absorbent fiberous product comprising a cellulosic material impregnated with a water absorbent acrylic polymer. The fiberous product exhibits a high water absorbency and finds applications as high quality disposable diapers, sanitary napkins, surgical pads, surgical sheets, paper towels or the like.
~ U.S. Patent No. 4,748,977 to Guyot et al., ; dated June 7, 1988, describes a mineral fiber-based D-RRR*802 :. :
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absorbent ~aterial. The absorbent material is comprised at least partially of mineral fibers which have a speciiic surface area greater than 0.25 m2/g. The fibers have an average diameter under 5 micrometers, having a homogeneous size distribution and are free of non-fibrated or clustered particles. The mineral fiber-based material typically comprises a glass fiber.
U.S. Patent No. 4,753,643 to Kassai, dated June 28, 1988, describes a disposable diaper. The disposable diaper comprises an inner member to be in contact with the skin of a wearer, an outwardly directed member, and an absorbent member interposed between the same. Baby powder is retaiDed in a pulverulent state in cavities or wrinkles defined in the inner member by gathers.
U.S. Patent No. 4,753,834 to Braun et al., dated June 28, 1988, discloses a nonwoven web with improved softness, tensile strength, and tear resistance. The nonwoven web comprises monofilaments or fibers of a thermoplastic material, !;
wherein the improvement comprises the use of monofilaments or fibers which bave a bilobal-shaped cross ~ection.
U.S. Patent No. 4,758,239 to Yeo et al., dated July 19, 1988, describe~ a breathable barrier. The barrier lnclude a ilrst layer which ls a porous sheet having a ~irst ~ide and a second side. A second layer i~ ~oined to the first side oi the iirst layer, which second layer 1~ a continuous film of a ~ater soluble polymeric material, in ~hich the film is not micorporous in that it is substantially iree oi vo~ds which coDnect the two suriaces of the iilm. ~ater molecules are capable oi being transported through the ~econd layer film as a result oi the solubility of the water molecule in the polymeric material. The second layer film has an average thickness oi from about 3 to about 250 micro~s. The first D-RRR*802 , . . . , , . .~.. . .... .
layer side of the second layer film is intimately comingled with at least some of the fibers at the surface of the first side of the first layer, and none of the pores at the surface of the ~irst side of the first layer are so large as to significantly adversely affect the barrier properties of the breatbable barrier as a consequence of the comingling.
There are additional patents related to adsorbent and absorbent materials, to immobilizing additives and compounds and to the structure of multilayer sheets and pads designed $o utilize such materials, additives, and compounds.
The above-cited U.S. Patents are offered as examples closely related to the subject matter of the present invention.
The relationship of such subject ma*ter to the present invention will become more apparent upon reading the summary and detailed description of the present invention.
The problem of hazardous liquid leaking from a package to expose those not equipped or trained to handle such liquids can be greatly reduced or eliminated by shipping the hazardous liquid in a package designed to prevent the liquid or hazardous vapors thereof from penetrating the exterior of the package should a container inside the package fail during shlpment. There i8 a need ior a package means which accomplishes this goal in a relatively inexpen-sive manner.
There is also a need i'or a package ~hich can be used to contain a kDown hazardous liquid leakage, such as a leak from industrial pails or drums. The kind of package which can be used for shipping of hazardous liquids can also be used for containment of such leaking vessels by techniques such as shrouding the leaking vessel in the package, inverting, and then sealing the package.
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SUMMARY OF THE I~VENTION
The method of the present invention comprises a method of packaging a hazardous liquid for shipment, wherein tbe hazardous liquid, present in at least one sealed container, is placed in a package which can be sealed so that the package completely surrounds and isolates the sealed container, wherein the improvement comprises:
constructing the packaging material so that it comprises at least two layers, including an interior layer and an exterior layer, wherein the interior layer of the packaging material adjacent to the sealed container can be penetrated by liquid which escapes from the sealed container, and wherein the exterior layer, the external portion of which is in contact with the external environment, is impermeable by the liquid and by any hazardous vapors therefrom.
At least one of ~he layers of the packaging material can be capable of immobilizing the liquid. ~hen the immobil-izing layer is other than the exterior layer, the exterior layer of the packaging material must be impermeable by at least -the immobilized liquid and by any hazardous vapors therefrom.
At least one of the layers oi the packaging material can be capable o~ destroying or deactivating the liquid to a chemical or physical composition which DO longer po~es a signi-iicant hazard to a person exposed to such deactivated compo~itlon.
At least one o~ the layers of the packaging material can be capable oi iiltering out any etiologic agents so that Ruch etiologic agents remain inside of the exterior layer of the packaging ~aterial.
The method of the present invention also comprises a method o~ containing a hazardous liquid which is leaking `.
from a container, wherein the leaki~g container is placed in a package which can be sealed so that the package completely surrounds and isolates the leaking container, D-RRR*802 : . .
iQ~i wherein the improvement comprises constructing the packaging material as described above.
The present -nvention also pertains to a package for shipment or containment of a hazardous liquid, wherein the package comprises a bag or pouch in which at least one container of the liquid can be sealed so that the pac~age completely surrounds and isolates the container of liquid, wherein, the improvement comprises constructing the bag or pouch so that it comprises:
at least tw~ layers, including an interior layer and an exterior layer, wherein the interior layer of the bag or pouch adjacent to the container of liguid can be penetrated or permeated by liquid ~hich escapes from the container, and wherein the exterior layer of the bag or pouch, the external portion of which is in contact with the ambient environ~ent, is impermeable by the liquid and by any hazardous vapors therefrom.
At least one of the layers of the bag or pouch can be capable of immobilizing the liquid. ~ben the immobilizing layer is other than the exterior layer, the exterior layer of the bag or pouch must be impermeable by at least the lmmobilized liquid and by any hazardous vapor~ tbereirom.
At least one of the layers of the bag or pouch can -' be capable of de~troy~ng or deactiviating the liquid to a chemical or physical composition which no longer poses a sigoificant hazard to a person exposed to such deactivated composition.
At least one of the layers of the bag or pouch can be capable of filtering out any etiologic agents from the liquid.
At least one of the layers of the bag or pouch can be comprised of wicki~g channels which aid in di6tribution oi' the liquid to interior parts of the bag or pouch remote D-R M *802 , ~.
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~rom the area of the container from which liquid is escaping.
At least a portion of at least o~e ~f the layers of the bag or pouch can comprise a liquid indicating means, whereby a Yisual indication that liquid is in direct contact with the interior of the bag or pouch is automatically and continually provided at a location which can be observed ~rom the exterior of the bas or pouch.
BRIFF DESCRIP~ION OF THE DRA~INGS
FIGS. lA - lG show examples of types of bags or pouches ~hich can be used to practice the present invention.
The end of the bag or pouch which is shown open is to be sealed subsequeDt to placement of a container of liquid therein.
FIG. lA sho~s a gusse~ed bag having one open end, the bottom o~ the bag baving been sealed using an appropriate adhesive or sealant, or by melt flo~ing an interior heat sealable layer within the bag.
FIG. lB shows a 3-side seal pouch having a pleat or fold at the bottom which can be used to provide a containment space for escaped liquid.
FIG. lBB is a cross-section along line lBB-lBB .
of Fig. lB
FlG. lC shows anotber type of 3-side seal pouch, the open end of which can be sealed subsequent to placement of a container oi liquid therein.
FIG. ID ~hows a 3-side seal pouch having one end chevroD 6ealed. The lower portion of the chevron seal can al~o be used to provide a containment space for escaped liquid.
FIG. lE shows a tubular extruded packaging material which has been sealed on one eDd ~ith the second end open.
- FIG, lF ~hows a pillow type pouch which is sealed : along one side and at one end, having the second end open.
FIG. 1~ shows a bag comprised of ~oven polypropylene iabric, which may have the bottom section stitched or melted - iuto place. Typically the exterior, woveD layer of the bag ; would have a polypropylene film liner. The open end ~ould be gathered together and closed using a sealant.
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FIG. 2A shows a poucb having wicking channels built in to assist in transporting liquid which has escaped from the container to pouch areas remote from the container location from which the liquid has escaped.
FIG. 2B shows a cross section of the pouch of 2A, the pouch having a permeable layer ~or an interior surface, with an absorbent material adjacent to the permeable layer, and wherein the absorbent material has been compressed into wicking cbannels, and having an impermeable exterior layer which is also adjacent to the absorbent material.
~ IG. 2C shous a cross section of the upper, sealable edge of the pouch. The sealable edge comprises the exterior impermeable layer, with a layer of sealant applied to the interior surface of the impermeable layer, and having a release tape applied over the sealant surface, the release tape to be removed prior to sealing the pouch.
FIG. 3 shows a cross section of a packaging material -~
having an absorbent or adsorbe~t material which includes a reactant capable of destroying or deactivating the hazardous liquid. The interior, permeable layer and exterior impermeable layer of the packaging material are bonded to the absorbent/
adsorbent material using a dot matrix adhesive.
FIG. 4 shows a cross ~ection of a packaging material which comprises a perforated permeable interior layer bonded into intimate contact with a fiberous absorbent which is bonded to a vapor impermeable exterior layer. The iiberou~
absorbent contains a coagulant or thickeniDg agent.
FIG. 5A shows a pourh having a folded bottom and heat-sealed sides, and having an interlocking fastener as the means of closure or sealing of the pouch.
FIG. 5B shows a schematic of the cross section of the pouch at the bottom ~old.
FIG. 50 shows a schematic of the cross section of the pouch at the interlocking fastener/sealer.
FIG. SD shows a cross section of composite material D-RRR*802 , .
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which comprises the pouch shown in ~IG. 5A. The composite material comprises an interior layer of cellulosic wadding.
The wadding contains a coagulant, a biocide, and an absorbent.
The wadding layer is adjacent to an exterior impermeable layer co~prised of a plastic.
FIG. 6 shows a second, different composite material cross section which can comprise the pouch shown in FIG.
5A. The composite material comprises an interior permeable layer having as an adjacent layer a first side of a layer of cellulosic wadding. The wadding contains a coagulant, a biocide, and an absorbent. The second side of the layer of cellulosic wadding is adjacent to an exterior impermeable layer. The exterior impermeable layer typically comprises a plastic such as polyethylene or polypropyleDe.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODI~ENTS
. ~ , The present invention comprises a method of packaging a hazardous liquid for shipment, wherein the hazardous liquid, present in at least one sealed container, is placed in a package ~hich can be used to completely surround and ifiolate the sealed container. The present invention also comprises a method o~ containing a hazardous liquid ~hich i8 leaking irom a container, wherein the leaking container is placed in the package which can be u~ed to completely surround and isolate the leaking container. The improvement oYer previous methods of packaging and containing hazardous liquids lies in constructing the package to be a sealable bag or pouch which is comprised of materials assembled into a structure which can immobilize the hazardous liquid, preventing the transmission of the liquid or hazardous vapor thereof through the exterior o~ the package.
Hazardous liquids of the type to be contained by the method and packaging o$ the present invention include ~;
biologically active and reactive materials, acids, agricul-tural chemicals, alcohols and ethers, alkalies, amines, ,. ;
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- 14 - i aromatics, chlorinated hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes and esters, sodium silicates, surfactants of the type which have been demonstrated via toxicity testing to be hazardous, radioactive materials, and other kinds of materials known to pose a danger to plant or animal li~e or health.
The portion or layer of packaging material capable of immobilizing the li~uid can be an adsorbent, an absorbent, a coagulant for the liquid, a gel-forming agent, or combinations thereof. An example of an adsorbent useful for immobilizing aromatic and chlorinated solvents, alcohols and ketones comprises plastic microspheres which are both hydrophobic and polar in nature. Such microspheres are available from Nobel Chemature of Sweden under the tradename of Polyad FB.
The Polyad FB materials comprise highly porous plastic microspheres about 0.5 ~illimeters in diameter, wherein each gram of microspheres provides a surface area of about 800 square meters. The microspheres can withstand a high degree of mechanical stress without rupturing.
Examples of absorbents include fiberous, cotton-like materials o~ the type described in U.S. Patent Number 4,495,082 to ~ita et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference; cellulosic wadding; paper wadding; 6uperwicking crosslinked polyurethane foam compositions of the type described in U.S. Patent Number 4,740,528 to Garvey et al., which is hereby incorporated by re~erence; crystalline, microporous ~ilaceous materials of the kind described in U.S. Patent Number 4,744,374 to Deffeves et al., uhich is hereby incorporated by reference; sodium/calcium borosili-..
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cate glass microspheres and fibers in general, and partic-ularly mineral fibers of the type described in U.S. Patent Number 4,748,977 to Guyot et al., which is hereby incorp-orated by reference; cellulosic material, particularly fiberous products impregnated with a water absorbent acrylic polymer, of the type described in U.S. Patent Number 4,748,076 to Saotome; monofilaments of fibers of a thermo-plastic material, and in particular those having a bilobal-shaped cross sections of the type described in U.S. Patent Num~er 4,754,834 to Braun et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference; vermiculite; dry colloidal silica, and similar absorbent materials. One skilled in the art can select an absorbent which is compatible with the liquid to be absorbed.
A coagulant or gel-forming agent to be used in the present invention will also be selected for use with a particular kind of hazardous liquid. Some examples of coagulants include sodium sulfate which is used as a blood -coagulant; and fluid thickeners for water-based liquids, such as the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid and/or anhydride/amine terminated poly(oxyalkylene) reaction products of the type described iu U.S. Patent Number 4,661,275 to Forsberg et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference. Gel-iorming agent examples include sodium polyacrylate which is recommended for use with aqueous ~olutions including dilute alkalis, dilute acids and body iluids; and organic gel iormers such as carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose ether, polyvinyl pyrrolidon, starch, dextrose, gelatin, and pectin, which are also useiul ~ith water-based liquids. One skilled in the art can select irom the literature a coagulant or gel-forming agent which , D-RRR*802 ~
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is known to be effective with the type of hazardous liquid to be shipped or contained.
In the same ~a~ner, a reactive, destructive, or deactivating material to be used in the present invention will depend on the kind o~ hazardous liquid being shipped or contained. If the hazardous liquid is a chemical compound, the proper reactant is a chemical compound which is known to react with and convert the hazardous chemical compound to a di~ferent compound uhich is not hazardous.
When the hazardous liquid is a biological material, the reactive, destructive, or deactivating material is one which terminates or neutralizes the biological activity of the liquid, such as a biocide. ~hen the hazardous liquid is a radioactive material, the reactive material must be capable of reducing the radioactivity of the liquid to a nonhazardous level.
The layer of bag or pouch material which makes up the interior of the package should be permeable to the ; hazardous liquid or must be perforated, slit, or otherwise constructed to permit the liquid to pass therethrough.
Examples o$ materials which can be used as a permeable interior layer include the wadding and iiberou~ material~
previously described as abæorbents, when ~uch materials are ~ormed into a layer oi sheeting such as a woven or nonwoven web. For water-based liquids, permeable ~ilms of polyvinyl alcohol, low density polyethylene, and nylon are use~ul. One skilled in the art will select the interior layer material to be permeable to the liquid as necessary, since materials permeable to polar liquids may not be ; permeable to nonpolar liquids.
The exterior layer of.bag or pouch material mustbe . .
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impermeable by the hazardous liquid or hazardous vapors thereof, or must be impermeable by the immobilized hazardous liquid and hazardous vapors thereof. Again, the material selected will depend OD the liquid involved. Typically the exterior layer is comprised of a flexible polymeric material. Examples of polymeric materials which can be used to produce such a film for nonpolar liquids include fluorinated polyethylene, and polyvinylchloride. Examples of materials which can be used with water-based liquids include metallized or nonmetallized films of polyester, polypropylene and polyethylene, particularly metallized polyester ~hen sharp edges are a problem and puncture and tear resistance are desired; laminates of paper/low density polyethylene/aluminum foil/low density polyethylene are very funetioDal barriers to water vapor, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Woven polypropylene fabric with a polypropylene ; extrusion coating provides a particularly strong and tough exterior layer; such exterior layers are particularly useful for bags for containment or shipment of large vessels or containers. Coextruded films are functional and less expensive than laminates which require use of an adhesive. Examples of coextruded films include polypropylene coextruded ~ith polyester and polyethylene coextruded with polyester.
An interlor layer of low densi~y polyethylene ~hich form~ part o~ a laminate i6 heat sealable and thus can be used to ~eal the open end of the bag or pouch aiter the container of liquid i6 placed inside. Other means oi sealing the bag or pouch include wet boDd adhesives, dry bond adhesives, pressure sensitive adhesives and hot melt adhesives, ior example. The sealing must be affected or the adhesive so placed as to prevent leakage of the hazardous material. Thus, tbe sealant or adhesive must be insoluble in and impermeable to the hazardous liquid and the vapors thereof.
EXA~PLE
One embodiment of the present invention is a method and package for the shipment of blood. Glass tubes of a ,. :
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simulated blood liquid were placed in a pouch-type package, absent the styrofoam holding tray previously described, to pro~ide a worst case example. The pouch-type package comprised an interior layer of cellulosic wadding to ~hich was adhered an exterior layer of polyethylene film. The cellulosic waddings investigated ranged in density from about 0.2 grams per square inch to about 0.5 grams per square inch. The wadding was adhered to the polyethylene film using a wet latex adhesive. The polyethylene film thicknesses investigated ranged from about 0.5 millimeters to about 2.5 millimeters plus or minus about 0.2 millimeter.
A sharp pressure of a sledge hammer was randomly applied to the exterior surface of the pouch-type package to break the glass.
The simulated blood liquid was observed to leak from the pouch-type package when tbe packaging material comprised cellulosic wadding hating a density o~ about 0.2 grams per square inch or less combined with a polyethylene film having a thickDess o~ about 0.5 milimeter or less. The broken glass pushed throuKb the wadding and punctured the exterior poly-ethylene fllm. It was subsequeDtly discovered that no leakage oi the simulated blood liquid irom the pouch occurred wheD the pouch comprised an interior layer oi cellulosic wadding having a density o$ about 0.3 grams per square inch or greater, used in combination with a polyethylene film having a thickDess of about 0.5 millimeters or greater. It appeared the cellulosic waddiDg not only absorbed tbe simulated blood liguid, but served as a cushion bet~een the broken glass and the polyethylene exterior film, preventing puncture of the polyethylene film. Typically, for shipment of blood samples, the glass tubeæ oi blood are placed in the styrofoam tray preferred for use by laboratory personnel, and the tray containing the tubes is placed inside the package of the present iDvention. For shipment of such a tray full of samples, the preferred package comprises at least an interior ' .
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layer of cellulosic wadding having a density ranging from about 0.3 to about 0.5 grams per square inch, used in combination with a pol~ethylene film ranging in thickness from about 0.5 to about 1.5 milli~eters. For a beavier industrial application, the la~er of cellulosic wadding should range from about 0.5 to about 1.0 grams per square inch, used in combination with a polyethylene film ranging in thickness from about 0.5 to about 2.5 millimeters.
Examples of bag or pouch structures which provide an improvement over the example described above have been !~, described previously. Typically such improved structures comprise three layers of material, an interior permeable layer, an adjaceDt layer of absorbent or adsorbent material, and an exterior impermeable layer also adjacent to the absorbent or adsorbent material. A fe~ examples oi composite structures which would provide improved performance are shown in FIGS.
2A - 2C. 3, and 4.
Referring to FIGS. 2A - 2C, FIG. 2A sbows the overall structure of the pouch prior to placement of a hazardous liquid container inside. The pouch has wicking cbannels built in to assist in transporting liquid whicb bas escaped from the container to poucb areas remote from the container-locatioD irom which the liquid ha escaped. FIG.
2B ~hows a cross section oi the packaging material composite, wherein an lDterior permeable layer 10 is adhered to or placed proximate to an absorbent material 12 which comprise8 depressions 14 which iunction as wicking channels for distrlbution oi liquid which has permeated layer 10. An impermeable exterior layer 16 is adhered to or placed proximate to absorbent material 12. The pouch shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B could also have been iabricated without the wicking channels so long as the absorbent material 12 can transier the liquid adequately. FIG. 2C shows a cross section oi the upper, sealable edge of the pouch. The ~ealable edge comprises the exterior impermeable layer 16 : .
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with a layer of sealant 18 applied to the interior surface of impermeable layer 16. A release tape 20 faces (covers) sealant layer 18 until such time as the bag is to be sealed;
at that time release tape 20 is removed and the open edges of the bag comprising sealant 18 are brought together to seal the bag. Exterior impermeable layer 16 may be bonded to permeable layer 10 at a point below sealant layer 18, as shown in FlG. 2C. Depending on the materials used for impermeable layer 16 and permeable layer 10, the bonding may be accomplished by heat sealing or by application of a sealant or adhesive between the two layers. (A sealant or adhesive between layers 16 and 10 is not shown in FIG.
2C.) Referring to FIG. 3, a permeable interior layer 30 is adhered or placed proximate t~ an absorbent 32, which includes a reactant 34 capable of destroying or deactivating the hazardous liquid. An impermeable exterior layer 36 is adhered to or placed proximate to the exposed side of the layer of absorbent 32. In Fig. 3, a dot matrix adhesive 38 is shown bonding permeable interior layer 30 and imperme-able layer 36 to absorbent 32.
Reierring to FIG. 4, a permeable interior layer 40 comprising periorations 42 is adhered to at least a portion oi the fibers ma~ing up a iirst sur~ace of absorbent 44.
An exterior impermeable layer 48 is adhered to at least a portion of the iibers making up the second suriace o~
absorbent layer 44. Absorbent layer 44 also comprises a coagula~t 46 whlch further assists in immobilizing the hazardous liquid within absorbent layer 44.
Referring to FI&S. 5A - 5D, FIG. 5A shows the overall structure of a pouch comprising a preferred embodiment of the present invention, prior to placement oi a liquid container inside. FIG. 5B shows a cross sectional schematic of the fold at the bottom oi the pouch.
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FIG. 5C ~hows one kind o~ interlocking closure which can be used to seal the pouch. Use of such a "zip lock" seal of the bag makes the bag reusable. Interlocking fasteners eliminate folding, creasing, and m~chanical fasteners that contribu~e to bag failure and limit reuse. FIG. 5D shows a cross sectional schematic of the pouch material composite, wherein an internal layer of cellulosic wadding which contains a blood coagulant 52, a biocide 54, and an absorbent 56, is adhered to an exterior layer 58 which comprises an impermeable plastic. An alternate cross sectional schematic for the material composite which can be used to fabricate the pouch shown in FIG. 5A is shown iD FIG. 6. FIG. 6 shows an interior permeable layer 60 adhered to or placed proximate to a layer of cellulosic wadding 62 which contains a blood coagulant 54, a biocide 66, and an absorbent 68, wherein the wadding 62 is adhered on its other surface to an exterior layer 70 which comprises an impermeable plastic. The most preferred embodiment of the material composite shown in FIGS. 5D and 6 uses a polyacrylate absorbent and a poly-ethylene exterior layer.
One skilled in the art can calculate the cost of fabricating various packaging material composi*e structures and determine the combination of materials and relative thicknesses which should provide a cost advantage in manu~acture oi the packaging. ~inimal experimentation combined with cost calculations will enable formulation of a preierred composite structure ~or a given application.
Use of a coagulant or gel-iorming agent or a deactivating agent such as a biocide ~ill also depend on the application.
There are numerous possible variations in package structure and composition which can be used to practice the method of the present iDvention. It is intended that the scope of the present invention not be limited to the specific examples presented herein, but that those variations and modi~ications which come witbin the true spirit and scope of the present invention as presented in the appended claims be included.
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from a package damaged during shipment, exposing those persons - -handling the package to potential harm. Thus, the packaging ~
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in which hazardous liquids are shipped should be capable of preventing the escape of the liquid being shipped and any hazardous vapors thereof.
lnadequacies in existing packaging meaDs recently became apparent when medical doctors searched ~or packaging which could be used for shipment of blood test kits to outside testing laboratories. Tbe existing shipping method provides for shipping of test t~be samples of blood iD a formed ~tyrofoam tray which is placed in a gusseted envelope.
~owever, on occasion during shipment, breakage of the test tubes occurs due to rough package handling, causing blood to leak out the edges of the styrofoam tray or cracks or breaks in the tray. Should the blood be contaminated with such as a deadly virus, persons handling the package are thereby exposed to a potentially life threatening hazard. Similar consider-ations apply to urine specimans, biohazardous fluids in general, and toxic solutions. At this time, the U.S. Postal Service is considering a ban on shipment of disease causing germs or hazardous toxins (etiologic agents).
- It is pos~ible to provide packaging ~hich is capable o$ protecting the liquid container better; it is po68ible to prov~de a liquid container which can~ot be crushed. Example~ oi materials which can be used to ~abrlcate such packaging or liquid containers lnclude iibergla8s, metal~, and reiniorced composites oi' the type commonly used ln the chemical industry. However, such packaging or containers are very expensive to ~anufacture, and reuse requires special tracking during shipment and co~tly cleaning procedures. The stronger packaging and containers would typically be heavier, increasing shipping costs and making handling more difficult. Containers comprised of fiberglass or metal canisters aDd bombs are less :, :
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~Q~ 6 convenient to use; doctors and nurses prefer tray-form packages for tabletop convenience in laying out tubes of blood and ~lides.
Examples of subject matter related to the present invention include the United States patents listed below.
~ .S. Patent No. 3,986,914 to Howard, dated October 19, 1976, describes a plastic pouch-like container which is provided with a plastic bead seal at the junction of an interlocking fastener and the side edges of the container.
The plastic bead seal acts as a barrier to prevent leakage of fluids or contaminating bacteria through the plastic container in the area adjacent to the fastener/closure of the container.
U.S. Patent No. 4,267,928 to Curry, Jr., dated ~ay 19, 1981, describes a composite structure container for commercial use in transporting fluids. The container is a composite paper body with a plastic liner forming a structure that is adapted to be sealed with a crimped-on cap, to preserve items stored in the container either under atoms-pheric pressure, ~acuum, or pressurized conditions.
U.S. Patent ~o. 4,282,984 to Curry, Jr., dated August 11, 1981, describes a composite container structure 6imilar to that described ln No. 4,267,928, including u e of a resinous tube surrounding the outside oi the composite ~tructure, which tube can be shrunk into place over the outer suriace ot tbe structure to form a seal.
~ .S. Patent No. 4,495,082 to ~ita et al., dated January 22, 1985, describes a water absorbant excellent in wa$er holding capacity under pressure. The absorbant compri~es a mixture of a cotton-like material "~" manufact-ured by a pulping treatment of bagasse containlng at least 5 percent by weight of pith and having a lignin content of S-25 percent by ~eight and a pulp "B" having a lignin content ! -D-M R*802 ,- ~-''.
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o, not greater tban ~ percent by weight, whereiD the weight ratio of A:B ranges from 95:5 to 20:80.
U.S. Patent ~. 4,572,361 to Fontlladosa, dated February 25, 1986, describes a means for tbe packing and orderly display of consumer fluid product containers. Tbe means provides for holdiDg the consumer fluid product containers which are of a tube type in fixed, closely packed positions, to prevent da~age during shipment.
~ .S. Patent No. 4,597,765 to ~latt, dated July 1, 1986, discloses a meth~d and apparatus for pàckaging a fluid contai~ing pr~thesis.
U.S. Patent No. 4,615,923 tO ~arx, dated October 7, 1986, describes a ~ater-absorbing insert for ~ood packs.
The insert is 6dapted to be used in direct abutment with food, and comprises an outer covering aDd an inner filling. The outer coveri~g is pervious to water is is preferably made ~rom an acid-free paper. The filler includes kieselguhr and an organic gel former selected from the group consisting oi carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose etber, polyvinylpyrrolidoD, s~arch, dextrose, gelatin aDd pectiD.
U.S. Patent ~o. 4,735,843 to Noda, dated ~pril 5, 1~88, describes 6electively surface-bydrophillc porous or perforated ~beets. The fluid-directed $ront ~ace oi the ~heet comprise~ a bydrophilic periorated surface ~aving a multiplicity of holeE ~or fluid pa~age. The back ~ace oi the sbeet is coated ~ith a rubber-like material iDsoluble iD aqueous fluid but ha~iDg surface-hydrophilic propert~e~, ~hereby the ba~ face oi the sheet is rendered hydrophilic. The sheets are particularly useful as cover ~heets for absorbant 6tructures suc~ as diapers, bandages and catamenial~.
~ .S. Patent No. 4,738,674 to Todd et al., dated April 19, 1988, describes a method for automatlcally and contiDuou~ly indlcating wetness of diaper~, hospital D- M R*802 .
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underpads, and the like, wherein moisture indicator strips of a capillary action type are used to provide a visual indication of wetness at a point removed from the actual point of uetness. A wicking strip is used to transfer the moisture to a moisture indicating substance which visually indicates the presence of moisture.
U.S. Patent No. ~,738,675 to Buckley et al., dated April 19, 1988, describes a disposable diaper comprising a fluid impervious back sheet, a fluid pervious front sheet, a first absorbaDt pad adjacent the front sheet and comprising a loosely formed fiberous mass, and a separate second absorbent pad between the first pad and the bac~ sheet. The second pad comprises a mass of fibers having compressed regions extending throughout a substantial part of the second pad and having relatively uncompressed areas adjacent the compressed regio~s. The compressed regions are used to promote the spreading of fluid throughout the pad, and to direct fluid flow against the force of gravity when the diaper is positioned on the baby.
U.S. Patent 4,740,528 to Garvey et al., dated April 26, 1988, de~cribes an absorbeDt superwicking crossliDked polyurethane ioam composition into ~hich is incorporated an efiective amou~t of at least one ~mino acid, a one percent by weig~t agueous solution of which has a pH of no more than about 8. Said amino acid contains one amino acid group and at least one carboxylic acid group. The polyurethane ~ -foam coEposition is useful as a sponge and in the manufacture of ~uch absorbent composite structures as disposable diapers, incontiDent products, etc.
; U.S. Patent No. 4,744,374 to Deffeves et al., dated ~ay 17, 1988, discloses a family of crystalline, microporous silaceous materials of regular geometry ~hich are substantially hydrophobic and ~hich exhibit a stronger aiiinity for less :' :.
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polar molecules such as ammonia than for water under equivalent exposure conditions. Such silacious materials would be useful i~ fabrication of filter cartridges for pipes, cigars or cigarettes, and would be expected to absorb significant amounts of carbon monoxide from mainstream smoke more effectively than previously used hydrophilic materials. The hydrophobic material comprises microporous crystalline tectosilicate of regular geometry having aluminum-free sites in a silaceous lattice that are characterized by the presence of about 1-4 associated moieties in said sites of the formula - SiOR, wherein ~ is a substituent that is a weaker point source than aluminum.
U.S. Patent No. 4,748,069 to Cullen, dated May 31, 1988, describes a liquid absorbing and immobilizing packet ;
and paper therefor. The packet comprises an envelope which is degradable in the liquid and a liquid absorbing and im-mobilizing material in the envelope. The liquid absorbing and immobilizing material recommended for aqueous solutions including dilute alkalis, dilute acids, and body fluids is sodium polyacrylate. Tbe envelope can comprise a layer of a liquid degradable material having a patterned coating of sealing material in ~he layer, wherein the pattern is such that uncoated portions of the envelope remain exposed to be degraded by contact with the liquid.
U.S. Patent No. 4,748,076 to Saotome, dated ~ay 31,1988, describes a water absorbent fiberous product comprising a cellulosic material impregnated with a water absorbent acrylic polymer. The fiberous product exhibits a high water absorbency and finds applications as high quality disposable diapers, sanitary napkins, surgical pads, surgical sheets, paper towels or the like.
~ U.S. Patent No. 4,748,977 to Guyot et al., ; dated June 7, 1988, describes a mineral fiber-based D-RRR*802 :. :
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absorbent ~aterial. The absorbent material is comprised at least partially of mineral fibers which have a speciiic surface area greater than 0.25 m2/g. The fibers have an average diameter under 5 micrometers, having a homogeneous size distribution and are free of non-fibrated or clustered particles. The mineral fiber-based material typically comprises a glass fiber.
U.S. Patent No. 4,753,643 to Kassai, dated June 28, 1988, describes a disposable diaper. The disposable diaper comprises an inner member to be in contact with the skin of a wearer, an outwardly directed member, and an absorbent member interposed between the same. Baby powder is retaiDed in a pulverulent state in cavities or wrinkles defined in the inner member by gathers.
U.S. Patent No. 4,753,834 to Braun et al., dated June 28, 1988, discloses a nonwoven web with improved softness, tensile strength, and tear resistance. The nonwoven web comprises monofilaments or fibers of a thermoplastic material, !;
wherein the improvement comprises the use of monofilaments or fibers which bave a bilobal-shaped cross ~ection.
U.S. Patent No. 4,758,239 to Yeo et al., dated July 19, 1988, describe~ a breathable barrier. The barrier lnclude a ilrst layer which ls a porous sheet having a ~irst ~ide and a second side. A second layer i~ ~oined to the first side oi the iirst layer, which second layer 1~ a continuous film of a ~ater soluble polymeric material, in ~hich the film is not micorporous in that it is substantially iree oi vo~ds which coDnect the two suriaces of the iilm. ~ater molecules are capable oi being transported through the ~econd layer film as a result oi the solubility of the water molecule in the polymeric material. The second layer film has an average thickness oi from about 3 to about 250 micro~s. The first D-RRR*802 , . . . , , . .~.. . .... .
layer side of the second layer film is intimately comingled with at least some of the fibers at the surface of the first side of the first layer, and none of the pores at the surface of the ~irst side of the first layer are so large as to significantly adversely affect the barrier properties of the breatbable barrier as a consequence of the comingling.
There are additional patents related to adsorbent and absorbent materials, to immobilizing additives and compounds and to the structure of multilayer sheets and pads designed $o utilize such materials, additives, and compounds.
The above-cited U.S. Patents are offered as examples closely related to the subject matter of the present invention.
The relationship of such subject ma*ter to the present invention will become more apparent upon reading the summary and detailed description of the present invention.
The problem of hazardous liquid leaking from a package to expose those not equipped or trained to handle such liquids can be greatly reduced or eliminated by shipping the hazardous liquid in a package designed to prevent the liquid or hazardous vapors thereof from penetrating the exterior of the package should a container inside the package fail during shlpment. There i8 a need ior a package means which accomplishes this goal in a relatively inexpen-sive manner.
There is also a need i'or a package ~hich can be used to contain a kDown hazardous liquid leakage, such as a leak from industrial pails or drums. The kind of package which can be used for shipping of hazardous liquids can also be used for containment of such leaking vessels by techniques such as shrouding the leaking vessel in the package, inverting, and then sealing the package.
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SUMMARY OF THE I~VENTION
The method of the present invention comprises a method of packaging a hazardous liquid for shipment, wherein tbe hazardous liquid, present in at least one sealed container, is placed in a package which can be sealed so that the package completely surrounds and isolates the sealed container, wherein the improvement comprises:
constructing the packaging material so that it comprises at least two layers, including an interior layer and an exterior layer, wherein the interior layer of the packaging material adjacent to the sealed container can be penetrated by liquid which escapes from the sealed container, and wherein the exterior layer, the external portion of which is in contact with the external environment, is impermeable by the liquid and by any hazardous vapors therefrom.
At least one of ~he layers of the packaging material can be capable of immobilizing the liquid. ~hen the immobil-izing layer is other than the exterior layer, the exterior layer of the packaging material must be impermeable by at least -the immobilized liquid and by any hazardous vapors therefrom.
At least one of the layers oi the packaging material can be capable o~ destroying or deactivating the liquid to a chemical or physical composition which DO longer po~es a signi-iicant hazard to a person exposed to such deactivated compo~itlon.
At least one o~ the layers of the packaging material can be capable oi iiltering out any etiologic agents so that Ruch etiologic agents remain inside of the exterior layer of the packaging ~aterial.
The method of the present invention also comprises a method o~ containing a hazardous liquid which is leaking `.
from a container, wherein the leaki~g container is placed in a package which can be sealed so that the package completely surrounds and isolates the leaking container, D-RRR*802 : . .
iQ~i wherein the improvement comprises constructing the packaging material as described above.
The present -nvention also pertains to a package for shipment or containment of a hazardous liquid, wherein the package comprises a bag or pouch in which at least one container of the liquid can be sealed so that the pac~age completely surrounds and isolates the container of liquid, wherein, the improvement comprises constructing the bag or pouch so that it comprises:
at least tw~ layers, including an interior layer and an exterior layer, wherein the interior layer of the bag or pouch adjacent to the container of liguid can be penetrated or permeated by liquid ~hich escapes from the container, and wherein the exterior layer of the bag or pouch, the external portion of which is in contact with the ambient environ~ent, is impermeable by the liquid and by any hazardous vapors therefrom.
At least one of the layers of the bag or pouch can be capable of immobilizing the liquid. ~ben the immobilizing layer is other than the exterior layer, the exterior layer of the bag or pouch must be impermeable by at least the lmmobilized liquid and by any hazardous vapor~ tbereirom.
At least one of the layers of the bag or pouch can -' be capable of de~troy~ng or deactiviating the liquid to a chemical or physical composition which no longer poses a sigoificant hazard to a person exposed to such deactivated composition.
At least one of the layers of the bag or pouch can be capable of filtering out any etiologic agents from the liquid.
At least one of the layers of the bag or pouch can be comprised of wicki~g channels which aid in di6tribution oi' the liquid to interior parts of the bag or pouch remote D-R M *802 , ~.
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At least a portion of at least o~e ~f the layers of the bag or pouch can comprise a liquid indicating means, whereby a Yisual indication that liquid is in direct contact with the interior of the bag or pouch is automatically and continually provided at a location which can be observed ~rom the exterior of the bas or pouch.
BRIFF DESCRIP~ION OF THE DRA~INGS
FIGS. lA - lG show examples of types of bags or pouches ~hich can be used to practice the present invention.
The end of the bag or pouch which is shown open is to be sealed subsequeDt to placement of a container of liquid therein.
FIG. lA sho~s a gusse~ed bag having one open end, the bottom o~ the bag baving been sealed using an appropriate adhesive or sealant, or by melt flo~ing an interior heat sealable layer within the bag.
FIG. lB shows a 3-side seal pouch having a pleat or fold at the bottom which can be used to provide a containment space for escaped liquid.
FIG. lBB is a cross-section along line lBB-lBB .
of Fig. lB
FlG. lC shows anotber type of 3-side seal pouch, the open end of which can be sealed subsequent to placement of a container oi liquid therein.
FIG. ID ~hows a 3-side seal pouch having one end chevroD 6ealed. The lower portion of the chevron seal can al~o be used to provide a containment space for escaped liquid.
FIG. lE shows a tubular extruded packaging material which has been sealed on one eDd ~ith the second end open.
- FIG, lF ~hows a pillow type pouch which is sealed : along one side and at one end, having the second end open.
FIG. 1~ shows a bag comprised of ~oven polypropylene iabric, which may have the bottom section stitched or melted - iuto place. Typically the exterior, woveD layer of the bag ; would have a polypropylene film liner. The open end ~ould be gathered together and closed using a sealant.
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FIG. 2A shows a poucb having wicking channels built in to assist in transporting liquid which has escaped from the container to pouch areas remote from the container location from which the liquid has escaped.
FIG. 2B shows a cross section of the pouch of 2A, the pouch having a permeable layer ~or an interior surface, with an absorbent material adjacent to the permeable layer, and wherein the absorbent material has been compressed into wicking cbannels, and having an impermeable exterior layer which is also adjacent to the absorbent material.
~ IG. 2C shous a cross section of the upper, sealable edge of the pouch. The sealable edge comprises the exterior impermeable layer, with a layer of sealant applied to the interior surface of the impermeable layer, and having a release tape applied over the sealant surface, the release tape to be removed prior to sealing the pouch.
FIG. 3 shows a cross section of a packaging material -~
having an absorbent or adsorbe~t material which includes a reactant capable of destroying or deactivating the hazardous liquid. The interior, permeable layer and exterior impermeable layer of the packaging material are bonded to the absorbent/
adsorbent material using a dot matrix adhesive.
FIG. 4 shows a cross ~ection of a packaging material which comprises a perforated permeable interior layer bonded into intimate contact with a fiberous absorbent which is bonded to a vapor impermeable exterior layer. The iiberou~
absorbent contains a coagulant or thickeniDg agent.
FIG. 5A shows a pourh having a folded bottom and heat-sealed sides, and having an interlocking fastener as the means of closure or sealing of the pouch.
FIG. 5B shows a schematic of the cross section of the pouch at the bottom ~old.
FIG. 50 shows a schematic of the cross section of the pouch at the interlocking fastener/sealer.
FIG. SD shows a cross section of composite material D-RRR*802 , .
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which comprises the pouch shown in ~IG. 5A. The composite material comprises an interior layer of cellulosic wadding.
The wadding contains a coagulant, a biocide, and an absorbent.
The wadding layer is adjacent to an exterior impermeable layer co~prised of a plastic.
FIG. 6 shows a second, different composite material cross section which can comprise the pouch shown in FIG.
5A. The composite material comprises an interior permeable layer having as an adjacent layer a first side of a layer of cellulosic wadding. The wadding contains a coagulant, a biocide, and an absorbent. The second side of the layer of cellulosic wadding is adjacent to an exterior impermeable layer. The exterior impermeable layer typically comprises a plastic such as polyethylene or polypropyleDe.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODI~ENTS
. ~ , The present invention comprises a method of packaging a hazardous liquid for shipment, wherein the hazardous liquid, present in at least one sealed container, is placed in a package ~hich can be used to completely surround and ifiolate the sealed container. The present invention also comprises a method o~ containing a hazardous liquid ~hich i8 leaking irom a container, wherein the leaking container is placed in the package which can be u~ed to completely surround and isolate the leaking container. The improvement oYer previous methods of packaging and containing hazardous liquids lies in constructing the package to be a sealable bag or pouch which is comprised of materials assembled into a structure which can immobilize the hazardous liquid, preventing the transmission of the liquid or hazardous vapor thereof through the exterior o~ the package.
Hazardous liquids of the type to be contained by the method and packaging o$ the present invention include ~;
biologically active and reactive materials, acids, agricul-tural chemicals, alcohols and ethers, alkalies, amines, ,. ;
; D-RRR*802 ' , : :: ' ,: ~... , ~ . , o~ .
- 14 - i aromatics, chlorinated hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes and esters, sodium silicates, surfactants of the type which have been demonstrated via toxicity testing to be hazardous, radioactive materials, and other kinds of materials known to pose a danger to plant or animal li~e or health.
The portion or layer of packaging material capable of immobilizing the li~uid can be an adsorbent, an absorbent, a coagulant for the liquid, a gel-forming agent, or combinations thereof. An example of an adsorbent useful for immobilizing aromatic and chlorinated solvents, alcohols and ketones comprises plastic microspheres which are both hydrophobic and polar in nature. Such microspheres are available from Nobel Chemature of Sweden under the tradename of Polyad FB.
The Polyad FB materials comprise highly porous plastic microspheres about 0.5 ~illimeters in diameter, wherein each gram of microspheres provides a surface area of about 800 square meters. The microspheres can withstand a high degree of mechanical stress without rupturing.
Examples of absorbents include fiberous, cotton-like materials o~ the type described in U.S. Patent Number 4,495,082 to ~ita et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference; cellulosic wadding; paper wadding; 6uperwicking crosslinked polyurethane foam compositions of the type described in U.S. Patent Number 4,740,528 to Garvey et al., which is hereby incorporated by re~erence; crystalline, microporous ~ilaceous materials of the kind described in U.S. Patent Number 4,744,374 to Deffeves et al., uhich is hereby incorporated by reference; sodium/calcium borosili-..
D-RRR*802 ;: - : . . .:. ... .
cate glass microspheres and fibers in general, and partic-ularly mineral fibers of the type described in U.S. Patent Number 4,748,977 to Guyot et al., which is hereby incorp-orated by reference; cellulosic material, particularly fiberous products impregnated with a water absorbent acrylic polymer, of the type described in U.S. Patent Number 4,748,076 to Saotome; monofilaments of fibers of a thermo-plastic material, and in particular those having a bilobal-shaped cross sections of the type described in U.S. Patent Num~er 4,754,834 to Braun et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference; vermiculite; dry colloidal silica, and similar absorbent materials. One skilled in the art can select an absorbent which is compatible with the liquid to be absorbed.
A coagulant or gel-forming agent to be used in the present invention will also be selected for use with a particular kind of hazardous liquid. Some examples of coagulants include sodium sulfate which is used as a blood -coagulant; and fluid thickeners for water-based liquids, such as the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic acid and/or anhydride/amine terminated poly(oxyalkylene) reaction products of the type described iu U.S. Patent Number 4,661,275 to Forsberg et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference. Gel-iorming agent examples include sodium polyacrylate which is recommended for use with aqueous ~olutions including dilute alkalis, dilute acids and body iluids; and organic gel iormers such as carboxymethyl cellulose, cellulose ether, polyvinyl pyrrolidon, starch, dextrose, gelatin, and pectin, which are also useiul ~ith water-based liquids. One skilled in the art can select irom the literature a coagulant or gel-forming agent which , D-RRR*802 ~
, ., ; ~ .
. .. .
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is known to be effective with the type of hazardous liquid to be shipped or contained.
In the same ~a~ner, a reactive, destructive, or deactivating material to be used in the present invention will depend on the kind o~ hazardous liquid being shipped or contained. If the hazardous liquid is a chemical compound, the proper reactant is a chemical compound which is known to react with and convert the hazardous chemical compound to a di~ferent compound uhich is not hazardous.
When the hazardous liquid is a biological material, the reactive, destructive, or deactivating material is one which terminates or neutralizes the biological activity of the liquid, such as a biocide. ~hen the hazardous liquid is a radioactive material, the reactive material must be capable of reducing the radioactivity of the liquid to a nonhazardous level.
The layer of bag or pouch material which makes up the interior of the package should be permeable to the ; hazardous liquid or must be perforated, slit, or otherwise constructed to permit the liquid to pass therethrough.
Examples o$ materials which can be used as a permeable interior layer include the wadding and iiberou~ material~
previously described as abæorbents, when ~uch materials are ~ormed into a layer oi sheeting such as a woven or nonwoven web. For water-based liquids, permeable ~ilms of polyvinyl alcohol, low density polyethylene, and nylon are use~ul. One skilled in the art will select the interior layer material to be permeable to the liquid as necessary, since materials permeable to polar liquids may not be ; permeable to nonpolar liquids.
The exterior layer of.bag or pouch material mustbe . .
D-RRR*802 .. . . .
.
,- . .- - - . . . ; . . . . . . .
impermeable by the hazardous liquid or hazardous vapors thereof, or must be impermeable by the immobilized hazardous liquid and hazardous vapors thereof. Again, the material selected will depend OD the liquid involved. Typically the exterior layer is comprised of a flexible polymeric material. Examples of polymeric materials which can be used to produce such a film for nonpolar liquids include fluorinated polyethylene, and polyvinylchloride. Examples of materials which can be used with water-based liquids include metallized or nonmetallized films of polyester, polypropylene and polyethylene, particularly metallized polyester ~hen sharp edges are a problem and puncture and tear resistance are desired; laminates of paper/low density polyethylene/aluminum foil/low density polyethylene are very funetioDal barriers to water vapor, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Woven polypropylene fabric with a polypropylene ; extrusion coating provides a particularly strong and tough exterior layer; such exterior layers are particularly useful for bags for containment or shipment of large vessels or containers. Coextruded films are functional and less expensive than laminates which require use of an adhesive. Examples of coextruded films include polypropylene coextruded ~ith polyester and polyethylene coextruded with polyester.
An interlor layer of low densi~y polyethylene ~hich form~ part o~ a laminate i6 heat sealable and thus can be used to ~eal the open end of the bag or pouch aiter the container of liquid i6 placed inside. Other means oi sealing the bag or pouch include wet boDd adhesives, dry bond adhesives, pressure sensitive adhesives and hot melt adhesives, ior example. The sealing must be affected or the adhesive so placed as to prevent leakage of the hazardous material. Thus, tbe sealant or adhesive must be insoluble in and impermeable to the hazardous liquid and the vapors thereof.
EXA~PLE
One embodiment of the present invention is a method and package for the shipment of blood. Glass tubes of a ,. :
D-RRR*802 ;
.'; : - :'. - ::
2~ 0~
simulated blood liquid were placed in a pouch-type package, absent the styrofoam holding tray previously described, to pro~ide a worst case example. The pouch-type package comprised an interior layer of cellulosic wadding to ~hich was adhered an exterior layer of polyethylene film. The cellulosic waddings investigated ranged in density from about 0.2 grams per square inch to about 0.5 grams per square inch. The wadding was adhered to the polyethylene film using a wet latex adhesive. The polyethylene film thicknesses investigated ranged from about 0.5 millimeters to about 2.5 millimeters plus or minus about 0.2 millimeter.
A sharp pressure of a sledge hammer was randomly applied to the exterior surface of the pouch-type package to break the glass.
The simulated blood liquid was observed to leak from the pouch-type package when tbe packaging material comprised cellulosic wadding hating a density o~ about 0.2 grams per square inch or less combined with a polyethylene film having a thickDess o~ about 0.5 milimeter or less. The broken glass pushed throuKb the wadding and punctured the exterior poly-ethylene fllm. It was subsequeDtly discovered that no leakage oi the simulated blood liquid irom the pouch occurred wheD the pouch comprised an interior layer oi cellulosic wadding having a density o$ about 0.3 grams per square inch or greater, used in combination with a polyethylene film having a thickDess of about 0.5 millimeters or greater. It appeared the cellulosic waddiDg not only absorbed tbe simulated blood liguid, but served as a cushion bet~een the broken glass and the polyethylene exterior film, preventing puncture of the polyethylene film. Typically, for shipment of blood samples, the glass tubeæ oi blood are placed in the styrofoam tray preferred for use by laboratory personnel, and the tray containing the tubes is placed inside the package of the present iDvention. For shipment of such a tray full of samples, the preferred package comprises at least an interior ' .
D-RRR~802 :
2C~ fiO~
layer of cellulosic wadding having a density ranging from about 0.3 to about 0.5 grams per square inch, used in combination with a pol~ethylene film ranging in thickness from about 0.5 to about 1.5 milli~eters. For a beavier industrial application, the la~er of cellulosic wadding should range from about 0.5 to about 1.0 grams per square inch, used in combination with a polyethylene film ranging in thickness from about 0.5 to about 2.5 millimeters.
Examples of bag or pouch structures which provide an improvement over the example described above have been !~, described previously. Typically such improved structures comprise three layers of material, an interior permeable layer, an adjaceDt layer of absorbent or adsorbent material, and an exterior impermeable layer also adjacent to the absorbent or adsorbent material. A fe~ examples oi composite structures which would provide improved performance are shown in FIGS.
2A - 2C. 3, and 4.
Referring to FIGS. 2A - 2C, FIG. 2A sbows the overall structure of the pouch prior to placement of a hazardous liquid container inside. The pouch has wicking cbannels built in to assist in transporting liquid whicb bas escaped from the container to poucb areas remote from the container-locatioD irom which the liquid ha escaped. FIG.
2B ~hows a cross section oi the packaging material composite, wherein an lDterior permeable layer 10 is adhered to or placed proximate to an absorbent material 12 which comprise8 depressions 14 which iunction as wicking channels for distrlbution oi liquid which has permeated layer 10. An impermeable exterior layer 16 is adhered to or placed proximate to absorbent material 12. The pouch shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B could also have been iabricated without the wicking channels so long as the absorbent material 12 can transier the liquid adequately. FIG. 2C shows a cross section oi the upper, sealable edge of the pouch. The ~ealable edge comprises the exterior impermeable layer 16 : .
D-RRR~802 . , .
,' " ~ , : .: ' :
o~ .
with a layer of sealant 18 applied to the interior surface of impermeable layer 16. A release tape 20 faces (covers) sealant layer 18 until such time as the bag is to be sealed;
at that time release tape 20 is removed and the open edges of the bag comprising sealant 18 are brought together to seal the bag. Exterior impermeable layer 16 may be bonded to permeable layer 10 at a point below sealant layer 18, as shown in FlG. 2C. Depending on the materials used for impermeable layer 16 and permeable layer 10, the bonding may be accomplished by heat sealing or by application of a sealant or adhesive between the two layers. (A sealant or adhesive between layers 16 and 10 is not shown in FIG.
2C.) Referring to FIG. 3, a permeable interior layer 30 is adhered or placed proximate t~ an absorbent 32, which includes a reactant 34 capable of destroying or deactivating the hazardous liquid. An impermeable exterior layer 36 is adhered to or placed proximate to the exposed side of the layer of absorbent 32. In Fig. 3, a dot matrix adhesive 38 is shown bonding permeable interior layer 30 and imperme-able layer 36 to absorbent 32.
Reierring to FIG. 4, a permeable interior layer 40 comprising periorations 42 is adhered to at least a portion oi the fibers ma~ing up a iirst sur~ace of absorbent 44.
An exterior impermeable layer 48 is adhered to at least a portion of the iibers making up the second suriace o~
absorbent layer 44. Absorbent layer 44 also comprises a coagula~t 46 whlch further assists in immobilizing the hazardous liquid within absorbent layer 44.
Referring to FI&S. 5A - 5D, FIG. 5A shows the overall structure of a pouch comprising a preferred embodiment of the present invention, prior to placement oi a liquid container inside. FIG. 5B shows a cross sectional schematic of the fold at the bottom oi the pouch.
D-RRR*802 ;
~.
-- : . -. . ..
- .: : , . : . ..... :
2C~60~
- 21 - ;:
FIG. 5C ~hows one kind o~ interlocking closure which can be used to seal the pouch. Use of such a "zip lock" seal of the bag makes the bag reusable. Interlocking fasteners eliminate folding, creasing, and m~chanical fasteners that contribu~e to bag failure and limit reuse. FIG. 5D shows a cross sectional schematic of the pouch material composite, wherein an internal layer of cellulosic wadding which contains a blood coagulant 52, a biocide 54, and an absorbent 56, is adhered to an exterior layer 58 which comprises an impermeable plastic. An alternate cross sectional schematic for the material composite which can be used to fabricate the pouch shown in FIG. 5A is shown iD FIG. 6. FIG. 6 shows an interior permeable layer 60 adhered to or placed proximate to a layer of cellulosic wadding 62 which contains a blood coagulant 54, a biocide 66, and an absorbent 68, wherein the wadding 62 is adhered on its other surface to an exterior layer 70 which comprises an impermeable plastic. The most preferred embodiment of the material composite shown in FIGS. 5D and 6 uses a polyacrylate absorbent and a poly-ethylene exterior layer.
One skilled in the art can calculate the cost of fabricating various packaging material composi*e structures and determine the combination of materials and relative thicknesses which should provide a cost advantage in manu~acture oi the packaging. ~inimal experimentation combined with cost calculations will enable formulation of a preierred composite structure ~or a given application.
Use of a coagulant or gel-iorming agent or a deactivating agent such as a biocide ~ill also depend on the application.
There are numerous possible variations in package structure and composition which can be used to practice the method of the present iDvention. It is intended that the scope of the present invention not be limited to the specific examples presented herein, but that those variations and modi~ications which come witbin the true spirit and scope of the present invention as presented in the appended claims be included.
. . .
D-RRR*802 ', .
- . -- : ~
.. . . . .
.
,, . : , - ~ ,, - , , ' ' ~ ,. :~ : : , ' '. . , . ' . ;
Claims (21)
1. A method of packaging a hazardous liquid for shipment, wherein said hazardous liquid, present in one or more sealed containers, is placed in a package which can be sealed so that said package completely surrounds and isolates said sealed container, wherein the improvement comprises:
constructing the packaging material so that it comprises at least two layers, including an interior layer and an exterior layer, wherein said interior layer of said packaging material is adjacent to said sealed container and wherein said interior layer can be permeated or penetrated by liquid which escapes from said sealed container, and wherein said exterior layer, the external portion of which is in contact with the external ambient environment, is impermeable by said liquid and by any hazardous vapors therefrom.
constructing the packaging material so that it comprises at least two layers, including an interior layer and an exterior layer, wherein said interior layer of said packaging material is adjacent to said sealed container and wherein said interior layer can be permeated or penetrated by liquid which escapes from said sealed container, and wherein said exterior layer, the external portion of which is in contact with the external ambient environment, is impermeable by said liquid and by any hazardous vapors therefrom.
2. The method of Claim 1 wherein at least one of said layers of packaging material is capable of immobilizing said liquid.
3. The method of Claim 1 or Claim 2 wherein at least one of said layers of said packaging material comprises a reactant which, on contact with said hazardous liquid, destroys or deactivates said liquid to a chemical or physical composition which no longer poses a significant hazard to a person exposed to said deactivated composition.
4. The method of Claim 3 wherein said hazardous liquid comprises an etiologic agent and wherein said reactant destroys or deactivates said etiologic agent.
5. The method of Claim 1 wherein at least one of said layers of said packaging material, on contact with said hazardous liquid, filters out etiologic agents, whereby said etiologic agents remain inside said exterior layer of said packaging material.
6. A method of containing a hazardous liquid which is leaking from a container, wherein said leaking container is placed in a package which can be sealed so that said package completely surrounds and isolates said leaking container, wherein the improvement comprises:
constructing the packaging material so that it comprises at least two layers, including an interior layer and an exterior layer, wherein said interior layer of said packaging material is adjacent to said leaking container and wherein said interior layer can be permeated or penetrated by liquid which escapes from said leaking container, and wherein said exterior layer of said packaging material, the exterior portion of which is in contact with the external environment, is impermeable by said liquid and by hazardous vapors therefrom.
constructing the packaging material so that it comprises at least two layers, including an interior layer and an exterior layer, wherein said interior layer of said packaging material is adjacent to said leaking container and wherein said interior layer can be permeated or penetrated by liquid which escapes from said leaking container, and wherein said exterior layer of said packaging material, the exterior portion of which is in contact with the external environment, is impermeable by said liquid and by hazardous vapors therefrom.
7. The method of Claim 6 wherein at least one of said layers of said packaging material is capable of immobilizing said liquid.
8. The method of Claim 6 or Claim 7 wherein at least one of said layers of said packaging material comprises a reactant which, on contact with said hazardous liquid, destroys or deactivates said liquid to a chemical or physical composition which no longer poses a significant hazard to a person exposed to the deactivated composition.
9. The method of Claim 8 wherein said hazardous liquid comprises an etiologic agent and wherein said reactant destroys or deactivates said etiologic agent.
10. The method of Claim 6 wherein at least one of said layers of said packaging material, on contact with said hazardous liquid, filters out etiologic agents, whereby said etiologic agents remain inside said exterior layer of said packaging material.
11. A package for shipment or containment of a hazardous liquid, wherein said package comprises a bag or pouch in which at least one container of said liquid can be sealed so that said package completely surrounds and isolates said container of liquid, wherein the improvement comprises a bag or pouch comprising:
at least two layers, including an interior layer and an exterior layer, wherein said interior layer of said bag or pouch is adjacent to said liquid container and wherein said interior layer can be penetrated or permeated by liquid which excapes from said container, wherein said exterior layer of said bag or pouch, the external portion of which is in contact with the external ambient environment, is impermeable by said liquid and by hazardous vapors thereof.
at least two layers, including an interior layer and an exterior layer, wherein said interior layer of said bag or pouch is adjacent to said liquid container and wherein said interior layer can be penetrated or permeated by liquid which excapes from said container, wherein said exterior layer of said bag or pouch, the external portion of which is in contact with the external ambient environment, is impermeable by said liquid and by hazardous vapors thereof.
12. The package of Claim 11 wherein at least one of said layers of said bag or pouch comprises a material capable of immobilizing said liquid.
13. The package of Claim 11 or Claim 12 wherein at least one of said layers comprises a reactant capable of destroying or deactivating said liquid to a chemical or physical composition which no longer poses a significant hazard.
14. The package of Claim 13, wherein said reactant is capable of destroying or deactivating an etiologic agent.
15. The package of Claim 11 wherein at least one of said layers comprises a material capable of filtering out etiologic agents from said liquid.
16. The package of Claim 11 or Claim 12, wherein at least a portion of at least one of said layers comprises wicking channels which aid in the distribution of liquid to interior parts of said bag or pouch remote from the area of said container from which said liquid is escaping.
17. The package of Claim 11 or Claim 12 wherein at least a portion of at least one of said layers comprises a liquid indicating means whereby a visual indication that liquid is in direct contact with said bag or pouch interior is automatically and continually provided at a location which can be observed from the exterior of said bag or pouch.
18. A package for shipment or containment of a hazardous liquid, wherein said package comprises a bag or pouch in which at least one container of said liquid can be sealed so that said package completely surrounds and isolates said container of liquid, wherein the improvement comprises a bag or pouch comprising:
at least two layers, including an interior and an exterior layer, wherein said interior layer of said bag or pouch is adjacent to said liquid container and wherein said interior layer can be penetrated or permeated by liquid which escapes from said container, wherein at least one of said layers other than said exterior layer comprises a material capable of immobilizing said liquid, and wherein said exterior layer of said bag or pouch, the external portion of which is in contact with the external ambient environment, is impermeable by at least said immobilized liquid and by hazardous vapors therefrom.
at least two layers, including an interior and an exterior layer, wherein said interior layer of said bag or pouch is adjacent to said liquid container and wherein said interior layer can be penetrated or permeated by liquid which escapes from said container, wherein at least one of said layers other than said exterior layer comprises a material capable of immobilizing said liquid, and wherein said exterior layer of said bag or pouch, the external portion of which is in contact with the external ambient environment, is impermeable by at least said immobilized liquid and by hazardous vapors therefrom.
19. The package of Claim 11 or Claim 18 wherein the means of sealing said package comprises a reclosing, interlocking fastener, whereby said package is made resuable.
20. The package of Claim 19 wherein said interior layer comprises a cellulosic wadding, and wherein said wadding contains an additive selected from the group consisting of coagulants, biocides, absorbents, and combinations thereof.
21. The package of Claim 19 wherein said interior layer of said bag or pouch comprises a permeable polymeric layer which is adjacent to a first side of a layer of cellulosic wadding, wherein said wadding contains an additive selected from the group consisting of coagulants, biocides, absorbents, and combinations thereof, and wherein the second side of said layer of cellulosic wadding is adjacent to said exterior layer which comprises an impermeable plastic.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/257,725 | 1988-10-14 | ||
| US07/257,725 US4969750A (en) | 1988-10-14 | 1988-10-14 | Method of shipment and containment of hazardous liquids |
| US27858588A | 1988-12-01 | 1988-12-01 | |
| US07/278,585 | 1988-12-01 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2000606A1 true CA2000606A1 (en) | 1990-04-14 |
Family
ID=26946168
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2000606 Abandoned CA2000606A1 (en) | 1988-10-14 | 1989-10-13 | Packaging for shipment and containment of hazardous liquids |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0368007A3 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2000606A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9309355D0 (en) * | 1993-05-06 | 1993-06-16 | Datesand Ltd | Absorbent material |
| SE505690C2 (en) * | 1993-12-17 | 1997-09-29 | Noax Ab | Liquid-tight and liquid-absorbent packaging |
| DE19522818A1 (en) * | 1995-06-23 | 1997-01-02 | Uwe Kaspereit | Packaging or foil bags made of foil walls for vacuum-packed goods |
| GB9908423D0 (en) * | 1999-04-14 | 1999-06-09 | Jiffy Packaging Co Ltd | Improvements relating to padded bags |
| US6631801B2 (en) | 2000-02-09 | 2003-10-14 | Inspiral, Llc | Transport package |
| GB2385579A (en) * | 2002-02-21 | 2003-08-27 | John Firth | Liquid containment material |
| US20090036862A1 (en) * | 2007-08-01 | 2009-02-05 | Owens-Ilinois Healthcare Packaging Inc. | Multilayer plastic container and method of storing lyophilized products |
| EP2113465A1 (en) * | 2008-04-29 | 2009-11-04 | Seinec, S.A. | Packaging for food products |
| FR2937024B1 (en) * | 2008-10-13 | 2012-12-28 | Celluloses De Broceliande | SYSTEM FOR THE TRANSPORT OF SAMPLES, IN PARTICULAR BLOOD SAMPLES, WITH ABSORPTION DEVICE |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3986914A (en) * | 1972-02-11 | 1976-10-19 | Uly-Pak, Inc. | Heat-sealing method for plastic containers |
| US3999653A (en) * | 1975-03-11 | 1976-12-28 | The Dow Chemical Company | Packaging for hazardous liquids |
| SE444555B (en) * | 1983-09-13 | 1986-04-21 | Jan Soderholm | PACKAGING FOR RISK SAMPLES |
-
1989
- 1989-10-10 EP EP89118829A patent/EP0368007A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1989-10-13 CA CA 2000606 patent/CA2000606A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0368007A3 (en) | 1990-05-30 |
| EP0368007A2 (en) | 1990-05-16 |
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