CA1339064C - Slow release insect control product - Google Patents
Slow release insect control productInfo
- Publication number
- CA1339064C CA1339064C CA000613956A CA613956A CA1339064C CA 1339064 C CA1339064 C CA 1339064C CA 000613956 A CA000613956 A CA 000613956A CA 613956 A CA613956 A CA 613956A CA 1339064 C CA1339064 C CA 1339064C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- insect control
- control device
- insect
- active ingredients
- concentration
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- FHIVAFMUCKRCQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazinon Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=CC(C)=NC(C(C)C)=N1 FHIVAFMUCKRCQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- KAATUXNTWXVJKI-NSHGMRRFSA-N (1R)-cis-(alphaS)-cypermethrin Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@@H](C=C(Cl)Cl)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@H](C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 KAATUXNTWXVJKI-NSHGMRRFSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000005877 Alpha-Cypermethrin Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 241000257226 Muscidae Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 claims description 5
- ZFMQKOWCDKKBIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(3,5-difluorophenyl)phosphane Chemical group FC1=CC(F)=CC(PC=2C=C(F)C=C(F)C=2)=C1 ZFMQKOWCDKKBIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005944 Chlorpyrifos Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 claims description 4
- SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorpyrifos Chemical compound CCOP(=S)(OCC)OC1=NC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 29
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 16
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 12
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000005946 Cypermethrin Substances 0.000 description 4
- KAATUXNTWXVJKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cypermethrin Chemical compound CC1(C)C(C=C(Cl)Cl)C1C(=O)OC(C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 KAATUXNTWXVJKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229960005424 cypermethrin Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003605 opacifier Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000749 insecticidal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010534 mechanism of action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002728 pyrethroid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006385 Geon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003986 organophosphate insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002952 polymeric resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K13/00—Devices for grooming or caring of animals, e.g. curry-combs; Fetlock rings; Tail-holders; Devices for preventing crib-biting; Washing devices; Protection against weather conditions or insects
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N1/00—Preservation of bodies of humans or animals, or parts thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
- A01N25/10—Macromolecular compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/34—Shaped forms, e.g. sheets, not provided for in any other sub-group of this main group
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
- A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
- A01N47/34—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the groups, e.g. biuret; Thio analogues thereof; Urea-aldehyde condensation products
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
- A01N57/10—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds
- A01N57/16—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds containing heterocyclic radicals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N2300/00—Combinations or mixtures of active ingredients covered by classes A01N27/00 - A01N65/48 with other active or formulation relevant ingredients, e.g. specific carrier materials or surfactants, covered by classes A01N25/00 - A01N65/48
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a slow release insect control device having two active ingredients each with a different mode of toxic action, one of which is a crystalline solid at room temperature, and each in sufficient concentration to provide at least 16 weeks of insect control, in a regular grade polyvinyl chloride matrix and combined with a suitable stabilizer and at least 20% w/w of a suitable plasticizer.
Description
1 33~064 SLOW RELEASE INSECT CONTROL PRODUCT
This invention relates to the formulation of a slow release solid insecticidal product based on a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix for use on animals to control a variety of insects.
It is known in the prior art to make animal collars or ear tags formulated to include insecticides for use to control the population of face and horn flies on animals such as cattle. In the case of ear tags, attempts have been made to use a combination of insecticides, namely, cypermethrin (a type of pyrethroid) and diazinon (a type of organophosphate) in combination with other non-insecticidal ingredients in a PVC matrix to produce a tag which may be clipped to a cow's ear. In the prior art, the mechanism of action was thought to result from the insecticide being carried out of the ear tag by the plasticizer ingredient of the formulation.
Prior art insect control products, which have been at all effective, have all utilized liquid insecticides together with other nontoxic ingredients for formulation of the product. The prior art is also familiar with the principle of using a combination of two insecticides each with a different mode of action in order to delay the onset of resistance in the subject insect.
Effective insect control is usually required for a 16 week period. In order to be effective for a full 16 weeks, the chosen insecticide must be present in the insect control product - 1 - ~
1 33906~
in excess of the minimum effective insecticidal concentration for the entire 16 week period. Where more than one insecticide is to be used, each one must be present in the insect control product at a concentration in excess of the minimal concentration toxic to the subject insects, for the entire 16 week period.
The problems with prior art insect control products are many.
The use of one insecticide alone has often resulted in the development of resistance by the subject insect. Formulation problems in prior art insect control products have often resulted in lack of effective concentrations of the insecticide for the full 16 week period. The use of organophosphate insecticides by themselves has failed due to the inability to get enough active ingredient into the product and when the insecticide came out, it either came out too fast or too slow. Prior art use of diazinon has resulted in products which permit diazinon to come out of the product at the right rate, although formulation limitations have prevented getting a sufficiently high concentration of this insecticide into the product to begin with. Prior art formulations have resulted in compounds which have been difficult to handle particularly when shaping animal ear tags. Prior art formulations have resulted in products which are too moist and hence unworkable into suitably shaped solid ear tags. Prior art attempts to obtain drier formulations by adding more absorbent resin have resulted in the disadvantage of hindering the ultimate release of the insecticide. Prior art attempts to combine two insecticides having different modes of action have resulted in ineffective products as a result of the individual insecticide concentrations being below the minimum effective concentration.
In the prior art, the total concentration of active ingredient in a PVC matrix was limited to 25% w/w. In practise, when regular, low absorbent PVC is used, the concentration is limited to 20% w/w. Above this concentration, too much of the liquid part of the formulation remains unincorporated into the PVC
resin after compounding, and a free-flowing powdered compound is not obtained. Given the activity, release rate and dissipation rates of currently available insecticides, the concentration of the active ingredients in the PVC matrix is the limiting factor in achieving effective dose levels for a satisfactory interval of time. This is further aggravated in the case of diazinon, by the need for a stabilizer to prevent formation of toxic by-products in the presence of traces of moisture. The prior art has attempted to overcome this disadvantage, without success. Reducing the amount of plasticizer, has resulted in a loss of flexibility and weaker physical properties in the insect control product.
Alternatively, using a more porous PVC resin increases the cost and results in weaker physical properties.
Accordingly, the prior art has been unable to overcome the technical problem of incorporating insecticides into a slow release formulation in the required concentration. The ingredients of prior art formulations have been too moist to flow freely into the molding machines used in making ear tags and other insect control products. Although, as previously already stated, it is known to combine cypermethrin and diazinon, the highest concentration possible using the prior art technology is 6%
cypermethrin and 11% diazinon which results in an inactive product, the total concentration being below 20% w/w (minimum effective concentration) in the product.
The present invention has overcome many of the disadvantages present in prior art insect control products.
The present invention has made it possible to combine two insecticides, each with a different mechanism of toxic action, and each having a fully effective concentration providing for 16 weeks of fly control, into a slow-release insect control product based on a PVC matrix, without using more costly forms of PVC. Key to the present invention is the addition of a second active ingredient which is in a crystalline state at normal room temperature, such as alpha-cypermethrin, and when mixed with another active ingredient and a suitable stabilizer and plasticizer, results in a dry, free flowing compound capable of ultimately being shaped into an ear tag or other insect control product with good physical properties.
Accordingly, the present invention provides for a slow release insect control product or device comprising at least two active ingredients having different modes of toxic action, one of which is a crystalline solid at room temperature, each in sufficient concentration to provide at least 16 weeks of fly control, in a regular grade polyvinyl chloride matrix with at least 20% w/w of a suitable plasticizer and a suitable stabilizer. Two preferred active ingredients are diazinon 18% w/w and alphacypermethrin 4% w/w. Chlorpyrifos in a concentration of 18%
w/w may be used in place of diazinon. A preferred plasticizer is dioctyl adipate. A preferred stabilizer is one containing epoxidized soyabean oil. Such a slow-release insect control device may be suitably shaped to avoid breakage and for application as an ear tag.
Contrary to the prior art theory for the mechanism of action of insect control products, the inventor herein, has recognized that the plasticizer does not carry the active ingredient out of the product but rather the active ingredient moves to the outside of the tag via diffusion, where in the case of an animal ear tag, the active ingredient is transferred onto the hair of the animal by movement of natural animal hair oil, continuously rubbed onto the tag and then back onto the hair. Once on the hair, secondary movement is primarily by physical transfer caused by the animal rubbing one area of hair against another. The same direct contact mechanism moves the active ingredient between animals. Consequently the activity of an animal ear tag is determined on balance by the release of the insecticide from the tag and the rate of dissipation of the insecticide from the hair of the animal.
Generally, a slow release insect control product is a mixture of dry ingredients (polymer resin, pigment opacifier, etc.) and liquid ingredients which are blended in a mixture to make a dry free flowing coarse powder. Plasticizer ingredients provide strength and suppleness to the formulation. Stabilizers allow working of the plasticizer in the mixture without burning (free radical inhibition). The resulting dry free flowing coarse powder is then shaped via injection molding into the insect control product, for example an animal ear tag.
The present invention recognizes the need to have during formulation, dry ingredients in excess of 50~ w/w and liquid plasticizer ingredients in excess of 20% w/w, otherwise the resulting formulation is either a gooey mess or too stiff (resulting in excess breakage). Those persons skilled in this art will recognize the upper limits of the % w/w of these ingredients suitable for formulating a product which will have the desired characteristics.
The present invention recognizes that use of a crystalline solid insecticide will provide a free flowing formulation capable of being shaped into an effective insect control product. The present invention utilizes alphacypermethrin which is present at room temperature in crystalline form and which is more active than plain cypermethrin. Other insecticides in crystalline form at room temperature may also be used. The present invention recognizes that when technical grade diazinon and alphacypermethrin are used in a concentration within the range 16 -20% w/w and 4 - 8% w/w respectively, with at least 20% w/w of a plasticizer, namely, dioctyl adipate in a regular grade of polyvinyl chloride resin, with suitable stabilizers, a dry free-flowing powdered compound is obtained.- Preferred concentrations of diazinon and alphacypermethrin are 18% w/w and 4~ w/w respectively. An alternate to the use of diazinon is chlorpyrifos 16 - 20% w/w (with 18% preferred). Other suitable plasticizers, including but not limited to polymeric plasticizers, known to those skilled in the art may also be used. Opacifiers and colourants are optional. The aforesaid compound is easy to handle in production equipment and provides molded products having acceptable physical properties.
Those skilled in the art will recognize, when using diazinon and alphacypermethrin within the aforesaid ranges, that increasing the concentration of one of these insecticides should be balanced by decreasing the other within the prescribed range.
Sample formulations are set out hereinafter:
Formula #l Inaredients % w/w Alphacypermethrin (96.7%) 4.15 Diazinon 95% 21.03 Dioctyl adipate 20.07 Stabilizer 1.48 Polyvinyl chloride resin 53.27 Pigment and opacifier .0008 Formula #2 Inaredients ka/1000 ka Fastac Techn.*
(alphacypermethrin) 96.7% 43.02 Diazinon Stabilized 87.27% 214.51 Dioctyl adipate 208.00 Stabilizer #1 5.00 Stabilizer #2 7.50 Stabilizer #3 3.00 Opacifier 5.00 Irgalite* Blue BLP 0.30 Irgalite* Yellow BAF 0.70 Geon* 103 EP F-76 (PVC) 512.97 1000 . 00 *Trade-marks The aforesaid insecticide combinations including alphacypermethrin and diazinon provide effective concentrations, assist in making a solid tag and furthermore assist in permitting the insecticide to diffuse out of the tag so as to provide a full 16 weeks of fly control.
The present invention achieves a delayed onset of resistance by using two active ingredients with different toxic actions each at fully effective doses. As a result, the individual insects must possess tolerance to both insecticides simultaneously in order to survive. This is much less probable than the presence or development of tolerance to a single insecticide with a single toxic action.
When a trial batch (see Formula #l) was made into ear tags and tested on cattle, excellent control of Haemotobia Irritans (horn flies) was obtained. Control was limited only by a technical problem with tag breakage, which was overcome by changing the tag shape. Therefore, the present invention has made possible the control of horn flies, even those which have become tolerant to pyrethroid insecticides, for a 16 week period.
This invention relates to the formulation of a slow release solid insecticidal product based on a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix for use on animals to control a variety of insects.
It is known in the prior art to make animal collars or ear tags formulated to include insecticides for use to control the population of face and horn flies on animals such as cattle. In the case of ear tags, attempts have been made to use a combination of insecticides, namely, cypermethrin (a type of pyrethroid) and diazinon (a type of organophosphate) in combination with other non-insecticidal ingredients in a PVC matrix to produce a tag which may be clipped to a cow's ear. In the prior art, the mechanism of action was thought to result from the insecticide being carried out of the ear tag by the plasticizer ingredient of the formulation.
Prior art insect control products, which have been at all effective, have all utilized liquid insecticides together with other nontoxic ingredients for formulation of the product. The prior art is also familiar with the principle of using a combination of two insecticides each with a different mode of action in order to delay the onset of resistance in the subject insect.
Effective insect control is usually required for a 16 week period. In order to be effective for a full 16 weeks, the chosen insecticide must be present in the insect control product - 1 - ~
1 33906~
in excess of the minimum effective insecticidal concentration for the entire 16 week period. Where more than one insecticide is to be used, each one must be present in the insect control product at a concentration in excess of the minimal concentration toxic to the subject insects, for the entire 16 week period.
The problems with prior art insect control products are many.
The use of one insecticide alone has often resulted in the development of resistance by the subject insect. Formulation problems in prior art insect control products have often resulted in lack of effective concentrations of the insecticide for the full 16 week period. The use of organophosphate insecticides by themselves has failed due to the inability to get enough active ingredient into the product and when the insecticide came out, it either came out too fast or too slow. Prior art use of diazinon has resulted in products which permit diazinon to come out of the product at the right rate, although formulation limitations have prevented getting a sufficiently high concentration of this insecticide into the product to begin with. Prior art formulations have resulted in compounds which have been difficult to handle particularly when shaping animal ear tags. Prior art formulations have resulted in products which are too moist and hence unworkable into suitably shaped solid ear tags. Prior art attempts to obtain drier formulations by adding more absorbent resin have resulted in the disadvantage of hindering the ultimate release of the insecticide. Prior art attempts to combine two insecticides having different modes of action have resulted in ineffective products as a result of the individual insecticide concentrations being below the minimum effective concentration.
In the prior art, the total concentration of active ingredient in a PVC matrix was limited to 25% w/w. In practise, when regular, low absorbent PVC is used, the concentration is limited to 20% w/w. Above this concentration, too much of the liquid part of the formulation remains unincorporated into the PVC
resin after compounding, and a free-flowing powdered compound is not obtained. Given the activity, release rate and dissipation rates of currently available insecticides, the concentration of the active ingredients in the PVC matrix is the limiting factor in achieving effective dose levels for a satisfactory interval of time. This is further aggravated in the case of diazinon, by the need for a stabilizer to prevent formation of toxic by-products in the presence of traces of moisture. The prior art has attempted to overcome this disadvantage, without success. Reducing the amount of plasticizer, has resulted in a loss of flexibility and weaker physical properties in the insect control product.
Alternatively, using a more porous PVC resin increases the cost and results in weaker physical properties.
Accordingly, the prior art has been unable to overcome the technical problem of incorporating insecticides into a slow release formulation in the required concentration. The ingredients of prior art formulations have been too moist to flow freely into the molding machines used in making ear tags and other insect control products. Although, as previously already stated, it is known to combine cypermethrin and diazinon, the highest concentration possible using the prior art technology is 6%
cypermethrin and 11% diazinon which results in an inactive product, the total concentration being below 20% w/w (minimum effective concentration) in the product.
The present invention has overcome many of the disadvantages present in prior art insect control products.
The present invention has made it possible to combine two insecticides, each with a different mechanism of toxic action, and each having a fully effective concentration providing for 16 weeks of fly control, into a slow-release insect control product based on a PVC matrix, without using more costly forms of PVC. Key to the present invention is the addition of a second active ingredient which is in a crystalline state at normal room temperature, such as alpha-cypermethrin, and when mixed with another active ingredient and a suitable stabilizer and plasticizer, results in a dry, free flowing compound capable of ultimately being shaped into an ear tag or other insect control product with good physical properties.
Accordingly, the present invention provides for a slow release insect control product or device comprising at least two active ingredients having different modes of toxic action, one of which is a crystalline solid at room temperature, each in sufficient concentration to provide at least 16 weeks of fly control, in a regular grade polyvinyl chloride matrix with at least 20% w/w of a suitable plasticizer and a suitable stabilizer. Two preferred active ingredients are diazinon 18% w/w and alphacypermethrin 4% w/w. Chlorpyrifos in a concentration of 18%
w/w may be used in place of diazinon. A preferred plasticizer is dioctyl adipate. A preferred stabilizer is one containing epoxidized soyabean oil. Such a slow-release insect control device may be suitably shaped to avoid breakage and for application as an ear tag.
Contrary to the prior art theory for the mechanism of action of insect control products, the inventor herein, has recognized that the plasticizer does not carry the active ingredient out of the product but rather the active ingredient moves to the outside of the tag via diffusion, where in the case of an animal ear tag, the active ingredient is transferred onto the hair of the animal by movement of natural animal hair oil, continuously rubbed onto the tag and then back onto the hair. Once on the hair, secondary movement is primarily by physical transfer caused by the animal rubbing one area of hair against another. The same direct contact mechanism moves the active ingredient between animals. Consequently the activity of an animal ear tag is determined on balance by the release of the insecticide from the tag and the rate of dissipation of the insecticide from the hair of the animal.
Generally, a slow release insect control product is a mixture of dry ingredients (polymer resin, pigment opacifier, etc.) and liquid ingredients which are blended in a mixture to make a dry free flowing coarse powder. Plasticizer ingredients provide strength and suppleness to the formulation. Stabilizers allow working of the plasticizer in the mixture without burning (free radical inhibition). The resulting dry free flowing coarse powder is then shaped via injection molding into the insect control product, for example an animal ear tag.
The present invention recognizes the need to have during formulation, dry ingredients in excess of 50~ w/w and liquid plasticizer ingredients in excess of 20% w/w, otherwise the resulting formulation is either a gooey mess or too stiff (resulting in excess breakage). Those persons skilled in this art will recognize the upper limits of the % w/w of these ingredients suitable for formulating a product which will have the desired characteristics.
The present invention recognizes that use of a crystalline solid insecticide will provide a free flowing formulation capable of being shaped into an effective insect control product. The present invention utilizes alphacypermethrin which is present at room temperature in crystalline form and which is more active than plain cypermethrin. Other insecticides in crystalline form at room temperature may also be used. The present invention recognizes that when technical grade diazinon and alphacypermethrin are used in a concentration within the range 16 -20% w/w and 4 - 8% w/w respectively, with at least 20% w/w of a plasticizer, namely, dioctyl adipate in a regular grade of polyvinyl chloride resin, with suitable stabilizers, a dry free-flowing powdered compound is obtained.- Preferred concentrations of diazinon and alphacypermethrin are 18% w/w and 4~ w/w respectively. An alternate to the use of diazinon is chlorpyrifos 16 - 20% w/w (with 18% preferred). Other suitable plasticizers, including but not limited to polymeric plasticizers, known to those skilled in the art may also be used. Opacifiers and colourants are optional. The aforesaid compound is easy to handle in production equipment and provides molded products having acceptable physical properties.
Those skilled in the art will recognize, when using diazinon and alphacypermethrin within the aforesaid ranges, that increasing the concentration of one of these insecticides should be balanced by decreasing the other within the prescribed range.
Sample formulations are set out hereinafter:
Formula #l Inaredients % w/w Alphacypermethrin (96.7%) 4.15 Diazinon 95% 21.03 Dioctyl adipate 20.07 Stabilizer 1.48 Polyvinyl chloride resin 53.27 Pigment and opacifier .0008 Formula #2 Inaredients ka/1000 ka Fastac Techn.*
(alphacypermethrin) 96.7% 43.02 Diazinon Stabilized 87.27% 214.51 Dioctyl adipate 208.00 Stabilizer #1 5.00 Stabilizer #2 7.50 Stabilizer #3 3.00 Opacifier 5.00 Irgalite* Blue BLP 0.30 Irgalite* Yellow BAF 0.70 Geon* 103 EP F-76 (PVC) 512.97 1000 . 00 *Trade-marks The aforesaid insecticide combinations including alphacypermethrin and diazinon provide effective concentrations, assist in making a solid tag and furthermore assist in permitting the insecticide to diffuse out of the tag so as to provide a full 16 weeks of fly control.
The present invention achieves a delayed onset of resistance by using two active ingredients with different toxic actions each at fully effective doses. As a result, the individual insects must possess tolerance to both insecticides simultaneously in order to survive. This is much less probable than the presence or development of tolerance to a single insecticide with a single toxic action.
When a trial batch (see Formula #l) was made into ear tags and tested on cattle, excellent control of Haemotobia Irritans (horn flies) was obtained. Control was limited only by a technical problem with tag breakage, which was overcome by changing the tag shape. Therefore, the present invention has made possible the control of horn flies, even those which have become tolerant to pyrethroid insecticides, for a 16 week period.
Claims (15)
1. A slow release insect control device comprising at least two active ingredients having different modes of toxic action one of said two active ingredients being a crystalline solid at room temperature each of said two active ingredients in sufficient concentration to provide at least 16 weeks of insect control, in a regular grade polyvinyl chloride matrix with at least 20% w/w of a suitable plasticizer, and a suitable stabilizer.
2. An insect control device according to claim 1 wherein the two active ingredients are diazinon 16 - 20% w/w and alphacypermethrin 4 - 8% w/w.
3. An insect control device according to claim 1 wherein the two active ingredients are chlorpyrifos 16 - 20% w/w and alphacypermethrin 4 - 8% w/w.
4. An insect control device according to claim 3 wherein the concentration of chlorpyrifos is 18% w/w and the concentration of alphacypermethrin is 4% w/w.
5. An insect control device according to claim 2 wherein the two active ingredients are diazinon 18% w/w and alphacypermethrin 4% w/w.
6. An insect control device according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 wherein the suitable plasticizer is dioctyl adipate.
7. An insect control device according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 which is shaped to avoid breakage and applied as an ear tag on cattle.
8. An insect control device according to claim 6 which is shaped to avoid breakage and applied as an ear tag on cattle.
9. An insect control device according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 8 wherein said suitable stabilizer is one containing epoxidized soyabean oil.
10. An insect control device according to claim 6 wherein said suitable stabilizer is one containing epoxidized soyabean oil.
11. An insect control device according to claim 7 wherein said suitable stabilizer is one containing epoxidized soyabean oil.
12. An insect control device according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10 or 11 wherein the insect to be controlled is face or horn flies.
13. An insect control device according to claim 6 wherein the insect to be controlled is face or horn flies.
14. An insect control device according to claim 7 wherein the insect to be controlled is face or horn flies.
15. An insect control device according to claim 9 wherein the insect to be controlled is face or horn flies.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000613956A CA1339064C (en) | 1989-09-28 | 1989-09-28 | Slow release insect control product |
| ZA907717A ZA907717B (en) | 1989-09-28 | 1990-09-27 | Slow release insect control product |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000613956A CA1339064C (en) | 1989-09-28 | 1989-09-28 | Slow release insect control product |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1339064C true CA1339064C (en) | 1997-07-29 |
Family
ID=4140751
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000613956A Expired - Lifetime CA1339064C (en) | 1989-09-28 | 1989-09-28 | Slow release insect control product |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1339064C (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA907717B (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2003051112A1 (en) * | 2001-12-19 | 2003-06-26 | Exosect Limited | Pest control device comprising a degradable material incorporating a pest control material |
| CN100425136C (en) * | 2006-09-03 | 2008-10-15 | 彭自主 | Environment protecting type medical stick and the method of producing the same |
-
1989
- 1989-09-28 CA CA000613956A patent/CA1339064C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1990
- 1990-09-27 ZA ZA907717A patent/ZA907717B/en unknown
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2003051112A1 (en) * | 2001-12-19 | 2003-06-26 | Exosect Limited | Pest control device comprising a degradable material incorporating a pest control material |
| CN100425136C (en) * | 2006-09-03 | 2008-10-15 | 彭自主 | Environment protecting type medical stick and the method of producing the same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ZA907717B (en) | 1991-07-31 |
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