CA1327767C - Enhanced in-situ electrochemical degradation of organic contaminants in groundwater systems - Google Patents
Enhanced in-situ electrochemical degradation of organic contaminants in groundwater systemsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1327767C CA1327767C CA000555950A CA555950A CA1327767C CA 1327767 C CA1327767 C CA 1327767C CA 000555950 A CA000555950 A CA 000555950A CA 555950 A CA555950 A CA 555950A CA 1327767 C CA1327767 C CA 1327767C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- rods
- groundwater
- oppositely charged
- ground
- electrochemically
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/002—Reclamation of contaminated soil involving in-situ ground water treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C2101/00—In situ
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A process for electrochemically degrading organic contaminants in groundwater comprises embedding a grid work of rods in the ground in the region where groundwater flows which contain the organic contaminants. A voltage is applied to the plurality of space-apart oppositely charged rods to degrade electrochemically such organic contaminants in the groundwater. Sufficient voltage is applied across the plurality of oppositely charged rods to effect such electrochemical degradation. The process provides an effective relatively inexpensive form of minimizing or eliminating organic contaminants in groundwater, particularly contaminants such as phenols and trichloro-ethylene.
A process for electrochemically degrading organic contaminants in groundwater comprises embedding a grid work of rods in the ground in the region where groundwater flows which contain the organic contaminants. A voltage is applied to the plurality of space-apart oppositely charged rods to degrade electrochemically such organic contaminants in the groundwater. Sufficient voltage is applied across the plurality of oppositely charged rods to effect such electrochemical degradation. The process provides an effective relatively inexpensive form of minimizing or eliminating organic contaminants in groundwater, particularly contaminants such as phenols and trichloro-ethylene.
Description
ENHANCED IN-SITU ELECTROCHEMICAL DEGRADATION
OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to destruction of organic contaminants in groundwater systems by way of electrochemical action.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The electrochemical oxidation-reduction of various organic water contaminants, has been investigated. Such work has been directed primarily at the treatment of waste water effluent in a variety of flow-through reactor designs. Usually a bed of electrically chargeable material forms an electrode in the reactor, to establish the necessary redox conditions for the electrochemical degradation of the contaminant.
Sharifian, H. and Kirk, D. (1985) Electrochemical Oxidation of Phenol, J. Electrochem._Soc. 133, 921, discloses the electrochemical oxidation of phenol in a flow through reactor having a packed bed of lead oxide pellets. It was found that in this system, the electrochemical oxidation of phenol produced hydroguinone, benzoquinone and other products including carbon dioxide. It was also found that the intermediate produqts were further electrochemically degraded to simpler carbon containing compounds with further production of carbon dioxide gas. de Sucre, D.
Watkinson, A.(1981) "Anodic oxidation of phenol for waste water treatment", Can. ~our. Chem. Eng. 59:52, also addressed the flow through reactor design for degradation of phenols. The system provides for the removal of phenols from waste water effluent. The system entails the use of a lead oxide anode in the reactor.
It is also appreciated that electrical fields may be used to remove matal ion contaminants from water systems as disclosed in Runnells, D. and Larson, J.
(1986) "A laboratory study of electromigration as a possible field technigue for removal of contaminants from ground water", Groundwater Monitor. Rev. 6:85. The $
investigations were directed to the electromigration of copper contaminated solution. It was found that by properly positioned electrodes, cspper ions readily migrated to the cathode for recovery and removal from the water system. It is suggested in this reference that a grid of electrodes may be implanted in the ground to achieve by electro-osmosis the removal of metal ion contaminants in groundwater systems. However, no thought has been given as to whether or not such a system could be similarly used to achieve the electro chemical oxidation-reduction of organic contaminants in groundwater systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to an aspect of this invention, a process for electrochemically degrading organic contaminants in groundwater comprises applying a voltage to a ground aquifier through a grid work of a plurality of spaced apart oppositely charged positive and negative rods which are embedded in the ground. Organic contaminants in the groundwater are sequentially degraded electrochemically as the groundwater flows through the grid work by applying sufficient voltage across the plurality of oppositely charged rods to effect the electrochemical degradation.
According to another aspect of the invention, the rods of the ground work are spaced apart a distance which develops for a given applied voltage sufficient electrical charged between ad~acent rods to effect the electrochemical degradation of the contaminants.
BRI~F DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Preferred embodiments of thQ invention are shown in the drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 is a section of a flow through reactor used in investigating the electrochemical oxidation of phenol;
Figure 2 is a plot of the phenol degradation by electrochemical action; and Figure 3 is a plot of the trichloroethylene degradation by electrochemical action.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
By way of in-situ groundwater treatment, using electrochemical methods, significant reductions in organic contaminants can be achieved by implanting the grid work of electrodes in ground aquafiers. The grid work is established by the sequential serial lacation of positive and negative electrodes, such that the flow of water through the aquifier is across the grid work of oppositely charged electrodes. Hence, a sequential electrochemical and/or oxidation of organic contaminants is achieved. For example, in the electro chemical reduction of phenols, benzoquinone and maleic acid, the benzoquinone and maleic acid are further electrochemically oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, which can be accomplished seguentially as the groundwaters containing the organic contaminants flow through the grid work of oppositely charged electrodes.
It has also been established that electroreduction of trichloroethylene, another common groundwater contaminant can be achieved.
A flow through reactor shown in Figure 1 was provided to investigate the electro-oxidation of phenols. The reactor can be operated in either a down-flow or up-flow mode. In the up-flow mode, a pump i8 used to force the flow of liquid through the system.
The reactor 10 as shown in Figure 1, consists of a cylindrical housing 12 and end caps 14 and 16. An effluent/in~luent port 18 is provided at the base of the reactor extending through the end cap 16. In the upper region of the reactor is a constant head port 20 which provides constant level o~ liquid in the reactor.
Material may be introduced in the over-flow and/or inlet port 22, depending upon the direction of flow desired.
The reactor comprise~ a media of crushed graphite 24, which is in contact with a graphite electrode 26.
The electrode 26 i8 electrically connected, so as to be positively charged. The anode 28 is negatively charged by electrical lead 30 extending outwardly of the end cap 14. The carbon i8 contained in the reactor by way of perforated plate 32, which allows the liquid to flow through the carbon bed 24 in either direction.
Furthermore, it is appreciated that the electrodes 26 and 28 can be charged in an opposite manner so that electrode 28 becomes the cathode in electrochemical reduction, rather than oxidation.
The bed of graphite may be formed from electrochemical grade graphite blocks. The blocks are crushed in a mechanical jaw crusher to achieve a textural range of .5mm to 2mm in diameter with a median particle diameter of 1 cm. The granular graphite is packed between two 100 mesh stainless steel disks, and confined in place between the plexiglass~plate 34 and the upper perforated plexiglass 32. The bed height may be varied up to a maximum of reactor height of approximately 29 cm. The diameter of the reactor is approximately 14 cm. The stainless steel disks are indicated as such at 36 and 38. The crushed graphite was chosen in view of it being relatively inexpensive, and possessing good electrochemical properties. The graphite when crushed is ideal in providing a flow-through reactor, because the granular graphite increases the effect of the electrode surface area. For purposes of phenol oxidation, the organics are oxidized directly by electron transfer, and/or by reaction with the surface oxides that are produced in a charged transfer step from the constituents in the solution. A
source of DC voltage was used, and operated at approximately 4 volts with a measured direct current in the range of 1-4 amps.
An alternative system which was used to establish electrochemical degradation of organics, is a system which simulates porous ground media common to an aquifier. Quartz sand of uniform texture was loaded 3S into a container of approximately 4 litres in volume.
The quartz sand is inert with respect to ionic exchange and/or absorption reactions. The sand was saturated with a model waste water, and optionally recycled with a pump. Electrodes were implanted in the sand, which were ,~
oppositely charged. The preferred type of electrodes are those made of titanium due to its resistance to oxidation.
Phenol solutions were passed through the reactor of Figure 1. The concentration of phenol in the effluent was measured by Chem Metrics3calorimetric test kit.
Further analyses was by Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyses. The TOC analyses was performed in a Beckman~
915A Analyzer, which has separate organic and inorganic channels. Analyses were also conducted on a gas chromatograph Varia~ 3700, fitted with a 0.1% SP1000 on a Carbopac~ C column and flame ionization detection.
With reference to the following Table 1, reaction conditions of four continuous flow through runs are quantified.
Run Feed Volume(L) 4.0 8.0 1 8.0 Initial Phenol(mg/L)122.5 122.5 440 1750.0 pH 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 Temperature () 24 25 25 25 Flow rate (ML/min)200 200 25 100 Measured Potential(V-DC) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Measured Current(Amp) 1.3 1.3 1.4 3.5 Duration (Min) 40 80 40 2 hrs Effluent Content (Phenol) mg/L (a) 88.0 93.0 246.0 625.0 (b) 92.0 87.5 238.0 650.0 (c) 90.5 90.5 225.0 575.0 (d) 89.5 91.0 215.0 600.0 Percent 27.3 26.6 57.0 65 Concentration reduction The effluent was sampled at four different intervals as indicated by a, b, c and d. This information provided a better approximation of overall efficiency of the unit depending on the various parameters noted.
~. ' Additional runs similar to that outlined in Table 1 were conducted, the results of which are shown in Figure 2. Runs number 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were analyzed on the basis of Chem Metrics colometric test system.
Run 3 was analyzed on the basis of Total organic Carbon reduction. Run 2 was conducted on the basis of filling the reactor with sand rather than crushed carbon. The greater than 90% oxidation demonstrates the effectiveness in sandy soils.
The tests in the porous crushed carbon med~a were conducted using trichloroethylene water contaminant.
The results are shown in Figure 3 as indicated by percent reduction in trichloroethylene, based on gas chromatograph analysis, and also based on total organic carbon analysis.
The results clearly indicate that substantial reductions in organic chemical content in water can be achieved by electrochemical methods. Up to 93~
reduction in phenol concentration can be achieved in 36 hours using a 12 volt DC 6 amps power supply.
Similarly, significant reductions in trichloroethylene are achieved by electroreductive dehalogenation.
Contaminated groundwater containing organics such as phenol or trichloroethylene can therefore be treated by electrochemical methods. By way of implanting, a multiple electrode array can be set up such that in knowing the direction of flow of groundwater through the aquifier, the groundwater can pass through sequentially positively and negatively charged electrodes. In so doing, the organics are degraded principally to carbon dioxide.
Although preferred embodiments of the invention are shown herein in detail, it will be understood by skilled in the art that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.
OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to destruction of organic contaminants in groundwater systems by way of electrochemical action.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The electrochemical oxidation-reduction of various organic water contaminants, has been investigated. Such work has been directed primarily at the treatment of waste water effluent in a variety of flow-through reactor designs. Usually a bed of electrically chargeable material forms an electrode in the reactor, to establish the necessary redox conditions for the electrochemical degradation of the contaminant.
Sharifian, H. and Kirk, D. (1985) Electrochemical Oxidation of Phenol, J. Electrochem._Soc. 133, 921, discloses the electrochemical oxidation of phenol in a flow through reactor having a packed bed of lead oxide pellets. It was found that in this system, the electrochemical oxidation of phenol produced hydroguinone, benzoquinone and other products including carbon dioxide. It was also found that the intermediate produqts were further electrochemically degraded to simpler carbon containing compounds with further production of carbon dioxide gas. de Sucre, D.
Watkinson, A.(1981) "Anodic oxidation of phenol for waste water treatment", Can. ~our. Chem. Eng. 59:52, also addressed the flow through reactor design for degradation of phenols. The system provides for the removal of phenols from waste water effluent. The system entails the use of a lead oxide anode in the reactor.
It is also appreciated that electrical fields may be used to remove matal ion contaminants from water systems as disclosed in Runnells, D. and Larson, J.
(1986) "A laboratory study of electromigration as a possible field technigue for removal of contaminants from ground water", Groundwater Monitor. Rev. 6:85. The $
investigations were directed to the electromigration of copper contaminated solution. It was found that by properly positioned electrodes, cspper ions readily migrated to the cathode for recovery and removal from the water system. It is suggested in this reference that a grid of electrodes may be implanted in the ground to achieve by electro-osmosis the removal of metal ion contaminants in groundwater systems. However, no thought has been given as to whether or not such a system could be similarly used to achieve the electro chemical oxidation-reduction of organic contaminants in groundwater systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to an aspect of this invention, a process for electrochemically degrading organic contaminants in groundwater comprises applying a voltage to a ground aquifier through a grid work of a plurality of spaced apart oppositely charged positive and negative rods which are embedded in the ground. Organic contaminants in the groundwater are sequentially degraded electrochemically as the groundwater flows through the grid work by applying sufficient voltage across the plurality of oppositely charged rods to effect the electrochemical degradation.
According to another aspect of the invention, the rods of the ground work are spaced apart a distance which develops for a given applied voltage sufficient electrical charged between ad~acent rods to effect the electrochemical degradation of the contaminants.
BRI~F DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Preferred embodiments of thQ invention are shown in the drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 is a section of a flow through reactor used in investigating the electrochemical oxidation of phenol;
Figure 2 is a plot of the phenol degradation by electrochemical action; and Figure 3 is a plot of the trichloroethylene degradation by electrochemical action.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
By way of in-situ groundwater treatment, using electrochemical methods, significant reductions in organic contaminants can be achieved by implanting the grid work of electrodes in ground aquafiers. The grid work is established by the sequential serial lacation of positive and negative electrodes, such that the flow of water through the aquifier is across the grid work of oppositely charged electrodes. Hence, a sequential electrochemical and/or oxidation of organic contaminants is achieved. For example, in the electro chemical reduction of phenols, benzoquinone and maleic acid, the benzoquinone and maleic acid are further electrochemically oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, which can be accomplished seguentially as the groundwaters containing the organic contaminants flow through the grid work of oppositely charged electrodes.
It has also been established that electroreduction of trichloroethylene, another common groundwater contaminant can be achieved.
A flow through reactor shown in Figure 1 was provided to investigate the electro-oxidation of phenols. The reactor can be operated in either a down-flow or up-flow mode. In the up-flow mode, a pump i8 used to force the flow of liquid through the system.
The reactor 10 as shown in Figure 1, consists of a cylindrical housing 12 and end caps 14 and 16. An effluent/in~luent port 18 is provided at the base of the reactor extending through the end cap 16. In the upper region of the reactor is a constant head port 20 which provides constant level o~ liquid in the reactor.
Material may be introduced in the over-flow and/or inlet port 22, depending upon the direction of flow desired.
The reactor comprise~ a media of crushed graphite 24, which is in contact with a graphite electrode 26.
The electrode 26 i8 electrically connected, so as to be positively charged. The anode 28 is negatively charged by electrical lead 30 extending outwardly of the end cap 14. The carbon i8 contained in the reactor by way of perforated plate 32, which allows the liquid to flow through the carbon bed 24 in either direction.
Furthermore, it is appreciated that the electrodes 26 and 28 can be charged in an opposite manner so that electrode 28 becomes the cathode in electrochemical reduction, rather than oxidation.
The bed of graphite may be formed from electrochemical grade graphite blocks. The blocks are crushed in a mechanical jaw crusher to achieve a textural range of .5mm to 2mm in diameter with a median particle diameter of 1 cm. The granular graphite is packed between two 100 mesh stainless steel disks, and confined in place between the plexiglass~plate 34 and the upper perforated plexiglass 32. The bed height may be varied up to a maximum of reactor height of approximately 29 cm. The diameter of the reactor is approximately 14 cm. The stainless steel disks are indicated as such at 36 and 38. The crushed graphite was chosen in view of it being relatively inexpensive, and possessing good electrochemical properties. The graphite when crushed is ideal in providing a flow-through reactor, because the granular graphite increases the effect of the electrode surface area. For purposes of phenol oxidation, the organics are oxidized directly by electron transfer, and/or by reaction with the surface oxides that are produced in a charged transfer step from the constituents in the solution. A
source of DC voltage was used, and operated at approximately 4 volts with a measured direct current in the range of 1-4 amps.
An alternative system which was used to establish electrochemical degradation of organics, is a system which simulates porous ground media common to an aquifier. Quartz sand of uniform texture was loaded 3S into a container of approximately 4 litres in volume.
The quartz sand is inert with respect to ionic exchange and/or absorption reactions. The sand was saturated with a model waste water, and optionally recycled with a pump. Electrodes were implanted in the sand, which were ,~
oppositely charged. The preferred type of electrodes are those made of titanium due to its resistance to oxidation.
Phenol solutions were passed through the reactor of Figure 1. The concentration of phenol in the effluent was measured by Chem Metrics3calorimetric test kit.
Further analyses was by Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyses. The TOC analyses was performed in a Beckman~
915A Analyzer, which has separate organic and inorganic channels. Analyses were also conducted on a gas chromatograph Varia~ 3700, fitted with a 0.1% SP1000 on a Carbopac~ C column and flame ionization detection.
With reference to the following Table 1, reaction conditions of four continuous flow through runs are quantified.
Run Feed Volume(L) 4.0 8.0 1 8.0 Initial Phenol(mg/L)122.5 122.5 440 1750.0 pH 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 Temperature () 24 25 25 25 Flow rate (ML/min)200 200 25 100 Measured Potential(V-DC) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Measured Current(Amp) 1.3 1.3 1.4 3.5 Duration (Min) 40 80 40 2 hrs Effluent Content (Phenol) mg/L (a) 88.0 93.0 246.0 625.0 (b) 92.0 87.5 238.0 650.0 (c) 90.5 90.5 225.0 575.0 (d) 89.5 91.0 215.0 600.0 Percent 27.3 26.6 57.0 65 Concentration reduction The effluent was sampled at four different intervals as indicated by a, b, c and d. This information provided a better approximation of overall efficiency of the unit depending on the various parameters noted.
~. ' Additional runs similar to that outlined in Table 1 were conducted, the results of which are shown in Figure 2. Runs number 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were analyzed on the basis of Chem Metrics colometric test system.
Run 3 was analyzed on the basis of Total organic Carbon reduction. Run 2 was conducted on the basis of filling the reactor with sand rather than crushed carbon. The greater than 90% oxidation demonstrates the effectiveness in sandy soils.
The tests in the porous crushed carbon med~a were conducted using trichloroethylene water contaminant.
The results are shown in Figure 3 as indicated by percent reduction in trichloroethylene, based on gas chromatograph analysis, and also based on total organic carbon analysis.
The results clearly indicate that substantial reductions in organic chemical content in water can be achieved by electrochemical methods. Up to 93~
reduction in phenol concentration can be achieved in 36 hours using a 12 volt DC 6 amps power supply.
Similarly, significant reductions in trichloroethylene are achieved by electroreductive dehalogenation.
Contaminated groundwater containing organics such as phenol or trichloroethylene can therefore be treated by electrochemical methods. By way of implanting, a multiple electrode array can be set up such that in knowing the direction of flow of groundwater through the aquifier, the groundwater can pass through sequentially positively and negatively charged electrodes. In so doing, the organics are degraded principally to carbon dioxide.
Although preferred embodiments of the invention are shown herein in detail, it will be understood by skilled in the art that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. A process for electrochemically degrading organic contaminants in groundwater, said process comprising applying a voltage to a ground aquafier through a grid work of a plurality of spaced-apart oppositely charged positive and negative rods which are embedded in the ground, organic contaminants in the groundwater are sequentially degraded electrochemically as the groundwater flows through the grid work by applying sufficient voltage across said plurality of oppositely charged rods to effect said electrochemical degradation.
2. A process of claim 1, wherein said plurality of rods are embedded in the ground in a serial sequential array, adjacent spaced-apart rods being oppositely charged.
3. A process of claim 1, wherein sufficient voltage is applied to oppositely charged rods to degrade electrochemically contaminants selected from the group consisting of phenol, benzoquinone, maleic acid, trichloroethylene and mixtures thereof.
4. A process of claim 1, wherein said rods are embedded in sand through which said groundwaters flow.
5. A process of claim 2, wherein said rods are spaced-apart a distance which develops for a given applied voltage sufficient electrical charge between adjacent rods to effect said electrochemical degradation of said contaminants.
6. A process for electrochemically degrading aliphatics in groundwater or waste water, said process comprising applying a voltage to a ground aquafier through a grid work of a plurality of spaced-apart oppositely charged positive and negative rods which are embedded in the ground, whereby aliphatics in the groundwater or waste water are sequentially degraded electrochemically as the groundwater or waste water flows through the grid work by applying sufficient voltage across said plurality of oppositely charged rods to effect said electrochemical degradation.
7. A process of claim 6 wherein said electrochemical degradation of aliphatics is achieved by electro-reductive dehalogenation.
8. A process of claim 7 wherein said aliphatics comprise trichloroethylene.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8700331 | 1987-01-08 | ||
| GB8700331A GB2202862B (en) | 1987-01-08 | 1987-01-08 | Enhanced in-situ electro-reduction-oxidation of organic contaminants in groundwater systems |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1327767C true CA1327767C (en) | 1994-03-15 |
Family
ID=10610400
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000555950A Expired - Fee Related CA1327767C (en) | 1987-01-08 | 1988-01-06 | Enhanced in-situ electrochemical degradation of organic contaminants in groundwater systems |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1327767C (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2202862B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4421043A1 (en) | 2023-02-23 | 2024-08-28 | Univerza v Mariboru | A hybrid electrochemical filtration cell for water treatment and a process for water treatment using said cell |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5326439A (en) * | 1993-02-24 | 1994-07-05 | Andco Environmental Processes, Inc. | In-situ chromate reduction and heavy metal immobilization |
| CA2098511C (en) * | 1993-06-16 | 2001-07-31 | Ward Chesworth | In-situ treatment system for inhibiting the formation of, and for alleviating, acidity in water |
| GB9927716D0 (en) | 1999-11-24 | 2000-01-19 | Enpar Technologies Inc | Electrochemical cover for inhibiting diffusion / filteration of oxygen into reactive suplhide materials |
-
1987
- 1987-01-08 GB GB8700331A patent/GB2202862B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1988
- 1988-01-06 CA CA000555950A patent/CA1327767C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4421043A1 (en) | 2023-02-23 | 2024-08-28 | Univerza v Mariboru | A hybrid electrochemical filtration cell for water treatment and a process for water treatment using said cell |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8700331D0 (en) | 1987-02-11 |
| GB2202862A (en) | 1988-10-05 |
| GB2202862B (en) | 1990-10-17 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US4004994A (en) | Electrochemical removal of contaminants | |
| Kim et al. | Evaluation of electrokinetic remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils | |
| Komtchou et al. | Removal of carbamazepine from spiked municipal wastewater using electro-Fenton process | |
| US5846393A (en) | Electrochemically-aided biodigestion of organic materials | |
| Klidi et al. | Electrochemical oxidation of crystal violet using a BDD anode with a solid polymer electrolyte | |
| US5108563A (en) | Process for treatment of water and apparatus therefor | |
| Chiang et al. | Electrochemical oxidation process for the treatment of coke‐plant wastewater | |
| US5738778A (en) | Method related to the sterilization of microorganisms and/or to the mineralization of organic substances including microbic metabolites in a ground region and in the ground water by means of electric current | |
| JP4658421B2 (en) | electrode | |
| JPH0813177A (en) | Method of destroying organic solute present in aqueous solution | |
| Souza et al. | Removal of chlorsulfuron and 2, 4-D from spiked soil using reversible electrokinetic adsorption barriers | |
| CN110976507A (en) | Electric field assisted adsorption extraction method for in-situ remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil | |
| Hayes et al. | Electrolytic stimulation of denitrification in sand columns | |
| Adhami et al. | Phenanthrene removal from the contaminated soil using the electrokinetic-Fenton method and persulfate as an oxidizing agent | |
| Chiang et al. | Electrochemical treatability of refractory pollutants in landfill leachate | |
| Beyrami | Effect of different treatments on electrokinetic remediation of Zn, Pb and Cd from a contaminated calcareous soil | |
| CA1327767C (en) | Enhanced in-situ electrochemical degradation of organic contaminants in groundwater systems | |
| Sanjay et al. | Electroremediation of Cr (VI) contaminated soils: kinetics and energy efficiency | |
| JP2003126860A (en) | Method and apparatus for treatment of waste liquid or waste water | |
| Fallahpour et al. | Hydrodechlorination of TCE in a circulated electrolytic column at high flow rate | |
| EP0494861B1 (en) | Process for treatment of water and apparatus therefor | |
| Li et al. | Removal of Cu (II) and Cr (III) from naturally contaminated loam by electromigration | |
| WO1996041689A2 (en) | Electrochemically-aided biodigestion of organic materials | |
| US6280601B1 (en) | Electrolytic method for sterilization of microorganisms and/or mineralization of organic and/or inorganic substances in ground soil | |
| Bongay et al. | Electroremediation of Cu-contaminated soil |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKLA | Lapsed |