CA1306679C - Use of polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp) to reduce the turbidity of sera, sera containing pvp, and a process for the preparation thereof - Google Patents
Use of polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp) to reduce the turbidity of sera, sera containing pvp, and a process for the preparation thereofInfo
- Publication number
- CA1306679C CA1306679C CA000568995A CA568995A CA1306679C CA 1306679 C CA1306679 C CA 1306679C CA 000568995 A CA000568995 A CA 000568995A CA 568995 A CA568995 A CA 568995A CA 1306679 C CA1306679 C CA 1306679C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- sera
- serum
- turbidity
- polyvinylpyrrolidone
- pvp
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/96—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving blood or serum control standard
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2496/00—Reference solutions for assays of biological material
- G01N2496/05—Reference solutions for assays of biological material containing blood cells or plasma
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2496/00—Reference solutions for assays of biological material
- G01N2496/25—Reference solutions for assays of biological material containing added polymers to stabilise biological material against degradation or mantain viscosity or density, e.g. gelatin, polyacrylamides, polyvinyl alcohol
- G01N2496/35—Polyvinylpyrrolidone, e.g. PVP
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/92—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving lipids, e.g. cholesterol, lipoproteins, or their receptors
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
- Separation Of Suspended Particles By Flocculating Agents (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Artificial Filaments (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of the disclosure The use of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to reduce the turbidity of sera, sera containing PVP, and a process for the preparation thereof The use of polyvinylpyrrolidone to diminish a turbidity in a dried and reconstituted human- and animal-based serum, as well as a dried and reconstitutable serum which has reduced turbidity and can contain measured amounts of lipids, are described.
A process for the preparation of a serum of this type is also described.
A process for the preparation of a serum of this type is also described.
Description
~6~
BE~IRINGWERKE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT 87/B 020 - Ma 636 Dr. Ha/Bn The use of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to r~duce the turbidity of sera, sera containing PVP, and a process for the preparation thereof ... .. _ _ _ _ _ . . _ . . .. _ _ _ _ The invention relates to the use o~ polyvinylpyrrolidone to diminish a turb;dity in a dried and redissolved serum, in particular in a dried control serum for wh;ch, after redissolution, turbidity is to be prevented~ In this sense, poly~inylpyrrolidone is also suitable for control sera for lipid determinations, especially for those with an elevated lipid content.
Control sera are to be understood to be sera which are of human or animal origin and have a composition which is, where appropriate, changed but like that of serum, and which sera contain serum constituents, for example proteins, enzymes, substrates which can be determined enzymatically, and electrolytes, in known concentration, and are suitable for checking methods of determination of these serum cons-tituents. Standard sera are also to be understood to be control sera within the meaning of the invention.
Processes for the preparation of control sera of these types, including the adjustment of individual constitu-ents to desired contents, have been disclosed.
In order to ensure the stability of labile components such as, for example, enzymes or lipoproteins, it is possible for control sera to be freeze-dried and s~ored at low tempera~ure. Undesired side effects of freeze-drying are turbidities ~hich occur after reconstitution of the control sera owing to a change in the solubility behavior of, in par~icular, the lipoproteins. These turb;dities often interfere with spectrophotometric ~k ', .
' ~3~7~
methods, so that an additional sample blank is necessary.
Turbidity gives rise to particular problems in measure-ments in the region of 340 nm in ~hich, in particular, those enzyme activity determinations based on NADH/NAD
measurement are carried out. The extinction of NADH, which is intrinsically high, is further raised by the turbidity so that it is often necessary to measure in a range in which precise measurements are impossible. The results become less accurate and depend greatly on the quality of the photometer.
Methods for avoiding turbidities have already been d;s-closed~ German Patent 3,107,060 describes the addition of organic substances which are not sugar-like, such as methanol, alanine, triethylene glycol, valine, acetate, ~S lactate or sodium 2-hydroxymethylbutyrate. An addition of this type may, in the case of alanine and methylbuty-rate, result in interferences with enzyme react;ons.
Add;tion of methanol is generally a risk to health. If sodium acetate is used, the control serum c3n no longer 2û be used as a universal control serum for electrolyte determinat;ons. Addition of ammonium compounds inter-feres with determinations of urea. Other substances may cause general interferences with assays.
Another method for avoiding turbid;t;es has already been descr;bed in German Offenlegungsschrift 3,329,952 by addition of proline and Na deoxycholate. However, ~his addition has the disadvantage that it results in arti-facts on protein fractionation by electrophoresis, and it ren~ers the deproteinization with $richloroacetic acid more diffi 30 cult, for exampLe in the determination of creatinine.
Hence, the invention has the object of preparing a uni-versal control s@rum which has a reduced tendency t~
turbidity after reconstitution from a dried form and which dses not have the described disadvantages of the known agents.
,,~.. , , . - .
, 13~6~
It has been found, surprisingly, that reconstituted con-trol sera which have less turbidity and are more homo-geneous can be prepared if polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is added to the control serum before drying. This not only makes the serum overall more homogeneous but also improves the precision of determinations of the concen-tration and activity of parameters contained in the con-trol serum, i.e. the finding again of the declared required values is facilitated for the user of quality control sera.
Hence the invention relates to the use of polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) for diminishing a turbidity and improv-ing the homogeneity in a dried and reconstituted serum.
PVP is added in a suitable concentration to such sera~
espec;ally control sera.
It has also been found that a turbidity of the control serum to which Lipids such as cholesterol and triglycer-ides are added is likewise reduced with polyvinyLpyrroli~
done as further additive, and the homogeneity of the reconstituted serum is improved.
Thus the invention also relates to a human- or animal-based control serum in dry form and containing polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, and to a process for the preparation of such sera.
The effective concentration of PVP with a molecular weight of 10,000 - 750,000 is between 1 and 2n y/l~ Preferably 2-6 g/l, and particularly preferably 3 g/l, with a mole-cular weight of 25,000 - 30,000 are used~ The process according to the inven~ion is suitable for the preparation o~ control sera for clinical chemistryO i.e. of products which are intended for use for the quality control of clinically interesting serum parameters such as the enzyme, substrate, (ipid, metabolite, hormone or elec-trolyte content. It is also suitable for the preparation ~3~'7~
of a control serum containing measured amounts of lipids (cholesteroL, triglycerides).
The extinction of the dried control serum which has the addition according to the invention and has been recon-stituted with distilled water was measured with a linespectrophotometer at 546 nm in a cuvette with a 1 cm path length and compared with the extinction of the same control serum without addition.
Reconstitution is defined as the dissolution of a dry material in the amount of solvent which contained it before drying.
The example which follows illustrates the invention.
E X A M P L E
Pooled human serum from healthy donors and bovine serum was used as the basis for control serum. Egg-yolk extract and bovine cholesterol concentrate were added to part of the sera, resulting in concentrations of tri-glycerides and cholesterol which were higher than the figures indicated under the columns "addition of lipids"
in the table which follows. All the samples of sera which were obtained in this way were in turn div;ded into two portions, with the first portion being left without addition, and to the second portion 3 g/l polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, molecular weight 25,000-30,000 from Merck AG, Darmstadt, Cat. No. 7443, being added in solid form and dissolved therein.
All samples were then sterilized by filtration~ dispensed into bottles and freeze-dried. Cholesterol, triglycer-ides and the turbidity were me3sured after reconstitution with distilled water.
The table shows the results of the measurements af ` -- 13~66 7~
cholesterol, triglycerides and, as a measure of the turbidity, the extinction and the range of variation of the extinction from bottle to bottle ~homogeneity) at 546 nm. It is evident from this that addition of poly-S vinylpyrrolidone brings about with all samples a dis-tinct reduction in the turbidity and in the coefficient of variation (CV), a measure of the said range of variation.
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) ~ ~ o ~ o ~nw ~ ~ ~ ~, ) ~S r~~ c) ~ v~ O O O
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1~ ~ ~'' '' '' .. ..
IIJ E ~~ ~) D N ~ -O Q ::- ~ Q
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V~ :IC (t) 3 fp U~ sl~ _
BE~IRINGWERKE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT 87/B 020 - Ma 636 Dr. Ha/Bn The use of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to r~duce the turbidity of sera, sera containing PVP, and a process for the preparation thereof ... .. _ _ _ _ _ . . _ . . .. _ _ _ _ The invention relates to the use o~ polyvinylpyrrolidone to diminish a turb;dity in a dried and redissolved serum, in particular in a dried control serum for wh;ch, after redissolution, turbidity is to be prevented~ In this sense, poly~inylpyrrolidone is also suitable for control sera for lipid determinations, especially for those with an elevated lipid content.
Control sera are to be understood to be sera which are of human or animal origin and have a composition which is, where appropriate, changed but like that of serum, and which sera contain serum constituents, for example proteins, enzymes, substrates which can be determined enzymatically, and electrolytes, in known concentration, and are suitable for checking methods of determination of these serum cons-tituents. Standard sera are also to be understood to be control sera within the meaning of the invention.
Processes for the preparation of control sera of these types, including the adjustment of individual constitu-ents to desired contents, have been disclosed.
In order to ensure the stability of labile components such as, for example, enzymes or lipoproteins, it is possible for control sera to be freeze-dried and s~ored at low tempera~ure. Undesired side effects of freeze-drying are turbidities ~hich occur after reconstitution of the control sera owing to a change in the solubility behavior of, in par~icular, the lipoproteins. These turb;dities often interfere with spectrophotometric ~k ', .
' ~3~7~
methods, so that an additional sample blank is necessary.
Turbidity gives rise to particular problems in measure-ments in the region of 340 nm in ~hich, in particular, those enzyme activity determinations based on NADH/NAD
measurement are carried out. The extinction of NADH, which is intrinsically high, is further raised by the turbidity so that it is often necessary to measure in a range in which precise measurements are impossible. The results become less accurate and depend greatly on the quality of the photometer.
Methods for avoiding turbidities have already been d;s-closed~ German Patent 3,107,060 describes the addition of organic substances which are not sugar-like, such as methanol, alanine, triethylene glycol, valine, acetate, ~S lactate or sodium 2-hydroxymethylbutyrate. An addition of this type may, in the case of alanine and methylbuty-rate, result in interferences with enzyme react;ons.
Add;tion of methanol is generally a risk to health. If sodium acetate is used, the control serum c3n no longer 2û be used as a universal control serum for electrolyte determinat;ons. Addition of ammonium compounds inter-feres with determinations of urea. Other substances may cause general interferences with assays.
Another method for avoiding turbid;t;es has already been descr;bed in German Offenlegungsschrift 3,329,952 by addition of proline and Na deoxycholate. However, ~his addition has the disadvantage that it results in arti-facts on protein fractionation by electrophoresis, and it ren~ers the deproteinization with $richloroacetic acid more diffi 30 cult, for exampLe in the determination of creatinine.
Hence, the invention has the object of preparing a uni-versal control s@rum which has a reduced tendency t~
turbidity after reconstitution from a dried form and which dses not have the described disadvantages of the known agents.
,,~.. , , . - .
, 13~6~
It has been found, surprisingly, that reconstituted con-trol sera which have less turbidity and are more homo-geneous can be prepared if polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is added to the control serum before drying. This not only makes the serum overall more homogeneous but also improves the precision of determinations of the concen-tration and activity of parameters contained in the con-trol serum, i.e. the finding again of the declared required values is facilitated for the user of quality control sera.
Hence the invention relates to the use of polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP) for diminishing a turbidity and improv-ing the homogeneity in a dried and reconstituted serum.
PVP is added in a suitable concentration to such sera~
espec;ally control sera.
It has also been found that a turbidity of the control serum to which Lipids such as cholesterol and triglycer-ides are added is likewise reduced with polyvinyLpyrroli~
done as further additive, and the homogeneity of the reconstituted serum is improved.
Thus the invention also relates to a human- or animal-based control serum in dry form and containing polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, and to a process for the preparation of such sera.
The effective concentration of PVP with a molecular weight of 10,000 - 750,000 is between 1 and 2n y/l~ Preferably 2-6 g/l, and particularly preferably 3 g/l, with a mole-cular weight of 25,000 - 30,000 are used~ The process according to the inven~ion is suitable for the preparation o~ control sera for clinical chemistryO i.e. of products which are intended for use for the quality control of clinically interesting serum parameters such as the enzyme, substrate, (ipid, metabolite, hormone or elec-trolyte content. It is also suitable for the preparation ~3~'7~
of a control serum containing measured amounts of lipids (cholesteroL, triglycerides).
The extinction of the dried control serum which has the addition according to the invention and has been recon-stituted with distilled water was measured with a linespectrophotometer at 546 nm in a cuvette with a 1 cm path length and compared with the extinction of the same control serum without addition.
Reconstitution is defined as the dissolution of a dry material in the amount of solvent which contained it before drying.
The example which follows illustrates the invention.
E X A M P L E
Pooled human serum from healthy donors and bovine serum was used as the basis for control serum. Egg-yolk extract and bovine cholesterol concentrate were added to part of the sera, resulting in concentrations of tri-glycerides and cholesterol which were higher than the figures indicated under the columns "addition of lipids"
in the table which follows. All the samples of sera which were obtained in this way were in turn div;ded into two portions, with the first portion being left without addition, and to the second portion 3 g/l polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, molecular weight 25,000-30,000 from Merck AG, Darmstadt, Cat. No. 7443, being added in solid form and dissolved therein.
All samples were then sterilized by filtration~ dispensed into bottles and freeze-dried. Cholesterol, triglycer-ides and the turbidity were me3sured after reconstitution with distilled water.
The table shows the results of the measurements af ` -- 13~66 7~
cholesterol, triglycerides and, as a measure of the turbidity, the extinction and the range of variation of the extinction from bottle to bottle ~homogeneity) at 546 nm. It is evident from this that addition of poly-S vinylpyrrolidone brings about with all samples a dis-tinct reduction in the turbidity and in the coefficient of variation (CV), a measure of the said range of variation.
, , Ql ~ O
O
.~ 11 ~
O 1~ ~ N ~:) O` 00 r--O
E
~0 0 ~U~ 0 O` ~ O ~
~, In ~ u~ o ~ ~ o~ `J o ~ ~o ~ .
_ ~ lX O O O O O O O O O O
O X
Q LIJ
aJ ~
~ O
O ~
~ 11 ~ O ~ ~ ~ N O t~J O 00 1'~1 O ~ ~ r~ O O ~O
I_ ~ E
Q ~:
J
`O
C ~ O ~ ~ 00 N `O O~
~` `J ~ ~O 00 `O `O ~O ~ t~l O`
>~ .
J~ I X O O O O O O O O O O
O X
Q ILI
~n UJ
l,_ J
a) ~ oo ~O ~ ~ ~ oO r~ cr~ oO O
~_ ~0 00 1~ 0 0 In ~ ~ ~ N
:~ O
JE O O O ~ N N O N O N
~E
J
~
a~ --00 ~ ~ O ~O` O` ~ I~
7 J ~ `O 00 a- o ~ t ~ ~ -J E ~ ~ f~l ~ r~l 1'~1 Lt~ U~ ~ 11'~
O ~
O
., U~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
) ~ ~ o ~ o ~nw ~ ~ ~ ~, ) ~S r~~ c) ~ v~ O O O
~ ., , ~ ~ , u~ a~ ., C~ C E O V ~ E ~ ~ ~ C J
1~ ~ ~'' '' '' .. ..
IIJ E ~~ ~) D N ~ -O Q ::- ~ Q
~ (I)., ~ ~ C _ ~ ~ O~1 ~
V~ :IC (t) 3 fp U~ sl~ _
Claims (5)
1. The use of polyvinylpyrrolidone to diminish a tur-bidity in a dried and reconstituted human- or animal-based serum.
2. A human- or animal-based control serum in dried form, which contains polyvinylpyrrolidone.
3. A method for diminishing a turbidity in a dried and reconstituted human- or animal-based serum, which optionally contains additional lipids, which comprises addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone to the liquid serum, followed by drying.
4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein polyvinyl-pyrrolidone with a molecular weight of 10,000 -750,000 is added.
5. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein 1-20 g/l polyvinylpyrrolidone are added to the liquid serum.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19873719196 DE3719196A1 (en) | 1987-06-09 | 1987-06-09 | USE OF POLYINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) FOR REDUCING THE TURBIDITY OF SERES, CONTROLLING SERIES CONTAINING PVP AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
| DEP3719196.9 | 1987-06-09 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1306679C true CA1306679C (en) | 1992-08-25 |
Family
ID=6329317
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000568995A Expired - Lifetime CA1306679C (en) | 1987-06-09 | 1988-06-08 | Use of polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp) to reduce the turbidity of sera, sera containing pvp, and a process for the preparation thereof |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0294714B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2604005B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE78604T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU606705B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1306679C (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3719196A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3719196A1 (en) * | 1987-06-09 | 1988-12-29 | Behringwerke Ag | USE OF POLYINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) FOR REDUCING THE TURBIDITY OF SERES, CONTROLLING SERIES CONTAINING PVP AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
| DE4344868A1 (en) * | 1993-12-29 | 1995-08-03 | Behringwerke Ag | Process for the preparation of long-term stable clear sera |
| DE19850074A1 (en) * | 1998-10-30 | 2000-05-04 | Dade Behring Marburg Gmbh | Stabilization of biological liquids by adding sterol esters |
| CN103472240B (en) * | 2013-08-23 | 2016-03-23 | 上海北加生化试剂有限公司 | People's blood fat (serum/plasma) quality management reference kit and preparation method |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1930059C3 (en) * | 1969-06-13 | 1975-11-13 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Stabilized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or or and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
| JPS5465095A (en) * | 1977-11-02 | 1979-05-25 | Toa Medical Electronics | Diluted liquid for counting blood platelets |
| US4215993A (en) * | 1978-12-04 | 1980-08-05 | Data Medical Associates, Inc. | Precipitating reagent and method for isolation and determination of high density lipoproteins in human serum |
| DE2904305C2 (en) * | 1979-02-05 | 1981-07-02 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh, 6800 Mannheim | Lipase determination reagent and process for its preparation |
| DE3329952A1 (en) * | 1983-08-19 | 1985-02-28 | Behringwerke Ag, 3550 Marburg | METHOD FOR REDUCING TURBIDITY IN CONTROL SERIES |
| DE3719196A1 (en) * | 1987-06-09 | 1988-12-29 | Behringwerke Ag | USE OF POLYINYLPYRROLIDONE (PVP) FOR REDUCING THE TURBIDITY OF SERES, CONTROLLING SERIES CONTAINING PVP AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
| FR2623628B1 (en) * | 1987-11-20 | 1990-04-20 | Bio France Reactifs | STANDARD SERUM, HUMAN IN NATURE, RECONSTITUTED FROM REJECTED FRACTIONS (NOT USED IN THERAPEUTICS), FRACTIONATION OF HUMAN PLASMA, HUMAN BLOOD, PLACENTAL OR RETROPLACENT BLOOD |
-
1987
- 1987-06-09 DE DE19873719196 patent/DE3719196A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1988
- 1988-06-03 DE DE8888108870T patent/DE3872952D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-06-03 EP EP88108870A patent/EP0294714B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-06-03 AT AT88108870T patent/ATE78604T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-06-08 JP JP63139603A patent/JP2604005B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-06-08 AU AU17514/88A patent/AU606705B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-06-08 CA CA000568995A patent/CA1306679C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3719196A1 (en) | 1988-12-29 |
| JPS63315947A (en) | 1988-12-23 |
| ATE78604T1 (en) | 1992-08-15 |
| DE3872952D1 (en) | 1992-08-27 |
| EP0294714B1 (en) | 1992-07-22 |
| AU1751488A (en) | 1988-12-15 |
| JP2604005B2 (en) | 1997-04-23 |
| EP0294714A2 (en) | 1988-12-14 |
| EP0294714A3 (en) | 1989-03-22 |
| AU606705B2 (en) | 1991-02-14 |
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