CA1321437C - Blends for making skin packaging films - Google Patents
Blends for making skin packaging filmsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1321437C CA1321437C CA000561072A CA561072A CA1321437C CA 1321437 C CA1321437 C CA 1321437C CA 000561072 A CA000561072 A CA 000561072A CA 561072 A CA561072 A CA 561072A CA 1321437 C CA1321437 C CA 1321437C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- blend
- ethylene
- weight
- acid
- film made
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/01—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients characterized by their specific function
- C08K3/013—Fillers, pigments or reinforcing additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/24—Acids; Salts thereof
- C08K3/26—Carbonates; Bicarbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08L23/08—Copolymers of ethene
- C08L23/0846—Copolymers of ethene with unsaturated hydrocarbons containing other atoms than carbon or hydrogen atoms
- C08L23/0869—Acids or derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08J2323/08—Copolymers of ethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08L23/06—Polyethene
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
TITLE
BLENDS FOR MAKING SKIN PACKAGING FILMS
ABSTRACT
New blends of ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymers with high density polyethylene and inorganic fillers such as calcium carbonate are disclosed and are useful for making films for skin packaging applications.
BLENDS FOR MAKING SKIN PACKAGING FILMS
ABSTRACT
New blends of ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymers with high density polyethylene and inorganic fillers such as calcium carbonate are disclosed and are useful for making films for skin packaging applications.
Description
TITLE
BLEND5 FOR MAKING SKIN PACK~GING FILMS
BACKGROUND OF THE INV:ENTION
This invention relates to blends of ethylane/carboxylic acid copolymers with high density polyethylene and inorganic fillers, which blends are useful ~or making ~ilms for skin packaging applications.
Skin packaging is a packaging method involving placing a product on a substrate material, such as paperboard, and draping heated plastic film over the product and substrate. A ~acuum is then applied to draw the film down tightly to the board and around the product to make a secure and attractive 15 package. One common application for skin packaging is industrial skin packaging used to protect products in transit. Products as divergent as computer tapes, ~ lamp;s, service repair kits and table tops may be skin packaged instead of using die-cut corrugated, foam-in-place, foam peanuts and other stabilizing or dunnage materials. Skin packaging offers high throughputs and full visibility to check for tampering or missing components and also allows for quick identi~ication, usually at significant cost 25 reductions.
LGW density polyethylene films are often used for skin packaging applications, but skin packaging films of ethylene/acid copolymers have been found to possess faster cycle times, better board adhesion, improved draw and better toughness than the low density polyethylene films. Oddly enough, one drawback of the ethylene/acid copolymer films is their - relatively good optical properties since they more readily show the relatively unattractive packaging AD-5588 35 board used fvr the skin packaging of industrial items.
1- ~
: . -t32~37 Additivnally, the industrial items themselves are often relatively unattractive. Thus, a method for affecting the optical properties of the ethylene/acid copolymer films, while not adversely affecting the desirable properties of such films, such as adhesion, was desired.
E~ 12F ~THE INVENq~ION
A method of modifying ethylene/acid copolymers by blending them with high density polyethylene and inorganic fillers has now been found which sPrves to degrade the optical properties of films made therefrom without degrading the adhesive and other dssirable properties of such films.
Surprisingly, this modification o the ethylene/acid copolymers leads to films which not only retain the adhesive properties of the unmodified c~polymers, but in some cases leads to films with adhesive properties superior to that of the unmodified copolymers.
Specifically, this invention relates to novel blends comprising:
(a) about 75 to 95.5 % by weight of one or more ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymers;
(b) about 5 to 20 % by weight of high density polyethylene; and 25(c) about 0.5 to 5 % by weight of a particulate inorganic filler, and to films made there~rom.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymers 30 which comprise the greatest part of the blends of this inven~ion copolymers of ethylene with an alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid pre~erably having 3 to 8 carhon atom~. Examples sf acid monomers include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric , : .
acid, and monoesters of said dicarboxylic acids, SUC}l as methyl hydrogen fumarate, ethyl hydrogen fumarate and maleic anhydride. The concentration of acidic monomer in the copolymer is generally about 1 to 20 weight %, and preferably rom about 3 to 15 weight %.
Preferr~d copolymers are copolymers of ethylene with methacrylic acid or acrylic acid, or terpolymers of ethylene, maleic anhydride and esters of acrylic acid such as ethyl acrylate. The most preferred copolymer is a copolymer of ethylene with methacrylic acid, having an acid content of about 9 weight ~ and a melt index of about 1.5.
The particulate inorganic fillers useful in this invention are those ~illers well known in the art or incorporation into films to improve handling characteristics. The preferred filler is calcium carbonate, but examples of other fillers which may be utilized include, but are not limited to, mica, aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, and barium 20 sulfate. Preferably, so as not to adversely affect the quality of the film, the filler is quite uniform in size; e.g., for the preferred calcium carbonate filler, a particle distribution would preferably range from about 0.3 to 50 microns, and more preferably from 25 about 0.3 to 20 microns. Also, when it is desired to degrade the optical properties of the film (e.g., increase haze or reduce trans~arency), the refracti~e index of the filler preferably differs from that of the ethylene/acid copolymer and the high density 30 polyethylene used in the blend.
The preferred high density polyethylene is a linear ethylene homopolymer of medium molecular weight distribution having a melt index of about 1.1.
A preferred composition comprises about 82 35 to 94% by weight of ethylene/acid copolymer, about 5 to 15% by weight high density polyethylene, and about 1 to 3 weight % inorganic filler.
-` 1321~37 .
The blends of this invention may be made and extruded into films by methods known in the art. The following examples illustrate blends and films of this invention.
Examples A ~lend was made incorporating the following:
Component A: 88 % by weight of ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer having 9% methacrylic acid, a Melt Index of 1.5 Component B: 10 % by weight of high density polyethylne having a Melt Index of 1.1 Component C: 2 % by weight calcium carbonate, 3-5 micron average particle size 15 and extruded into films 4 and 6 mil thick. Control films extruded from Component A alone and from low density polyethylene (LDPE) alone were also prepared.
Properties for these films are presented in the following table. A description of the tests used 20 follows the table.
- . :. . . .
, . - . , , , :;
:-: : ~
; . ';:
1 32 1 ~37 Table Film Properties BLEND A BLENI) A A LDPE
Film 4 mil 4 mil 6 mil 6 mil 5 mil 5 mil ________..__________________________.__________________ ADH,PP COR (g/in.) ADH,UPUP COR
(g/in.) MD 314 308356 363 395 201 TEMPERATURE, F 190 230195 198 190 230 HEAT UP, sec. 17 1~16.5 17.5 17.3 30 15 HAZE 71 1.5 - 12.8 TRANSPARENCY - -0.2 43 0.8 ELMENDORF (g/mil) SPENCER IMPACT
~in-lbs/mil) - - 3.1 4.3 - 2 TENSILE (psi) E~ONGATION (%) ________________________ _____________________________ t 321 437 ADH,PP COR - Adh~sion to primed printed corr~gated board AD~,UPUP COR - Adhesion to unprimed unprinted corrugated board TEMPERATURE - Amount of heat retained in the film as it contacts the board to activate t.he primer or adhesive on the ~oard for good adhesion HEAT UP - The optimum amount of tim~e required to soften the film ~or skin packaging, i.e., the amount of time re~uired to "~ouble drape" the ~ilm.
HAZE - ASTM Dl003-61 TRANSP~ENCY - ~STM D1746-70 ELMENDORF ~ AST~ D1922-67 15 SPENCER IMP~CT - AST~ D3420-85 MELT INDEX - (Referred to elsewhere in this specification) - D1238 The data in the Table indicate that the films prepared from the blends o~ this invention possessed superior physical properties and better adhesion to unprimed corrugated ~oard than the film of low density polyethyl~ne~ ~he films according to ~his invention, when compared to films prepared from ethylene/acid copolymer alone (Component A), also possessed a slight increas~ in adhesion to primed corrugated board, a reduction in f ilm heat up timet and no 30 adverse reduction in film physical propeties.
.
BLEND5 FOR MAKING SKIN PACK~GING FILMS
BACKGROUND OF THE INV:ENTION
This invention relates to blends of ethylane/carboxylic acid copolymers with high density polyethylene and inorganic fillers, which blends are useful ~or making ~ilms for skin packaging applications.
Skin packaging is a packaging method involving placing a product on a substrate material, such as paperboard, and draping heated plastic film over the product and substrate. A ~acuum is then applied to draw the film down tightly to the board and around the product to make a secure and attractive 15 package. One common application for skin packaging is industrial skin packaging used to protect products in transit. Products as divergent as computer tapes, ~ lamp;s, service repair kits and table tops may be skin packaged instead of using die-cut corrugated, foam-in-place, foam peanuts and other stabilizing or dunnage materials. Skin packaging offers high throughputs and full visibility to check for tampering or missing components and also allows for quick identi~ication, usually at significant cost 25 reductions.
LGW density polyethylene films are often used for skin packaging applications, but skin packaging films of ethylene/acid copolymers have been found to possess faster cycle times, better board adhesion, improved draw and better toughness than the low density polyethylene films. Oddly enough, one drawback of the ethylene/acid copolymer films is their - relatively good optical properties since they more readily show the relatively unattractive packaging AD-5588 35 board used fvr the skin packaging of industrial items.
1- ~
: . -t32~37 Additivnally, the industrial items themselves are often relatively unattractive. Thus, a method for affecting the optical properties of the ethylene/acid copolymer films, while not adversely affecting the desirable properties of such films, such as adhesion, was desired.
E~ 12F ~THE INVENq~ION
A method of modifying ethylene/acid copolymers by blending them with high density polyethylene and inorganic fillers has now been found which sPrves to degrade the optical properties of films made therefrom without degrading the adhesive and other dssirable properties of such films.
Surprisingly, this modification o the ethylene/acid copolymers leads to films which not only retain the adhesive properties of the unmodified c~polymers, but in some cases leads to films with adhesive properties superior to that of the unmodified copolymers.
Specifically, this invention relates to novel blends comprising:
(a) about 75 to 95.5 % by weight of one or more ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymers;
(b) about 5 to 20 % by weight of high density polyethylene; and 25(c) about 0.5 to 5 % by weight of a particulate inorganic filler, and to films made there~rom.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymers 30 which comprise the greatest part of the blends of this inven~ion copolymers of ethylene with an alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid pre~erably having 3 to 8 carhon atom~. Examples sf acid monomers include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, fumaric , : .
acid, and monoesters of said dicarboxylic acids, SUC}l as methyl hydrogen fumarate, ethyl hydrogen fumarate and maleic anhydride. The concentration of acidic monomer in the copolymer is generally about 1 to 20 weight %, and preferably rom about 3 to 15 weight %.
Preferr~d copolymers are copolymers of ethylene with methacrylic acid or acrylic acid, or terpolymers of ethylene, maleic anhydride and esters of acrylic acid such as ethyl acrylate. The most preferred copolymer is a copolymer of ethylene with methacrylic acid, having an acid content of about 9 weight ~ and a melt index of about 1.5.
The particulate inorganic fillers useful in this invention are those ~illers well known in the art or incorporation into films to improve handling characteristics. The preferred filler is calcium carbonate, but examples of other fillers which may be utilized include, but are not limited to, mica, aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, and barium 20 sulfate. Preferably, so as not to adversely affect the quality of the film, the filler is quite uniform in size; e.g., for the preferred calcium carbonate filler, a particle distribution would preferably range from about 0.3 to 50 microns, and more preferably from 25 about 0.3 to 20 microns. Also, when it is desired to degrade the optical properties of the film (e.g., increase haze or reduce trans~arency), the refracti~e index of the filler preferably differs from that of the ethylene/acid copolymer and the high density 30 polyethylene used in the blend.
The preferred high density polyethylene is a linear ethylene homopolymer of medium molecular weight distribution having a melt index of about 1.1.
A preferred composition comprises about 82 35 to 94% by weight of ethylene/acid copolymer, about 5 to 15% by weight high density polyethylene, and about 1 to 3 weight % inorganic filler.
-` 1321~37 .
The blends of this invention may be made and extruded into films by methods known in the art. The following examples illustrate blends and films of this invention.
Examples A ~lend was made incorporating the following:
Component A: 88 % by weight of ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer having 9% methacrylic acid, a Melt Index of 1.5 Component B: 10 % by weight of high density polyethylne having a Melt Index of 1.1 Component C: 2 % by weight calcium carbonate, 3-5 micron average particle size 15 and extruded into films 4 and 6 mil thick. Control films extruded from Component A alone and from low density polyethylene (LDPE) alone were also prepared.
Properties for these films are presented in the following table. A description of the tests used 20 follows the table.
- . :. . . .
, . - . , , , :;
:-: : ~
; . ';:
1 32 1 ~37 Table Film Properties BLEND A BLENI) A A LDPE
Film 4 mil 4 mil 6 mil 6 mil 5 mil 5 mil ________..__________________________.__________________ ADH,PP COR (g/in.) ADH,UPUP COR
(g/in.) MD 314 308356 363 395 201 TEMPERATURE, F 190 230195 198 190 230 HEAT UP, sec. 17 1~16.5 17.5 17.3 30 15 HAZE 71 1.5 - 12.8 TRANSPARENCY - -0.2 43 0.8 ELMENDORF (g/mil) SPENCER IMPACT
~in-lbs/mil) - - 3.1 4.3 - 2 TENSILE (psi) E~ONGATION (%) ________________________ _____________________________ t 321 437 ADH,PP COR - Adh~sion to primed printed corr~gated board AD~,UPUP COR - Adhesion to unprimed unprinted corrugated board TEMPERATURE - Amount of heat retained in the film as it contacts the board to activate t.he primer or adhesive on the ~oard for good adhesion HEAT UP - The optimum amount of tim~e required to soften the film ~or skin packaging, i.e., the amount of time re~uired to "~ouble drape" the ~ilm.
HAZE - ASTM Dl003-61 TRANSP~ENCY - ~STM D1746-70 ELMENDORF ~ AST~ D1922-67 15 SPENCER IMP~CT - AST~ D3420-85 MELT INDEX - (Referred to elsewhere in this specification) - D1238 The data in the Table indicate that the films prepared from the blends o~ this invention possessed superior physical properties and better adhesion to unprimed corrugated ~oard than the film of low density polyethyl~ne~ ~he films according to ~his invention, when compared to films prepared from ethylene/acid copolymer alone (Component A), also possessed a slight increas~ in adhesion to primed corrugated board, a reduction in f ilm heat up timet and no 30 adverse reduction in film physical propeties.
.
Claims (16)
1. A blend useful for extruding into skin packaging films comprising (a) about 82 to 94 % by weight of one or more ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymers of from about 1 to about 20 wt% acid monomer;
(b) about 5 to 15 % by weight of high density polyethylene; and (c) about 1 to 3 % by weight of one or more particulate organic fillers.
(b) about 5 to 15 % by weight of high density polyethylene; and (c) about 1 to 3 % by weight of one or more particulate organic fillers.
2. A blend according to Claim 1 where said ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymer is a copolymer of ethylene with methacrylic acid or acrylic acid having an acid content of about 3 to 15 weight %.
3. A blend according to Claim 1 where said ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymer is a copolymer of ethylene with about 9 mole %
methacrylic acid.
methacrylic acid.
4. A blend according to Claim 1 where said inorganic filler is calcium carbonate.
5. A blend according to Claim 4 where said inorganic calcium carbonate has an average particle size of about 3 to 5 microns.
6. A blend according to Claim 1 where said high density polyethylene has a melt index of about 1.1.
7. A blend according to Claim 1 where said ethylene/carboxylic acid copolymer is a copolymer of ethylene with methacrylic acid or acrylic acid having an acid content of about 3 to 15 weight %, said inorganic filler is calcium carbonate, and said high density polyethylene has a melt index of about 1.1.
8. A blend according to Claim 7 which comprises about 88 % by weight of ethylene/acid copolymer, about 10% by weight of high density polyethylene, and about 2 % by weight of inorganic filler.
9. A film made from the blend of Claim 1.
10. A film made from the blend of Claim 2.
11. A film made from the blend of Claim 3.
12. A film made from the blend of Claim 4.
13. A film made from the blend of Claim 5.
14. A film made from the blend of Claim 6.
15. A film made from the blend of Claim 7.
16. A film made from the blend of Claim 8.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/026,852 USH582H (en) | 1987-03-17 | 1987-03-17 | Blends for making skin packaging films |
| US026,852 | 1987-03-17 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1321437C true CA1321437C (en) | 1993-08-17 |
Family
ID=21834157
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000561072A Expired - Fee Related CA1321437C (en) | 1987-03-17 | 1988-03-10 | Blends for making skin packaging films |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | USH582H (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1321437C (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1995013329A1 (en) * | 1993-11-10 | 1995-05-18 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Multi-phase film and methods relating thereto |
| US6162852A (en) * | 1996-12-13 | 2000-12-19 | Isolyser Company, Inc. | Degradable polymers |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL135763C (en) | 1962-06-19 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| US3709957A (en) | 1964-09-02 | 1973-01-09 | Du Pont | Polyethylene blends of ethylenemethacrylic acid copolymer and polyethylene |
| NL137201C (en) | 1965-05-27 | |||
| US3682767A (en) | 1970-10-02 | 1972-08-08 | Du Pont | Ethylene copolymer blend for liquid packaging film |
| BE795750A (en) | 1972-02-22 | 1973-08-21 | Union Carbide Corp | MULTI-LAYER HEAT SHRINKABLE FILM |
| US4199491A (en) | 1977-12-23 | 1980-04-22 | Idemitsu Kosan Company Limited | Polyolefin resin composition |
| US4331779A (en) | 1979-02-22 | 1982-05-25 | The Dow Chemical Co. | Ethylenic polymer foams having improved dimensional stability |
| IL62066A (en) | 1981-02-04 | 1984-10-31 | Rami Bar | Polymeric films for agricultural use |
| US4387188A (en) | 1981-02-23 | 1983-06-07 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Molding resins based on blends of acid copolymer/linear polyolefin/reinforcing fiber |
| US4420580A (en) | 1982-02-08 | 1983-12-13 | The Dow Chemical Company | Method for preparing filled polyolefin resins and the resin made therefrom |
| DE3324830A1 (en) | 1982-08-28 | 1984-03-01 | Alkor GmbH Kunststoffe, 8000 München | Cardboard provided with a polyolefin coating, preferably for files, ring binders and other organisational and office requisites |
-
1987
- 1987-03-17 US US07/026,852 patent/USH582H/en not_active Abandoned
-
1988
- 1988-03-10 CA CA000561072A patent/CA1321437C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| USH582H (en) | 1989-02-07 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKLA | Lapsed |