CA1287397C - Method of image analysis in pulverized fuel combustion - Google Patents
Method of image analysis in pulverized fuel combustionInfo
- Publication number
- CA1287397C CA1287397C CA000567863A CA567863A CA1287397C CA 1287397 C CA1287397 C CA 1287397C CA 000567863 A CA000567863 A CA 000567863A CA 567863 A CA567863 A CA 567863A CA 1287397 C CA1287397 C CA 1287397C
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- video signal
- image
- accordance
- ignition area
- intensity
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Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
This publication discloses an image processing method for flame monitoring based on the formation of a video signal characteristic to the combustion process. In accordance with the method, the flame is monitored by each fire-box camera essentially from its side, whereby the video signal is adapted to cover at least an entire ignition area of a single burner, the video signal is continually processed to define the average intensity level corresponding to the steepest intensity gradients, and for each averaged level, the corresponding spatial or time coordinates of the continuous video signal, which define the location of the ignition area, are determined. The method in accordance with the invention extracts from the ignition and combustion process abundant information helpful in the control of combustion.
This publication discloses an image processing method for flame monitoring based on the formation of a video signal characteristic to the combustion process. In accordance with the method, the flame is monitored by each fire-box camera essentially from its side, whereby the video signal is adapted to cover at least an entire ignition area of a single burner, the video signal is continually processed to define the average intensity level corresponding to the steepest intensity gradients, and for each averaged level, the corresponding spatial or time coordinates of the continuous video signal, which define the location of the ignition area, are determined. The method in accordance with the invention extracts from the ignition and combustion process abundant information helpful in the control of combustion.
Description
:12~3~
Method of image analysis in pulverized fuel combustion The present invention relates to an image analysis method in accordance with the preamble of claim 1 for controlling the combustion of pulverized fuel.
Pulverized fuel combustion implies a method in which the fuel, i.e., coal in conventional combustion but also peat to an increasing extent, is milled into a very fine-grained dust, which is then blown to the boiler via a nozzle using stack flue gas or air as the carrier. In coal- and peat-fired power plants, pulverized fuel combustion is a common method of con~ustion which inherently m~rits an extremely high value to improvements in the ignition and combustion of pulverized fuel.
Monitoring of the combustion process is availed to reduce the proportion of expensive auxiliary fuels. The monitoring operation is implemented in several ways, of which optical flame detectors are gaining ground thanks to the large information avai~able from them.
A conventional method of monitoring combustion in a burner is to use a video camera, often called a fire-box camera.
The video camera that produces a black-and-white or colour video signal is located in a heat-resistant and cooled protective tube. In addition to air cooling, some cameras are provided with water cooling. The camera installati~ns are generally provided with an automatic protection that ejects the camera out from the fire-box when a system malfunction is encountered.
Furthermore, flame monitoring is implemented with pyrometers sensitive to radiation intensity as well as with other types of detectors tuned to a narrow band of wavelengths. The t .......
, ~
/
3~7 quality of the combustion process is evaluated on the basis of flame instability ~from the "DC" and "AC" components of flame intensity). ~ more advanced version of the afore-mentioned method is the cross-correlation method, also called the incremental volume method.
Use of a camera in the conventional methods is restricted to the monitoring of the averaged combustion process. The operation of a single burner can be monitored only at the ignition of the first flames and the extinction of the last f lames. Detectors of the pyrometer category are hampe~ed by such factors as placement and ali~nment of the detector, low temperature o~ ~he flame, etc. Some types of detectors are prone to erroneous response to nearby flames and background radiation from the walls of the fire-box. A disadvantage of tha cross-correlation method is, ~or instance, its high sensitivity to changes in burning rate.
The aim o~ the present invention is to overcome the disadvant-ages of the prior art technology and to provide a totally new kind of monitaring system for the ignition and combustion of pulverized fuel including a flame monitoring system which is integxal with the boiler's protective system and conforms to regulations issued by authorities.
The invention is based on monitoring the ignition and combustion process over a large area by means of a video camera and on the localization of the ignition area by the identi~ication of the average intensity level corresponding to the maximum intensity changes on selected lines o~ the video signal, ater which t~e space coordinates corresponding to this intensity level in the complete video frame signal are determined.
., .
More specifically, the method in accordance with the in`vention is characterized by what is stated in the characterizing part of clalm 1.
.
,~ . , , "" . ~ . .
~373~7 The invention provides outstanding benefits.
The method in accordance with the invention provides a high reliability because the combustion process is analyzed over a large area. Furthermore, the method can be adapted to accept a prede~ined permissible ignition area. Moreover, the method is compliant with different ignition and combustion conditions. Thanks to the compliancy of the method, the number of false alarms can be appreciably reduced. In accordance with the invention, a common analyzing apparatus can be adapted to serve for several cameras, thereby reducing equipment costs per burner. The method can be complemented with fault diagnostics, which allows for a higher reliability to be embedded into the system construction. Because information is readily available on the quality of combustion and ignition, the quantity of expensive auxiliary fuels can be reduced and the quality of combustion improved. The additional information obtained from combustion allows a hi~her efficiency of the boiler to be achieved.
Next, the invention is examined in detail with he~p of the ~ollowing exemplifying embodiment according to the attached drawings.
.
Figures la...lc show different types of fire-box cameras in cross-sectioned side views.
Figure 2 shows schematically an image analysis system in accordance with the invention.
Fiyure 3 shows a screen display layout in accordance with the invention.
Figure 4 shows the structure of a computer program executing the method in accordance with invention in a flow diagr~m form.
" ' ' ' ' . .
~Z8739~7 A fire-box camera, e.g., such a camera illustrated in Figures la...lc, can be used for investigating the ignition process of pulverized-fuel combustion. In its typical configuration, the camera comprises an optics system 1, a protective tube 3, and a photosensitive element, such as a solid-state matrix sensor 2 shown in this embodiment. The photosensitive component could also be a camera tube, but particularly in conjunction with pulverized fuel combustion, a solid state matrix camera is more applicable because the photosensitive area of this kind of a sensor is fully erased during the frame scan thus allowing an uncorrupted difference between successive frames to be extracted. Recently, a remarkable reduction in the size of solid-state cameras has occurred. In principle, ~his facilitates the placement of the camera to the tip of the protective tube 3 provided that the problems associated with cooling can be solved. Furthermore, the camera could conceivably be located in a tilted position thus providing a more appropriate view into a greater number o fire-box types than is possible with the currently used perpendicular alignment. The tests were performed using a solid-state camera with bandpass filters for appropriate wawelength areas mounted in front of it.
Figure 2 illustrates the image analysis equipment used in the performed tests. Con~entional technology is used in the equipment. A standard video signal of the fire-box camera (solid-state camera~ is routed via a selector to analog/-digital converters. By way of the selector, the equipment can serve several cameras. The A/D conversion used in the equipment results in a 6-bit digital signal corresponding to 64 gray scale steps in the video picture. ~he video frame is stored in an image memory, which in the described equipment has a size of 256x256 pixels (picture elements). Hence, each rame consists of 256 lines, and each line comprises 256 pixels, whose numerically ~uantized intensity values may vary in the range of 0...63, according to the pixel intensity value. The equipment has two identical image memories; the image can be stored in either memory, but this application ~2~3~73~
uses image memory 1 for image input and image memory 2 fox output of processed information. The image stored in the image memory is printed via colour translation ta~les, which assign a desired colour from a preset palette of colours to each of the 64 gray levels. The image is shown in the standard video signal format on a colour monitor, conventionally through the R (red), G ~green), and B (blue) video outputs.
On the other hand, the image memories are configured to form a part of the processing equipment memory space so that the C~U can read and write pixels in the image memory. The depth of image memories is 8 bits making 256 hues to be available at the output although the input siynal is only in a 6--bit format. The benefit of using 8 bits is that four frames from the camera can be summed (under program control) into the image memory without overflow.
The mass memories ~f the equipment comprise Winchester and floppy-disk type drives serving as mass memories, a real~
time operating system, Pascal and PL/M compilers, which combination permits concurrent digital image processing with the development and testing of different klnds of algorithms.
In the following, the outline of program functions is given.
It must be understood that the version illustrated is simply one possible embodiment of the solutions offered by the inve~tion, In Figure 4, the ac~ual image analysis program is ~hown in flow diagram form.
Image analysis proceeds principally line-~y-line either starting Erom le~t to right or vice versa, depending on the location of the burner nozzle in the image, i.e., if the nozzle is closer to right margin, the lines are read Erom right to left.
~, When the program execution is started, the program requests the user for the following basic information:
~'73~7 - Line numbers of top and bottom lines outlining the image area to be processed. The aim is not to process the whole video frame besause the flame to be analyzed does not fill the entire image.
Naturally, this procedure speeds image processing.
- A value for coefficient ~k), which controls the image jitter at the ignition area boundaries, and thereby variations in the averaged ignition area shown on the trend display.
- A value for coefficient (b), which is related to the smoothing of minimum and maximum values o:E
ignition area boundaries.
- Furthermore, the trend display update interval can be defined in either terms of time or given number o~ processed images after which the disp~ay is updated.
- In addition, information on the sidedness of the nozzle, or the side from which picture processing is to be commenced, can be given to the program.
Among other things, the aforementioned ~ariables and tables are loadPd with preset values at the initialization stage.
The tables used in the program are as follows:
L~able, HTable, HMean, LMin, and HMax, each with a size o~
256*2 bytes. The size of trend tables TrMean, TrMin, and TrMax is selected sufficiently large to make it possible to store also such historical information into them that does not fit onko the display. When required, this information is th~n readily available The memory contents of all tables are cleared, except ~or tables L~ean, HMean, LMin, and HMax, which are used for computation of averaged values over a longer , ' - ~ , , .
.
'7397 period. The aim is to initially load these ta~les with initial values that are as close as possible to the boundaries of the expected ignition area. This procedure reduces the time required for the trend display to settle to its actual value.
In order to find the ignition area, an image is analyzed for four scan lin~s on which the gradient of pixel intensities is highest. This is implemented by counting from the start (or end) of the line the intensity value sum of three successive pixels which is then subtracted from the intensity value sum of next stri.ng of three pixels. The difference obtained is proportional to the intensity gradient. The line is subjected pixel by pixel to the routine described above. The sums obtained from two pixel strings rendering the highest differences are stored. The average of these pixel intensities is the desired boundary threshold for the processed line.
When each of the four lines is processed for the highest pixel intensity gradient, the average value of these intensity levels is computed. ~he front and rear boundaries of the ignition area are then obtained by subtracting or adding a preset constan~ from or to the aforementioned a~erage value, respectively.
Next, an image is stored for computation of ignition area boundaries. Starting from the beginning of a line, sums of intensity values of four successive pixels are computed.
When the average computed from the sum exceeds the intensity threshold of the front boundary computed by way of the routine described in the foregoing, the front boundary is considered ~ound. The (vertical) video matrix column at which the boundary was ~ound is stored in the table LTable. T~e same line is further processed until the rear boundary is found.
Equally, this boundary position is stored in its appropriate table HTable. To increase the speed of front boundary search, search is not commenced on the next line from the beginning but instead close to the position where the boundary was found on the preceding line.
.
.
', ~ '-, ~ .
, .
:
3~
The tables LTable and HTable mentioned above are used for the update of the tables LMean and HMean, into which the temporally averaged spatial coordinates of the front and rear boundaries are computed according to the formula:
LMean=k*LMean+(1-k)*LTable, where k is the coefficient entered in the initialization routine with a range of O ~ k <1. Thus, the table LMean is updated line by line with new values which take into account ignition area inormation from the last recorded image, weighed in a desired manner. ~y increasing the value of the constant k, this procedure helps smoothing the random variations of intensity values and results in a realistic indication of actual changes on the trend display. (An equivalent procedure is applied to the tables HMean and HTable associated with the intensity values o ignitio~ area rear boundary).
Further, the variations of front boundary minimum~values and rear ~oundary maximum values are monitored by gathering these values to their respective tables LMin and HMax. These tables are updated by the procedure described in the following. If the front boundary of a certain line in the latest stored image has been found spatially earlier than the value given by the table L~in for the corresponding line, the values on that row of the table are replaced by the values obtained from line of the image, or expressed in a formula:
if hTable ~ LMin, then LMin = LTable.
Next, the value in the table LMin is gradually corrected so as to make it 810wly approach the temporally averaged value of the ignition area front boundary. This i9 accomplished by the formula:
LMin = ~Min~b*(LMean-LMin), ...
.
.
.
:. .
.
~Z~373~
where ~ ls the coefficient (with a ~alue O ~ b ~ 1) described in the foregoing. The greater the ~alue of coefficient b, the faster the minimum value in the table LMin approaches the value given in the table LMean.
Correspondingly, for the computation of the maximum value, the following formulas are applied:
if HTable > HMax, then HMax = HTable and HMax = HMax-b*(HMax-HMean).
Information described above is gathered and updated into the tables at about 5 s intervals, ater which the combined averaged intensity value of all scan lines from the ignition area front and rear boundary tables is computed into a table TrMean. In addition, the average of all lines from the minimum value table is computed into a table TrMin, and the average of all lines fr~m the maximum value table is c~mputed into a table TrMax, respectively. Information obtained in this manner is then shown toge~her with the average, minimum, and maximum values on the trend display. The variation range between the minimum and maximum values is indicative of the in6tability of the flame, while their mutual distance characterizes the width of the ignition area.
After a four-fold update of the trend display, the current image of the flame is shown on the display in a modified colour picture. The modi~ied colour display is accomplished by assigning d.ifferent hues of blue varying from dark blue to light blue to the dark areas outside the ignition area boundary up to the boundary. ~t the boundary the colour is changed to red, which changes towards the brighter areas of flame from dark red to light red, and finally, to white.~
.
.~L2~3~7 A single screen can be used for simultaneous presentation of information from two different cameras as shown in, e.g., Figure 3.
The method illustrated in the foregoing represents only one possible embodiment within the scope of the invention. The described methods can be applied to equipment different from those described above. It is also possible to solve the problem by using dedicated electronics for the identification of ignition area values. This approach disposes of image storage for the input image signal. The dedicated electronics integrates the video signal by lines and stores the adclresses (or locations) where the video signal change exceeds the preset thresholds assigned to intensity values of the ignition area boundaries. The boundary locations (addresses) appropriately found on each line are sent by the electronics to the processor. An appreciable saving in time is obtained by way of this method.
Moreover, it is possible to construct a preprocessing unit that logs the intensity values from the entire image to the tables, a~ter which tables are submitted to analysis. Extended electronics integration could provide the preprocessing electronics with a facility to compute in real time ~i.e., by processing each frame of the video signal) the tables for the averaged ignition area values as well as for the fluctuations of the ignition area. Thereby, the system could also provide for an extremely fast flame monitor. Then, the flame monitoring ~unctians could be con~igured more reliable than those offered by ~ conventiorlal flame monitor.
The image display can function well without an image memary and D/A converters. Due to the synthetic nature of the displayed picture, the camputatianal resul~s may be output to, e.g., a graphic terminal.
- . ,
Method of image analysis in pulverized fuel combustion The present invention relates to an image analysis method in accordance with the preamble of claim 1 for controlling the combustion of pulverized fuel.
Pulverized fuel combustion implies a method in which the fuel, i.e., coal in conventional combustion but also peat to an increasing extent, is milled into a very fine-grained dust, which is then blown to the boiler via a nozzle using stack flue gas or air as the carrier. In coal- and peat-fired power plants, pulverized fuel combustion is a common method of con~ustion which inherently m~rits an extremely high value to improvements in the ignition and combustion of pulverized fuel.
Monitoring of the combustion process is availed to reduce the proportion of expensive auxiliary fuels. The monitoring operation is implemented in several ways, of which optical flame detectors are gaining ground thanks to the large information avai~able from them.
A conventional method of monitoring combustion in a burner is to use a video camera, often called a fire-box camera.
The video camera that produces a black-and-white or colour video signal is located in a heat-resistant and cooled protective tube. In addition to air cooling, some cameras are provided with water cooling. The camera installati~ns are generally provided with an automatic protection that ejects the camera out from the fire-box when a system malfunction is encountered.
Furthermore, flame monitoring is implemented with pyrometers sensitive to radiation intensity as well as with other types of detectors tuned to a narrow band of wavelengths. The t .......
, ~
/
3~7 quality of the combustion process is evaluated on the basis of flame instability ~from the "DC" and "AC" components of flame intensity). ~ more advanced version of the afore-mentioned method is the cross-correlation method, also called the incremental volume method.
Use of a camera in the conventional methods is restricted to the monitoring of the averaged combustion process. The operation of a single burner can be monitored only at the ignition of the first flames and the extinction of the last f lames. Detectors of the pyrometer category are hampe~ed by such factors as placement and ali~nment of the detector, low temperature o~ ~he flame, etc. Some types of detectors are prone to erroneous response to nearby flames and background radiation from the walls of the fire-box. A disadvantage of tha cross-correlation method is, ~or instance, its high sensitivity to changes in burning rate.
The aim o~ the present invention is to overcome the disadvant-ages of the prior art technology and to provide a totally new kind of monitaring system for the ignition and combustion of pulverized fuel including a flame monitoring system which is integxal with the boiler's protective system and conforms to regulations issued by authorities.
The invention is based on monitoring the ignition and combustion process over a large area by means of a video camera and on the localization of the ignition area by the identi~ication of the average intensity level corresponding to the maximum intensity changes on selected lines o~ the video signal, ater which t~e space coordinates corresponding to this intensity level in the complete video frame signal are determined.
., .
More specifically, the method in accordance with the in`vention is characterized by what is stated in the characterizing part of clalm 1.
.
,~ . , , "" . ~ . .
~373~7 The invention provides outstanding benefits.
The method in accordance with the invention provides a high reliability because the combustion process is analyzed over a large area. Furthermore, the method can be adapted to accept a prede~ined permissible ignition area. Moreover, the method is compliant with different ignition and combustion conditions. Thanks to the compliancy of the method, the number of false alarms can be appreciably reduced. In accordance with the invention, a common analyzing apparatus can be adapted to serve for several cameras, thereby reducing equipment costs per burner. The method can be complemented with fault diagnostics, which allows for a higher reliability to be embedded into the system construction. Because information is readily available on the quality of combustion and ignition, the quantity of expensive auxiliary fuels can be reduced and the quality of combustion improved. The additional information obtained from combustion allows a hi~her efficiency of the boiler to be achieved.
Next, the invention is examined in detail with he~p of the ~ollowing exemplifying embodiment according to the attached drawings.
.
Figures la...lc show different types of fire-box cameras in cross-sectioned side views.
Figure 2 shows schematically an image analysis system in accordance with the invention.
Fiyure 3 shows a screen display layout in accordance with the invention.
Figure 4 shows the structure of a computer program executing the method in accordance with invention in a flow diagr~m form.
" ' ' ' ' . .
~Z8739~7 A fire-box camera, e.g., such a camera illustrated in Figures la...lc, can be used for investigating the ignition process of pulverized-fuel combustion. In its typical configuration, the camera comprises an optics system 1, a protective tube 3, and a photosensitive element, such as a solid-state matrix sensor 2 shown in this embodiment. The photosensitive component could also be a camera tube, but particularly in conjunction with pulverized fuel combustion, a solid state matrix camera is more applicable because the photosensitive area of this kind of a sensor is fully erased during the frame scan thus allowing an uncorrupted difference between successive frames to be extracted. Recently, a remarkable reduction in the size of solid-state cameras has occurred. In principle, ~his facilitates the placement of the camera to the tip of the protective tube 3 provided that the problems associated with cooling can be solved. Furthermore, the camera could conceivably be located in a tilted position thus providing a more appropriate view into a greater number o fire-box types than is possible with the currently used perpendicular alignment. The tests were performed using a solid-state camera with bandpass filters for appropriate wawelength areas mounted in front of it.
Figure 2 illustrates the image analysis equipment used in the performed tests. Con~entional technology is used in the equipment. A standard video signal of the fire-box camera (solid-state camera~ is routed via a selector to analog/-digital converters. By way of the selector, the equipment can serve several cameras. The A/D conversion used in the equipment results in a 6-bit digital signal corresponding to 64 gray scale steps in the video picture. ~he video frame is stored in an image memory, which in the described equipment has a size of 256x256 pixels (picture elements). Hence, each rame consists of 256 lines, and each line comprises 256 pixels, whose numerically ~uantized intensity values may vary in the range of 0...63, according to the pixel intensity value. The equipment has two identical image memories; the image can be stored in either memory, but this application ~2~3~73~
uses image memory 1 for image input and image memory 2 fox output of processed information. The image stored in the image memory is printed via colour translation ta~les, which assign a desired colour from a preset palette of colours to each of the 64 gray levels. The image is shown in the standard video signal format on a colour monitor, conventionally through the R (red), G ~green), and B (blue) video outputs.
On the other hand, the image memories are configured to form a part of the processing equipment memory space so that the C~U can read and write pixels in the image memory. The depth of image memories is 8 bits making 256 hues to be available at the output although the input siynal is only in a 6--bit format. The benefit of using 8 bits is that four frames from the camera can be summed (under program control) into the image memory without overflow.
The mass memories ~f the equipment comprise Winchester and floppy-disk type drives serving as mass memories, a real~
time operating system, Pascal and PL/M compilers, which combination permits concurrent digital image processing with the development and testing of different klnds of algorithms.
In the following, the outline of program functions is given.
It must be understood that the version illustrated is simply one possible embodiment of the solutions offered by the inve~tion, In Figure 4, the ac~ual image analysis program is ~hown in flow diagram form.
Image analysis proceeds principally line-~y-line either starting Erom le~t to right or vice versa, depending on the location of the burner nozzle in the image, i.e., if the nozzle is closer to right margin, the lines are read Erom right to left.
~, When the program execution is started, the program requests the user for the following basic information:
~'73~7 - Line numbers of top and bottom lines outlining the image area to be processed. The aim is not to process the whole video frame besause the flame to be analyzed does not fill the entire image.
Naturally, this procedure speeds image processing.
- A value for coefficient ~k), which controls the image jitter at the ignition area boundaries, and thereby variations in the averaged ignition area shown on the trend display.
- A value for coefficient (b), which is related to the smoothing of minimum and maximum values o:E
ignition area boundaries.
- Furthermore, the trend display update interval can be defined in either terms of time or given number o~ processed images after which the disp~ay is updated.
- In addition, information on the sidedness of the nozzle, or the side from which picture processing is to be commenced, can be given to the program.
Among other things, the aforementioned ~ariables and tables are loadPd with preset values at the initialization stage.
The tables used in the program are as follows:
L~able, HTable, HMean, LMin, and HMax, each with a size o~
256*2 bytes. The size of trend tables TrMean, TrMin, and TrMax is selected sufficiently large to make it possible to store also such historical information into them that does not fit onko the display. When required, this information is th~n readily available The memory contents of all tables are cleared, except ~or tables L~ean, HMean, LMin, and HMax, which are used for computation of averaged values over a longer , ' - ~ , , .
.
'7397 period. The aim is to initially load these ta~les with initial values that are as close as possible to the boundaries of the expected ignition area. This procedure reduces the time required for the trend display to settle to its actual value.
In order to find the ignition area, an image is analyzed for four scan lin~s on which the gradient of pixel intensities is highest. This is implemented by counting from the start (or end) of the line the intensity value sum of three successive pixels which is then subtracted from the intensity value sum of next stri.ng of three pixels. The difference obtained is proportional to the intensity gradient. The line is subjected pixel by pixel to the routine described above. The sums obtained from two pixel strings rendering the highest differences are stored. The average of these pixel intensities is the desired boundary threshold for the processed line.
When each of the four lines is processed for the highest pixel intensity gradient, the average value of these intensity levels is computed. ~he front and rear boundaries of the ignition area are then obtained by subtracting or adding a preset constan~ from or to the aforementioned a~erage value, respectively.
Next, an image is stored for computation of ignition area boundaries. Starting from the beginning of a line, sums of intensity values of four successive pixels are computed.
When the average computed from the sum exceeds the intensity threshold of the front boundary computed by way of the routine described in the foregoing, the front boundary is considered ~ound. The (vertical) video matrix column at which the boundary was ~ound is stored in the table LTable. T~e same line is further processed until the rear boundary is found.
Equally, this boundary position is stored in its appropriate table HTable. To increase the speed of front boundary search, search is not commenced on the next line from the beginning but instead close to the position where the boundary was found on the preceding line.
.
.
', ~ '-, ~ .
, .
:
3~
The tables LTable and HTable mentioned above are used for the update of the tables LMean and HMean, into which the temporally averaged spatial coordinates of the front and rear boundaries are computed according to the formula:
LMean=k*LMean+(1-k)*LTable, where k is the coefficient entered in the initialization routine with a range of O ~ k <1. Thus, the table LMean is updated line by line with new values which take into account ignition area inormation from the last recorded image, weighed in a desired manner. ~y increasing the value of the constant k, this procedure helps smoothing the random variations of intensity values and results in a realistic indication of actual changes on the trend display. (An equivalent procedure is applied to the tables HMean and HTable associated with the intensity values o ignitio~ area rear boundary).
Further, the variations of front boundary minimum~values and rear ~oundary maximum values are monitored by gathering these values to their respective tables LMin and HMax. These tables are updated by the procedure described in the following. If the front boundary of a certain line in the latest stored image has been found spatially earlier than the value given by the table L~in for the corresponding line, the values on that row of the table are replaced by the values obtained from line of the image, or expressed in a formula:
if hTable ~ LMin, then LMin = LTable.
Next, the value in the table LMin is gradually corrected so as to make it 810wly approach the temporally averaged value of the ignition area front boundary. This i9 accomplished by the formula:
LMin = ~Min~b*(LMean-LMin), ...
.
.
.
:. .
.
~Z~373~
where ~ ls the coefficient (with a ~alue O ~ b ~ 1) described in the foregoing. The greater the ~alue of coefficient b, the faster the minimum value in the table LMin approaches the value given in the table LMean.
Correspondingly, for the computation of the maximum value, the following formulas are applied:
if HTable > HMax, then HMax = HTable and HMax = HMax-b*(HMax-HMean).
Information described above is gathered and updated into the tables at about 5 s intervals, ater which the combined averaged intensity value of all scan lines from the ignition area front and rear boundary tables is computed into a table TrMean. In addition, the average of all lines from the minimum value table is computed into a table TrMin, and the average of all lines fr~m the maximum value table is c~mputed into a table TrMax, respectively. Information obtained in this manner is then shown toge~her with the average, minimum, and maximum values on the trend display. The variation range between the minimum and maximum values is indicative of the in6tability of the flame, while their mutual distance characterizes the width of the ignition area.
After a four-fold update of the trend display, the current image of the flame is shown on the display in a modified colour picture. The modi~ied colour display is accomplished by assigning d.ifferent hues of blue varying from dark blue to light blue to the dark areas outside the ignition area boundary up to the boundary. ~t the boundary the colour is changed to red, which changes towards the brighter areas of flame from dark red to light red, and finally, to white.~
.
.~L2~3~7 A single screen can be used for simultaneous presentation of information from two different cameras as shown in, e.g., Figure 3.
The method illustrated in the foregoing represents only one possible embodiment within the scope of the invention. The described methods can be applied to equipment different from those described above. It is also possible to solve the problem by using dedicated electronics for the identification of ignition area values. This approach disposes of image storage for the input image signal. The dedicated electronics integrates the video signal by lines and stores the adclresses (or locations) where the video signal change exceeds the preset thresholds assigned to intensity values of the ignition area boundaries. The boundary locations (addresses) appropriately found on each line are sent by the electronics to the processor. An appreciable saving in time is obtained by way of this method.
Moreover, it is possible to construct a preprocessing unit that logs the intensity values from the entire image to the tables, a~ter which tables are submitted to analysis. Extended electronics integration could provide the preprocessing electronics with a facility to compute in real time ~i.e., by processing each frame of the video signal) the tables for the averaged ignition area values as well as for the fluctuations of the ignition area. Thereby, the system could also provide for an extremely fast flame monitor. Then, the flame monitoring ~unctians could be con~igured more reliable than those offered by ~ conventiorlal flame monitor.
The image display can function well without an image memary and D/A converters. Due to the synthetic nature of the displayed picture, the camputatianal resul~s may be output to, e.g., a graphic terminal.
- . ,
Claims (6)
1. An image analysis method for flame monitoring, particularly a method for the determination of ignition area location and combustion in pulverized-fuel combustion, in which method - at least one fire-box camera is used for generation of a continuous video signal illustrative to the combustion, from which signal an instantaneous image of the flame under monitoring can be formed onto a display device, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that - each fire-box camera is aligned to see the flame essentially from the side so that the video signal is adapted to include the entire ignition area of at least one burner, - the video signal is repetitively processed to determine the average intensity level corresponding to the steepest intensity gradients, - the spatial or temporal coordinates of the continuous video signal, defining the location of the ignition area and corresponding to each of the average intensity levels are determined.
2. A method in accordance with claim 1 for a protection system of a boiler, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the temporal changes in the ignition area location are used for control of the boiler.
3. A method in accordance with either of claims 1 or a, in which method each video image is divided into subsequent picture elements, each assigned to a unique spatial and temporal value, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the adjacent picture elements are processed into groups of picture elements in desired areas in order to eliminate random disturbance, differences of intensity values of the adjacent picture element groups are formed, maximum values of the differences are searched, and intensity averages are computed for the picture element groups having the largest differences in order to determine threshold intensity levels for the ignition area.
4. A method in accordance with claim 1 or 2, in which method,the video signal representing the image is divided into horizontal lines, characterized in that desired lines are processed individually in order to find maximum values of intensity value differences.
5. A method in accordance with claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the boundaries of ignition areas are determined by adding or substracting an appropriate constant to or from the threshold intensity level.
6. A method in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that electronic means are applied to integrate the video signal in order to reduce disturbance and to determine the spatial coordinates corresponding the maximum gradient values in order to locate the ignition area.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000567863A CA1287397C (en) | 1988-05-26 | 1988-05-26 | Method of image analysis in pulverized fuel combustion |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000567863A CA1287397C (en) | 1988-05-26 | 1988-05-26 | Method of image analysis in pulverized fuel combustion |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1287397C true CA1287397C (en) | 1991-08-06 |
Family
ID=4138083
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000567863A Expired - Fee Related CA1287397C (en) | 1988-05-26 | 1988-05-26 | Method of image analysis in pulverized fuel combustion |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1287397C (en) |
-
1988
- 1988-05-26 CA CA000567863A patent/CA1287397C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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