CA1338064C - Ground anchor installing apparatus - Google Patents
Ground anchor installing apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- CA1338064C CA1338064C CA000586397A CA586397A CA1338064C CA 1338064 C CA1338064 C CA 1338064C CA 000586397 A CA000586397 A CA 000586397A CA 586397 A CA586397 A CA 586397A CA 1338064 C CA1338064 C CA 1338064C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- mast
- carriage
- anchor
- drive
- frame
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D7/00—Methods or apparatus for placing sheet pile bulkheads, piles, mouldpipes, or other moulds
- E02D7/22—Placing by screwing down
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
- E02D5/74—Means for anchoring structural elements or bulkheads
- E02D5/80—Ground anchors
- E02D5/801—Ground anchors driven by screwing
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/02—Drilling rigs characterised by means for land transport with their own drive, e.g. skid mounting or wheel mounting
- E21B7/027—Drills for drilling shallow holes, e.g. for taking soil samples or for drilling postholes
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
Abstract
Auger-type ground anchors for guy wires or the like are installed using a relatively simple apparatus including a frame mounted on a flat bed truck, a slide in the frame carrying an elongated mast for rotation between an inclined storage position and a vertical use position, a carriage movably mounted on the mast, a hydraulic cylinder in the mast for moving the carriage vertically, a motor on the carriage for rotating a chuck, so that an anchor or extension attached to the anchor can simultaneously be rotated and pressed downwardly, and a bracket on the carriage for attachment to the anchor using a chain following installation thereof, whereby lifting force can be applied to the carriage and consequently to the anchor to determine whether the latter is firmly installed.
Description
This invention relates to an apparatus for installing auger-type ground anchors for guy wires or the like.
In general, apparatuses of the type proposed herein are somewhat complicated and expensive. Moreover, after an anchor has been installed, the usual practice is to attach a vehicle or other force applying device to the anchor to determine whether the anchor is firmly installed in the ground. The alternative is to attach a guy wire to the anchor and to the structure to be supported, and to tension the wire. Obviously, this latter method of determining whether the anchor is firmly embedded in the ground is unsatisfactory.
The object of the present invention is to provide a relatively simple apparatus which offers solutions to the problems of (1) installing auger-type ground anchors, and (2) determining whether the anchors are firmly embedded in the ground.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to an apparatus for installing an auger-type ground anchor for guy wires or the like comprising frame means for mounting on a truck; mast means slidably and pivotally connected to said frame means for movement between an inclined storage or transport position and a vertical, use position; carriage means movably mounted on said mast means; first drive means on said carriage for rotating an anchor; second drive means for ~gt:
~ 1 338064 moving said carriage on said mast means to apply downward pressure on a rotating anchor during installation thereof; and bracket means on said carriage means for attachment to the anchor following installation, whereby, lifting force applied to said carriage means by said second drive means is transmitted to the anchor to determine whether the latter is firmly installed in the ground.
The invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention, and wherein:
Figure 1 is a side elevational view of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention in the use position;
Figure 2 is a front view of the apparatus of Fig. l;
Figure 3 is a plan view of the apparatus of Fig. l;
Figure 4 is a plan view of a truck frame and slide used in the apparatus of Figs. 1 to 3;
Figure 5 is a side view of the frame and slide of Fig. 4;
Figure 6, which appears on the third sheet of drawings, is a side view of a ground anchor of the type installed using the apparatus of Figs. 1 to 5;
Figure 7, which appears on the third sheet of drawings, is a side elevational view of a carriage used in the apparatus of Figs. 1 to 3;
Figure 8 is a bottom view of the carriage of Fig. 7;
and Figure 9 is a rear view of the carriage of Figs. 7 and 8.
With reference to the drawings, the main elements of the apparatus of the present invention include a frame generally indicated at 1 fixedly mounted on a flat bed truck 2, a slide 3 mounted in the frame and carrying a mast generally indicated at 4 on the outer end of the slide 3, a carriage 5 movably mounted on the mast 4 and a motor 6 mounted on the carriage 5 for rotating an auger-type anchor 7 (Figs.
1, 2 and 6) during installation of the auger into the ground.
The frame 1 is defined by a pair of tubular sides 9, which are interconnected at one end by a triangular baseplate 10, which connects the frame 1 to the bed of the truck 2.
Brackets 12 are used to connect the other ends of the sides 9 to the truck 2. An inverted U-shaped mast support frame 13 extends upwardly from the inner end of the sides 9. A metal strip 15 defining a crossbar extends between the bottom centre of the sides 9 of the frame 1 for anchoring one end of a hydraulic cylinder (Fig. 3). A piston rod 17 extending out of the cylinder 16 is connected to one end 19 of the slide 3 for moving the latter relative to the fixed frame 1. The slide 3 is defined by a pair of tubular sides 20 slidable in the sides 9 of the frame 1 and by a crossbar 22 at the other end of the sides 20.
A pair of lugs 23 extend outwardly and upwardly from the ends of the crossbar 22 for pivotally supporting the back plate 24 of a grid generally indicated at 25 (Figs. 1 and 2) which carries the mast 4. A third lug 26 extends inwardly from the crossbar 22 for pivotally supporting a clevis (not shown) on the bottom end of a hydraulic cylinder 27, which controls the orientation of the mast 4.
The mast 4 is defined by a pair of outwardly opening, generally C-shaped sides 28, which are interconnected at their top ends by a crossbar 30 and at their bottom ends by a base 31. Slides defined by rectangular extendsion 32 extend outwardly from the sides 28 for mounting in the guide 25. The guide 25 includes the back plate 24 (Figs. 2 and 3), spacers 34 and front plates 35, all of which are interconnected for slidably supporting the extensions 32. Clevises 36 extend outwardly from each side of the bottom of the plate 24 for pivotally connecting the guide 25 and consequently the mast to the lugs 24, i.e. to the slide 3. A bracket 37 defined by a pair of parallel, generally chevron-shaped plates extends upwardly from the top centre of the plate 24 for supporting a pin 38, which extends through a clevis 39 on the top end of a piston rod 42 extending upwardly from the cylinder 27. The bracket 37 also supports a pin 43 which extends through a clevis 44 on the top end of a cylinder 45. A piston rod 46 extends downwardly from the bottom end of the cylinder 45 to a clevis 47 extending outwardly from the base 31 of the mast 4.
The cylinder 27 tilts the mast 4 and maintains the mast in the vertical, use position. The cylinder 45 causes the mast 4 to slide vertically in the guide 25 to change the location of the mast relative to the ground. A lug 49 extends downwardly from each end of the base 31 of the mast 4 for mating with a clevis 50 on the top centre of a pair of elongated, rectangular feet 52. Cleats in the form of rectangular projections 53 are provided on the bottom of the feet 52.
The carriage 5 is defined by a pair of side plates 55 interconnected by a rear plate 56. The side plates 55 include arms 58 (Figs. 1, 7 and 8) extending outwardly for supporting a plate 59 carrying the hydraulic motor 6 and a transmission 61 for driving a chuck 62. The chuck 62 receives auger-type anchors 7 (Fig. 2) and any required extension tubes 64 (Fig. 1). A sleeve 65 is provided on each end of the plate 56 for receiving hydraulic lines (not shown). A pair of flanges 67 extend rearwardly from the plate 56 for carrying rollers 69, which ride in the tracks defined by the sides 28 of the mast 4. A lug 70 on the front centre of the plate 56 receives a chain (not shown) for determining whether the anchor is secure.
Lugs 72 and 73 (Figs. 8 and 9) defining a pair of clevises extend rearwardly from the plate 56 for connecting the carriage 5 to a drive. The drive takes the form of an elongated hydraulic cylinder 74, the bottom end of which is connected to the base 31 of the mast by a clevis 75 on the cylinder and a lug 76 on the base. The top end of the cylinder 77 is retained by a pair of C-beams 78 (Fig. 1) defining the crossbar 30. A piston rod 79 extends upwardly from the top end of the cylinder 74 to a yoke 80. Clevises 82 on the outer ends of the yoke 80 pivotally support the top ends of a pair of drive rods 83, the bottom ends (not shown) of which are pivotally connected to the carriage rear plate 56 by the lugs 72 and 73. Thus, vertical movement of the piston rod 79 results in corresponding vertical movement of the rods 83 and of the carriage 5.
The anchor 7 (Fig. 6) includes an elongated body 85 with helical blades 86 thereon. The reduced diameter top end 88 includes a hole for receiving a pin (not shown) for connecting the anchor 7 to the chuck 62 or to any required extensions 64.
The mast 4 is normally carried in the inclined position with the top end thereof resting on the support frame 13 (Fig. 1). In order to move the mast 4 to the vertical use position, the cylinder 16 is actuated to move the slide out of the frame 1, and the cylinder 27 is actuated to rotate the mast to the vertical position. The cylinder 45 causes the mast to move vertically in the guide 25 until the feet 52 engage the ground. By starting the motor 6 and removing fluid from the bottom of the cylinder 74, the anchor 7 is driven into the ground. Once the anchor has been inserted to the required depth, a chain is attached to the bracket 70 and to the top end of the anchor, and fluid is fed into the bottom of the cylinder 74 to determine whether the anchor is firmly embedded in the ground.
In general, apparatuses of the type proposed herein are somewhat complicated and expensive. Moreover, after an anchor has been installed, the usual practice is to attach a vehicle or other force applying device to the anchor to determine whether the anchor is firmly installed in the ground. The alternative is to attach a guy wire to the anchor and to the structure to be supported, and to tension the wire. Obviously, this latter method of determining whether the anchor is firmly embedded in the ground is unsatisfactory.
The object of the present invention is to provide a relatively simple apparatus which offers solutions to the problems of (1) installing auger-type ground anchors, and (2) determining whether the anchors are firmly embedded in the ground.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to an apparatus for installing an auger-type ground anchor for guy wires or the like comprising frame means for mounting on a truck; mast means slidably and pivotally connected to said frame means for movement between an inclined storage or transport position and a vertical, use position; carriage means movably mounted on said mast means; first drive means on said carriage for rotating an anchor; second drive means for ~gt:
~ 1 338064 moving said carriage on said mast means to apply downward pressure on a rotating anchor during installation thereof; and bracket means on said carriage means for attachment to the anchor following installation, whereby, lifting force applied to said carriage means by said second drive means is transmitted to the anchor to determine whether the latter is firmly installed in the ground.
The invention will be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention, and wherein:
Figure 1 is a side elevational view of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention in the use position;
Figure 2 is a front view of the apparatus of Fig. l;
Figure 3 is a plan view of the apparatus of Fig. l;
Figure 4 is a plan view of a truck frame and slide used in the apparatus of Figs. 1 to 3;
Figure 5 is a side view of the frame and slide of Fig. 4;
Figure 6, which appears on the third sheet of drawings, is a side view of a ground anchor of the type installed using the apparatus of Figs. 1 to 5;
Figure 7, which appears on the third sheet of drawings, is a side elevational view of a carriage used in the apparatus of Figs. 1 to 3;
Figure 8 is a bottom view of the carriage of Fig. 7;
and Figure 9 is a rear view of the carriage of Figs. 7 and 8.
With reference to the drawings, the main elements of the apparatus of the present invention include a frame generally indicated at 1 fixedly mounted on a flat bed truck 2, a slide 3 mounted in the frame and carrying a mast generally indicated at 4 on the outer end of the slide 3, a carriage 5 movably mounted on the mast 4 and a motor 6 mounted on the carriage 5 for rotating an auger-type anchor 7 (Figs.
1, 2 and 6) during installation of the auger into the ground.
The frame 1 is defined by a pair of tubular sides 9, which are interconnected at one end by a triangular baseplate 10, which connects the frame 1 to the bed of the truck 2.
Brackets 12 are used to connect the other ends of the sides 9 to the truck 2. An inverted U-shaped mast support frame 13 extends upwardly from the inner end of the sides 9. A metal strip 15 defining a crossbar extends between the bottom centre of the sides 9 of the frame 1 for anchoring one end of a hydraulic cylinder (Fig. 3). A piston rod 17 extending out of the cylinder 16 is connected to one end 19 of the slide 3 for moving the latter relative to the fixed frame 1. The slide 3 is defined by a pair of tubular sides 20 slidable in the sides 9 of the frame 1 and by a crossbar 22 at the other end of the sides 20.
A pair of lugs 23 extend outwardly and upwardly from the ends of the crossbar 22 for pivotally supporting the back plate 24 of a grid generally indicated at 25 (Figs. 1 and 2) which carries the mast 4. A third lug 26 extends inwardly from the crossbar 22 for pivotally supporting a clevis (not shown) on the bottom end of a hydraulic cylinder 27, which controls the orientation of the mast 4.
The mast 4 is defined by a pair of outwardly opening, generally C-shaped sides 28, which are interconnected at their top ends by a crossbar 30 and at their bottom ends by a base 31. Slides defined by rectangular extendsion 32 extend outwardly from the sides 28 for mounting in the guide 25. The guide 25 includes the back plate 24 (Figs. 2 and 3), spacers 34 and front plates 35, all of which are interconnected for slidably supporting the extensions 32. Clevises 36 extend outwardly from each side of the bottom of the plate 24 for pivotally connecting the guide 25 and consequently the mast to the lugs 24, i.e. to the slide 3. A bracket 37 defined by a pair of parallel, generally chevron-shaped plates extends upwardly from the top centre of the plate 24 for supporting a pin 38, which extends through a clevis 39 on the top end of a piston rod 42 extending upwardly from the cylinder 27. The bracket 37 also supports a pin 43 which extends through a clevis 44 on the top end of a cylinder 45. A piston rod 46 extends downwardly from the bottom end of the cylinder 45 to a clevis 47 extending outwardly from the base 31 of the mast 4.
The cylinder 27 tilts the mast 4 and maintains the mast in the vertical, use position. The cylinder 45 causes the mast 4 to slide vertically in the guide 25 to change the location of the mast relative to the ground. A lug 49 extends downwardly from each end of the base 31 of the mast 4 for mating with a clevis 50 on the top centre of a pair of elongated, rectangular feet 52. Cleats in the form of rectangular projections 53 are provided on the bottom of the feet 52.
The carriage 5 is defined by a pair of side plates 55 interconnected by a rear plate 56. The side plates 55 include arms 58 (Figs. 1, 7 and 8) extending outwardly for supporting a plate 59 carrying the hydraulic motor 6 and a transmission 61 for driving a chuck 62. The chuck 62 receives auger-type anchors 7 (Fig. 2) and any required extension tubes 64 (Fig. 1). A sleeve 65 is provided on each end of the plate 56 for receiving hydraulic lines (not shown). A pair of flanges 67 extend rearwardly from the plate 56 for carrying rollers 69, which ride in the tracks defined by the sides 28 of the mast 4. A lug 70 on the front centre of the plate 56 receives a chain (not shown) for determining whether the anchor is secure.
Lugs 72 and 73 (Figs. 8 and 9) defining a pair of clevises extend rearwardly from the plate 56 for connecting the carriage 5 to a drive. The drive takes the form of an elongated hydraulic cylinder 74, the bottom end of which is connected to the base 31 of the mast by a clevis 75 on the cylinder and a lug 76 on the base. The top end of the cylinder 77 is retained by a pair of C-beams 78 (Fig. 1) defining the crossbar 30. A piston rod 79 extends upwardly from the top end of the cylinder 74 to a yoke 80. Clevises 82 on the outer ends of the yoke 80 pivotally support the top ends of a pair of drive rods 83, the bottom ends (not shown) of which are pivotally connected to the carriage rear plate 56 by the lugs 72 and 73. Thus, vertical movement of the piston rod 79 results in corresponding vertical movement of the rods 83 and of the carriage 5.
The anchor 7 (Fig. 6) includes an elongated body 85 with helical blades 86 thereon. The reduced diameter top end 88 includes a hole for receiving a pin (not shown) for connecting the anchor 7 to the chuck 62 or to any required extensions 64.
The mast 4 is normally carried in the inclined position with the top end thereof resting on the support frame 13 (Fig. 1). In order to move the mast 4 to the vertical use position, the cylinder 16 is actuated to move the slide out of the frame 1, and the cylinder 27 is actuated to rotate the mast to the vertical position. The cylinder 45 causes the mast to move vertically in the guide 25 until the feet 52 engage the ground. By starting the motor 6 and removing fluid from the bottom of the cylinder 74, the anchor 7 is driven into the ground. Once the anchor has been inserted to the required depth, a chain is attached to the bracket 70 and to the top end of the anchor, and fluid is fed into the bottom of the cylinder 74 to determine whether the anchor is firmly embedded in the ground.
Claims (6)
1. An apparatus for installing an auger-type ground anchor for guy wires or the like comprising frame means for mounting on a truck; mast means slidably and pivotally connected to said frame means for movement between an inclined storage or transport position and a vertical, use position; carriage means movably mounted on said mast means; first drive means on said carriage for rotating an anchor; second drive means for moving said carriage on said mast means to apply downward pressure on a rotating anchor during installation thereof; and bracket means on said carriage means for attachment to the anchor following installation, whereby, lifting force applied to said carriage means by said second drive means is transmitted to the anchor to determine whether the latter is firmly installed in the ground.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said frame means includes a pair of first tubular arm means for mounting in parallel, spaced apart relationship on a vehicle; and said slide means includes a pair of second tubular arm means slidably mounted in said first arm means and carrying said mast means.
3. An apparatus according to claim 2, including third drive means for moving said mast means between the storage and use positions, third drive means including first hydraulic cylinder means connected to said frame means; and piston rod means extending out of said cylinder means into engagement with said slide means for reciprocating the slide means in said frame means.
4. An apparatus according to claim 3, including fourth drive means for rotating said mast means between the inclined storage and the vertical use positions.
5. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said mast means includes a pair of parallel, spaced apart track means for slidably supporting said carriage means; top crossbar means interconnecting upper ends of said track means; and a base interconnecting bottom ends of said track means, said first drive means being mounted in said mast means between said track means.
6. An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said first drive means includes a hydraulic cylinder extending between said top crossbar and said base; a piston rod extending upwardly from the hydraulic cylinder; yoke means extending transversely from the end of said piston rod; and drive rods interconnecting the yoke means and carriage means for reciprocating the latter.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000586397A CA1338064C (en) | 1988-12-20 | 1988-12-20 | Ground anchor installing apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000586397A CA1338064C (en) | 1988-12-20 | 1988-12-20 | Ground anchor installing apparatus |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1338064C true CA1338064C (en) | 1996-02-20 |
Family
ID=4139324
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000586397A Expired - Fee Related CA1338064C (en) | 1988-12-20 | 1988-12-20 | Ground anchor installing apparatus |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1338064C (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2858988A1 (en) * | 2003-10-27 | 2005-02-25 | Bernard Coeuret | Soil tilling equipment for use with transportation vehicle e.g. tractor, has movable frame including motorized tool holder for receiving tool that operates in parallel with displacement axis of slide along mast |
| CN101666214B (en) * | 2009-09-22 | 2014-02-26 | 北京市三一重机有限公司 | Driller support device |
| CN105672898A (en) * | 2016-03-25 | 2016-06-15 | 北京南车时代机车车辆机械有限公司 | Vehicle-mounted drilling machine and power head slide frame guide device thereof |
| EP3548667A4 (en) * | 2016-12-01 | 2020-06-24 | CRP Developments Limited | Penetration testing apparatus |
| CN112324479A (en) * | 2020-10-30 | 2021-02-05 | 广东闽桂建设有限公司 | Anchor rod for building municipal administration |
| CN112943326A (en) * | 2021-03-16 | 2021-06-11 | 太原理工大学 | Automatic anchor drill device |
| EP4058634A4 (en) * | 2019-11-11 | 2023-12-20 | Ojjo, Inc. | Devices, machines, and systems for automated truss assembly and crimping |
-
1988
- 1988-12-20 CA CA000586397A patent/CA1338064C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2858988A1 (en) * | 2003-10-27 | 2005-02-25 | Bernard Coeuret | Soil tilling equipment for use with transportation vehicle e.g. tractor, has movable frame including motorized tool holder for receiving tool that operates in parallel with displacement axis of slide along mast |
| EP1536070A1 (en) * | 2003-10-27 | 2005-06-01 | Bernard Coeuret | Device for setting piles into a ground and piles for use with such a device |
| CN101666214B (en) * | 2009-09-22 | 2014-02-26 | 北京市三一重机有限公司 | Driller support device |
| CN105672898A (en) * | 2016-03-25 | 2016-06-15 | 北京南车时代机车车辆机械有限公司 | Vehicle-mounted drilling machine and power head slide frame guide device thereof |
| EP3548667A4 (en) * | 2016-12-01 | 2020-06-24 | CRP Developments Limited | Penetration testing apparatus |
| EP4058634A4 (en) * | 2019-11-11 | 2023-12-20 | Ojjo, Inc. | Devices, machines, and systems for automated truss assembly and crimping |
| CN112324479A (en) * | 2020-10-30 | 2021-02-05 | 广东闽桂建设有限公司 | Anchor rod for building municipal administration |
| CN112943326A (en) * | 2021-03-16 | 2021-06-11 | 太原理工大学 | Automatic anchor drill device |
| CN112943326B (en) * | 2021-03-16 | 2022-11-25 | 太原理工大学 | Automatic anchor drill device |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKLA | Lapsed |