CA1302383C - Transition metal dichalcogenide catalysts - Google Patents

Abstract

NOVEL TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDE CATALYSTS

ABSTRACT
A novel flocculated methanation, hydrogenation or hydrodesulfurization catalyst of the form MS2:Y:Z
wherein MS2 is a single layer transition metal dichalcogenide sulfide, Y is a promoter substance and Z
is a support substance, is disclosed.

Description

~3~z383 NOVEL TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDE CATALYSTS

FIELD OF ~HE INVENTIO~

This invention is directed to novel catalysts, and more particularly novel flocculated supported single-layered transition metal dichalcogenide cata-lysts.
BACKGROVND OF THE INV~NTION

The preparation of high surface area catalysts for use in oil refining, gasification of coal, or for other reactions requiring catalytic surfaces, has been a developing field for many years. Catalysts are pre-sently prepared in many different ways. Hydrodesulfuri-zation catalysts, for example, are usually prepared by co-impregnating a suitable support (e.g. alumina) with a salt (e.g. ammonium heptamolybdate) and a promoter (e.g.
a nickel or cobalt salt) followed by calcination. The catalysts are then sulfided immediately prior to use.
There are several drawbacks and limitations to the catalyst preparation processes which are presently employed, one of which is high cost. Also, the number of active sites per gram of catalyst is generally low, thereby resulting in lo~ catalyst activity.
Another method for making catalysts involves the exfoliation of a layered transition metal dichalco-genide (e.g. molybdenum disulfide) containing an alkali metal. Alkali metals can be introduced into transition metal dichalcogenides in a number of ways. For example, lithium can be introduced or "intercalated" by soaking the layered compound in a solution of n-butyllithium in hexane, as described by M.B. Dines in Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 10, pages 287-291 (1975) and in U.S.
Patent No. 3,933,688, issued in 1976. Other methods of ff 13(~Z~3 obtaining a layered compolln~ with alkali metal between the layers are, for example, intercalation of the transition metal dichalcogenide with the alkali metal from solution in liquid ammonia as described by W.
Rudorff in Chimia, Vol. 19, page 4~39 (1965), or by electrointercalation in an electrochemical cell as described by M.S. Whittingham in U.S. Patent No.
4,009,052, issued 1977, or R.R. Haering, J.A.R. Stiles and K. Brandt in U.S. Patent No. 4,224,390, issued 1980, or by exposing the layered compound to hot alkali metal vapors as mentioned on page 308 of Intercalated Layered Materials, edited by F. Levy (1979).
United States Patents Nos. 4,299,892, Dines et al., November, 1981, and 4,323,480, Dines et al., April, 1982, are also of interest in this area.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A novel method of catalyst preparation which is different from present techniques, and which can produce extremely high active catalytic site densities, is disclosed. The method utilizes a powder of a layered transition metal dichalcogenide where the chalcogenide is a sulfide which contains an al~ali metal between the layers (e.g. molybdenum disulfide which contains lithium)-The powder is rapidly mixed with water orother suitable hydrogen generating liquid, sometimes with A12O3 suspended in it. The layered material exfoliates in the liquid. Vigorous agitation such as ultrasonication or high-speed stirring may assist in separating the layers. During exfoliation, a rapid reaction of the alkali metal (e.g. lithium) with water leads to hydrogen evolution between the planes of the disulfide. The crystallites (grains of the powder) are thereby "blown apart", that is, they "exfoliate" into ~3V;~ 3 "single layer" platelets comprised of one-layer units of tlle original metal dichalcogenide. The particles of exfoliated layered material and the particles of the support substance adhere together, provided that the pH
of the solution is appropriately adjusted. Promoters can also be added at this point. The material is washed in water or other suitable liquid, and a dry powder is recovered. This powder, consisting of an exfoliated layered material on a support, is, with appropriate heat treatments for activation, the equivalent of a sulfided catalyst prepared by conventional means, but offers equal or better surface area per gram of disulfide using a procedure that is better understood and amenable to variations.
lS The invention is directed to a process of preparing a substance of the form:
MS2:Z
wherein MS2 is a single layer of a transition metal disulfide (M being the transition metal and S being sulfur) selected from the group consisting of MoS2, TaS2, WS2; and Z is a suitable support substance interspersed in the layers of MS2, which comprises:
(a) introducing an al~ali metal into MS2 in multi-layer form in a dry environment such that the alkali metal is substantially intercalated between the layers of the MS2; (b) immersing the intercalated MS2 in a reducible hydrogen generating solution to thereby cause the layers of MS2 to separate; and (c) depositing the exfoliated layers of MS2 on the support substance Z.
We also disclose a process of preparing a substance of the form MS2:Y:Z wherein MS2 is a single layer transition metal layered dichalcogenide such as MoS2, TaS2, WS2; Y is a promoter sub-stance; and Z is a support substance; which comprises:
(a) intercalating the MS2 in multi-layer form with an 13(~Z~3~33 alkali metal in a dry environment such that the alkali metal is substantially intercaLated between the layers of the MS2; (b) immersing the intercalated MS2 in a reducible hydrogen generating solution to thereby cause the layers of MS2 to separate; and (c) mixing the support su~stance and the promoter material in a first solution; (d) subsequently mixing the first and second solutions so as to simultaneously flocculate the MS2, promoter material and support solution to form the MS2:Y:Z compound.
We also disclose a process where the support material Z is introduced by precipitation or aasorption from solution using a technique similar to the inclusion of Y above, which comprises: (a) intercalating the MS2 in multi-layer form with an alkali metal in a dry environment such that the alkali metal is substantially intercalated between the layers of the MS2; (b) immersing the intercalated MS2 in a reducible hydrogen generating solution to thereby cause the layers of MS2 to separate; (c) mixing soluble salts of the support material and (if desired) the promoter material in separate solutions; and (d) subsequently mixing the three solutions to flocculate the disulfide single layers, the support material and (if desired) the promoter material.
In all cases above, if the starting material is a transition metal dichalcogenide w'nich already contains an alkali metal, step (a) in the processes described is omitted. In all cases above, the solids are separated from the supernatant liquids, dried, and activated by suitable high temperature treatments.

D~AWINGS
In the drawings:
Figure 1 illustrates a chart o~ temperature ~302~133 proc~rammed desorption (TPD) of various catalyst species vs. catalytic activity of the catalyst in methanation.
Figure ~ illustrates the cross-sectional configuration of a flocculated molybdenum disulfide-alumina-promoter structure; and Figure 3 illustrates the cross-sectional configuration of a dried, calcined molybdenum ~oxysulfide)-nickel, alumina structure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTIO~ OF SPECIFIC
EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTIO~
We have developed a new form of single layer transition metal dichalcogenide, particularly, molyb-denum disulfide, MoS2, in the form of single molecular layers suspended in aqueous solution. We have been able to deposit these single layers onto aluminum oxide (A1203) in several ways. Using semi-empirical techniques and ideas based on models of what should be useful confi~urations, we have been able to prepare catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO (methanation catalysts) which are three to ten times more active than catalysts prepared by classical precipitation tech-niques. Our invention has similar application to hydro-desulfurization catalysts and catalysts for hydrogena-tion of heavy oils, etc.
In the important application of MoS2 as a hydrodesulfurization catalyst for the oil and coalindustries, it has been suggested in the literature that the active sites for hydrodesulfurization are associated with single layers of molybdenum disulfide on alumina with cobalt atoms closely associated with each site.
With our new form of molybdenum disulfide, prepared initially as single layers, it is possible to make a highly concentrated, homogeneous array of such active sites. ~le concentration of active sites per gram of 13V2~3 cataLyst is much greater than is possible by the "acci-dental" generation of such sites during the classical precipitation methods of catalyst preparation now followed.
Exfoliated MoS2 has been deposited on alu-mina particles in aqueous suspension, enabling recovery of dry exfoliated MoS2 supported on the alumina. With no surfactant, it was found by experimentation that if exfoliation tooX place in water in the presence of a sufficient quantity of alumina powder, or if sufficient alumina powder was introduced following exfoliation, the suspension would clear in a few minutes, thereby imply-ing deposition of the flakes of MoS2 nto the alumina under conditions when the MoS2 Would not adhere to itself ~flocculate). Deposition on alumina thus pro-vides a method of removing the exfoliated MoS2 from suspension without re-stacking by flocculation. Such "supported" samples were washed to remove lithium hydroxide, then dried.
The amount of alumina (1 ~icron diameter powder) necessary to clear a suspension of exfoliated MoS2 was such that the total area of the alumina was approximately matched to half the total area of the MoS2 (as calculated knowing the mass of MoS2 and assuming single-layer dispersion). The suspension did not clear if insufficient alumina was present, in~i-cating that the alumina particles became covered with monolayers of MoS2, and additional MoS2 particles remained in suspension without adhering to the MoS2-coated aLumina, or to other MoS2 Particles. Deposi-tion of multilayers, if desired, was achieved at this point in the process by lowering the pH to below 3 to cause flocculation. Numerous samples of alumina-supported MoS2 were prepared and varying amounts of coverage were achieved using MoS2 monolayers and ~3(~2~3 multilayers. Typical proportions of MoS~ to alumina were in the range 0.5% to 10~ MoS2 by mass.
As an initial step in the preparation of our supported single-layer transition metal dichalcogenides, and as a specific example, we have developed a new form of exfoliated MoS2. In using the expression, "exfoli-ated Mo52", we mean MoS2 suspended in aqueous solu-tion in the form of single molecular layers, ready to process in various configurations, including those most suitable for a supported catalyst.
In the preparation of exfoliated MoS2, there are several steps to perform. First, a commercial fine MoS2 powder ttypically 1 micron size~ is intercalated with lithium. In this step, the MoS2 powder is suspended in a solution of n-butyllithium in hexane, in an inert atmosphere (e.g., argon) in a dry box. After soaking for a few hours to a day in this solution, the lithium has penetrated between the layers of the layer compound MoS2, that is, the lithium has "inter-calated". The intercalated MoS2:Li is removed fromthe dry box while still protected from air and from moisture and is then immersed in an a~ueous solution.
The intercalated lithium reacts with the water and generates hydrogen. The ~enerated hydrogen gas pushes the layers of the MoS2 apart such that the powder essentially is "blown apart" by the hydrogen. Vigorous agitation such as by ultrasonication or high-speed stirring may assist in separating the layers. If the pH
is maintained at a value above about 3 the suspension will not flocculate but will stay for days or more suspended in water.
The next step is to process the exfoliated MoS2, and several techniques have been developed. The exact optimum procedures depend on the application of interest in each case. For example, if the objective is 13~2;~3 to prepare a catalyst, then at this point the required catalytic promoter can be added to the molybdenum disulfide.
We have made extensive studies of the adsorp-S tion of various hydroxylated cations on the surace of the exfoliated MoS2 including the important promoters cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) that are used in hydrodesul-furization catalysis. If we adjust the p~ correctly, we can induce adsorption of the cobalt or the nickel in the form of a partial monolayer on the surface of the molybdenum disulfide single layers, an arrangement that should be close to ideal for catalytic activity. The fact that the cobalt and nickel, presumably in the form of hydroxides, are adsorbed as a partial monolayer is simply demonstrated by restacking the MoS2 with the monolayer still adsorbed ~this is done simply b~
centrifuging out the material and drying) upon which it is determined by X-ray diffraction that the spacing between the layers has decreased by 8 to 10 percent.
We have termed such structures "inclusion compounds`'~
The cobalt or the nickel monolayer acts to bind the MoS2 layers more tightly than they would be bound with just the normal van der Waals attraction of the crystal.
Alternatively, if the solution reaches a pH at which precipitation of the hydroxide normally occurs, we can deposit clusters of Co(OH)2 Or Ni(OH)2 On the MoS2 layers. It has been -Eound that the inclusion of some heavy atoms or precipitate particles increases the surface area of the MoS2 Substantially. This is attributed to the separation of the layers (sometimes observed by X-ray diEfraction) allowing gases (in particular, nitrogen ~as for the BET measurements) to penetrate and measure the entire surface area of the MoS2 plus clusters.

~3~2~B3 The include~ material can alternative~y be aluminum hydroxide introduced as aluminum nitrate, with the 10cculation of MoS2 onto monolayers of aluminum hydroxide or clusters of aluminum hydroxide. In such a case, the aluminum compounds so introduced can be used as the "support".
- In the preparation of this new MoS2 form as a catalyst, the MoS2 is interspersed with alumina that is suspended in the solution or added to the solution.
We have discovered that in an intermediate p~ region, that is a region where neither the MoS2 nor the A1203 alone will ~locculate, a mixture of MoS2 and A1203 Will flocculate. This is entirely unexpected.
We have concluded that the MoS2 adsorbs on the alumina as a single layer, or (with fine A1203 of particle size less than the diameter of the MoS2 layers) the A1203 deposits on the monolayers of ~10S2, forming aggregates as indicated by Figure 2. There are two pieces of evidence for this conclusion. First, because the MoS2 will not adhere to itself (will not floccu-late), then when the alumina becomes covered by a single layer of MoS2 a second layer of MoS2 is not expected to deposit on the first. When another particle of alumina deposits on the flocculate, then another layer of MoS2 can deposit. Second, the suspension clears (everything settles out) with one micron alumina parti-cles when the MoS2 percentage by weight is less than 2%, but the suspension does not clear if the MoS2 percentage by weig~t is greater than 5%. This percent-age is essentially the amount of MoS2 necessary toform a monolayer on the alumina particles, and confir~s the fact that if there is too much MoS2 to form a monolayer (greater than a few percent) the excess MoS2 stays in suspension.

~3~2~83 This ability to form monolayers of MoS~ on alumina (or monolayers of MoS2 separated by fine alumina particles) is considered extremely important in the preparation of catalysts, both because (as discussed below) we have made exceptionally active catalysts using monolayexs on A1203 or NiO, or both, and because models of hydrodesulfurization catalysis suggest mono-layer MoS2 is exceptionally active.

Preparation of Catalyst We have studied the preparation of the new catalyst ta optimize the hydrogenation of CO (the methanation reaction). Using the techniques described above, we have studied the reactivity of MoS2 without alumina and as single layers on alumina and in many intermediate forms. We have introduced promoters in the form of inclusion compounds.
We have compared the catalytic activity for methanation using exfoliated MoS2 with various formu-2~ lations including flocculated MoS2, precipitated (fromammonium heptamolybdate) MoS2. precipitated or adsorbed nickel, or combinations of flocculated or precipitated MoS2 and nickel on alumina. Figure 1 shows results that summarize many of the measurements.
Figure 1 represents a plot of the active surface area determined from temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of various species from the catalyst vs. the catalytic activity of the catalyst in methanation. The type of preparation for each of the points is indicated on the curve. The most important result of Figure 1 from the point of view of the present disclosure is the fact that the catalytic activity changes dramatically with the various forms of preparation and the catalytic activity can be compared for these various forms of preparation.

13~1Z3~;~
As a basic reference point, the catalytic activity for various ~ormulations without nickeL present as a promoter can be seen in Figure 1. From this we can compare the best exfoliated MoS2 sample (supported on alumina) which is Sample #2, where 30~ MoS2 is exfoli-ated on 500 A A1203. Sample #2 can be com-pared to Samples #10 or #11, where the 30% molybdenum disulfide is prepared by precipitation from ammonium heptamolybdate, Sample ~10 giving the catalytic activity in the oxide form, Sample #11 the catalytic activity in sulfided form. A factor of ten improvement in catalytic activity for the catalyst based on exfoliated MoS2 can be observed.
Further, we can compare the activity of cata-lysts that include nickel. For example, Sample ~8,which is a commercial catalyst with nickel and MoO3 supported on alumina to give a high activity in hydro-genation catalysis, can be compared to Samples #13 or #14 using the exfoliated ~oS2 with nickel. Again, we find a factor of five or more increase in catalytic activity for the catalysts based on exfoliated MoS2.
In this case it may be due to an improvement in the dispersion of the nickel.
It is clear from the foregoing results that by using exfoliated MoS2 as the starting material and suitably preparing the catalyst one can obtain a supe-rior catalyst over that prepared by the standard preci-pitated MoS2 from ammonium heptamolybdate, both in the case of promoted and non- promoted catalysts. We fully expect that novel superior catalysts for hydrodesulfuri-zation can be prepared using similar techniques.
From the literature on hydrodesulfurization catalysts, the claim is that monolayer deposits of MoS2 on alumina with a promoter present provide the most active sites. Of course, with the normal way of 13(~Z~3 preparing the catalysts (co-precipitation of Mo and the promoter), there is little control over such sites, for the materials deposit as crystallites. Chemists have concluded that where there happens to be a single atom of Mo on the Al of the A12O3, the site is specially active. With our process of exfoliation and floccula-tion in the form of single MoS2 layers, we have developed the ability in principle to make every site on the A1203 a "single atom" site. To obtain the greatest number of such sites, one wants ultra-fine alumina (the alumina we have used for our experiments is of the order of 300A to 500A diameter). We concluded that the optimum configuration of the material after flocculation should be the form shown in Figure 2.
To achieve this form, we have combined two processes such that they will occur simultaneously, namely, adsorption of the promoter (nickel from the nitrate, depositing as Ni(O~1)2), ~nd deposition of the fine alumina particles on the single layers of MoS2.
Either of these processes could cause flocculation if the pH level is correctly adjusted. The requirement is that both occur simultaneously and the whole mass flocculate together.
We have found by experiment that at pH 6.2, a mixture of the MoS2 and the alumina will flocculate, although neither will settle out by itself. The alumina particles bind the MoS2 layers together until the mass reaches a few thousand angstroms in diameter and is large enough to flocculate. Also at pH 6.2, the mixture Of Ni(N03)2 and MoS2 will flocculate; again it is presumed that the monolayer of ~i(OH)2 binds the MoS2 single layers together. At this particular pH, both flocculations occur at about the same rate, w'nich is desirable in order to achieve the configuration s'nown in Figure 2.

~3~Z~t5 3 To induce "simultaneous flocculation", we have prepared the alumina suspension in a nickel nitrate solution and have care~ully adjusted the pH to 6.2. In a separate container, we have exfoliated the MoS2, and adjusted its pH to 6.2. The two suspensions were then mixed and flocculation followed.
After flocculation, the sample was dried and calcined at 500C (heated in oxygen), a process that converts much of the sulfide to an oxide. We believe this leads to a much stronger interaction between the Al, the Mo, and the Ni. We believe the configuration is that shown in Figure 3, especially after a final hydro-gen treatment at 5S0C. The configuration shown in Figure 3 gives complete coverage on the A1203 of the favoured Al/Mo/Ni sites and at the same time breaks up the MoS2 layers so that there is rapid access for the gases to be reacted (in the present case CO and H2 to make CH4).
Experimentally, we have found that our proce-dure provides five to ten times the catalytic activity -of any of the other treatments tested at temperatures between 300 to 400~C, as indicated in Figure 1. The samples under discussion are those marXed #15 in Figure 1. Examples of experimental procedure and the resulting improvements are discussed below.

Example 1 Layers Deposited on Alumina We have found that adding 0.3 g gamma-A12O3 from Cabot Corporation (Alon gamma-alumina) of 300-500 A diameter to 100 ml H2O
yields a suspension that is acidic with a pH of about 3.9. The pH of this suspension was raised to pH 6.4 by adding droplets of a 0.1 molar solution of NaOH and stirring well. The pH was maintained well below pH 9 to ~3C~Z~3 avo;d rapid flocculation. Intercalated MoS2 with Li, MoS2:Li, was formed by adding 1 g MoS2 powder to 50 ml of 2.5 molar solution n-butyllithium dissolved in hexane, the procedure being performed in an argon S atmosphere (in a dry box). After soaking for two days, the supernatant hexane was poured off, the vial of - MoS2:Li was washed twice with hexane, and the vial was stoppered. The powder, removed from the dry box, stoppered to preclude attack by air or water vapour, was inserted in 100 ml H2O, resulting in copious gas evolution and resulting in exfoliation of the MoS2 into a single-layer suspension of MoS2 (as determined by X-rays, P. Joensen, R.F. Frindt and S.R. Morrison, Mat. Res. Bull. 21 457 (1986)) in a solution of LioH at a pH of the order of 12. The pH of the suspension was lowered to 6.4 by adding dilute HN03 as required.
This suspension was then mixed with the suspension of A12O3.
The procedure for mixing the two suspensions was as follows. About 50 ml of deionized water in a container was stirred with a magnetic stirrer. The two 100 ml suspensions prepared as above at pH 6.4 in two different containers were simultaneously poured into the stirred ~2 After a few minutes, when the liquids were well mixed, the stirring was stopped. Within one to two minutes, the solution began to clear, an indica-tion of the completeness of the attraction between the MoS2 and the alumina and the beginning of floccula-tion. In about five to ten ~intues, the whole mixture totally flocculated. The clear supernatant solution was then removed and the flocculated precipitate was re-covered and washed twice in deionized water. The sample was dried at 60C in air, then inserted into an appara-tus designed to measure the catalytic activity, calcined at 500C and reduced in forming gas at 550C. The 1 3~I Zr ~
sample was then tested for catalytic activity, with the result indicated in Figure 1, Sample #1.

Example 2 MoS? with Included Nickel (No Alumina) As a second example, we describe the prepara-tion of Sample #13 of Figure 1. A 10 ml 0.1 molar solution of Ni(NO3)2-6E~2O (29 g/l~ was prepared.
The solution was acidic with a pH of 4.2. This pH was raised to 6.2 by adding a 0.1 molar solution of NaOH.
At a pH of 6.6, the solution was found to become cloudy and a further increase in pH caused the Ni(OH)2 to precipitate. Because we wanted a solution, not a suspension, we stopped at a pH of 6.2 + 2 percent.
1 g MoS2 as a suspension of single layers in 100 ml H2O, prepared as in Example 1, with an adjusted pH of 6.2, was mixed with the above nickel solution in the same manner as described in Example 1. The suspension cleared and the Ni-included MoS2 precipitate was recovered and washed twice with deionized water. The presence of the nickel was confirmed by an electron microprobe measurement. As in Example 1, the material was calcined at 500~C in air, reduced at 550C in E12, and tested for catalytic activity with the results given in Figure 1, Sample #13.

Example 3 Promoter ~i Included with MoS~
Single Layers on Alumina This method was used to prepare the highly active Sample #15 of Figure 1. A hydroxylated nickel solution (30 ml) was prepared as in Example 2 with a pH
of 6.2. The pH of the alumina suspension (0.3 g in 100 ml), prepared as in ~.xample 1, was adjusted to 6.2. The two liquids were mixed. A suspension of single layer MoS2 (1 g in 100 ml) was prepared as in Example 1.

~3(~231~3 The A12O3/Ni suspensiorl and the MoS2 suspension were then mixed as described in Example 1 and the solu-tion cleared in about five minutes. The sample was dried, calcined, and reduced as in Example 1. The sample was tested for catalytic activity with the results shown for Sample #15 of Figure 1.

Example 4 Precipitated Alumina on Single-Layer MoS~
10100 ml of 0.1 molar Al(~03)3 gH2O was prepared (3.75 g aluminum nitrate in 100 ml ~2) The solution was acidic with a pH value of 3.1. The pH was raised slowly with a 0.5 molar ~aOH solution at a rate of one drop per hour while stirring thoroughly with a magnetic stirrer. After several days at a pH value of about 4.8, we found that the Al(OH)3 precipitated, so to prevent this, the pH was allowed to rise only to 4.4 2 percent. It was then mixed with the MoS2 single layer suspension (1 g in 100 ml) as described in Example 2, but with the pH of the MoS2 only lowered to a p~ of 8.5. The pH of the mixture remained at 4.4. The mixture flocculated in ten to twenty hours. The preci-pitates were washed, dried and further processed. In this case, the calcining step was omitted. The sample was exposed to forming gas at 530C. Two samples were made, one with an Al:Mo ratio of 0.7 (as measured by electron microprobe) and one with an Al:Mo ratio of 1.1.
In the former case, the TP~ of CO was enhanced by a factor of 10 over Sample #4 in Figure 1, and in the latter case, the TPD of 2 was enhanced by a factor of 30 over Sample ~4 in Figure 1. Thus the samples provided large adsorption of the gases of interest in catalysis. With the sample where the CO adsorption was enhanced, the catalytic activity for methanation was increased a factor of 100 over that of Sample ~4, Figure Z;~83 1, where the MoS2/A12O3 (atomic percent) is the same.
As will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the foregoing disclosure, many alterations and modifications are possible in the practice of this invention without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be construed in accordance with the substance defined by the following claims.

Claims (42)

1. A process for preparing a substance of the form:

MS2:Z

wherein MS2 is a layer of a transition metal dichalcogenide selected from the group consisting of MoS2, TaS2 and WS2; Z is a support substance selected from the oxides or hydrous oxides of Al, Sn or Ti, which comprises:

(a) immersing multi-layered MS2 containing an alkali metal, with an alkali metal to M atomic ratio of about 1, in liquid water to thereby cause the layers of MS2 to exfoliate;
(b) adhering the exfoliated layers of MS2 with the support substance Z in the water to generate a solid; and (c) separating generated solid from the water.

2. A process as defined in claim 1 wherein the solid is activated by thermal treatment.

3. A process as defined in claim 1 wherein the support substance is alumina (Al2O3) in the form of powder particles.

4. A process as defined in claim 3 wherein the MS2 is molyb-denum disulfide (MoS2).

5. A process as defined in claim 3 wherein the MS2 is molyb-denum disulfide (MoS2) in the form of powder particles.

6. A process as defined in claim 5 wherein the alkali metal is lithium.

7. A process as defined in claim 3 wherein the alumina is present in the water when the layers of MoS2 are exfoliated according to step (a).

- Claims -

8. A process as defined in claim 7 wherein the diameter of the alumina powder particles is between about 1 micron to about 0.1 micron.

9. A process as defined in claim 5 wherein the diameter of the alumina powder particles is in the range 0.03 microns to 0.1 microns, and is less than the diameter of the MoS2 powder particles.

10. A process as defined in claim 9 wherein the MoS2 powder particles are of a diameter between 0.1 and 10 micron.

11. A process as defined in claim 10 wherein the pH of the aqueous solution is lowered to less than about 3 to thereby cause the exfoliated MoS2 to adhere to the alumina powder in more than one layer.

12. A process as defined in claim 4 wherein the alumina powder is added to the water after the MoS2 has been ex-foliated.

13. A process as defined in claim 1 further comprising activating the separated solid by reducing by exposure to hydrogen.

14. A process of preparing a substance of the form:

MS2:Y:Z

wherein MS2 is a single layer of a transition metal dichal-cogenide selected from the group consisting of MoS2, TaS2 and WS2; Y is a promoter substance selected from the group consist-ing of an oxide, a hydroxide or a sulfide of an element from Groups IB, VB, VIB, VIIB and VIIIB of the Periodic Table; and Z is a support substance selected from the group consisting of Claims -oxides or hydrous oxides of Al, Sn or Ti, interspersed between layers of MS2, which comprises:

(a) immersing multi-layered MS2 containing an alkali metal in liquid water to thereby cause the layers of MS2 to separate into a single-layer suspension;
(b) mixing together support substance Z and a solution of a soluble salt of an element selected from the group consisting of Group IB, VB, VIB, VIIB and VIIIB of the Periodic Table;
(c) subsequently mixing the single-layer suspension of MS2 with the solution containing the mixed support material Z and the soluble salt so as to simultaneously flocculate the MS2, promoter substance Y, which precipitates from the solution containing the soluble salt, and support substance Z to form the flocculated solid MS2:Y:Z and (d) separating the flocculated solid from the liquid.

15. A process as defined in claim 14 wherein the solid is activated by thermal treatment.

16. A process as defined in claim 14 wherein the solid is activated by exposure to hydrogen to optimize the catalytic activity of the solid.

17. A process as defined in claim 14 wherein the multi-layered MS2 is MoS2.

18. A process as defined in claim 17 wherein the promoter substance Y is a soluble nickel salt, which during flocculation converts to nickel hydroxide.

19. A process as defined in claim 18 wherein the support substance Z is alumina.

- ?f Claims -

20. A process as defined in claim 19 wherein the alkali metal is lithium.

21. A process as defined in claim 19 wherein the pH of the single-layer suspension of MoS2 and the solution containing the Al2O3 and the nickel salt is adjusted to about 6.2 to promote simultaneous flocculation.

22. A process as defined in claim 21 wherein flocculated MoS2:Ni(OH)2:Al2O3 is dried and calcined at about 500°C. to produce calcined MoS2:Ni(OH)2:Al2O3.

23. A process as defined in claim 22 wherein the calcined MoS2:Ni(OH)2:Al2O3 is reduced at 500°C. in hydrogen.

24. A process of preparing a substance of the form:

MS2:QX

wherein MS2 is a single layer of transition metal dichal-cogenide selected from the group consisting of MoS2, TaS2 and WS2; and QX is a support compound wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, Si, Zn and Sn cation and QX
represents an oxide or hydrous oxide of Q, which comprises:

(a) immersing multi-layered MS2 containing an alkali metal, with an alkali metal to M atomic ratio of about 1, into liquid water to thereby cause the layers of MS2 to exfoliate in suspension;
(b) dissolving a liquid soluble salt of Q to form a liquid solution with a pH adjusted to be immediately below the precipitation point of the hydroxide of Q;
(c) mixing the suspension of MS2 with the solution of soluble salt of Q to thereby cause the flocculation of MS2 with QX included; and (d) separating flocculated QX included MS2 from the mixture.

- of Claims -

25. A process as defined in claim 24 wherein the solid is activated by thermal treatment.

26. A process as defined in claim 24 wherein the solid is activated by exposure to hydrogen to optimize the catalytic activity of the solid.

27. A process as defined in claim 24 wherein the multi-layered MS2 is MoS2 powder.

28. A process as defined in claim 24 where Q is an aluminum cation.

29. A process as defined in claim 24 wherein the interca-lated alkali metal is lithium.

30. A process as defined in claim 24 wherein the soluble salt of Q is present in the liquid water so that the MS2 is exfoliated in the presence of the soluble salt of Q.

31. A process as defined in claim 27 wherein the Q is an aluminum cation.

32. A process of preparing a substance of the form:

MS2:Y:QX

wherein MS2 is a single layer of a transition metal dichal-cogenide selected from the group consisting of MoS2, TaS2 and WS2:QX is a support compound where Q is selected from the Group consisting of Al, Ti, Si Zn and Sn cation; QX represents an oxide or hydrous oxide of Q; and Y is a promoter substance selected from the group consisting of an oxide, a hydroxide, or a sulfide of an element from groups IB, VB, VIIB and VIIIB
of the Periodic Table, which comprises:

Claims -(a) immersing multi-layered MS2 containing alkali metal with an alkali to M ratio of about 1, in liquid water to thereby cause the layers of MS2 to separate into a single-layer suspension in this first solution;
(b) dissolving a soluble salt of Q to form a second solution with a pH that is adjusted to be immedi-ately below the precipitation point of the hydroxide of Q;
(c) dissolving a soluble salt of an element selected from the group consisting of Groups IB, VIB, VIIB
and VIIIB of the periodic Table in a liquid to form a third separate solution;
(d) mixing the three solutions from (a), (b) and (c) together to cause the solid flocculation of MS2 with Y and QX included, where Y and QX precipitate from solution; and (e) separating the flocculated solid from the mixed solutions.

33. A process as defined in claim 32 wherein the solid is activated by thermal treatment.

34. A process as defined in claim 32 wherein the solid is activated by exposure to hydrogen to optimize the catalytic activity of the solid.

35. A process as defined in claim 32 wherein the multi-layered MS2 is MoS2 powder.

36. A process as defined in claim 32 wherein Q is an aluminum cation.

37. A process as defined in claim 35 wherein the alkali metal is lithium.

Claims -

38. A process as defined in claim 37 wherein Y is a compound of nickel.

39. A process as defined in claim 38 wherein the support compound QX is an oxide or hydrous oxide of aluminum.

40. A process as defined in claim 14, 24, or 32 further comprising activating the separated solid by calcining.

41. A process as defined in claim 1, 14, 24 or 32 further comprising activating the separated solid by sulfiding.

42. A process as defined in claim 14 or 32 wherein promoter substance Y is a hydroxide of an element selected from Groups IB, VB, VIB, VIIB and VIIIB of the Periodic Table and deposits as the hydroxide.

` Claims -