CA1300039C - Pressure swing adsorption process and apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

IMPROVED PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
PROCESS AND APPARATUS

Abstract of the Disclosure In air separation and other gas separations employing pressure swing adsorption technology, reduced cycle times are achieved by an advantageous combination of simultaneous processing steps. The gas released upon cocurrent depressurization from higher adsorption pressure is employed simultaneous-ly for pressure equalization and provide purge purposes. Cocurrent depressurization is also carried out at an intermediate pressure level, while countercurrent depressurization is simultaneous-ly carried out at the opposite end of the bed being depressurized to its lower desorption pressure level.

D- 14,716

Description

~3~ 39 Back round of the Invention Field of the Invention - The invention relates the purification of gases in a pressure swing adsorption system. More particularly, it relates to improve-ments in the processing cycle and syst:em enabtingimproved performance to be achieved;
Description of the Prior Art - The pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process provides a commercially desirable technique for separa~ing and purifyi.ng at least one component of a feed gas mixture contain-ing said component and at least one selectively adsorbable component. Adsorption occurs in an adsorbent bed at a higher adsorption pressure, with the selectively adsorbable component thereafter being desorbed by reducing the adsorbend bed pressure to a lower desorption pressure. The carrying out of the PSA process in multi-bed systems is illustrated by the Wagner patent~ U.S. 3,430,418, relating to a system having at Least four beds. As is generally known and described in this patent, the PSA process is commonly carried out, on a cyclic, in a processing sequence that includes, in each bed, (1) higher pressure adsorption with release of product effluent from the product end of the bed, (2) cocurrent depressurization to intermediate pressure with release of void space gas from the product end thereo~, (3) countercurrent depressurization to a lower de-sorption pressure, (4) purge and (5) repressurization.
The void space gas released during the cocurrent de-pressurization step is commonly employed for pressureequalization purposes and to pro~ide purge gas to a bed a~ its lower desorption pressure.

~-14,716 ',: '. ,~ . ' ' 3~ ~ ~3 In a variation of said PSA processing described above with reference to systems having four or more absorbent beds, a conventional three ~ed system was devised for use in the separation and recovery of air and other such separations. This system was based on the increasing pressure adsorption step described in the McCombs patent, U.S. 3,738,087. In one embodi-ment thereof, air is added to an adsorbent bed for the repressurization thereof, with nitrogen being selectively adsorbed and with oxygen being discharged from the product end of the bed at rates such that the bed pressure increases to upper adsorption pressure.
A PSA cycle incorporating said increasing pressure adsorption step includes (1) said increasing pressure adsorption step, (2) cocurrent depressurization to intermediate pressure with release of void space gas from the product end thereof, (3) countercurrent depressurization to a lower desorption pressure, (4) purge and ~5) depressurization. The void space gas released during the cocurrent depressurization step is employed, in this embodiment, for passage to other beds in the system in a pressure equalization-provide purge pressure equalization sequence. This latter cycle makes unnecessary a constant pressure adsorption step as employed in the Wagner cycle. This enables more time for bed regeneration, i.e. counter-current depressurization and purge, within a given cycle time so as to enable greater productiv~ty and recovery and/or purity to be obtained from a given system, particularly in systems designed for relative-ly short overall cycle time operation.
Using such a three bed system with each bed . containing commercial 13X, 8 x 12 head form, molecular s~eve in air separation operations, an oxygen . . .

, D- 14,716 ~ 39 recovery of 43% and a productivity (BSF) of 4,000 lb.
13 X molecular sieve per one ton per day (TPD) of oxygen have been obtained. Said xecovery is defined as the percent or volume fraction of the feed air oxygen removed from the feed stream and delivered as oxygen product. Productivity is defined as the pounds of molecular sieve required to generate 1 TPD of contained oxygenO The recovery and productivity values referred to above were obtained on the basis of a 180 second total cycle time for the 3-bed PSA system, with feed air being introduced at a maximum pressure of 40 psig, with product being discharged at 20 psig.
While such standard 3-bed system is desirable for various commercial applications, there is, nevertheless, a desire in the art to improve product recovery and productivity. Difficulties have been encountered, however, in achieving such objectives.
Thus, the total cycle time had to be reduced to less than said 180 seconds to yield a significant BSF re duction ~productivity increase~ compared to said standard 3-bed operation. Howe~Jer, reductions in individual step times, i.e. the purge and pressure equali~ation steps, are limited by gas velocity and bed fluidization limits, or by applicable cycle performance standards. Such limitations prevent the achieving of substantial cycle ~ime reductions only by means of reductions in the duration of the `individual cycle steps. With respect to the standard 4-bed system, on the other hand, the addition of a fifth adsorbent bed to increase single bed capacity limits by means of standard cycling techniques applicable to said systems would necessarily result in an increase in total cycle times and in the BSF
values for any given application. Such an increase D- 14,716 ~3(~039 in BSF value would compromise any potential increase in productive capacîty derived from an increase in the number of vessels employed in the PSA system. In addition, size limitations on PSA-oxygen adsorbent beds limit the maximum capacity of a single PSA
train, so that the development of means to reduce the BSF would be required to increase the maximum capacity limits of such a single PSA train. There remains in the art, therefore, a need to develop improvements in the PSA art enabling reductions in BSF and increased single train capacity to be achieved.
Such improvements advantageously would enable the overall cycle time to be reduced, while enabling sufficient time to complete each individual cyc}e time without degradation of product purity ar recovery.
It is an object of the invention, therefore, to provide an improved PSA process and system.
It is another object of the invention to provide a PSA process and system for the enhanced separation and recovery of oxygen from air.
It is another obJect of the invention to pro-vide a PSA process and system enabling overall cycle times to be minimized while enabling sufficient time to complete each individual cycle step without degradation in product purity or recovery.
With these and other objects in mind, the in~ention is hereinafter described in detail, the novel features thereof being particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

D- 14,716 ~ 30 ~ ~3~

Summary of the Invention The PSA process and system of the invention advantageously employs novel simultaneous cycle steps that enable the total cycle time to be reduced, product recovery to be enhanced, and BSF reductions to be achieved. The time required for the separate provide purge step is desirably shorter than the purge step, with the overall countercurren~ depressuriza-tion and purge time enabling adequate bed regenera-tion to be accomplished with the overall shorter total cycle times permissible in the practice of the inven-tion.
Detailed Descri tion of the Invention _ _ P
The objects of the invention are accomplished by the incorporation into the PSA process and system as described above with reference to the Wagner patent of simultaneous cycle steps relating to the cocurrent depressurization and the countercurrent depressuriza-tion portions of the overall cycle. Such simultaneous steps enable the total cycle time to be reduced and BSF reductions, i.e. increased adsorbent produc~ivity, to be obtained. Enhanced bed capacity can be achieved in the practice of the invention at minimized overall cycle times without degradation of product effluent purity or recovery. The invention has been found to actually result in significant improvements in product recovery as compared with the standard commercial 3-bed PSA process and system referred to above.
It should be noted that the invention, in a desirable embodiment, is based upon the use of a constant adso-ption pressure step, as in the Wagner cycle referred to above, wherein feed gas is passed D-14,716 ~31)~39 to an adsorption bed maintained at an upper adsorption pressure level, with the more readily adsorbable component being selectively adsorbed and with the less readily adsorbable component being dis-charged from the product end of the bed as product effluent. Such constant adsorption pressure cycles, modified in accordance with the invention, enable lower BSF requirements to be achie~ed, which result in higher single train capacities and lower adsorbent inventory requirements for a given product capacity and purity. The following description of the invention will be understood, therefore, to represent a desirable modification of the overall processing cycle of Wagner as recited above.
The invention can advantageously be employed in multi-bed PSA systems having at least four adsorbent beds therein, with systems containing four beds being highl~ desirable for some applications.
Five, six or seven adsorbent bed systems are also desirable in some instances. While the invention can be practiced in systems having 8 or more beds~ it is commonly expedient to employe two 4-bed systems, or the like, as an alterna~ive to such higher number of beds in a single system. It will be understood that, in such multi-bed systems, the feed gas may be passed to more than one bed at any particular stage of the processing cycle. Thus, the feed gas is often passed to at least two beds at any given time in the operation of such multi-bed systems. As with respect to conventional practice, the PSA process desirably employs two, three or more pressure equali-zation steps in which cocurrent depressurization gas released from one bed at an elevated pressure is used to partially repressurize another bed initially at lower pressure and to provide purge to a bed at lower ~_ 14,716 ~3~)~1)39 desorption pressure. Thus, the inven~ion can be used in a variety of processing cycles such as, for example, those involving five or more beds with two beds on adsorption at any g:iven time,.in overlapping sequence, during the overall PSA p~o-cessing cycle. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various other PSA processes and systems can be adapted so as to take advantage of the desir-able benefits of the invention in desirable PSA
cycles.
The practice of the invention can be illustrated by Table I below with respect to a four bed embodiment of the invention:

TABLE I

15 Bed No. Cycle (412) El/pp, E2/BO
~ _ ~ ~ ~/1 ~

2 ~ .

3 .

4 ~ ~ ~ ~Z ~ 2 In th~s Table with respect to each bed, A
represents an adsorption step at an upper adsorption pressure with discharge of the less readily adsorbable component as product effluent from the product end of the bed; PP represents a cocurrent depressurization step i~ which ~oid space gas is released from the product end of the bed ~or use in providing purge gas to anot~er bed typically at its lower desorption pressure, said bed being depressurized from an upper intermediate pressure to an intermediate pressure level; P represents a purge step typically at lower desorption pressure in which void space gas released from another bed is passed directly to said bed under-going its purge step, with said purge step being seen D~ ,716 139~)039 to be of longer duration than the provide purge step PP;
R represents repressurization to upper adsorption pressure; El/PP represents one of the novel steps of the invention, namely a cocurrent depressuriza-tion step in which void space gas released duringcocurrent depressurization from said upper adsorption pressure to an upper intenmediate pressure is passed simultaneously to one othe.r bed in the system being partially repressurized to said upper intermediate pressure and to a second o.ther bed as, purge gas for said bed at its lower desorption pressure level; and E2/BD represents the other novel step wherein further cocurrent depressurization from said intermediate pressure level to a lower intermediate pressure is carried out with release of additional void space gas from the product end of the bed, said void space gas being passed to another bed in the system for pressure equaliza-tion therebetween at said lower intermediate pres-sure, while'the bed is being simultaneously de-pressurized countercurrently by the discharge of gas from the feed end of the bed. The counter-current, or BD, portion of said E2-BD step is con-tinued after completion of said pressure qualiza-tion down to the lower desorption pressure of thebed. ,In the process of the embodiment illustrated in said Table I, it will be seen that only one of the four beds in the system is on the adsorption step, on a cyclic basis, at any given time in the D 14~716 ~L3~339 cycle. As two pressure equalization steps are employed, i.e. said El/PP and E2/BD and their counter-- parts E2 and El, the overall cycle is referred to in the heading of the Table as a (412) El/PP - E2/BD
cycle, the 4 representing the number of beds, the 1 representing the number of beds on adsorption at any given time, and the 2 representing the number of direct pressure equalization steps, and El/PP -E2/BD denoting the point of novelty of the invention wherein the two simultaneous processing features described above are employed in the PSA processing cycle to obtain the benefits referred to herein.
In the processing cycle illustrated in Table I, the El/PP step is carried out, e.g. in bed l, by the cocurrent depressurization of said bed with the void space gas released from the product end of the bed being simultaneously passed to bed 3 for pressure equalization at upper intermediate pressure and to bed 4 for the initial portion of the purge step in said bed. Following the continuing cocurrent depressurization wherein void space gas from bed 1 is passed to said bed 4 as purge gas, with bed 1 being depressurized further to an intermediate pressure level, the E2/BD s~ep is carried out with additional void space gas being released from the produc~ end of bed 1, which is cocurrently depressurized to a lower intermediate pressure, said gas being.passed to bed 4 for pressure equalization at said lower inter-mediate pressure. Bed 1 is simultaneously depressur-ized countercurrently by the discharge of gas fromthe feed end thereof. T~e BD portion of the step is continued after completion o the E2 portion upon pressuré equalization of depressurizing bed 1 and repressurizing bed 4 at said lower intermediate pressure. It will be seen from this example that the D- 14,716 130~039 E2 step represents partial repressurization of a bed from its lower desorption pressure to lower intermediate pressure by the passage of void space gas thereto, typically directly, from a bed being co-currently depressurized in its E2/BD step fromintermediate pressure to said lower intermediate pressure by pressure equalization with said bed being partially repressurized from its lower desorption pressure to said lower intermediate pressure. Similarly, El represents Eurther partial repressurization to upper intermediate pressure by the passage of void space gas thereto, typically directly, from a bed being cocurrently depressurized in its El/PP step from upper adsorption pressure to upper intermediate pressure by pressure qualization with said bed being partially repressurized from its lower to its upper intermediate pressure.
When the invention as represented by the processing cycle of Table I is employed in a practical commercial air separation operation, each bed being operated at an upper adsorption pressure of 40 psig, a 160 second total or overall cycle time can be effectively utilized. The BSF of commercial 13X, 8 x 12 beaded, molecular sieve adsorbent, has 3,000 lb. of said 13X/TPD
of oxygen product at 90% product purity. Recovery of oxygen product was 53%. By contrast, at the same 40 psig adsorption pressure, using com-mercial 5A, 8 x 12 beads and producing product oxygen at said 90% purity, a 4-bed Wagner cycle system required a 240 second total cycle time, with a higher BSF, i.e. lower productivity, of 6,000 lb. of said 5A /TPD of oxygen product.

D- 14,716 ~3~039 In another desirable embodiment of ~he system, five adsorbent beds are employed with two beds on adsorption at all times. As in the prevîous illustrated embodiment, two pressure equalization steps are employed, together with the El/PP and E2tBD steps of the inven~ion. ~ence, ~he cycle is designated as a (522) El/PP - E2/BD cycle in the heading of Table II below.

TABLE II

10 Bed No Cycle (522~ El/PP -E2/BD
_ --1 ~ ~ ~d ~¦ f~
2 ~/ ~? ~ o~ ~ ~-3 f~ ~ /J~i 4 ~ ~ ~ f~ 9 , ~

5 ~ ~ A~

In the cycle of Table I~, A, El/PP, PP, E2/BD, P, E2, El and R all have the same meanings a were indicated above with respect to the Table I
embodiment. In the practice of said (522) El/PP-E2/BD Cycle for oxygen recovery at said 90%purity by air separation, employing an upper adsorption pressure of 40 psig and using the same commercial 13 X molecular sieve adsorbent, in 8 x 12 beaded form, a total cycle time of 200 seconds is employed, with an BSF of about 3,800 lb. of said BX/TPD of oxygen product. Recovery of product oxygen is_54%. By contrast at the same 40 psig adsorption pressure, using the same commercial 13X, 8 x 12 beads and producing product oxygen at said 90% purity, a standard 3-bed cycle as described above involves the use of a 180 second total cycle time, ~- 14,716 ~ 3~0 O~ ~

with a BSF of 4,005 lb. of said 13X/TPD of oxygen product. The recovery of oxygen product was only 49%.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications can be made in the details of the PSA process and system as described herein without departing from the scope of the invention as recited in the appended claims. It will also be appreciated that PSA systems necessarily incorporate various conduits, valves and other control features to accomplish the necessary switching of the adsorbent beds from one processing step to the next in appropriate sequence The invention can readily be employed using conventional conduits and control features well known in the art.
For purposes of the invention, the PSA system will comprise conduit means for passing void space gas released from the product end of a bed during cocurrent depressurization from said upper inter-mediate pressure simultaneously to other beds inthe system, said gas being passed to one bed for pressure equalization at said upper intermediate pressure, and to another bed for providing purge gas to said bed. Commercially available control means can readily be employed for enabling the passage of void space gas from the bed being co-currently depressurized to continue until an intermediate pressure level is reached, with the released gas being passed to the bed being purged, following termination of the passage of gas to the bed ~eing pressure equalized at said upper inter-mediate pressure. Conduit means are also pra-vided for passing additional void space gas released from the product end of the bed, upon further cocurrent depressurization thereof from said intermediate pressure to a lower intermediate pressure, to another bed in the system for pressure D- 14,716 130~6~39 equalization therebet~een at lower intermediate pressure and for simultaneously dischargin~ gas from the feed end of the bed. Control means can likewise be provided for precluding the passage o~ gas from the bed to which gas had been passed during pressure equalization at lower intermediate pressure upon continuance of the discharge of gas from the feed end of the bed, i.e. the continued BD portion of the E2/BD step, down to said lower desorption pressure upon completion of the pressure equalization at lower intermediate pressure. It is convenient to employe an in-line check valve as said latter control means, with said check valve being adapted to prevent back-flow of gas at lower intermediate pressure into said bed being further depressurized from -aid lower intermediate pressure to lower desorption pressure. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that such variations or modifications of the PSA process and system of the 2n invention can include in appropriate circumstances, the inclusion of additional pressure equalization steps or the providing of additional adsorbent beds on the adsorption step at any given time in overlapping processing sequence.
While the invention has been described above with reference to a constant pressure adsorption step in contrast to the standard 3-bed system employing an increasing pressure adsorption step without sub-sequent adosrption at a constant upper adsorption pressure level, it should be noted that the invention can be practiced by incorporating`an inc~easing pressure adsorption step ad the repressurization step, i.e. step R of Tables I and II, following partial D-14,716 ~L30~:)039 repressurization of a bed by pressure equalization, i.e. steps E2 and El of said Tables. In such an embodiment, therefore, the repressurization to upper adsorption pressure is carried out with product effluent being simultaneously discharged from the product end of the bed. In such circumstance, it will be appreciated that increased amounts of product gas can be recovered in any given cycle time without sacrifice of the time available for regenration of the bed, or alternatively, the constant pressure adsorption step can thus be made shorter to allow for more time for bed regeneration purposes, there-by enabling product purity andtor recovery to be enhanced. It should also be noted that said increas-ing pressure adsorption step can advantageously beemployed, together with the E2/BD step of the invention in 3-bed PSA systems without a constant pressure adsorption step or the El/PP step of the invention.
This processing variation can also be employed in PSA systems having more than three beds. Thus, a processing sequence of El (depressurization from upper adsorption pressure), PP, E2/BD, P, E2 (partial repressurization ) and increasing pressure adsorption to upper adsorption pressure could be employed in the practice of this variation.
The pressure swing adsorption process and system herein disclosed and claimed can be advantageous-ly employed to selectively adsorb at least one component of a feed gas mixture, thereby separating and purifying a desired product effluent gas, While the invention is particularly advantageous for separating and recovering oxygen as the less readily adsorbable component of air from nitrogen as the more readily adsorbable component thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various other separations, including the recovery of hydrogen D- 14,716 ~300039 from feed gas mixtures or even the separation and recovery of nitrogen as the product effluent from feed air is feasible depending upon the performance characteristics of the particular adsorbent employed in the PSA system and its ability to selectively adsorb one component from a feed gas mixture in preference to another, less readily adsorbable component Suitable adsorbent materials may include zeolitic molecular sieves, activated carbon, silica get, adtivated alumina and the like. Zeolitic molecular sieve adsorbents are generally desirable for said oxygen separation and recovery ~rom air, with said 13 X adsorbent or 5A molecular sieve being standard materials that can readily be employed in the commercial practice of the prior art approaches improved as herein disclosed and claimed.
It will be understood that various operating conditions can be employed in the practice of the invention, depending upon t'ne particular separation being carried out, the purity level desired, the adsorbent material employed, and the ike. It has been found, however, particularly with respect to the separation and recovery of oxygen from air, that an upper adsorption pressure of from about 40 to about 60 PSIG, preferably about 45 to about 55 psig, is desirable. Desorption LS conventionaLly at about atmospheric pressure, but other, higher or lower desorption pressures can also be employed in particular applications. The invention enables the overall cycle time to be desirably minimi2ed, with cycle times of from about 140 to about 180 seconds being ~easible in various embodiments, parti-cularly in 4-bed systems, while somewhat longer -times may.be requred in embodiments such as illus-trated in Table II wherein a 5-bed system was D- 14~7l6 employed with two beds in adsorption at any given time and in which an increase in re overy was obtainable as compared with the 4-bed system illustrated in Table I. In general, oxygen product recovery in air separation applications of the invention are readily obtainable wi~hin the range of from about 50% go about 60%, typically from about 53% ~o about 55~. -The invention will thus be seen to satisfy the desire in the are for improvements in the PSA
technology as applied to various gas separation operations, such as the separation and recovery of oxygen from air. The simultaneous cycle steps o the invention thus enable increased absorbent produc-tivity to be achieved, providing increased bedcapacity, while product recovery improvements averaging about 5 to 6% can be obtained as compared with the commercial 3-bed PSA process. The process-ing cycles of the invention advantageously employ provide purge steps shorter in time than the time provided for the actual purge of the bed, with the overall cycle times being minimized without degradation of product effluent purity. The invention thus enhances the feasibility of applying ~5 PSA technology in practicaL, commercial gas separation operations in a more efficient, effective manner than was heretofore possible utilizing the PSA technology as developed heretofore in the art.

D-14,716

Claims (36)

1. In a pressure swing adsorption process for the separation and recovery of a less readily adsorbable component of a feed gas mixture in an adsorption system capable of selectively adsorbing a more readily adsorbable component from said gas mixture, the adsorption system containing at least four adsorbent beds, each of which undergoes, on a cyclic basis, a processing sequence that include (1) adsorption at an upper adsorption pressure level with discharge of the less readily adsorbable component as product effluent from the product end of the bed, (2) cocurrent depressurization with release of void space gas from the product end of the bed and the passage of said gas to other beds in the system for pressure equalization and for provide purge purposes, (3) countercurrent depressurization to lower adsorption pressure with release of said more readily adsorbable component from the feed end of the bed, (4) purge at said lower desorption pressure, (5) partial repressurization by pressure equalization with void space gas from other beds, and (6) repressurization to upper adsorption pressure, the improvement comprising:
(a) passing void space gas released during cocurrent depressurization from said upper adsorption pressure to an upper intermediate pressure simultaneously to one other bed in the system being partially repressurized to said upper intermediate pressure until equalization is achieved and to a second other bed as purge gas for said bed at its lower desorption pressure level;

D- 14,716 (b) continuing to pass void space gas released from said bed being depressurized to said second other bed as purge gas, said bed thereby being depressurized further from said upper intermediate pressure to an intermediate pressure level;
(c) passing additional void space gas released from the product end of the bed upon further cocurrent depressurization thereof from said intermediate pressure level to a lower intermediate pressure to another bed in the system until pressure equalization therebetween is achieved at said lower intermediate pressure, while simultaneously countercurrently depressurizing said bed by the discharge of gas from the feed end of the bed, said countercurrent depressurization being continued after completion of said pressure equalization down to the lower desorption pressure of said bed, whereby enhanced adsorbent productivity, bed capacity and product recovery can be obtained at minimized overall cycle times without degradation of product effluent purity.

2. The process of Claim 1 in which said system comprises four adsorbent beds.

3. The process of Claim 1 in which said system comprises from five to seven adsorbent beds.

4. The process of Claim 1 in which said feed gas mixture comprises air, said less readily adsorbable component comprises oxygen, and said more readily adsorbable component comprises nitrogen.

5. The process of Claim 4 in which said system comprises four adsorbent beds.

6. The process of Claim 5 in which said upper adsorption pressure is from about 40 to about 60 psig.

D- 14,716

7. The process of Claim 6 in which said upper adsorption pressure is about 45 to about 55 psig.

8. The process of Claim 7 in which said overall cycle time is from about 140 to about 180 seconds.

9. The process of Claim 5 in which oxygen product recovery is from about 50% to about 60%.

10. The process of Claim 8 in which said oxygen product recovery is from about 53% to about 55%.

11. The process of Claim 4 in which said system comprises from five to seven beds.

12. The process of Claim 11 in which said upper adsorption pressure is from about 40 to about 60 psig.

13. The process of Claim 12 in which said upper adsorption pressure is from about 45 to about 55 psig.

14. The process of Claim 13 in which two adsorbent beds are on the adsorption step, in overlap-ping sequence, at any given time in the cycle, oxygen product recovery being from about 50% to about 60%.

15. The process of Claim 14 in which said oxygen product recovery is from about 53% to about 55%.

16. The process of Claim 1 in which said provide purge step (b) is of shorter duration than purge step (4).

17. The process of Claim 11 in which said feed gas mixture comprises air, said less readily adsorbable component comprises oxygen and said more readily adsorbable component comprises nitrogen.

18. The process of Claim 17 in which said system comprises four adsorbent beds; in which said upper adsorption pressure is from about 40 to about 60 psig, said product recovery is from about 50% to about 60T, and said overall cycle time is from about 140 to about 180 seconds.

D- 14,716

19. The process of Claim 17 in which said system comprises from five to seven adsorbent beds, with two beds on the adsorption step, in overlapping sequence, at any given time in the cycle, oxygen product recovery being from about 50% to about 60%.

20. The process of Claim 1 in which said repressurization to upper adsorption pressure is carried out with product effluent being simultaneously discharged from the product end of the bed.

21. The process of Claim 20 in which said system comprises four adsorbent beds.

22. The process of Claim 20 in which said system comprises five to seven adsorbent beds.

23. The process of Claim 20 in which said feed gas mixture comprises air, said less readily adsorbable component comprises oxygen, and said more readily adsorbable component comprises nitrogen.

24. The process of Claim 23 in which said system comprises four beds.

25. The process of Claim 23 in which said system comprises five to seven beds.

26. The process of Claim 23 in which said upper adsorption pressure is from about 40 to about 60 psig.

27. In a pressure swing adsorption system for the separation and recovery of a less readily adsorbable component from a feed gas mixture, said adsorption system being capable of selectively adsorbing a more readily adsorbable component from said gas mixture, the adsorption system containing at least four adsorbent beds, each of which under-goes, on a cyclic basis, a processing sequence that includes (1) adsorption at an upper adsorption pres-sure level with discharge of the less readily ad-sorbable component as product effluent from the D- 14,716 product end of the bed, (2) cocurrent depressuriza-tion with release of void space gas from the product end of the bed and the passage of said gas to other beds in the system for pressure equalization and for provide purge gas purposes, (3) countercurrent de-pressurization to lower desorption pressure with release of said less readily adsorbable component from the feed end of the bed, (4) purge at said lower desorption pressure, (5) partial repressurization by pressure equalization with void space gas from other beds, and (6) repressurization to upper adsorption pressure, the improvement comprising:
(a) conduit means for passing void space gas released from the product end of a bed during co-current depressurization from said upper adsorption pressure to an upper intermediate pressure simultaneous-ly to other beds in the system, said gas being passed to one bed for pressure equalization at said upper intermediate pressure, and to another bed for providing purge gas to said bed;
(b) control means for enabling the passage of void space gas from the bed being cocurrently depressurized to continue to an intermediate pressure level is reached, with the released gas being passed to said bed being purged, following termination of the passage of gas to the bed being pressure equalized to said upper intermediate pressure;
(c) conduit means for passing additional void-space gas released from the product end of the bed, upon further cocurrent depressurization thereof from said intermediate pressure to a lower intermediate pressure, to another bed in the system for pressure equalization therebetween at lower intermediate pressure and for simultaneously discharging gas from the feed end of the bed; and D- 14,716 (d) control means for precluding the passage of gas from the bed to which gas had been passed during pressure equalization at lower intermedi-ate pressure upon continuance of the discharge of gas from the feed end of the bed down to said lower desorption pressure upon completion of said pressure equalization at lower intermediate pressure, whereby enhanced adsorbent productivity, heat capacity and product recovery can be obtained employing minimized overall cycle times in said system without degradation of product effluent purity.

28. The adsorption system of Claim 27 in which said system comprises four beds.

29. The adsorption system of Claim 27 in which said system comprises from five to seven beds.

30. The adsorption system of Claim 27 in which said control means (d) comprises an in-line check valve adapted to prevent back-flow of gas at said lower intermediate pressure into said bed being further depressurized from said lower intermediate pressure to lower desorption pressure.

31. The adsorption system of Claim 27 and including control means enabling product effluent to be discharged from the product end of the bed during said repressurization of the bed to said upper adsorption pressure.
D- 14,716

32. In a pressure swing adsorption process for the separation and recovery of a less readily adsorbable component of a feed gas mixture in an adsorption system capable of selectively adsorbing a more readily adsorbable component from said gas mixture, the adsorption system containing at least three adsorbent beds, each of which undergoes, on a cyclic basis, aprocessing sequence that includes (1) adsorption with discharge of the less readily adsorable component as product effluent from the product end of the bed, (2) cocurrent depressurization with release of void space gas from the product end of the bed and the passage of said gas to other beds in the system for pressure equalization and for provide purge purposes, (3) countercurrent depressurization to lower desorption pressure with release of said more readily adsorbable component from the feed end of the bed; (4) purge at said lower desorption pressure, (5) partial repressurization by pressure equalization with void space gas from other bed, and (6) further repressurization to upper adsorption pressure, the improvement comprising:
(a) passing void space released from the bed during cocurrent depressurization thereof from said upper adsorption pressure to an upper intermediate pressure to another bed in the system, said other bed thereby being partially repressurized to said upper intermediate pressure;

(b) passing additional void space gas released from the bed during further cocurrent depressurization thereof from said upper intermediate pressure to an intermediate level to a different bed in the system, said additional gas comprising a purge gas for said different bed;
(c) passing additional void space gas released from the bed during still further cocurrent depressurization thereof from said intermediate pressure level to a lower intermediate pressure to another bed in the system initially at a lower pressure for pressure equalization therebetween at said lower intermediate pressure, while simultaneously countercurrently depressurizing said bed by the discharge of gas from the feed end of said bed being depressurized;
(d) discontinuing the passage of said void space gas to said bed initially at lower pressure upon said bed being depressurized and said bed initially at lower pressure reaching said lower intermediate pressure;
(e) further continuing to countercurrently depressurize said bed being depressurized, after comple-tion of said step (c), down to the lower desorption pressure of said bed; and (f) discharging the less readily adsorbable component as product effluent from the product end of the bed simultaneously with the passage of the feed gas mixture to the feed end thereof for the repressur-ization of said partially repressurized bed to said upper adsorption pressure; and (g) repeating said steps (a)-(f) as the cyclic operation is continued with additional quantities of feed gas without passing feed gas to the bed for adsorption at the upper adsorption pressure for discharge of the less readily adsorbable component therefrom at constant upper adsorption pressure prior to commencing cocurrent depressurization to said upper intermediate pressure level.

33. The process of Claim 32 in which said system comprises four adsorpbent beds.

34. The process of Claim 32 in which said system comprises from five to seven beds.

35. The process of Claim 32 in which said feed gas mixture comprises air, said less readily adsorbable component comprises oxygen and said more readily adsorbable component comprises nitrogen.

36. The process of Claim 35 in which said upper adsorption pressure is from about 40 to about 60 psig.