CA1326891C

CA1326891C - Hydrocarbon sensor

Info

Publication number: CA1326891C
Application number: CA000514348A
Authority: CA
Inventors: John Lahlouh; Ray F. Stewart; Robert S. Wasley; Paul D. Hauptly; Larry M. Welsh
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: TE Connectivity Corp
Priority date: 1985-10-15
Filing date: 1986-07-22
Publication date: 1994-02-08
Anticipated expiration: 2011-02-08

Abstract

HYDROCARBON SENSOR

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

Devices for detecting and obtaining information about an event, for example the presence of an organic liquid, which comprise (1) a swellable member which swells upon occurrence of the event and (2) a restraining member which, when the swellable member swells, restricts movement of the swellable member and thus causes the impedance of the device to change. In a preferred embodiment, the device comprises two elongate conductors helically wrapped around a support core, and separated and covered by an apertured insu-lating braid; a swellable, conductive polymer member surrounding the braid, and an insulating restraining member surrounding the swellable member. Occurrence of an event causes the swellable member to swell through the apertured member and form a conductive bridge between the conductors.

Description

1 3268q 1 BACK(;ROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to devices for detecting and obtaining information about an event.

A number of methods have been used (or proposed for use) to detect changes in variables, e.g. the presence of a liquid, the attainment of a predetermined temperature or pressure, the presence or absence of light or another form of electromagnetic radiation, or a change in the physical posi-tion of a movable member, e.g. a valve in a chemical process plant or a window in a building fitted with a burglar alarm system. Changes of this kind are referred to in this speci-fication by the generic term "event~. Such detection methods are for example highly desirable to detect leaks from pipe lines, for example pipe lines carrying hydrocar-bon liquids, leak~ from steam lines into thermal insulation surrounding such lines, and leak~ from tanks and pipes con-taining corrosive or noxious chemicals. Reference may be made for example to U.S. patent~ Nos. 4,570,477, 3,564,526, 3,470,340 and 2,691,134, U.K. Patent 1,355,176, and European Patent Application Publication Nos. 013374~, 0144211, 0160440, 0160441 and 0164838.
However, the known devices do not give satisfactory results in the detection of non-conductive liquids, eg.
fuels and hydrocarbon solvents, particularly when detection at any point along an elongate path is required, or when detection is required in the presence of water, or when the sensor must operate after expo-sure to air for an extended time, either in storage or~n use.

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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to improved devices which are suitable for use in detecting an event and which comprise (1) a swellable member which swells upon occurrence of an event and (2) a restraining member which, when the swellable member swells upon occurrence of the event, substantially restricts movement of the swellable (now swollen) member in one direction so that movement of the swellable member in another direction causes the electrical impedance of the device to change. In most cases, the swelling of the swellable member will cause a decrease in impedance, eg.
resistance or capacitance, and preferably will effect an electrical connection which reduces the resistance of the device from infinity to some low value, which may be sub~tantially zero. The swellable member can itself be conductive, being composed for example of a conductive polymer, or it can be an insulator which drives two or more conductors closer toegther or into phy~ical contact. When the swellable member is itself conductive, preferably connection is made through a part of the member which is not swollen, since swelling can substantially increase resistivity. The swelling of the swellable member can create, or break, or change, an electrical connection between two conductive members. The swellable member itself can be one of tho~e conductive members. The invention is par-ticularly useful for the detection of fluids, i.e.
gases and liquids, especially organic liquids, eg.
hydrocarbons, which are absorbed by, or undergo some other physical and/or chemical reaction with the swellable member and cause it to swell; preferably the ~ 1326891 swelling i3 reversible. For this purpose, the restraining member preferably comprises apertures which provide a path, preferably the sole path, for the fluid to contact the swellable member.

In a first aspect of the invention, the device comprises, in addition to the swellable member and the restraining member, first and second conductive members which, in the absence of an event, are electrically insulated from each other, and a separator which has apertures pa~sing therethrough; and the swellable member, when it swells upon occurrence of the event, causes an electrical path to be formed between the conductive members, through the apertures of the separator.

In a second aspect of the invention, the device comprises, in addition to the swellable member and the restraining member, first and second conductive members which, in the absence of an event, are electrically insulated from each other; and at least a part of the swellable member is conductive and, when swollen, makes an electrical connection between the first and second conductive members. The swellable member can comprise a single part which is both swellable and conductive, ~though as noted above, preferably only part of such a member i8 actually swollen in use), or it can comprise a first part which is conductive but not necessarily swellable and a second part which is swellable but not necessarily conductive. The electrical connection bet-ween the first and second conductive members can be of infinite or finite impedance in the absence of the event, and can be changed to a finite (including .
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substantially zero) impedance by occurrence of the event.

In a third aspect, the present invention provides an apparatu~ for determining the presence and the loca-tion of an event comprising a device according to the first or second aspect of the present invention in which the first and second conductive members are elongate, and form part of an electrical circuit which measure the position along at least one of the conduc-tive member~ at which the electrical path between them is formed.

In a fourth aspect of the invention, the device comprises a support, which is preferably of uniform cross-~ection, particularly circular cross-section, along it~ length; a first conductive member which is wrapped around the support;.an insulating spacer member which is wrapped around the support and projects out-wardly from the support a greater distance than theconductive member; a second conductive member which is hollow and ~urrounds the ~upport, ~pacer and fir~t con-ductive member and is ~paced apart from the first con-ductive member in the absence of an event; a swellable member which is also the second conductive member or which surround~ the conductive member; and a restraining member which surrounds the swellable member.

Particularly u~eful material~ for the conductive parts of the devices of the invention include conduc-tive polymers (ie. polymeric materials which contain a sufficient amount of a particulate conductive filler to " , . . -. . ~ : . . . -render them conductive). In a fifth aspect of the invention, the device comprises, in addition to a con-ductive swellable member and the restraining member, another conductive member to which the swellable member becomes electrically connected on occurrence of an event, and at least one of the swellable member and the other conductive member comprises a conductive polymer.
In a sixth aspect of the învention, the device comprises, in addition to the swellable member and the restraining member, first and second conductive members which become electrically connected to each other on occurrence of an event, and at least one of the first and second members and the swellable member comprises a conductive polymer.
In a seventh aspect of the invention, the device comprises an apertured restraining member which comprises a plurality of filamentous members which define a plurality of apertures through which a fluid to be detected must pass in order to contact the swellable member. The filamentous member~ are pre-ferably interlaced, particularly braided, around the swellable member. The size and freguency of the aper-tures in such a restraining member have a substantial effect on the operating characteristics of the device, and it is preferred that the ratio of the total area of the surface of the swellable member which is contacted by the filamentous members to the area of said surface which is not covered by the filamentous members, ie.
the area of the surface which is exposed to the eye B when the surface is viewed at right anqles, is at least 1.5, more preferably at least 2~S, particularly at least S.0, especially at least 6Ø

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, When an apertured restraining member is used, as is preferred, the chemical nature of the exposed surfaces of the restraining member can have an important effect on the way in which the device behaves when exposed not only to the fluid(s) to be detected but also to other fluids which do not swell the swellable member. Thus, if such other fluid(s) prevent or retard access of the fluid to be detected to the swellable member, the device will not behave in the desired way. For example, it has been found that if the restraining member i9 a glass fiber braid which substantially covers the swellable member, the device works well for detecting the pre~ence of hydrocarbons in a dry environment, but that if the device is exposed to water before hydrocarbons are present, it~ response time to the presence of hydrocarbons is greatly increased, apparently because water is retained in the apertures of the hydrophilic glass braid and prevents access of the hydrocarbon~s) to the swèllable member.
Accordingly, an eighth aspect of the invention provides a method of monitoring a locus for the presence of a ~irst fluid having a first surface tension in the pre-sence of a second fluid having a second surface tension which is lower than the first surface tension, which process comprises placing in the locus a device which comprises ~l) a swellable member which swells in the pre-sence of the first fluid but not in the pre-30sence of the second fluid, and (2) an apertured restraining member which . ..
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1 3268q 1 (i) comprises a plurality of apertures through which the first fluid must pass in order to contact the swellable member, at least the surface of those parts of the restraining member which define the apertures being composed of a material having a free energy which is less than the second surface tension; and (ii) which, when the swellable member swells in the presence of the first fluid, substantially re~tricts movement of the swellable member in one direction so that movement sf the swellable member in another direction causes the electrical impedance of the device to change.

The term "surface tension" is used herein to denote the specific free surface energy of a liquid, and the term ~free energyn i8 used herein to denote the qpecific free surface energy of a solid.

In a ninth aspect of the invention, the apertures of the restraining member are defined by ~ie. the re~training member is composed of or is coated with) a material having a surface energy of less than 65 x 10-3 joules/meter2, 80 that the presence of water (whose surface tension i3 about 73 x 10-3 joules/meter2) has at most a limited effect on the response time to hydro-carbon~ or other fluids which swell the swellablemember.

When the apertures of the restraining member are defined by a material having a surface energy of at , , ~ , , .
~. ' : ' ' - ` 1 32689 1 least 65 x 10-3 joules/meter2, eg. glass or metal fibers, the effect of water in retarding access to the swellable member can be offset by increasing the size of the apertures in the restraining member. On the other hand, the apertures must not be made too big (whatever the free energy of the material) or the swellable member will swell through the apertures.
Thus when the restraining member is composed o~f a material whose free energy is at least 65 x 10-3 joules/meter2 ~ie.is comparable to or greater than the surface tension of water), the ratio of the total area of the surface of the swellable member whlch is con-tacted by the restraining member to the area of the swellable member which is not covered by the lS restraining member is preferably at most 5.0, par-ticularly 1.5 to 5Ø

Particularly suitable material-~ for the restraining member are organic polymers, for example polymers comprising units derived from at least one olefinically unsaturated monomer, eg. polymers of one or more olefins, eg. polyethylene, polymers of one or more substituted olefins, eg. wholly or partially haloge-nated olefins, eg. poly~vinyl chloride) and poly-~tetrafluoroethylene) copolymer~ of one or more olefinsand one or more substituted olefins; polyesters;
polyamides; and others. The free energy of such poly-mers is preferably less than 40 x 10-3 joules/meter2, particularly less than 35 x 10-3 joules/meter2.
Examples of suitable polymers include poly~trifluoro-chloroethylene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly~hexa-fluoropropylene), poly(trifluoroethylene), which have free energies of 31 x 10-3, 19 x 10-3, 17 x 10-3 and .. , :

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22 x 10-3 joules/meter2, respectively, as well as other fluoropolymers.

The restraining member preferably comprises a plurality of filamentous members which, especially when they are composed of ~or have a surface coating of) a material of relatively high surface energy, eg. above 65 joules/meter2, are preferably in the form of mono filaments so as to reduce wicking of water (or other contaminants) along the restraining member, as is liable to occur with multifilaments. The filamentous members are preferably in overlapping, particularly interlacing, relationship, for example in the form of a woven, knitted or braided fabric, especially in the form of a braid around the swellable member. We have obtained excellent results with a braided restraining member made from mono filaments having a diameter in the range of 5 to 12 mils eg. about 10 mils.

20The choice of material for the swellable member can have an important effect on the operating charac-teristics of the device, particularly its response time, which is generally desired to be short and to remain constant. It has been found that, when using the unsaturated elastomers previously recommended for swelling in the presence of organic solvents, the response time increases substantially with time, espe-cially at elevatèd temperatures, apparently due to har-dening of the polymer. We have obtained improved results through the use of a swellable member which is composed of a substantially saturated elastomeric com-position. A particularly preferred saturated elastomer is a saturated acrylic elastomer ~this term being used .
.:
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. : :

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1 3268~ 1 to denote an elastomeric copolymer comprising units derived from at least one acrylic ester and at least one olefin). A preferred acrylic elastomer is polybu-tyl acrylate; others are polyethylacrylate and ethylene/acrylate copolymers, eg. the product sold by du Pont under the trade ~ffffM~k Vamac. Such acrylic elastomers have been found to give particularly good results in the detection of organic solvents in general, especially common organic solvents such as methylethyl ketone, trichloroethylene, acetone and butyl acetate. Another very useful class of saturated elastomer~ comprises the ethylene propylene rubbers, usually containing less than 60% of ethylene, which have been found to give particularly good results in the detection of hydrocarbons, eg. fuels such as kero-sene, gasoline, heptane and aviation fuel. The term ethylene propylene rubber is used to include such rub-bers which include residues of diene modifiers. Other saturated elastomers include silicone rubbers, chlori-nated and chlorsulphonated polyethylenes, fluorocarbonrubbers, urethane rubbers, and vinyl acetate/ethylene copolymers with high vinyl acetate content. It is often advantageous to cross-link the swellable member in order to increase its modulus, and in another aspect the invention provides devices in which the swellable member is composed of a substantially saturated elasto-meric material comprising a substantially saturated, cross-linked amorphous polymeric component.

Especially when the swellable member is composed of a conductive polymer, it has been found to be advan-tageous to include a crystalline polymeric component, preferably a substantially saturated crystalline paly-. ~ . . , ~ ... . ~ - .

meric component with the amorphou~ component. The crystalline co~ponent can be a separate polymer, pre-ferably one which is compatible with the amorphous polymer ~eg. an ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymer with an acrylic elastomer, or a crystalline ethylene/
propylene copolymer, usually containing at least 604 of ethylene, with an ethylene/propylene rubber), or it can be combined with the elastomeric component in a single polymer, eg. in a thermoplastic elastomer. The amount of the crystalline component is generally 5 to 50~, preferably 10 to 30~, by weight of the polymeric com-ponent. Advantage~ of incorporating a crystalline polymer include:

~1) when a conductive filler, eg. carbon black, is pre~ent, the amount needed to produce a desired conductivity i~ reduced, and the filler i~ more easily incorporated;

~2) reduced melt vi~cosity leading to improved proce~sing characteri8tic8s ~3) the formulation is stiffer and harder, and the device is therefore less likely to be acciden-tially triggered by external pressures and ~4) by varying the amount of crystalline polymer, the swelling behavior of the blend can be changed in a predictable fashion.

The crystalline polymer is preferably one which swells in the presence of the fluid to be detected; the degree of such swelling, however, will be much less than that of the elastomeric component.

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~ 1 32689 1 A preferred embodiment of the invention is an elongate sensor which is suitable for detecting the presence of a fluid and which comprises (1) a first elongate conductive member;

(2) a second elongate conductive member which is spaced apart from the first member;

~3) an elongate swellable member which swells in the presence of the fluid; and (4) an elongate apertured restraining member which (a) comprises a plurality of apertures which are spaced apart along the length of the restraining member and through which, when the sensor is exposed to the fluid, the fluid can pass into contact with the swellable member, and ~b) when the swellable member swells as a re~ult of the presence of the fluid, restrains movement of the swellable member in one direction 80 that movement of the swellable member in another direc-tion substantially changes the impedance between the first and second conductive members.
The term "elongate"is used herein to denote an article which is at least 15 cm long, preferably at least 3Q cm long, and can be much longer, eg. at least 1 meter or at lea3t 50 meters long. The ratio of the length of the elongate sensor to its smallest dimension is pre-ferably at least 10:1, particularly at least 100:1.

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Although various aspects, embodiments and features of the invention have been set out separately above and will be further described below, it will be realized that the invention includes, to the extent appropriate, s the various possible combinations and sub combinations of those aspects, embodiments and features.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 i9 a per~pective view partly cut away, of a first device according to the invention, Figures 2a and 2b are cros~-sectional views through the device of Fig. 1, before and after swelling of the ~wellable member, respectively, Figure 3 is a perspective view, partly cut away, of a second device accordlng to the invention, Pigure 4 is a perspective view, partly cut away, of a third devico according to the invention, Figures 5a and Sb are cross-sectional views through the device of Figure 4, before and after swelling of the swellable member, respectively, Figure 6 is a perspective view of a fourth device according to the invention, Figure 7 is a perspective view, partly cut away, of a fifth device according to the invention, . . ~ : ~ ~ . . ;
.-: , - . - . :

-14- MP1072~F

Figure 8 is a perspective view, partly cut away, of a sixth device according to the invention, and Figure 9 is a perspective view of part of a seventh device according to the invention, and Figure 10 is a schematic circuit diagram, of an electrical circuit incorporating a device according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Devices according to the fourth aspect of the invention comprise first and second conductive members, lS a swellable member, and spacer member. The swellable member may be the same member as the second hollow conductive member, or a separate member. If it is a separate member, it may it~elf be conductive. The second conductive member may act as a conductive bridglng member to bridge the first conductive member to a further conductive member to form an electrical path between the first and further conductive members.
That further conductive member is preferably in the form of an elongate member helically wrapped around the inner support core.

A number of preferred features of device~ according to the fourth aspect of the present invention are now discussed. The spacer member is preferably insulating, at lea~t in part. Preferably at least tho~e parts of the spacer member that are in contact with the first and second conductive member, in use, are insulating.
Especially preferably the entire spacer member is insu-" ~

'' -' ' :

~ 1 32689 1 lating. Preferably the first conductive member is in the form of an elongate member, helically wrapped around, and in contact ~uhIr~t~ with the support core.
The second conductive member is preferably in the form of a cylinder surrounding the inner support core and wrapped first conductive member. Preferably the spacer member also comprise~ an elongate member or members, for example a tubular member or members. The term n tubular n i8 used to include members having a closed cross-section and also members having an open cross-section. The spacer member and first conductive member preferably have a circular cross-section. In this case the spacer member preferably has a larger diameter than that of the first conductive member. Preferably the elongate spacer and conductive members are helically wrapped around the inner support core. Preferably the elongate spacer and conductive members are helically wrapped parallel to each other. Preferably one or more elongate spacer members are wrapped between each con-ductive member, preferably in a uniform arrangement.In a particularly preferred device the device addi-tionally comprises an insulating filler member or mem-bers. Preferably the filler members are elongate, and the conductive, spacer and filler elongate members are braided together around the inner support core.
Preferably the filler members are circular in cross-section and have a diameter smaller than the diameter of the elongate spacer members, especially preferably smaller than the diameter of both the spacer and the conductive elongate members. Preferably the braiding is carried out 80 that the filler member or members does not pas~ between the conductive member and the inner support core. This means that the conductive . ~ ., .

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` 1 32689 1 wire is always in contact with the inner support core.
Such a structure can readily be prepared by a modified braiding operation in which the members which would normally pass underneath the conductive member or mem-bers are omitted. The inner support core is preferablycylindrical.

In the devices according to the fourth aspect of the invention, the spacer spaces the first and second conductive members. As described above, in one preferred embodiment the spacer member and the first conductive member are elongate members wrapped around an inner support core, and the second conductive member is a hollow tubular member positioned therearound. In this preferred embodiment the inner surface of the con-ductive member i8 in contact with the spacer member and i9 therefore spaced from the inner wrapped first con-ductive elongate member by the larger spacer member.
The separation between the first and second conductive members corresponds to the difference in the diameter~
of the wrapped spacer member and the wrapped, smaller conductive member ~for members of circular cross-section). In a particularly preferred embodiment, described above, elongate filler members are also included, bralded with the other elongate members. The filler members pass between the elongate spacer members and the inner support core, at least at some points.
Thus the maximum separation of the conductive members corresponds to the difference between ~1) the sum of the diameters of the filler and spacer members, and .: , .
., , ' ., ~,,. . . - ,' ,~. . ' - -, ........... : -,: . ~ . .. . .
.. . . . . . -(2) the diameter of the wrapped conductive member.

The minimum separation between the first and second conductive members corresponds to the difference in the diameters of the elongate spacer member and the wrapped conductive member. Preferably the elongate filler mem-bers have a small diameter relative to the other mem-bers so that the difference is the maximum and minimum separation of the conductive members is small. Typical size ranges for the wires of devices according to the fourth aspect of the invention are as follows:

Preferred Diameter Range in Mil 1) Inner support core 73 to 83 esp 78 2) Wrapped conductive member (wire) 27 to 37 esp 32 3) Wrapped spacer wire 30 to 55 esp 35 (larger than wire (2)) 4) Wrapped filler wire S to 15 esp 10 With devices according to the fourth aspect of the invention the minimum separation of the conductive mem-bers is advantageously determined by the spacer. A
large minimum separation i8 desirable to avoid acciden-tal contact of the conductive members. If the separa-tion is small, such accidental contact might be caused, for example, by an external pressure on the device. A
small minimum separation is desirable in applications where rapid contact between the conductive members i~
desired in response to swelling of the swellable member. For a rapid response the minimum separation of the conductive member~ is preferably less than 10 mils, .

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~,, " , ' , more preferably less than 5 mils, especially preferably less than 3 mils. Thus the relative sizes of the wires of the device are chosen according to the application.

Where the spacer comprises a helically wrapped elongate member it may be considered to be an apertured separator.

A number of preferred features are now discu~sed.
Unless otherwise specified, these are applicable to devices according to all aspects of the pre~ent invention.

In one preferred device a separator i9 provided, positioned to separate the swellable member from the first and ~econd conductive members, which are them-selve~ electrically ~eparated from each other. The swellable member comprises a conductive material, preferably a conductive polymer, which swells through the aperture~ of the separator into contact with both the first and the second conductive members, to bridge the conductive members, thereby providing an electrical path, therebetween.

In another preferred device, an additional member, a conductive bridging member, is provided. The apertured separator i3 positioned to separate the conductive bridging member from the first and second conductive member~, which are themselves electrically separated from each other. Swelling of the swellable member urges the third conductive member through the apertured ~eparator into electrical contact with the fir~t and second conductive member~, bridging the member3 and forming an electrical path therebetween.

. . . . . . .
.... , . ~ . , ~ . . . .
-The conductive bridging member may be positioned bet-ween the swellable member and the first and second conductive members, in which case the members may be arran~ed in the following sequential order: first and second conductive members, apertured separator, bridging member, swellable member. Alternatively, the conductive bridging member may be arranged on the same side of the swellable member and the first and second conductive members, in which case the members may be arranged in the following sequential order: bridging member, separator, first and second conductive members, swellable member.

In a further preferred device in which a separator 5 i8 provided, the separator separates the first and second conductive members from each other, and swelling of the swellable member~ urges the conductors into B contact with each other, through the ~ member to provide the electrical path therebetween. In such devices there ls direct contact between the fir8t and 8econd conductors and no additional bridging conductive member is required.

In a further preferred device according to the invention the swellable member is conductive and is the same member as one of the first and second conductive members. In the device, the separator is preferably positioned to separate the conductive swellable member from the other of the first and second conductive members. The ~wellable member, which preferably comprises a conductive polymer material, swells upon occurrence of an event through the apertures of the separator into contact with the other of the first and ~ . , - . .
~. '' , '~, ~
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1 3268ql second conductive members, whereby an electrical path is formed between the swellable conductive member and the other of the first and second conductive members.

In devices according to the invention which include an apertured separator, a member ~which may be the swellable member itself, a conductive bridging member, or one of the first and second conductive members depending on the embodiment of device chosen), is urged through the apertured separator on swelling of the swellable member. In order that the member can pass through the separator it must have a sufficiently low modulus of elasticity. Preferably the member has a modulus of elasticity in the range 5x105 to Sx101 dynes/cm2, particularly in the range 1x108 to 5xlO9 dynes/cm2, measured at 29C at a frequency of 1 Radian per second.

The first and second conductive members are preferably elongate. The members may be arranged, for example, substantially parallel to each other in a substantially straight line, or may be helically wrapped around a central elongate support core, the members providing alternate turns of the helix. In each case the conductive members are preferably spaced from each other substantially uniformly along their length. Preferably the elongate conductive members are used in combination with a swellable member which extends along the length of the conductive members, or along the length of the support core in the case of helically wrapped conductive members. Such an arrange-ment has the advantage that swelling of the swellable member at any point along its length can result in an electrical path being formed between the first and second conductive members. Thus the device can be used for detection of an event along a continuous path.
Preferably the devices are provided in ~effective lengths n, that is in lengths that can be uQed to detect an event at any point therealong, of at least 30 cm, particularly at least 1500 cm, especially at least 30,000 cm, more especially at least 90,000 cm.

In devices according to the invention a number of the members may comprise conductive materials. The swellable material may be conductive, a conductive bridging member may be incorporated, and the first and second conductive member3 are conductive. Any suitable conductive material may be u~ed for these memberQ.
Preferably, at lea~t the swellable material ~where it is conductive) or the bridging member ~where it i~
present) compri~es a conductive polymer. A conductive polymer is a mixture of a conductive filler and an organic polymer ~this term being used to include polysiloxane~?, the filler being dispersed in, or otherwi~e held together by, the organic polymer. Any suitable conductive filler may be used, for example, carbon black, graphite, or metal particles or a mixture thereof. Document~ describing conductive polymer ~om-po~itions and device~ comprising them include U.S.
Patent Nos. 2,952,761; 2,978,665; 3,243,753;
3,351,882; 3,571,777; 3,757,086; 3,793,716; 3,823,217;
3,858,144; 3,861,029; 3,950,604; 4,017,715; 4,072,848;
4,085,286; 4,117,312; 4,177,376; 4,177,446; 4,188,276;
4,237,441; 4,242,573; 4,246,468; 4,250,400; 4,252,692, 4,255,698, 4,271,350, 4,272,471, 4,304,987, 4,309,596, 4,309,597, 4,314,230, 4,314,231, 4,315,237, 4,317,027, .
, - . , :, ~ . - , . ' :. , , -" 1 3268~1 4,318,881, 4,327,351, 4,330,704, 4,334,351, 4,352,083, 4,361,799, 4,388,607, 4,398,084, 4,413,301, 4,425,397, 4,426,339, 4,426,633, 4,427,877, 4,435,639, 4,429,216, 4,442,139, 4,459,473, 4,473,450, 4,481,498, 4,502,929, 4,514,620, 4,517,449, 4,529,866, 4,534,889, and 4,560,498; J. Applied Polymer Science 19, 813-815 (1975), Klason and Kubat; Polymer Engineering and Science 18, 649-653 (1978), Narkis et al; and European Application Nos. 38,713, 38,714, 38,718; 74,281, 92,406, 119,807, 134,145, 133,748, 144,187, 158,410, 175,550 and 176,284.

Where the swellable material is itself conductive, and on swelling connects the first and second conduc-lS tive members, it is selected from a material and/or the device is arranged so that the electrical connection is made through material which remains conductive after the Ywellable member has swollen to the extent necessary to trigger the device. When a conductive polymer swells, the conductive particles therein become further separated and thus the resistivity of the polymer increases. Hence where a conductive polymer is used, this must be taken into account. The resistivity of the conductive polymer before swelling is preferably in the range 0.1 to 20,000 ohm.cm, particularly 1 to 1,000 ohm.cm, especially 1 to 250 ohm.cm.

Addition of a conductive filler to a polymer typically increases the modulus of elasticity of the polymer. Thus where a swellable conductive polymer is to be used in combination with an apert-lred separator and on swelling of the swellable member is urged through that separator, this must be taken into .... .

~ 1 32689 1 account. In order to have both a preferred resistivity and a preferred modulus of elasticity the conductive polymer preferably contains from S to 35 volume ~ of a conductive filler, for example carbon black.

Any suitable material may be used for the swellable member. Preferably a polymeric material is used. As examples of materials that may be used there may be mentioned styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers, styrene-butadiene elastomers, natural rubber, isoprene rubber and nitrile rubber. The selection of the swellable material depends on the event to be detected.
Thus where the device is to be used to detect the presence of a particular fluid, for example a parti-cular liguid, a material must be selected which willswell in that liquid, but not in any other liquid which might also be present. The physics of liquid/polymer swelling interaction, and of the swelling of polymers sub~ected to other events are well known, and those skilled in the art will have no difficulty, having regard to their own knowledge and the disclosure herein, in selecting an appropriate material for detec-tion of a wide range of events.

Where a polymeric material is used for the swellable material it may be an amorphous or crystalline polymeric material or a mixture of amorphous and crystalline polymer materials.
Preferably the polymeric material is lightly cross-linked. Cross-linking may be effected, for example by irradiation, for example by a beam of high energy electrons or gamma rays, or by the use of chemical cross-linking agent~. Where the polymer is cross-. .

.
. . . ~ , .

linked by irradiation, it is preferably irradiated to a beam dose of 2 to 30 Mrads, most preferably about 10 Mrads. The polymer may be irradiated to the same beam do~e throughout its thickness, or to a greater beam dose at its surface portions that at the intermediate portions, or in any other way. Cross-linking of the polymeric material is particularly preferred when the polymeric material used is totally amorphous.

The separator may be in any suitable form. The event is most rapidly detected where there is an aper-ture at the location of the event and hence at the point of swelling. The apertures may be spaced uni-formly along the device, randomly, or only at predeter-lS mined locations. The apertures may be any suitable shape. In one embodiment, the aperture~ are recti-linear, preferably square or diamond shaped, as for example where the separator comprises a braid. In another embodi~ent the apertures are alits. Thus for example the the separator may comprise a slit tape that is helically wrapped in the device, or a tape that is wrapped such that there are spaces between ad~acent windings. In another embodiment the apertures may be circular. For example, the separator may comprise a tube or wrapped tape, containing circular apertures.
The smallest dimension of the apertures is preferably in the range O.S mm to 15 mm for example about 1.5 mm.
The surface area of the aperture is preferably in the range 0.25 mm2 to 225 mm2, for example about 2.25 mm2.
The depth of the apertures is preferably in the range 0.1 mm to 5 mm.

The apertured separator may comprise an inner support core comprising depressions into which one of ' ,' ' . ' 1 3268~1 the conductive members is fitted. For example the apertured separator may comprise an insulating cylindrical core comprising one or more channels extending along its length. An elongate conductive member is preferably positioned in the or each channel.
A second tubular conductive member is preferably posi-tioned around the cylindrical core, which upon occurence of the event contacts the or each elongate conductive member contained in the or each channel.
The outer tubular conductive member may simply contact one elongate conductive member to signal an event, or may bridge two conductive member~ contained in channels to signal the event. The depth of the channels in the cylindrical core i~ preferably greater than the diameter of the elongate conductive members contained in the channels ~o that, in the absence of an event, the core spaces the elongate conductive member from the ~urrounding tubular member. If desired an additional ~eparator, for example a braid may be included between the conductive members.

B The apertured separator ~m ~/be compre~sible, such that on swelling of the member it i~
compressed. Por example, the apertured separator may compri~e a foam.

Where a conductive bridge forms the electrical path between the first and second conductive member~ ~either directly by a 3wellable conductive material, or by the action of a swellable, non-conductive material on a non-swellable conducive bridging member, the ~eparation of the conduative bridging member (which may be the swellable member) and the first and 3econd conductive , . , ~ , . . .
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~ 1 32689 1 members is preferably in the range 0.001 to 0.05 inch, preferably about 0.01 inch. If the distance is too small there is a risk that during manufacture of the device, some of the material of the conductive bridging member/swelling member may pass through the apertured separator and form a bridge between the first and second conductor before swelling has taken place. If the separation is too great, swelling of the swellable member may not be sufficient to urge the conductive bridging member ~or itself, where the swellable member itself provides the conductive bridge) through the apertured separator.

In one preferred embodiment the swellable member i~
tubular and positioned to surround the apertured separator and the first and second conductive members.
Preferably the hollow swellable member is positioned within a restraining member, such that it swells predominantly toward the apertured separator and first and ~econd conductive members away from the restraining member. The restraining member is preferably also hollow. The restraining member is preferably ~elected to readily allow the event to be detected to reach the swellable member. In another preferred embodiment the swellable member comprises one or more elongate rods.
The rod or rods are preferably positioned adjacent the B apertured separator, within a reaL~s~i~g~ m~ember. In another embodiment the swellable member comprises one or more helically wrapped swellable members, positioned ad~acent the apertured separator within a restraining member. In each case the restraining member is preferably hollow.

~ 1 32689~

Where the event to be detected is a fluid, for example, a liquid, the restraining member is preferably permeable to t~at liquid, and especially preferably contains apertures to allow passage of the liquia through the restraining member. The restraining member may comprise, for example a braid, or another fabric construction, for example a weave or ~nit. Where the event to be detected comprises for example a change in temperature, the restraining member may or may not be permeable, but is preferably not thermally insulating.
Where a braid or other fabric is u~ed as the restraining member, the fabric iY preferably not 80 open as to allow the swellable member to pass through it, but i8 not so closed and the consequent fabric tension so tight that a conductive path is formed between the first and ~econd conductors, during application of the restraining member during manufac-ture of the device.

Devices according to the invention are preferably included in apparatus and used in methods in which the first and second conductive member~ form part of an electrical circuit which can measure the position along at least one of the conductive members, at which the electrical path between them is formed. Such an apparatus not only detects the presence of an external stimulus but also its location. Examples of such apparatus are disclosed in European Patent Application Nos. 0133748, 0144211, 0160440, 0160441 and 0164838.
Preferred embodiments of apparatus and methods disciosed in the above mentioned patent applications comprise two conductors that follow an elongate path - ~ , .

1 3268q 1 and are connected to each other at one end through a constant current source. In the absence of an event, the two conductors are electrically insulated from each other at all points along the path. Where an event occurs, the two conductors become electrically con-nected at a connection point at which the event occurs, thus completing a circuit in which a current of known size then flows. One of the conductors is a locating member having known impedance characteristics along its length, and by measuring the voltage drop between the connection point and one end of the locating member the location of the event can be calculated. The other conductor constitutes a source wire to complete the test circuit in which the current of known size flows.
A third conductive wire, a return conductor is prefer-ably also provided to form a reference circuit from which the voltage drop between the connection point and one end of the locating member can be calculated.
Where devices according to the present invention are included in such circuits and apparatus, the first and second conductlve members preferably constitute the source and the locating members respectively. A return conductor is preferably also included. Where the first and second conductive members are included in a device in which they are elongate and helically wrapped around a central support core, the core may conveniently comprise an elongate return conductor insulated from the first and second conductive members.

A casing may be provided around devices according to the invention to avoid accidental, external pressure-activated, contact of the conductive members. The casing preferably comprises a resilient or rigid material. For , elongate devices, the casing may be, for example, in the form of a helically wrapped member. Where the event to be detected is a fluid, for example a liquid, the casing is permeable to that fluid. The casing may, for example, contain apertures or slits to allow passage of the fluid therethrough, or it may comprise a material permeable to that fluid.

A number of different types of events can be detected using different devices and apparatus according to the present invention. The event can be anything which results in swelling of the swellable member and the formation of an electrical path between the first and second conductive members. Examples of events that may be detected which may be mentioned are ~1) the presence of fluids, for example the presence of liguids or gases, for example an organic liquid such as a hydrocarbon, ~2) an increase or decrease in temper-ature above or below a particular value, ~3) an increase or decrease in pressure above or below a par-ticular value, or (4) any combination of the above.

Devices according to the invention may be rever-sible or irreversible. In reversible devices the swellable member is selected such that it returns towards its unswollen state when the event to be detected is removed.

Referring now to the drawings, Figure 1 shows a device comprising two elongate conductors 2,4 that are helically wrapped around a central elongate support core 6. Each conductor 2,4 comprises a central wire 3 coated with a layer of a conductive polymer 5. Support ' ;',, ... . . .

core 6 comprises an inner stranded metal wire 8 having an insulating jacket 10. The conductors 2,4 and sup-port core 6 are surrounded by a polyvinylidenefluoride fibre separator braid 12, which is in turn surrounded by a tubular conductive polymer swellable member 14 comprising a carbon blac~ loaded styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer. ~he swellable member 14 is in turn surrounded by a glass fibre restraining member 16. Swellable member 14 swells when exposed to hydro-carbon fluid.

Figures 2a and 2b show the device of Figure 1before and after swelling of member 14 respectively.
As can be seen, before swelling, separator braid 12 prevents electrical contact between conductive members 1 and 2. After swelling ~Pigure 2b) the swollen member 14' has urged through the separator braid 12 and con-tacted conductor~ 1 and 2. The swollen member 14' is conductive and therefore provides a conductive bridge between conductive members 1 and 2 and an electrical path therebetween. Restraining member 16 prevents the swellable member 14 swelling radially outwards.

Figure 3 shows a similar device to that shown in Figure~ 1 ~nd 2 in which the swellable conductive member 14 is replaced by a hollow swellable, non con-ductive member 18 and a hollow non-swellable conductive member 20. The swellable member 18 surrounds the con-ductive members 20, and on swelling urges the conduc-tive member 20 through the separator braid 12. Thehollow swellable member 18 may be replaced by a plura-lity, typically four, swellable, non-conductive, rods.
The rods preferably extend along the device between the ,... .

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conductive member 20, and the restraining braid 16.
Alternatively the hollow swellable member 18 may be replaced by one or more helically wrapped swellable members, helically wrapped around conductive member 20.
Figure 4 shows a third device according to the invention. The device comprises a support core 6 which comprises an insulated stranded metal wire 21 having a conductive polymer jacket 22 over its insulation. The jacket 22 is surrounded by a braided separator 12, and conductors 2 and 4 are helically wrapped around the separator 12. A hollow, swellable, non conductive member 18 surrounds the braided separator, and a restraining member 16 surrounds the swellable member 18.
"

Figure 5a and Sb show the device of Figure 4 before and after swelling member 18. Before swelling, braided separator 12 separates the conductors 2,4 from the con-ductive polymer member 22. After swelling they areurged into contact. Thus the inner conductive member 22 forms a conductive bridge between the conductors.

Figure 6 shows a fourth device according to the invention. The device comprises two elongate conduc-tors 24,26 which each comprise a conductive polymer jacketed wire. One of the wires 26 is surrounded by a separator braid 28. The conductors are arranged substantially parallel to each other and are separated from each other by braid 28. A hollow swellable non conductive member 18 surrounds conductor 24 and braid-covered conductor 26. A restraining braid 16 in turn surrounds member 18. Swelling of member 18 urges the conductive polymer jacketed wires 24 and 26 towards each other and urges their conductive polymer jackets through the braided separator 28 into contact with each other. Thus direct contact is made between the conduc-tors 24 and 26.

Figure 7 shows a fifth device according to the invention. The device comprises a support core 6 comprising a stranded metal wire 8 coated with an insu-lating jacket 10. A single elongate conductor 40 ishelically wrapped around the support core. The conduc-tor 40 comprises a conductive polymer coated wire. The conductor 40 and support core 6 is surrounded by a nylon fibre separator braid 12 which i8 in turn lS surrounded by a tubular conductive polymer swellable member 14 comprising a carbon black loaded styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer. The swellable member 14 is in turn surrounded by a glass fibre restraining member 16. On occurrence of the event the conductive member 14 swell3 through the apertures of the brald 12 into contact with the conductor 40, whereby an electri-cal path is formed between the conductive swellable member and the conductor 40.

Figure 8 is another device according to the inven-tion. It comprises ~1) two elongate conductors 2, 4 that are helically wrapped around a central elongate support core 6; (2) two insulating spacer wires 40, 42 helically wrapped around the support core 6, in the same sense as the conductors 2, 4; (3) four filler wires 44 helically wrapped around the support core in the opposite sense; (4) a tubular, swellable, conduc-tive polymer member 14 surrounding the support core 6 .
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and wrapped wires 2, 4, 40, 42 and 44; and (not shown in Figure 8) a restraining member in the form of a braid of insulating filaments which surround the tubu-lar member 14. The spacer wires 40 have a larger diameter than conductive wires 2, 4. Thus they provide a distance separation between the the conductive wires 2, 4 and the tubular conductive swellable member 14.
When the swellable member i3 exposed to hydrocarbon, it swells, contacts and bridges the conductors 2, 4, forming an electrical path therebetween. The filler wires 44 are wound 80 that they pass over but not under conductive wires 2, 4. Thus they do not pa~s between the conductive wireq 2, 4 and the support core 6. The filler wires 44 pass both over and under the spacer wires 40 and 42.

Figure 9 shows an apertured separator 50 which can be used in devices according to the invention. The separator comprises an insulating cylindrical core 52.
The core contains two channels 54 extending along its length. Elongate conductive members 2, 4, having a circular cross-section, extend along the length of the core 52. The diameter of conductive members 2, 4 i~
smaller than the depth of channel~ 52. A tubular swellable conductive member ~not shown) i3 positioned B to surround the core 52. ~* occurence of an event it swells into channels 54 into contact with conductive member~ 2, 4.

Figure 10 is a schematic drawing showing a circuit in which devices according to the invention may be incorporated. The circuit comprises a source wire 30, locating wire 32 and a return wire 34. Wires 30 and 32 are initially separated from each other but can be con-nected by an event E. When connection is made, a test circuit is formed comprising wires 30, 32 and the event .

.

.; -, -1 3268~1 E. A constant current is driven through that circuit.
Locating wire 32 has a known impedance which is con~tant or varies in a known way along its length, and together with return wire 34 forms a reference circuit, 5 in which a voltage measuring device is included.
Provided the impedance values of all the elements in the reference circuit are known, and given the voltage measurement of the ref~rence circuit and the known current flowing through the locating wire 32 it is possible to determine the position of event E.

Devices as shown in Pigures 1 to 5 and Figures 8 and 9, for example, may be included in the circuit of Figure 10. In that circuit conductors 2 and 4 provide the source and locating wires 30 and 32i and the central insulated wire 8 of support core 6 provides the return wire 34. Devices as shown in Figures 6 and 7, for example, may also be included in the circuit of Figure 10. Por the device of Pigure 6, the conductors 24 and 26 provide the source and locating wires 30 and 32. A return wire may be provided in any suitable way.
For the device of Figure 7, the conductive swellable member 14 and the conductor 40 provide the source and locating wire~ re~pectively, and central insulated wire 8 of the support wire 6 provides the return wire 34.
The event E which causes connection of conductors is the ~welling of the swellable member, which is in turn caused by an external event, in the present case the presence of a hydrocarbon liquid.

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.

The invention is illustrated by the following Examples.
Example 1 A device according to the invention was made in the following way.
Two conductive members, the first comprising a copper core surrounded by a conductive polymer jacket and the second comprising a "Copel~" (a trademark of Hoskins Manufacturing Co.) core surrounded by a conductive polymer jacket, together with insulating members were formed into a braid around an insulating jacket surrounding a third copper stranded wire. An insulating jacket comprising polyvinylidenefluoride fibres was then braided thereover.
A swellable conductive polymer composition was com-pounded using a Banbury mixer. The composition had the following composition:
KRATON'~ 110758.0 weight CONDUCTEX~ 975 35.0 SHELLFLEX~ 371 5.0 TAIC 1.0 IRGANOX~ 10100.5 AGERITE~ RESIN D 0.5 100.0 KRATON 1107 is a styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer with a styrene/rubber ratio of 28/72. Kraton is a trademark of Shell Chemical Company.
CONDUCTEX 975 is a high surface area carbon black with high electrical conductivity. Conductex is a trademark of Columbian Chemicals.
SHELLFLEX 371 is a naphthenic oil and is used as a processing aid. Shellflex is a trademark of Shell Oil.

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.

TAIC is triallylisocyanurate, which is a radiation crosslinking agent.
IRGANOX 1010 are antioxidants/antidegradants/
AGERITE RESIN D heat stabilizers. Irganox is a trademark of Ciba-Geigy Corporation.
Agerite is a trademark of R. T.
Vanderbilt.

The swellable conductive composition was extruded over the braid-enclosed cables. The extrudate had a wall thickness in the range 50 to 60 mils, an external diameter of 0.25 inch and an internal diameter of 0.19 inch. The extruded material was beamed with a beam of ,high energy electrons to a dose of 10 Mrads throughout.
Finally the swellable material was overbraided with a restraining braid comprising glass fiber, Fiberglas~
ECG 105-3/4, as supplied by Owens Corning. Sixteen yarns were used (eight in each direction) and each yarn consisted of 204 filaments with anominal filament diameter of 0.36 mil. the braid completely covered the swellable member. Glass has a free energy of 200 x 10-3 to 300 x 10-3 joules/meter2.
The device was then connected into a circuit according to Figure 10, the Copel" wire providing the locating wire, the wrapped copper wire the source wire, and the central copper wire the return wire. The device was immersed in a liquid and the resistance in the test circuit (including the locating and source wires and the event, when it occurs) monitored.
Initially the resistance of the test circuit is infi-nite, since before an event occurs the clrcuit is open.
The time for the resistance to fall to 20,000 ohm and 35' further to,1,000 ohm was recorded, for a number of dif-ferent liquids, in Table 1 below. Two tests were carried out for each solvent.

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, ¦ Table 1 ¦ LIQUID TIME TO 20,000 TIME TO_l,000 I in minutes _ in minutes ¦ JP-7 (Jet Fuel) 8 11~ ¦ .-~ 16 . _ ¦ Xylene 3~ 5 I " _ _ 2 4 ¦ Methylethylketone 7 15 I " _ 8 19 ¦ Methylene Chloride 1 4~ ¦
I " <~ 1 1 ¦ Acetone 61 114 1 _ " _ 105 152 _ _ _ ¦ Trichlorethylene lt 3 - _ <1 <2 ¦Carbon Disulfide l - <~

EXAMPL_ 2 Two devices as shown in Figure 8 were made;
these are referred to as Devices A and B. The outer braid wa~ the same as in Example 1. The sizes of each of the components in devices A and B were as follows:

.

1 32689 ~

Device A Device B
in Inch in inch_ Diameter Support Core (6) 0.077 0.060 Diameter Spacer Wire (40, 42) 0.035 0.049 Diameter Conductor (2, 4) 0.032 0.032 Diameter Filler Wire (44) 0.013 0.013 Wall Thickness Conductive Polymer (14) 0.050 0.050 The main difference between devices A and B is in the size of the spacer wires (40, 42). The devices were irradiated to a dosage of 5 Mrads after the swellable member has been applied and before the outer braid has been applied.

Both devices were exposed to solvent to make the B swellable member swell and the time for the resistance t~
fall to 20,000 ohm was recorded, as in Example 1. The load required to effect that resistance decrease wa~
also noted. It is referred to as the load to trigger.
The load to trigger was measured by compressing the devices using an Instron machine having a crosshead displacement rate of 0.05 inch per ~inute. The anvil used to compress the samples had a aim~tcr of 2.25 inches. The load to trigger was calculated per unit length of the device. Two readings were taken in each test.

:~ , Device A Device B
Product response time in 5.0 31.5 minutes to reduce resistance 5.0 34.0 to 20,000 ohmn Load to trigger 12.5 50.2 in lbs. per linear inch 15.4 43.5 For device A (where the spacer wires are at least 3 mils larger than the conductor wires) the response time is more rapid, but the load to trigger lower, than for device B (where the spacer wires are at least 17 mils larger than the conductor wires). Device A is particularly suited to applications where a rapid response time is required. Device B is particularly suited to applications where the device may be subject to external pressure, and accidental response needs to be avoided.

The load to trigger of device A was increased to over 30 pounds per linear inch by helically wrapping a resilient coil around the device.
Example 3 A device was made in the same way as Device A of Example 2 except that the sweliable composition was as shown in TablP 2 below; the outer braid was made by braiding 16 poly(trifluorochloroethylene) ("Halar", a trademark of Allied-Signal) monofilaments, each having a diameter of about 15 mils, instead of the glass fiber yarns. Halar has a free energy of about 31 x 10-3 joules/meter2.

. :; .

1 3268ql Table 2 Ingredient Manufacturer Weight %
_ Hycar2~ 4054 B.F. Goodrich Company 43.0 DPDAs~ 6182 Union Carbide Corp.10.8 Agerite~ Stallite S R.T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc. 1.1 Processing Aids 4.9 Conductex~ 975 Columbian Chemicals 40.2 Hycar 4054 is a low temperature resistant acrylic ester copolymer with a Mooney viscosity, ML~4 (100C) of 25-40.
Hycar is a trademark of B. F. Goodrich.
DPDA 6182 is an ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer with ethyl acrylate content of 14.5~, melt index 1.5 g/10 min., and density 0.930 g/cc. DPDA is a trademark of Union Carbide.
AGERITE STALLITE S is an antioxidant and is a mixture of alkylated diphenylamines.
CONDUCTEX 975 is a high surface area carbon black with high electrical conductivity.
Example 4 A device was made in the same way as in Example 3 except that the outer braid was made by braiding 32 poly~trifluorochloroethylene) monofilaments, each having a diameter of about 10 mils, instead of the glass f iber yarns.
Example 5 A device was made in the same way as in Example 3 except that the outer braid was made by braiding 32 metal ~"Copel~") wires each having a diameter of about 10 mils instead of the Halar~ filaments. Copel~ has a free energy well above 100 x 10-3 joules/meter2.
Example 6 A device was made in the same way as in Example 3 4S except that the outer braid was made by braiding 96 tin-plated copper wires each having a diameter of about 4 mils instead of the Halar~ filaments.

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. .: .
., . -- : .: . -t 326891 Example 7 .

A device was made in the same way as in Example 4 except that the swellable composition was as shown in Table 3 below.
S
Table 3 .
Ingredient ManufacturerWeight Vistalon~ 503 Exxon Chemical Company 45.2 Vistalon~ 707 Exxon Chemical Company 11.3 Agerite~ Resin DR.T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc. 0.6 Conductex~ 975 Columbian Chemicals39.5 Sunpar~ 2280 Sun Oil Company 2.8 Radiation cross- -linking agent 0.6 VISTALON 503 is an ethylene-propylene copolymer with an ethylene content of 50% and Mooney Viscosity MLl + 8 @
100C of 50. Vistalon is a trademark of Exxon.
V~STALON 707 is an ethylene-propylene copolymer with ethylene content of 65% and Mooney Viscosity MLl + 8 @
100C of 20.
AGERITE RESIN D is polymerized 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline antioxidant.
CONDUCTEX 975 (See above) SUNPAR 2280 is a pla~ticizer oil of paraffinic nature, having a predominance of saturated rings and long paraffinic side chains (55% min. Cp). Sunpar is a trade-mark of Sun Oil Company.
Table 4 below shows the time taken (average of 5 samples) for the resistance of the device prepared in Example 4 to fall to 20,000 ohms when tested in various liquids by the procedure of Example 1.
Table 4 Liquid_ me tmins) Methyl ethyl ketone 23 Trichloroethylene 11 Xylenes 23 Isopropyl alcohol 406 Heptane 216 Unleaded gasolene 44 .
r,~

1 3268q 1 Table 5 below shows the time taken (average of 2 samples) for the resistance of the device prepared in Example 7 to fall to 20,000 ohms when tested in various liquidq by the procedure of Example 1.
Table 5 Liquid Time (mins) Unleaded gasolene 6 JP-7 jet fuel 24 Xylenes 12 Table 6 below shows the times taken for the resistances of the devices of Examples 2~A), 3, 4, S
and 6 to fall to 20,000 ohms when tested in toluene by the procedure of Example 1 before and after immersion in water. Table 6 also shows the area of each of the apertures in the braids (Aaperture) and the ratio of the total area of the surface of the swellable member to the area of the swellable member not contacted by the braid (A*).
Table 6 Exam. A Aa er~ure Time (min,s) No. me~er x 10-7 before lmmer3l0n after lmmersion 2 oo 0 11 62 3 2.7 6.97 27 not tested 4 8.4 1.56 10 12 S S.l 3.46 14 20 6 6.3 3.67 11 20

Claims

1. A device for detecting an event comprising:
(i) first and second conductive members which, in the absence of an event, are electrically insulated from each other, (ii) a separator which has aperture passing therethrough, and (iii) a swellable member which swells upon occurrence of the event, and on swelling causes an electrical path to be formed between the conductive members, through the apertures of the separator.

2. A device which is suitable for use in an electrical system for detecting an event and which comprises (i) an elongate support core, (ii) first and second elongate conductive members which are helically wrapped around the core, (iii) a separator in the form of a braid which has apertures therein and which surrounds the first and second conductive members, (iv) a swellable conductive bridging member which (a) is hollow, (b) comprises a conductive polymer, and, (c) surrounds the separator braid, and (v) a restraining braid which surrounds the conductive polymer, wherein when the swellable member is exposed to an event which is the presence of a liquid, at least a part of the swellable member becomes swollen and swells through the apertures of the separator braid, contacts and bridges the first and second conductors and forms an electrical path therebetween which decreases in impedance upon occurrence of the event.

3. A device which is suitable for use in an electrical system for detecting the presence of a fluid, which has an electrical impedance which changes when the device is contacted by the fluid, and which comprises (1) a swellable member which swells in the presence of a fluid to be detected; and (2) an apertured restraining member which (i) comprises a plurality of filamentous members which define a plurality of apertures through which a fluid to be detected must pass in order to contact the swellable member;
(ii) is in contact with the swellable member; and (iii) when the swellable member swells in the presence of the fluid to be detected, substantially restricts movement of the swellable member in one direction so that movement of the swellable member in another direction causes the electrical impedance of the device to change.

4. A device according to claim 3 wherein the ratio of the total area of the surface of the swellable member which is contacted by the filamentous members to the area of said surface which is not covered by the filamentous members is at least 1.5.

5. A device according to claim 4 wherein said ratio is at least 2.5.

6. A device according to claim 4 wherein said ratio is at least 5Ø

7. A device according to claim 4 wherein said ratio is at least 6Ø

8. A device according to claim 6 wherein at least the surface of the filamentous members is composed of a material having a free energy of less than 65 X 10-3 joules/meter2.

9. A device according to claim 4 wherein at least the surface of the filamentous members is composed of a material having a free leverage of at least 45 X 10-3 joules/meter2 and said ratio is from 1.5 to 5Ø

10. A device according to claim 3, wherein the apertured member comprises a plurality of apertures each having an area which is less than 4.5 X 10-7 meter2.

11. A device according to claim 3 wherein the swellable member is in the form of a cylinder and the filamentous members are interlaced together in the form of a braid around the swellable member.

12. A device which is suitable for use in an electrical system for detecting the presence of a fluid, which has an electrical impedance which changes when the device is contacted by the fluid, and which comprises (1) a swellable member which swells in the presence of a fluid to be detected; and (2) an apertured restraining member which (i) comprises a plurality of apertures through which a fluid to be detected must pass in order to contact the swellable member, at least the surfaces of the restraining member which define the apertures being composed of a material having a free energy of less than 65 X 10-3 joules/meter2; and (ii) when the swellable member swells in the presence of the fluid to be detected substantially restricts movement of the swellable member in one direction so that movement of the swellable member in another direction causes the electrical impedance of the device to change.

13. A device according to claim 12 wherein the restraining member is composed of a material having a free energy of less than 40 X 10-3 joules/meter2.

14. A device which 15 suitable for use in an electrical system for detecting the presence of a fluid, which has an electrical impedance which changes when the device is contacted by the fluid, and which comprises (1) a swellable member which swells in the presence of a fluid to be detected and which is composed of a material comprising (a) a first substantially saturated polymeric component which is amorphous, and (b) a second substantially saturated polymer component which is crystalline; and (2) a restraining member which, when the swellable member swells in the presence of the fluid to be detected, substantially restricts movement of the swellable member in one direction so that movement of the swellable member in another direction causes the electrical impedance of the device to change.

15. A device according to claim 14 wherein the first polymeric component is selected from acrylic elastomers and ethylene/propylene elastomers.

16. A device which is suitable for use in an electrical system for detecting the presence of a fluid, which has an electrical impedance which changes when the device is contacted by the fluid, and which comprises (1) a swellable member which swells in the presence of a fluid to be detected and which is composed of an acrylic elastomer; and (2) a restraining member which, when the swellable member swells in the presence of the fluid to be detected, substantially restricts movement of the swellable member in one direction so that movement of the swellable member in another direction causes the electrical impedance of the sensor to change.

17. A method of monitoring a locus for the presence of a first fluid having a first surface tension in the presence of a second fluid having a second surface tension which is lower than the first surface tension, which process comprises placing in the locus a device which has an electrical impedance which changes when the device is contacted by the first fluid in the presence of the second fluid, said device comprising (1) a swellable member which swells in the presence of the first fluid but not in the presence of the second fluid, and (2) an apertured restraining member which (i) comprises a plurality of apertures through which the first fluid must pass in order to contact the swellable member, at least the surface of those parts of the restraining member which define the apertures being composed of a material having a free energy which is less than the second surface tension; and (ii) when the swellable member swells in the presence of the first fluid, substantially restricts movement of the swellable member in one direction so that movement of the swellable member in another direction causes the electrical impedance of the device to change.