CA1317884C - Treatment of skin diseases and tumors - Google Patents

Abstract

TREATMENT OF SKIN DISEASES AND TUMORS

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Skin conditions characterized by hyperactive mitochondria including inflammatory, hyperproliferative, hyperplastic, and dysplastic skin cells are treated with topical formulations of 5 to 19 carbon atom length aliphatic monocarboxylic acids or their esters or amides, as well as 5 to 19 carbon atom length monoaliphatic amines or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

Description

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10692-6F/'T15 TREATMENT OF SKIN DISEASES AND TUMORS

~ his invention relates to the treatment of certain skin conditions characterized by hyperactive mitochondria of skin cells including those that are inflammatory, hyperproliferative, hyperplastic or dy~plastic, with 5 to 19 carbon atom length aliphatic monocarboxylic acids and their est~rs and amides, and 5 to 19 carbon atom length aliphatic amines and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, including hydrohalides. This invention is a treatment directed against inflammatory, hyperproliferative and hyperplastic skin diseases and dysplastic skin growths induced by viral infections and ultraviolet light, utilizing medium and long chain monocarboxyllc acids and certain analogs in topical therapeutic pharmaceutical formulations.
All of the compounds in this invention have in common antimicrobial activity against a wide-range of human pathoyens in the same bacterial, yeast, fungus, mycoplasma, and enveloped virus assays. The aliphatic monocarboxylic acids and their esters inhibit mltochondrial respiratory enzymes and kill malignant tumor cells.
In particular, this invention is a treatment directed against non-infectious in1ammatory skin diseases in which microbes play a significant adjunctive ; pathophysiologic role. Several of these diseases alfio have as30ciated hyperproliferative skin cells or hyperplastic glandular cells. This invention is also a treatment for ~iral and ultraviolet radiation-induced hyperplastic or ~ dysplastic skin growths. In addition, this invention is a ; treatment for condition~ due to hyperplastic skin cells.
The present invention resides in the discovery that medium and long chain aliphatic monocarboxylic acids and their esters, amides, and~anhydrides, and medium and long chain aliphatic amines and pharmaceutically acceptable salts ,~

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thereof effectively treat acne, ro.sacea, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, diaper dermatitis. numular eczema, atopic eczema, contact eczema, warts, molluscum contagiosum, condylomatous carcinoma in situ, actinic (solar~ keratoses, Bowen s disease, lentigo maligna, and melasma. These compounds may function as primary or adjunctive therapeutlc agents.
U.S. Patents Nos. 4,292,326 (Nazarro-Porro, September 29, 1981) and 4,3a6,104 (Nazarro-Porro, May 31, 1983) and 4,713,394 (Thornfeldt, December 15, lg87) disclose the use of certain dicarboxylic acids as therapeutic agents for a variety of skin diseases. U.S. Patent No. 4,067,997 (Kabara, January 10, 1978) discloses the activity against yeast, fungus, and bacteria of a synergistic combination of a 12 carbon atom monocarboxylic acid glycerol ester and a phenolic compound, used as a food preservative.
Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial disease occurring in teenagers and young adults, with inflammatory and noninflammatory comedos on the face and upper trunk.
The disease prere~uisite is sebaceous glands activated by androgens. For some yet unknown reason hypercornification in the gland duct occurs blocking normal mobility of skin and follicle microorganisms. The restricted environment stimuIates release of enzymes (lipases) by Propionobacterium ~cnes (an anaerobic corynebacterium), Staphylococcus Epidermidis, and Pitrosporum Ovale (a yeast). Damage to the gland structure and surrounding tissue by the lipases results in inflammatory papules, pustules, and cysts. The comedos are free of these microbes. In some, the disease is only manifest as noninflammatory lesions but all patients with inflammatory lesions have some comedos. Ma~or treatments consist of oral and topical antibiotics and retinoids; salicylic acid, sulfur, and benzoyl peroxide topically, and oral antiandrogen birth control pills.
Psoriasis is a multifactorial disease with epidermal hyperproliferation and epidermal and dermal inflammation producing the lesions. Microbes play an 8~

etiologic role since at least 50% of the patients carry Staphylococcus Aureus in the lesions. Be-ta hemolytic streptococcus is known to cause guttate psoriasis. The psoriasis lesions are sharply demarcated red with thick white scale. They occur predominately on knees, elbows, scalp, genitalia, and buttocks. ~urrent treatments consist of topical corticosteroids, tar, anthralin. methotrexate, azathioprine, etretinate, psoralens plus ultraviolet A
light, and tar plus ultraviolet B light.
Eczema is a descriptive term referring to poorly demarcated pruritic, erythematous, scaley, blistered, weeping, fissured or crusted lesions due to many causes.
Atopic and numular are the most common types, afflicting any age group. Usually the lesions occur on the face, neck, and flexural surfaces. In most patients, there is heavy growth of Staphylococcus Aureus from the lesions of atopic and numular eczema. A purulent rapidly progressive variant, infectious eczematoid, is due to a m.ixed infection of Staphylococcus Aureus and Streptococcus Pyogenes or either bacteria alone. Current therapy includes topical and systemic corticosteroids, antipruritics, and antibiotics and topical tar.
Warts and molluscum contagiosum are hyperpro-liferative tumors due to epidermal cell invasion by the Human Papilloma virus and a pox virus, respectively. Unlike other skin virus infections that kill the invaded cells, both these viruses produce hyperplastic~ hyperproliferative keratinocytes. Both viruses most commonly infect ch.ildren.
The wart tumors have different morphology depending upon the viral subtype and the thickness of the skin invaded.
Molluscum contagiosum are always pearly papules with a central umbilication on an erythematous base. There are currently 23 different chemical and physical destructive treatments, most of which are painful, poorly effective, or may produce systemic toxicity. Poor treatment efficacy in both infections results primarily from the marked -tissue ~78~

hyperplasla induced by the virus. The H.P.V. virus is a proven cancer causing agent.
Seborrheic dermatitis is a histopathologically eczematous dermatosis characterized by poorly demarcated scaley erythematous patches with yel].owish greasy scales.
"Dandruff" is a mild form of this condition, localized to the scalp. This disease may involve any one, severa~, or all of the following sites: scalp, eyebrows, glabella, paranasal and chin folds, ears and retroauricular sulci, presternal interscapular regions, pubic regions, and intergluteal folds. Pityrosporum ovale, a yeast, has been shown to play a significant role in 75% of afflicted patients. Present therapy includes corticosteroids, tar, sulfur, and antibiotics, including antiyeast agents.
Actinic keratoses are superficial inflamma-tory tumors arisi.ng on sun exposed and irradiated skin. These tumors are the most common premalignant skin lesions. Each tumor is erythematous to brown with variable scaling.
Current therapies include excisional and cryosurgery, and 5-fluorouracil cream. The treatments hurt and often produce cosmetically unacceptable pigmentary residua.
Bowen s disease is a superficial intraepidermal tumor of keratinocytes most commonly caused by ultraviolet irradiation. Approximately 5% metastasize. These tumors frequently cover large areas of the skin. They often develop from actinic keratosis. Current treatments consist of excisional and cryosurgery and 5-fluorouracil cream.
Lentigo maligna is a tumor of premalignart melanocytes in the epidermis, usually occurring on sun exposed facial skin of elderly patients. Up to 30% progress to invasive cancer. These tumors frequently cover large surface areas. Usually treatment is surgery, although it is claimed that azelaic acid is effective in some patients.
Melasma is a hyperipigmentation state of sunex-posed skin resulting from excessive hormonal stimulation ofmelanocytes producing pigment granule hyperplasia. This condition is usually activated by pregnancy or oral ~317~8~
contraceptives. but may persist years after removal of this stimulus. The only current therapy is hydroquinone, which not only i8 poorly effective but may produce permanent depigmentation and raxely a paradoxical hyperpigmentation.

The conditions described above are the most common skin diseases and tumors, for which it has now been di -covered that certain aliphatic amines effectively treat when applied topically. In general, this invention applies to the treatment of inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin diseases in which bacteria play a siqnificant supporting pathophysiologic role. It also applies to treatment of tumors induced by viruses. This invention further applies to treatment of premalignant skin tumors, including Bowen'~ disease, lentigo maligna, actinic keratoses.

Thi invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for topical use containing a compound selected from the group con~isting of monocarboxylic acids having 5 to 19 carbon atoms, esters thereof, and amide~ thereo~, and monoaliphatic amines having 5 to 1~ carbon atoms and pharmaceutically acceptable ~alts thereof, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle that makes said composition suitable for topical application, characterized in that said compound is in a concentration of 1% to 35~ by weight with respect to the total composition.

This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for topical use containing from about 1% to about 35% by weight of a compound selected from the group ; consisting of aliphatic amines having 9 to 18 carbon atoms, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

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This invention al90 provides the use of the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions to treat skin ~ubject to:

a) a noninfectious inflammatory disease in which bacteria or yeasts play an adjunctive role;

b) psoriasis, acne vulgaris~ seborrhoeic dermatitis, atopic eczema and numular eczema;
or c) warts and molluscum contagiosum.

This invention also provides a process for the production of a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of skin disea es characterized by kin cells with hyperactive mitochondria, including skin diseases that are inflammatory, hyperproliferative, hyperplastic or dysplastic, which comprise3 as~ociating a compound selected from the group consisting of monocarboxylic acids having S to 19 carbon atoms, esters thereof, and amides thereof, and monoaliphatic amines having 5 to 19 carbon atoms and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle that make said compound suitable for topical application.

The monocarboxylic acids and aliphatic amines of the present invention are those of 5 to l9 carbon atom length, inclusive. The compounds include straight-chain and branched-chain species, and saturated and unsaturated species, including species with multiple unsaturation sites. Preferred are straight-chain aliphatic acids and amines, either saturated or unsaturated, of 9 to 18 carbon atom length. Examples include pelargonic, capric, undecanoic, lauric, tridecanoic, m~ri~tic, myristoleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, hexadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, i. Q~.' `

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linolenic, and octadecanoic acids. Thi~ invention also extends to esters~ amides, and amines and their salts, including hydrochlorides. The ester group includes glycerides and polyglycerides such as monoglyceride F ~
triglycerides, hexaglycerides, and decaglycerides, and esters formed from methanol, ethanol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, orethanol, and sorbitol, and saccharides such as sucrose. Spec.ific examples include l-monolaurin, 2-monolaurin, monocaprin, monomyristin, monolinolein; triglyeerol caprylate, pelargonate, caprate, and laurate; hexaglycerol ~317~

caproate, caprylate, pelargonate, caprate and laurate;
decaglycerol butyrate, caprylate, pelargonate, caprate, and laurate; sucrose caprylate, caprate, laurate, myristate, palmitate, elaidate, oleate, and linoleate. Examples of amide are capratoyl-N,N--dimethylamide, lauryl-N,N-dimethylamide, myristoleyl-N,N-dimethylamide, and palmitoleyl-N,N-dimethylamide. A preferred example is lauryl-N,N-dimethylamide. Examples of amines salts are capratylamine hydrochloride, laury]amine hydrochloride, tridecanylamine hydrochloride, myristoleylamine hydrochloride, palmitoleylamine hydrochloride, linoleylamine hydrochloride, and linolenylamine hydrochloride. Preferred amines are dodecylamines, particularly laurylamine and laurylamine hydrochloride.
Th0 compounds are generally applied in derma-tological formulations. These include any of the various known mixtures and combinations which may be applied topically and will permit even spreading of the active ingredient over the affected area. Examples include creams, lotions, solutions, ointments, and unguents.
The concentration of the active ingredient in -the formulation, i.e., the monocarboxylic acid or aliphatic amine or its analog or salt, is not critical and may vary over a wide range. The concentration may indeed range as high as the upper limit of dissolvability in any given for-mulation. The concentration should be a therapeutically effective concentration, however, and in most cases, best results are achieved within a range of about 1% to about 35%
by weight, preferably from about 2.5% to about 17.5% by weight.
The formulation may contain additional ingredients on an optional basis, including both those which are biologically active and those which are biologlcally inactive. Keratolytic agents are particularly useful in some cases as added active ingredients. Examples are salicylic acid, sulfur and retinoid derivatives. Optional concentrations will vary among keratolytlc agents.

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Salicylic acid, for example, is preferably used at about 0.5% to about 5.0% while sulfur is preferably used at about 2.0% to about 10.0%. Appropriate concentration ranges for any particular Xeratolytic agent will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Stratum corneum penetration enhancing compounds are usually included in dermatologic formulations to boost efficacy. Examples include propylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulfate, dimethylamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and Azone*
~Nelson Research~ Irvine, California).
Examples of inactive ingredients are wetting agents, surfactants, emollients, and solvents.
The term "therapeutically effective amount" is used herein in terms of the amount of dermatological formulation to be applied in any particular case to denote any amount which will cause a substantial improvement in a disease condition (such as a subsidence of a lesion, for example) when applied to the affected area repeatedly over a period of time. The amount will vary with the condition being treated, the stage of advancement of the condition, and the type and concentration of formulation applied.
Appropriate amounts in any given instance will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art or capable of determination by routine experimentation.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" is used herein to denote salts of the amines which are biologically compatible and otherwise suitable for admin-istration to human subjects, and which deliver the thera-peutic activity of the amine to the subject in substantially the same degree as if the amine itself were administered.
The compositions are generally applied in topical manner to the affected area, i.e., ]ocalized application to the skin region where the inflammation or hyperproliferation abnormality or tumor is manifest.
The following examples are offered for purposes of illustration, and are intended neither to define nor limit the invention in any manner.
* Trade-mark ~17~
Examples 1 through 4 illustrate the preparation of topical formulations in accordance with the present invention.

EXAMP~E 1 ; A therapeutic ointment was prepared by dissolving 17.5 grams of l-monolaurin (obtained from Lauricidin, Inc., Okemos, Michigan) in 10 mL of commercial isopropyl alcohol heated to 50C. Commercial propylene glycol ~7 mL) was the incorporated into the solution and the resulting mixture was cooled overnight at 24C. The mixt~re was then worked into 100 g of Aquaphor*~4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2 ,6 -salicyloxylidide, obtained from Beiersdorf, Inc., Norwalk Connecticut) on a pill tile.
The resulting ointment is hereinafter referred to as Formula A.

A therapeutic ointment was prepared in a manner identical to that described in Example l, except that 9 g of l-monolaurin, 5 mL of isopropyl alcohol and l mL of propylene glycol were used.
The resulting ointment is hereinafter referred to as Formula B.

A therapeutic formulation was prepared by dissolving 17.5 g of l-monolaurin ln 52 mL of isopropyl alcohol mixed with 24 mL of propylene glycol and heated to 50C.
The resulting formula-tion is hereinafter referred to a~ Formula C.

A therapeutic formulation was prepared in a manner identical to that described in Example 3, except that 24 g * Trade-mark of 1-monolaurin~ 52 mL of isopropyl alcohol and 24 mL of propylene glycol were used.
The resulting formulation is hereinafter referred to as Formula D.

Examples 5 through 10 illustrate the therapeutic effects of these formulations.

EXAMP~E 5 Eleven patients with grade I-III acne vulgaris were treated twice daily with Formula C for 6 weeks. All these patients had failed to completely clear using all standard topical and therapeutic agents. Several had also failed using isotretinoin. With Formula C, however, seven of the patient~ cleared completely, two cleared more than 50% of their lesions, and two experienced mi].d worsening of their disease.

Six patients with re~ractory pla~ue type psoriasis vulgaris were treated for four weeks twice daily with Formula A. These patients had failed to respond to all other topical and oral psoriasis treatments. As a result of the administration of Formula A, one patlent completely cleared all skin lesions and the other five each experienced at least 75% clearing.

Three patients with refractory facial seborrheic dermatitis were treated twice daily with Formula B for two weeks. These patients had previously failed to respond to topical corticosteroids, antifungals and antibiotics. As a result of the use of Formula ~, all three ~ained complete resolution of the skin rash during the treatment period, and one of the three cleared in only three days.

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Three patients with refr~ctory atopic dermatitis were treated with Formula A twice daily for six weeks.
These patients had previously failed to respond to topical corticosteroids, tars, oral and topical antibiotics, and antihistamines. As a result of the use of Formula A, all three patients cleared completely during the treatment period.

Two patients with refractory condyloma acuminata were treated with Formula D twice daily for six weeks. One completely cleared after two weeks of treatment; the other cleared after five weeks of treatment Five patients wlth persistent melasma that had failed to be resolved by hydroquinone were treated for si~
weeks, twice daily, with Formula C. As a result, two of the five completely resolved, two others improved by 75%, and the remaining one by 50%.

The foregoing description is offered primarily for purposes of illustration. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and numerous variations in both the formulations and their method of use, not mentioned above, may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims (16)

1. A pharmaceutical composition for topical use containing a compound selected from the group consisting of monocarboxylic acids having 5 to 19 carbon atoms, esters thereof, and amides thereof, and monoaliphatic amines having 5 to 19 carbon atoms and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle that makes said composition suitable for topical application, characterized in that said compound is in a concentration of 1% to 35% by weight with respect to the total composition.

2. A process for the production of a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of skin diseases characterized by skin cells with hyperactive mitochondria, including skin diseases that are inflammatory, hyperproliferative. hyperplastic or dysplastic. which comprises associating a compound selected from the group consisting of monocarboxylic acids having 5 to 19 carbon atoms, esters thereof, and amides thereof. and monoaliphatic amines having 5 to 19 carbon atoms and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle that makes said compound suitable for topical application.

3. The use of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 to treat skin subject to a noninfectious inflammatory disease in which bacteria or yeasts play an adjunctive role.

4. The use of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 to treat skin subject to psoriasis, acne vulgaris, seborrhoeic dermatitis, atopic eczema or numular eczema.

5. The use of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 to treat skin subject to warts or molluscum contagiosum.

6. A pharmaceutical composition for topical use containing from about 1% to about 35% by weight of a compound selected from the group consisting of aliphatic amines having 9 to 18 carbon atoms, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 having from about 1% to about 10% by weight of said compound and wherein said aliphatic amines have 12 to 16 carbon atoms.

8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 having from about 1% to about 10% by weight dodecylamine hydrochloride.

9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 having from about 1% to about 10% by weight laurylamine hydrochloride.

10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 having from about 1% to about 10% by weight myristoleylamine hydrochloride.

11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 having from about 1% to about 10% by weight palmitoleylamine hydrochloride.

12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 having from about 1% to about 10% by weight linoleylamine hydrochloride.

13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 having from about 1% to about 10% by weight linolenylamine hydrochloride.

14. The use of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 to treat skin subject to a noninfectious inflammatory disease in which bacteria or yeasts play an adjunctive role.

15. The use of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 to treat skin subject to psoriasis, acne vulgaris, seborrhoeic dermatitis, atopic eczema or numular eczema.

16. The use of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 to treat skin subject to warts or molluscum contagiosum.