CA1286121C - Synergistic herbicidal compositions comprising microbial herbicides and chemical herbicides or plant growth regulators - Google Patents
Synergistic herbicidal compositions comprising microbial herbicides and chemical herbicides or plant growth regulatorsInfo
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- CA1286121C CA1286121C CA000510087A CA510087A CA1286121C CA 1286121 C CA1286121 C CA 1286121C CA 000510087 A CA000510087 A CA 000510087A CA 510087 A CA510087 A CA 510087A CA 1286121 C CA1286121 C CA 1286121C
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
- A01N63/30—Microbial fungi; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
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Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Disclosed are compositions and processes for controlling undesirable weeds. These compositions comprise synergistic combinations of microbial herbi-cides and chemical herbicides or plant growth regulators.
Use of the synergistic compositions of the subject invention enhances the value of the microbial herbicide by reducing the amount of microbial herbicide needed and by extending the range of environmental conditions in which the microbial herbicide will function.
Disclosed are compositions and processes for controlling undesirable weeds. These compositions comprise synergistic combinations of microbial herbi-cides and chemical herbicides or plant growth regulators.
Use of the synergistic compositions of the subject invention enhances the value of the microbial herbicide by reducing the amount of microbial herbicide needed and by extending the range of environmental conditions in which the microbial herbicide will function.
Description
- ~B6121 DESCRIPTION
SYNERGISTIC HERBICIDAL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING
MICROBIAL HERBICIDES AND CHEMICAL HERBICIDES OR
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
Background of the Invention Weeds cost farmers billions of dollars annually in crop losses ~ind in the expense of keeping the weeds under control. Much of the cost o" intertillage of row crops, maintena~ce of fallow, seedt?ed preparation, and seed cleaning is chargeable to weed control. Another expensive item is suppression of weeds along highways and railroad right-of-ways, and in irrigation ditches, navigation channels, yards, parks, grounds, and home gardens. Ragweed pollen is the source of annual periodic distress to several million hay fever sufferers. Poi-son ivy, poison oak, poison sumac" nettles, thistles, sandburs,and puncturevine also bring pain to millions.
The barberry bush, which spreads the black-stem rust of grains and grasses, can be regarded as a weed. Weeds also serve as hosts for other crop diseases as well as for insect pest~.
The losses caused by weeds in agricultural produc-tion environments include decrease in crop yield, reduced crop quality, increased irrigation costs, increased harvesting costs, decreased land value, injury to livestock, and crop damage from insects and diseases harbored by the weeds.
Chemical herbicides have provided an effective method of weed control in the past. However, the public has become concerned about the amount of chemicals 1286~2~
SYNERGISTIC HERBICIDAL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING
MICROBIAL HERBICIDES AND CHEMICAL HERBICIDES OR
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
Background of the Invention Weeds cost farmers billions of dollars annually in crop losses ~ind in the expense of keeping the weeds under control. Much of the cost o" intertillage of row crops, maintena~ce of fallow, seedt?ed preparation, and seed cleaning is chargeable to weed control. Another expensive item is suppression of weeds along highways and railroad right-of-ways, and in irrigation ditches, navigation channels, yards, parks, grounds, and home gardens. Ragweed pollen is the source of annual periodic distress to several million hay fever sufferers. Poi-son ivy, poison oak, poison sumac" nettles, thistles, sandburs,and puncturevine also bring pain to millions.
The barberry bush, which spreads the black-stem rust of grains and grasses, can be regarded as a weed. Weeds also serve as hosts for other crop diseases as well as for insect pest~.
The losses caused by weeds in agricultural produc-tion environments include decrease in crop yield, reduced crop quality, increased irrigation costs, increased harvesting costs, decreased land value, injury to livestock, and crop damage from insects and diseases harbored by the weeds.
Chemical herbicides have provided an effective method of weed control in the past. However, the public has become concerned about the amount of chemicals 1286~2~
-2- ~5 applied to the food that they constme, to the land on which they live, and to the ground water which they use. Stringent restrictions on the use and development of new herbicides and the elimination of some effective herbicides from the market place have limited economical and effective means for controlling costly weed problems.
A problem has been identified after years--of use of chemical herbicides on commercial agricul-tural land, i.e., the lack of control of certain weeds has allowed these weeds to take over the areas where, without the use of chemical herbicides, they were excluded by more hardy weeds. Removal of the more compe-titive weeds wit~h chemical herbicides has left an ecologi-cal void that h~s been filled by the less competitive weeds that are resistant to the herbicides. Weeds that were of minor importance at one time have spread rapidly throughout the areas where they are found and are now considered major weed problems. In addition to the inadequacy of control of all weeds, chemicals also can - 20 damage the crop plants, sometimes injure nontarget organ-isms in the environment, and can leave undesirable resi-dues in water and harvested products and carry-over in subsequent crops.
Microbial herbicides are plant pathogens which-are effective, when used according to the process disclosed herein, in controlling weeds or other unde-sirable vegetation without adversely affecting the growth and yield of the desired field crop. The compo-sition of a microbial herbicide includes spores or ~286~21 cells of the plant pathogen or any portion of the organism that is capable of infecting the weed. The use of microbial herbicides is becoming an increasingly important alternative to chemical herbicides. This impor-tance is accompanied by the issuance of several patentsfor microbial herbicides and their use. Some of these patents, by way of illustration, are as follows: U.S.
3,849,104 (control of northern jointvetch with Colletot-richum gloeospotioides Penz. aeschynomene)i U.S. 3,999,973 (control of prickly sida [teaweed] and other weeds with Colletotrichum malvarum); U.S. 4,162,912 (control of milkweed vine with Arauiia mosaic virus); U.S. 4,263,036 (control of Hydrilla verticillata with Fusarium roseum Culmorum); U.S. 4,390,360 (control of sicklepod, showy crotalaria, and coffee senna with Alternaria cassiae);
and U.S. 4,419,120 (control of prickly sida, velvetleaf, and spurred anoda with fungal pathogens).
Microbial herbicides have been developed specifi-cally for control of weeds which are not adequately controlled by chemical herbicides. Examples include Colletotrichum ~loeosporioides f.sp. aeschynomene for control of nortl;ern jointvetch in rice; Alternaria cassiae for control of sicklepod in soybeans, cotton, and peanuts;
and Fusarium lateritium for control of velvetleaf in soybeans. In each of these cases the weed is not effec-tively controlled by the chemical herbicides currently labeled for use in the respective cropping system.
The factors currently limiting in commercialization of microbial herbicides are the high cost of production, limited spectrum of weed control, and the narrow range of environmental conditions in which these pathogens will infect the host.
1.286121 The effects of herbicides on plant diseases was recently reviewed by Altman (Altman, J. and Campbell, L.C. [1977] Ann. Rev. Phytophathol. 15:373-375). Altman reported that herbicides may either increase or reduce plant disease ard severity. There are five major herbi-cide effects which may lead to increased disease: (a) a reduction in the biochemical defenses of the host against the pathogen; (b) reduction of structural defenses of the host; (c) stimulation of increased exudation from host plants; (d) stimulation of pathogen growth and/or pro-duction of chemicals which damage the plant; and (e) inhibition of microflora competing with potential patho-gens. There are four major effects of herbicides which lead to decreased disease incidence and/or severity:
(a) increasedhost biochemical defenses; (b) increased host structural defenses; (c) stimulation of microflora competing with p~tential pathogens; and (d) ~ decrease in either the pcthogen's growth or its production of chemicals which are damaging to plants. At the current -state of chemical herbicide and microbial herbicide art, there is no method of predicting the interaction (neu-tral, antagonistic, or synergistic) between amicrobial herbicide and a chemical herbicide in controlling a specific weed or unwanted vegetation.
Prior art in the area of microbial herbicide and chemical herbicide interactions indicates that foliar application of mixtures of a microbial herbicide and a chemical herbicide results in antagonism and reduced efficacy of the microbial herbicide. Plant pathogens can break down chemical herbicides and chemical herbi-cides can be fur.gicidal (Wilson, C.L. [1969] Ann. Rev.
Phytopathol. 7: L 24). Examples of positive interactions between microbial herbicides and chemical herbicides require that the microbial herbicide be applied either ~61~
A problem has been identified after years--of use of chemical herbicides on commercial agricul-tural land, i.e., the lack of control of certain weeds has allowed these weeds to take over the areas where, without the use of chemical herbicides, they were excluded by more hardy weeds. Removal of the more compe-titive weeds wit~h chemical herbicides has left an ecologi-cal void that h~s been filled by the less competitive weeds that are resistant to the herbicides. Weeds that were of minor importance at one time have spread rapidly throughout the areas where they are found and are now considered major weed problems. In addition to the inadequacy of control of all weeds, chemicals also can - 20 damage the crop plants, sometimes injure nontarget organ-isms in the environment, and can leave undesirable resi-dues in water and harvested products and carry-over in subsequent crops.
Microbial herbicides are plant pathogens which-are effective, when used according to the process disclosed herein, in controlling weeds or other unde-sirable vegetation without adversely affecting the growth and yield of the desired field crop. The compo-sition of a microbial herbicide includes spores or ~286~21 cells of the plant pathogen or any portion of the organism that is capable of infecting the weed. The use of microbial herbicides is becoming an increasingly important alternative to chemical herbicides. This impor-tance is accompanied by the issuance of several patentsfor microbial herbicides and their use. Some of these patents, by way of illustration, are as follows: U.S.
3,849,104 (control of northern jointvetch with Colletot-richum gloeospotioides Penz. aeschynomene)i U.S. 3,999,973 (control of prickly sida [teaweed] and other weeds with Colletotrichum malvarum); U.S. 4,162,912 (control of milkweed vine with Arauiia mosaic virus); U.S. 4,263,036 (control of Hydrilla verticillata with Fusarium roseum Culmorum); U.S. 4,390,360 (control of sicklepod, showy crotalaria, and coffee senna with Alternaria cassiae);
and U.S. 4,419,120 (control of prickly sida, velvetleaf, and spurred anoda with fungal pathogens).
Microbial herbicides have been developed specifi-cally for control of weeds which are not adequately controlled by chemical herbicides. Examples include Colletotrichum ~loeosporioides f.sp. aeschynomene for control of nortl;ern jointvetch in rice; Alternaria cassiae for control of sicklepod in soybeans, cotton, and peanuts;
and Fusarium lateritium for control of velvetleaf in soybeans. In each of these cases the weed is not effec-tively controlled by the chemical herbicides currently labeled for use in the respective cropping system.
The factors currently limiting in commercialization of microbial herbicides are the high cost of production, limited spectrum of weed control, and the narrow range of environmental conditions in which these pathogens will infect the host.
1.286121 The effects of herbicides on plant diseases was recently reviewed by Altman (Altman, J. and Campbell, L.C. [1977] Ann. Rev. Phytophathol. 15:373-375). Altman reported that herbicides may either increase or reduce plant disease ard severity. There are five major herbi-cide effects which may lead to increased disease: (a) a reduction in the biochemical defenses of the host against the pathogen; (b) reduction of structural defenses of the host; (c) stimulation of increased exudation from host plants; (d) stimulation of pathogen growth and/or pro-duction of chemicals which damage the plant; and (e) inhibition of microflora competing with potential patho-gens. There are four major effects of herbicides which lead to decreased disease incidence and/or severity:
(a) increasedhost biochemical defenses; (b) increased host structural defenses; (c) stimulation of microflora competing with p~tential pathogens; and (d) ~ decrease in either the pcthogen's growth or its production of chemicals which are damaging to plants. At the current -state of chemical herbicide and microbial herbicide art, there is no method of predicting the interaction (neu-tral, antagonistic, or synergistic) between amicrobial herbicide and a chemical herbicide in controlling a specific weed or unwanted vegetation.
Prior art in the area of microbial herbicide and chemical herbicide interactions indicates that foliar application of mixtures of a microbial herbicide and a chemical herbicide results in antagonism and reduced efficacy of the microbial herbicide. Plant pathogens can break down chemical herbicides and chemical herbi-cides can be fur.gicidal (Wilson, C.L. [1969] Ann. Rev.
Phytopathol. 7: L 24). Examples of positive interactions between microbial herbicides and chemical herbicides require that the microbial herbicide be applied either ~61~
-5- ~5 before or after the application of the chemical herbi-cide (Klerk, R.A., Smith, Jr., R.J. and TeBeest, D.O.
[1985] Weed Science 33:95-99). Multiple applications of pest control products is expensive and commercially undesirable. The commercially viable methods for the application of a combination product (such as a microbial herbicide and a chemical herbicide! are a "tank mix,"
and a "package mix." Tank mixing i.s a process by which two or more components of a pest control program are added to the same spray tank and this mixture is applied to the field. The components may be packaged together (package mix) or separately (tank mix) but the components must be compatible when added to the spray tank. Mix-tures are applied to the field with one application.
Applying a mixture reduces fuel consumption, machinery wear, and operator time; and preserves the soil texture by reducing soil compaction. At this stage in the herbicide art there is no known way to predict success, if any, in comb ning a chemical herbicide with a microbial herbicide.
We have discovered that mixtures of microbial her-bicides and chemical herbicides, and some chemical plant growth regulators, are synergistic in their activity when applied to the foliage of the host weed of the microbial herbicide. This is the first report of synergy between microbial herbicides and chemical herbicides applied as mixtures. This synergy will greatly increase the value of microbial herbicides by reducing the amount of microbial herbicide applied, reducing the environmental limitations of the microbial herbicide, and increasing the spectrum of weed control of some herbicide treatments.
128612~
[1985] Weed Science 33:95-99). Multiple applications of pest control products is expensive and commercially undesirable. The commercially viable methods for the application of a combination product (such as a microbial herbicide and a chemical herbicide! are a "tank mix,"
and a "package mix." Tank mixing i.s a process by which two or more components of a pest control program are added to the same spray tank and this mixture is applied to the field. The components may be packaged together (package mix) or separately (tank mix) but the components must be compatible when added to the spray tank. Mix-tures are applied to the field with one application.
Applying a mixture reduces fuel consumption, machinery wear, and operator time; and preserves the soil texture by reducing soil compaction. At this stage in the herbicide art there is no known way to predict success, if any, in comb ning a chemical herbicide with a microbial herbicide.
We have discovered that mixtures of microbial her-bicides and chemical herbicides, and some chemical plant growth regulators, are synergistic in their activity when applied to the foliage of the host weed of the microbial herbicide. This is the first report of synergy between microbial herbicides and chemical herbicides applied as mixtures. This synergy will greatly increase the value of microbial herbicides by reducing the amount of microbial herbicide applied, reducing the environmental limitations of the microbial herbicide, and increasing the spectrum of weed control of some herbicide treatments.
128612~
-6- ~ M5 Brief Summary of the Invention The subject invention concerns the unexpected dis-covery that certain mixtures of microbial herbicides and chemical herbicides, and some chemical plant growth regulators, prod;lce a synergistic effect against target weeds. This synergistic effect significantly enhances the value of the microbial herbicide by reducing the amount of microbial herbicide needed and by extending the range of environmental conditions in which the microbial herbicide will function. Specifically, by using the microbial herbicides and chemical herbicides disclosed herein, in mixture, there is obtained, advantageously, a synergistic effect resulting in kill or suppression of previously uncontrolled weeds or other vegetation.
The activity of a microbial herbicide is sensitive to fluctuations in the environment. The majority of the-examples which Clpport our discoveries were carried out under greenhouse conditions. The environmental condi-tions within the greenhouse are more constant than the ambient environment outside the greenhouse. However, the environment within the greenhouse fluctuates daily and the interaction between a microbial herbicide and its host also varies with these changes in environment.
The sensitivity of microbial herbicides to environmental fluctuations is one of the major constraints in commer-cializing a microbial herbicide. This sensitivity to environment explains the lack of consistent control when the same rate of microbial herbicide was applied to weeds ~286121 on different days. This sensitivity to environment is reduced when the microbial herbicide is combined with a chemical herbicide. The result is effective weed control under a wide range of environmental conditions.
The discovery of microbial herbicides and chemical herbicides that produce a synergistic effect in con-trolling a target weed was unexpected. Salts of chemical herbicides (which are organic acids) were discovered to be synergistic when applied as mixtures with microbial herbicides. Not: all salts of chemlcal herbicides demonstrated thls synergy with all microbial herbicides.
However, all salts of chemical herbicides which are active against broadleaf weeds (see Table 1) when used with the microbial herbicides (which attack broadleaf weeds) were found to be synergistic, and increase the spectrum of control of some herbicide treatments.
Generally, in the practice of the subject invention, the microbial herbicide can be applied at rates between lOE7 to lOE12 propagules per acres, and the chemical -herbicide can be applied at rates of 1/2 to 1/32 the rate recommended for weed control on the label of the compound in acc,~rdance with EPA regulations, against the target weed. If desired, the chemi.cal herbicides can be used at recommended full rates to achieve a broader spectrum of weed control.
Detailed Disclosure of the Invention The synergistic mixtures of microbial herbicides and chemical herbicides of the subject invention make possible the control of weeds which cannot be effectively controlled by either the microbial herbicide or the chemical herbicide alone. The most preferred microbial herbicides of the invention are plant pathogens from the genera Alter.naria, Colletotrichum, and Fusarium.
The activity of a microbial herbicide is sensitive to fluctuations in the environment. The majority of the-examples which Clpport our discoveries were carried out under greenhouse conditions. The environmental condi-tions within the greenhouse are more constant than the ambient environment outside the greenhouse. However, the environment within the greenhouse fluctuates daily and the interaction between a microbial herbicide and its host also varies with these changes in environment.
The sensitivity of microbial herbicides to environmental fluctuations is one of the major constraints in commer-cializing a microbial herbicide. This sensitivity to environment explains the lack of consistent control when the same rate of microbial herbicide was applied to weeds ~286121 on different days. This sensitivity to environment is reduced when the microbial herbicide is combined with a chemical herbicide. The result is effective weed control under a wide range of environmental conditions.
The discovery of microbial herbicides and chemical herbicides that produce a synergistic effect in con-trolling a target weed was unexpected. Salts of chemical herbicides (which are organic acids) were discovered to be synergistic when applied as mixtures with microbial herbicides. Not: all salts of chemlcal herbicides demonstrated thls synergy with all microbial herbicides.
However, all salts of chemical herbicides which are active against broadleaf weeds (see Table 1) when used with the microbial herbicides (which attack broadleaf weeds) were found to be synergistic, and increase the spectrum of control of some herbicide treatments.
Generally, in the practice of the subject invention, the microbial herbicide can be applied at rates between lOE7 to lOE12 propagules per acres, and the chemical -herbicide can be applied at rates of 1/2 to 1/32 the rate recommended for weed control on the label of the compound in acc,~rdance with EPA regulations, against the target weed. If desired, the chemi.cal herbicides can be used at recommended full rates to achieve a broader spectrum of weed control.
Detailed Disclosure of the Invention The synergistic mixtures of microbial herbicides and chemical herbicides of the subject invention make possible the control of weeds which cannot be effectively controlled by either the microbial herbicide or the chemical herbicide alone. The most preferred microbial herbicides of the invention are plant pathogens from the genera Alter.naria, Colletotrichum, and Fusarium.
Other microbial herbicides of the invention include plant pathogens from the following genera:
Acremonium Monochaeta Ascochyta Myrothecium Bipolaris Pestalotia Cephalosporium Phoma Ceratocystis Phylosticta Cercospora Phytophthora Coleosporiu~ Puccinia Curvularia Septoria Dichotomophthora Sphacelotheca Dichotomophthoropsis Sporosporium Dreschlera Stemphylium Exserohilum Uredo Helminthosporium Verticillium Representative species and target weeds of the above genera are as follows:
Acremonium diosPyri (ATCC 22202,22206) Weed: Diospyros virgianiana L. (persimmon) Alternaria cassiae Jurair and Kahn (NRRL 12553, ATCC 4687) Weed: Cassia obtusifolia L. (sicklepod) Alternaria eichhorniae Nag Raj and Ponnappa (ATTC
22255) Weed: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (water-hyacinth) Alternaria helanthi (Hansford) Tugaki and Nishirara Weed: Xanthium strumarium (heartleaf cocklebur) Alternaria macrospora Zimm. (ATCC 42770) Weed: Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht. (spurred anoda) ~286~21 _g_ M5 Alternaria alternantherae Holcomb and Antono~oulos (ATCC 32833, 44528, 48851) Weed: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.
(alligatorweed) s Ascochyta pteridium Bres.
Weed: Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern) Ceratocystis fa~acearum (Bretz) Hunt (ATCC 24790) Tree: Quercus spp. (red and burr oak) Cercospora hydrocotyles Ellis ~nd Everh. (ATCC 36217) Weed: Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. (morningglory, ivyleaf) Cercospora nymphaeacea Cooke and Ellis (ATCC 36216) Weed: Nuphar luteum (L.) Sibth. & Sm. (yellow waterlily) Cercospora rodmanii Conway (U.S. Patent 4,097,261) Weed: Eichornia crassi~es (Mart.) Solms. (water-hyacirth) Colletotrichum coccodes Wallr. (DAOM 183088) ._ Weed: Abutilon theophrasti Medic. (velvetleaf) Colletotrichum coccodes Wallr. (NRRL 15547) Weed: Solanum ptycanthum (black nightshade) Colletotrichum ~loeosporioides (Penz.) f. sp.
aeschynomene (ATCC 20358) Weed: Aeschynomene virginica (L.) B.S.P. (northern jointvetch) ~286121 Colletotrichum loeosPorioides (Penz.) f. sp.
jussiaeae (ATCC 52634) Weed: Jussiaea decurrens (Walt.) DC. (winged primrose) Colletotrichum malvarum (A. Braun and Casp) (NRRL 8096) Weeds: Sida spinosa L. (prickly sida) Abutilon theo~hrasti Medic. (velvetleaf) .
Colletotrichum truncatum (Schw.) Andrus & Moore (NRRL 15933) Weed: Desmodium tortuosum (SW.) DC. (Florida beggarweed) Dichotomophthora ~ortulacae Mehrlich and Fitzpat-rick (ATCC 22159) Weed: Portulaca oleracea L. (common purslane) Dichotomo~hthoropsis nymphaerum (Rand) M.B. Ellis (ATCC 32819) Weeds: Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel. (watershield) Nymphaea odorata Ait. (fragrant waterlily) Fusarium _ateritium Nees ex Fr. (NRRL 12552) Weeds: Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht. (spurred anoda) Sida spinosa L. (prickly sida) Abutilon theophrasti Medic. (velvetleaf) Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. cannabis Noviello and Snyder (ATCC 14838) Weed: Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) ~286121 Fusarium oxys~orum f. sp. perr.iciosum (Hept.) Toole (ATCC 12282) Weed: Albizia julibrissin Durazz. (silktree albizia) Fusarium solani App. & Wr. f. sp. cucurbitae Snyd.
& Hans. (NRRL 52552) Weed: Cucurbita texana (A.) Gray (Texas gourd) Phytophthora ?almivora (Butler) Butler (ATCC
52158, 52159) Weed: Morrenia odorata Lindl. (stranglervine) Puccinia canaliculata (Schw.) Lagerh.
Weed: Cyperus sculentus L. tyellow nutsedge) Puccinia chondrillina Weed: Chondrilla juncea L. (skeletonweed) The microbial herbicides of the subject invention are known fungi, as disclosed above. These fungi can be grown and formulated for use as microbial herbicides by procedures well known in the art. For example, the following is a list of disclosures giving growth charac-teristics for the disclosed fungi: Alternaria macro-spora Zimm. (ATCC 42770), see Walker, H.L. (1979) Weed Sci. 27:612-614; Ascochyta pteridium Bres., see TeBeest, DØ and Templeton, G.E. (1985) Plant Disease 69:6-10; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) f. sp. aeschynomene (ATCC 20358), see Daniel, J.T., Templeton, G.E. and Smith Jr., J. (1974) U.S.
Patent No. 3,849,104; Colletotrichum malvarum (A. Braun and Casp) (NRRL 8096), see Templeton, G.E. (1976) U.S.
Patent No. 3,999,973; Fusarium lateritium Nees ex Fr.
~2861;~1 (NRRL 12552), see Walker, H.L. (1983) U.S. Patent No.
4,419,120; Fusarium solani App. & ~'r. f. sp. cucurbitae Snyd. & Hans. (~RRL 52552), see Boy_tte, C.D., Templeton, G.E. and Oliver, L.R. (1984) Weed Sci. 32:649-655;
Phytophthora palmivora tButler) Butler (ATCC 52158, 52159~, see TeBeest, D.O. and Templeton, G.E. (1985) Plant Disease 69:6-10; Puccinia chondrillina see Hasan, S. and Wapshere, A.J. (1973) Ann.
Appl Biol. 74:325-332; Puccinia canaliculata (Schw.) Lagerh., see Sutker, E.M. (1983) Phytopathology 73:506; and Dichotomophthora portulaceae Mehrlich and Fitzpatrick (ATCC 22159), see Klisiewicz, J.M.
et al. (1983) Plant Disease 67:1162.
Four species from three genera, listed above, were selected to exemplify this invention:
Alternaria cassiae Colletotrichum coccodes Colletotrichum truncatum Fusarium lateritium Listed in Table 1 are chemical herbicides which are salts of organic acids.
Table 1 Trade Markl ~hemical Name Common Name Alanap (B) 2-[(1-naphthalenylamino)carbonyl] naptalam benzoic acid Basagran (B) Sodium salt of (3-isopropyl-1 bentazon H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4 sodium salt (3~)-one 2,2-dioxide) -13_ ~5 Basea (B&G) A~.lonium-DL-homoalanin-4-yl ~'u~osi~ate (methyl) phosphinate ammonium Blazer (B&G) Sodium 5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoro acifluorfen methyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate sodium salt Butyrac 200 (B) 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butyric 2,4-DB
acid Cobra (B) l-'carboe~hoxy)e~hyl 5-~2-chloro- lac~ofen 4_! trifluorome~hyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate DOWPON (G) 2,2'-dichloropropionic acid dalapon Fusilade (G) Butyl(R-S)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoro- fluazifop methyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]
propanoate .
Hoelon (G) Methyl 2-[4-(2,-4-dichlorophenoxy) diclofop phenoxy]propanoate methyl Premerge 3 Dinoseb(2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitro- dinoseb (B&G) phenol) as the al~anolamine salts Roundup (B&G) . Isopropylamine salt of N- glyphosate tphosphonomethyl):glycine 3;28~
Scepter (B) Ammonium salt of 2-[4,5-Dihydro- AC 252,214 4-methyl ethyl)-5-oxo-lH-imi.dazol-2-yl]-3-quinoline carboxylic acid The notation in parentheses indicates the activity of the herbi-cide (B = broadleaf control, G = grass control, and B~G - broadleaf and grass control.
Table 2 lists chemical herbicides representing classes of herbicides which are not organic salts, but some have demonstrated a synergistic interaction when used in combination with a microbial herbicide for control of weeds.
Table 2 Trade Mark Chemical Name Common Name Classic 2-(([(4-chloro-6-methox- DPX-F6025 pyrimidine-2-yl)amino carbonyl]
amino sulfonyl))benzoic acid ethyl ester Dual 8E 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methyl- metolachlor phenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethyl)acetamide Poast 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5[2- sethoxydim (ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1 one Sencor 4-Amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)- metribuzin 3-(methylthio)-1,2,4,-triazin-5(4H)-one :
~286~2~
Surflan 3,5-Dinitro-N N -dipropyl- oryzalin sulfanilamide Table 3 discloses plant growth regulators (PGR).
Some have demonstrated a synergistic interaction when used in combination with a microbial herbicide for control of weeds.
Table 3 Trade Mark Chemical Name Common Name B-Nine Daminozide butanedioic acid Alar mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) Dropp N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thiadiazol- thidiazuron ' yl urea Embark Diethanolamine salt of (N-[2,4- mefluidide dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)-sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide Stik 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid NAA
; The effect of chemical herbicides upon the germina-tion or growth of Alternaria cassiae(AC), Colletotrichum coccodes (CC), and Colletotrichum truncatu~ (CT) was studied by exposing the fungi to the chemical or by amending the fungal growth medium with the chemical herbicides. The concentration of herbicide in the medium was adjusted to be equivalent to the concentration of herbicide which would be present in the application spray tank when the herbicide is a~? lied in 25 gal water ~286121 -15- ~5 per acre. Table 4 lists the low and high recommended rates of application of each chemical used in this disclosure and the corresponding concentration of the chemical (in parts per million [PPM]) in the spray tank when the chemical is applied ln 25 gal per acre.
Table 5 summarizes the results of spore germination studies with AC and CT. The fungi were exposed to the herbicides for about 8 hr at the reported concentration in water and then transferred to growth media to determine germination. Percent difference indicates the magnitude and increase or decrease in spore germination after exposure to the chemicals as compared to spores exposed to water only. The range of response of CT (-91% to +27%) was greater than that of AC (-71% to +14%), indi-cating that CT may be more sensitive to the chemicalsthan AC.
Table 6 summarizes the results of radial growth studies of CC on media amended with chemical herbicides.
The concentration of chemicals in the growth medium was adjusted to equal the concentration of each herbicide in a spray tank when the chemical is applied in 25 gal water per acre. All of the treatments reduced the growth of CC over that of non-amended medium (range -8% to -82%).
' ' ~36121 Table 4 Concentration of herbicides and plant growth regulators in the application tank when the compounds are applied at a carrier rate of 25 gal/A
-Chemical Low rate Conc. High rate Conc.
(Trade Mark) (lb ai/A) (PPM) (lb ai/A) (PPM) _ _ Basagran 0.753599 1.004798 Blazer 0.401919 0.502399 Classic ~.0296 0.17816 Fusilade C.251200 0.502399 Hoelon 0.502399 1.255998 Poast 0.10480 0.502399 Scepter 0.10480 0.231104 Sencor 0.251200 0.502399 Surflan ^ 009596 4.0019192 B-Nine (PGRj0.50 2399 2.10 10076 Dropp (PGR)0.10 480 0.20 960 Embark (PGR)0-05 240 1.00 4798 Note: One pound of active ingredient mixed into 25 gallons of wate- is equivalent to 4798 ppm.
, - ~
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~286~21 Table 5 The ef~ect of chemical herbicides and plant gro~th regulators on the germination of spores of A. cassiae (AC) and C. truncatum (CT). The percentages represent the increased or decreased germination as compared to germination on plates which are not amended with the chemicals.
Chemical Low rateConc. Percent difference (Trade Mark)(lb ai/A) (PPM) AC CT
Basagran 0.753599 -15 -82 Blazer 0.401919 - 6 - 9 Classic 0.02 96 -19 -42 Fusilade 0.251200 +14 -25 Hoelon 0.502399 -71 -91 Poast 0.10 480 -24 NG
Scepter 0.10 480 + 8 +27 Sencor 0.251200 + 1 +ll Surflan 2.009596 + 6 +13 B-Nine (PGR) 0.50 2399 +14 -12 Dropp (PGR) 0.10 480 - 8 + 2 Embark (PGR) 0.05 240 -11 -75 .
Note: "NG" ind cates that the spores did not germinate after exposure to the chemical at ~he rate indicated above.
, , v.~ -.n ' ` ~
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Table 6 Growth of C. coccodes on media amended with herbicides or plant growth regulators to a concentration equivalent to that encountered in a spray tank containing the low rate of the chemical and a carrier rate of 25 gal per acre.
Colony diameter ~as measured after 12 days' incubation and is expressed as percent reduction ~n growth compared to growth on the medium without chemicals added.
Chemical Low rate Percent (Trade Mark) (lb ai/A) ppm difference Basagran 0.75 3599 -23 Classic 0.02 96 -11 Dropp (PGR) 0.10 480 - 8 Fusilade 0.25 1200 -43 Hoelon 0.50 2399 -82 Poast 0.10 480 -24 1.2861 2~
The three major steps in plant pathogenesis are germination, penetration, and establishment of the pathogen within the host. Germination and penetration are the most environmentally sensitive stages. The ` 5 three genera of fungi used as examples in this disclosure are representative of two methods of penetration observed in plant pathogenic fungi. Fusarium and Alternaria spp.
penetrate passively through open stomates, lenticels, or wounds in the pl~nt surface; Colletotrichum spp. penetrate in the plant surface; Colletotrichum spp. penetrate actively after formation of appressoria (specialized structures which attach to the host surface and release enzymes which dissolve the cuticle and wall materials, allowing penetration of the infective hyphae) and through wounds in the plant surface. The possible interaction of chemical herbicides and the infection process of plant pathogenic fungi is discussed in the Examples.
The results of synergy experiments are summarized in Table 7. A detailed explanation of each experiment is disclosed in the Examples which fo?low. Salts of chemical herbicides which are active against: broadleaf plants provided synergistic activity when applied in a mixture with the microbial herbicide which is active on the broadleaf weed.
Basagran*, Blazer*, and Scepter* are broadleaf chemical herbicides which are salts of organic acids. These herbicides were synergistic with all of the microbial herbicides tested. Hoelon*and Fusilade*are also salts of organic acids. Hoelon*and Fusilade*are active against grasses and not against broadleaf weeds or sedges. Hoelon* does not have herbicjdal activity against broadleaf weeds and would therefore not be expected to be synergistic when combined with a microbial herbicide active against * trade mark 128612~
broadleaf weeds. Hoelon is not synergistic when used in combination with C. truncatum for control of Florida beggarweed. Hoelon was, unexpectedly, synergistic with A. cassiae in control of sicklepod. Fusilade*, on the other hand, was synergistic when combined with either A. cassiae or C. truncatum in control of their respec-tive weed hosts.
Table 7 1~
Chemical Synergy with (Trade Mark) AC CC CT FL
Basagran+ + + +
Blazer + + + +
Classic - +
Fusilade+ +
Hoelon +
Poast +
Scepter + +
Sencor +
Surflan + +
Dropp (PGR) - + +
B-Nine (PGR) - +
Embark (PGR) + +
The suppliers for the above chemical herbicides and plant growth regulators are as follows:
:.' ~ 35 * trade mark ~ .
~286~2~
-Trade Mark Supplier . _ _ Alanap Uniroyal Chemical Basagran BASF Wyandotte Corp.
Basta American Hoe~hst~
Blazer ~ohm and Haas B-Nine Uniroyal Chemical Butyrac 200 Union Carbide Classic Dupont Cobra PPG Industries DOWPON Dow Chemical Dropp NORAM
Dual 8E Ceiba Geigy Embark 3M
Fusilade ICI Americas Inc.
Hoelon American Hoechst Paraquat Chevron Poast BASF Wyandotte Corp.
Premerge 3 Dow Chemical Roundup Monsanto Scepter American Cyanimide Sencor Mobay Chemical Stik Union Carbide Surflan Elanco Products -~
The objective of formulating herbicides is to provide the correct combination of ingredients so that the active component is suitable for application and optimum activity.
Microbial herbicides have been formulated as dusts, 0 wettable powders, granules, and suspensions.
Wettable powder formulas of Colletotrichum, Alter-naria, and Fusarium are composed of a diluent, wetting agent, and dispersant. Wetting agents and dispersants are surface active a~ents (surfactants) which reduce surface tension and promote homogenous distribution during application. A comprehensive list of surfactants is l~Z86121 found in McCutcheon's Emulsifiers & Detergents 1985.
Three to five percent of each is needed in the formula to insure performance of the microbial herbicide. The diluents modify the formula to improve handling, storage, and application. Diluents that have been mixed with microbial herbicides are clays (attapulgite, montmoril-lonite, kaolinite), non-phyllosilites (talc, diatomaceous earth, vermiculite, synthetic bulking agents) and botanicals (grain flours, ground plant parts).
The formulation and application of the chemical herbicides, disclosed herein, are well known to those skilled in the art. See Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America, Fifth Edition, 1983.
This handbook is published by Weed Science Society of ~nerica, 309 West Clark Street, Champaig~n, Illinois 61820. Also, instructions for the formulation and use of individual chemical herbicides are disclosed on the product labels fo-; the herbicides.
Several conv~ntions are used in the following Examples to simpl~fy the data tables and discussions.
Abbreviations are utilized to designate the location and type of trial (Loc-Type), the names of the microbial herbicides, and the names of the weeds. These abbrevi-ations will be described below.
Experiments are separated by location and type of trial. The location abbreviations and corresponding description are: CA--California, FL--Florida, IL--Illinois, ML--Montreal, VT--Vermont. The control of environment is indicated by the type of trial: C--controlled environment growth chamber (highly controlled environment, temperature and light); G--greenhouse conditions (moderate control of temperature, little con~rol of light); F--field conditions (no control of temperature, light, or relative humidity).
California: CA-G. All trials with this designation indicate that the trial was conducted in California under greenhouse conditions. Weeds in the cotyledonary stage of growth were treated in a precision application chamber designed specifically to test the efficacy of chemical and microbial herbicides. The application chamber utilizes carbon dioxide to pressurize the test material.
The test material is delivered to the plants through a standard flat fan spray nozzle (Tee Jet*8002, Spraying Systems Co., Wheaton IL) at a carrier rate of 25 gal/A.
After treatment, the plants are placed into a mist chamber for 7 to 14 days. The percentage of plants which are dead or severely damaged (unlikely to survive) is recorded as percent weed control.
Florida: FL-F. The Florida field trial was carried out under permits from the USDA and the State of Florida.
The test materials were applied in the morning and the trial was irrigated at dusk. Applications were made with the aid of a field backpack sprayer calibrated to apply 25 gal/A.
Illinois: IL-F. The Illinois field trial was carried out under permits from the USDA and the state of Illinois.
The test materials were applied with the aid of a field backpack sprayer calibrated to apply 50 gal/A. Plants were treated in the four leaf stage of growth.
Montreal: ML-C. Weeds in the cotyledon, one, or two leaf stage of development were treated with solutions of test material to run-off. The rate of compounds in the spray solutions was based upon an application volume of 100 gal/A. Inoculated plants were placed into a dew chamber for 18 hr, then removed and placed in a controlled environment chamber. Evaluations were made after 20 to 45 days and the percentage of the total number of plants which were killed was recorded as percent weed control.
Montreal: ML-G. Weeds in the cotyledon, one, or two leaf stage of development were treated with solutions of test material to run-off. The rate of compounds in the spray solutions was based upon an application volume of 100 * trade mark :~28612~
ga./A. Inoculated plants were placed into a dew chamber for 18 hr, then removed and placed in a controlled environ-ment chamber. Fvaluations were male after 20 to 45 days and the percentage of the total number of plants which were killed was recorded as percent weed control.
Montreal: ML-F. Field grown weeds in the cotyledon, one, or two leaf stage of development were treated with the test compounds in situ. Applications were made in a carrier volume of 100 gal/A. The percentage of the total number of plants which were killed was recorded as percent weed control.
Vermont: VT-F. Trials were applied using the same - techniques described in the Montreal field trials tML-F).
The weed abbreviations listed below are those accepted and reported in the Composite List of Weeds, Weed Science (1984) 2:Supp. ~.
ABUTH = Abutilon theophrasti Medik.
CASOB = Cassia obtusifolia L.
- DEDTO = Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC.
The abbreviations used for the microbial herbicides have been presented previously but will be duplicated here.
- AC = Alternaria cassiae CC - Colletotrichum coccodes CT = Colletotrichum truncatum FL = Fusarium lateritium Fol]owing cre examples which illustrate the products and procedures, including the best mode, for practicing the invention. These examples should not be construed as limiting.
Example l--Basa~ran in combination with AC, CC, CT, and FL.
Basagran*is a herbicide of broadleaf plants. This herbicide is a sodium salt of an organic acid. Basagran*
reduced the germination of spores of AC and CT (Table 5) * trade mark ~.28612~.
in addition to slowing the growth of CC (Table 6).
Basagran produces synergistic activity in controlling weeds when mixed with microbial herbicides, in spite of the apparent detrimental effect of this herbicide on the germination and growth of the microbial herbicides.
The weed control activity of AC and FL was zero when these microbial herbicides were applied alone in these experimen~s. This lack of activity indicates that the environmental conditions during the experiment were restrictive to disease development. The activity of the AC and FL is greatly increased, even under these restrictive environmental conditions, by addition of the chemical herbicide.
With regard to the tables in this Example and the Examples following, application rates for micr~bial herbicides are expressed as PPA (propagules per acre) x 109. Application rates for chemicals are expressed as pounds of active ingredient per acre.
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i286121 The interaction reported in this Example was observed with a number of chemical herbicides which are salts of organic acids. Salts of organic acids fre-quently act as buffers in biological systems by main-taining the concentration of dissolved gasses and ions(e.g., the pH, which is the hydrogen ion concentration).
A bicarbonate buffering system maintains the pH and CO2 content of human blood plasma at the correct levels.
The buffering capacity of organic acids and their salts is due to the disassociation of the proton, metallic ion or other inorganic ions in aqueous solution. Salts of chemical herbicides are likely to act as buffers whenever they occur in aqueous solution, and, more importantly, when they are mixed with microbial herbi-cides. In a chemically buffered environment, the microbialherbicide may be able to infect the weed and cause disease under environmental conditions which would other-wise be restrictive.
In addition to the buffering capacity described above, salts of organic acids (the salt, the ionized acid, or the ion released by the salt) may also act on the plant or pathogen to produce the synergistic inter-action observed in this Example.
Salts of chemical herbicide compounds can be formed from metal cations in combination with the herbicidally active anion. Preferred metal cations are alkali metal cations, for example, lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, and rubidium; and alkaline earth metal cations, for example, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium. Other metal cations which can be used to form salts of chemical herbicide compounds are the heavy metal cations, for example, copper, silver, mercury, zinc, cadmium, chromium, ~286121 manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, aluminum, tin and lead.
Salts of chemical herbicide compounds also can be formed from onium cations, for example, ammonium cations, sulfonium and sufoxonium cations and phosphonium cations.
In general, the subject invention includes any salt of an organic acid chemical herbicide compound. Ad-vantageously, the salt form used should be soluble or suspensible in the herbicidal formula mixture. The formation of such salts is well known to persons skilled in the chemical nerbicide art.
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Example 13.
C. malvarum, disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,999,973, can be used in combination with a chemical herbicide or plant growth regulator, as disclosed herein, to control the growth of prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) or teaweed.
Exam~le 14.
Fusarium lateritium, disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,419,120, can be used in combination with a chemical herbicide or plant growth regulator, as disclosed herein, to control the growth of prickly sida, velvet-leaf, and spurred anoda.
Example 15.
C. gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene, disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,849,104, can be used in combination with a chemical herbicide or plant growth regulator, as disclosed herein, to control the growth of northern jointvetch.
Example 16.
Upon using a mixture of two or more chemical herbi-cides or plant growth regulators, as disclosed herein, in a mixture with a microbial herbicide which is a plant pathogen for a target weed, as disclosed herein, there is obtained multiple weed control.
The Examples presented herein show synergy with salts of chemical herbicides and plant growth regulators in mixture with microbial herbicides where the salt is compatible with the microbial herbicide.
Acremonium Monochaeta Ascochyta Myrothecium Bipolaris Pestalotia Cephalosporium Phoma Ceratocystis Phylosticta Cercospora Phytophthora Coleosporiu~ Puccinia Curvularia Septoria Dichotomophthora Sphacelotheca Dichotomophthoropsis Sporosporium Dreschlera Stemphylium Exserohilum Uredo Helminthosporium Verticillium Representative species and target weeds of the above genera are as follows:
Acremonium diosPyri (ATCC 22202,22206) Weed: Diospyros virgianiana L. (persimmon) Alternaria cassiae Jurair and Kahn (NRRL 12553, ATCC 4687) Weed: Cassia obtusifolia L. (sicklepod) Alternaria eichhorniae Nag Raj and Ponnappa (ATTC
22255) Weed: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (water-hyacinth) Alternaria helanthi (Hansford) Tugaki and Nishirara Weed: Xanthium strumarium (heartleaf cocklebur) Alternaria macrospora Zimm. (ATCC 42770) Weed: Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht. (spurred anoda) ~286~21 _g_ M5 Alternaria alternantherae Holcomb and Antono~oulos (ATCC 32833, 44528, 48851) Weed: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.
(alligatorweed) s Ascochyta pteridium Bres.
Weed: Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern) Ceratocystis fa~acearum (Bretz) Hunt (ATCC 24790) Tree: Quercus spp. (red and burr oak) Cercospora hydrocotyles Ellis ~nd Everh. (ATCC 36217) Weed: Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. (morningglory, ivyleaf) Cercospora nymphaeacea Cooke and Ellis (ATCC 36216) Weed: Nuphar luteum (L.) Sibth. & Sm. (yellow waterlily) Cercospora rodmanii Conway (U.S. Patent 4,097,261) Weed: Eichornia crassi~es (Mart.) Solms. (water-hyacirth) Colletotrichum coccodes Wallr. (DAOM 183088) ._ Weed: Abutilon theophrasti Medic. (velvetleaf) Colletotrichum coccodes Wallr. (NRRL 15547) Weed: Solanum ptycanthum (black nightshade) Colletotrichum ~loeosporioides (Penz.) f. sp.
aeschynomene (ATCC 20358) Weed: Aeschynomene virginica (L.) B.S.P. (northern jointvetch) ~286121 Colletotrichum loeosPorioides (Penz.) f. sp.
jussiaeae (ATCC 52634) Weed: Jussiaea decurrens (Walt.) DC. (winged primrose) Colletotrichum malvarum (A. Braun and Casp) (NRRL 8096) Weeds: Sida spinosa L. (prickly sida) Abutilon theo~hrasti Medic. (velvetleaf) .
Colletotrichum truncatum (Schw.) Andrus & Moore (NRRL 15933) Weed: Desmodium tortuosum (SW.) DC. (Florida beggarweed) Dichotomophthora ~ortulacae Mehrlich and Fitzpat-rick (ATCC 22159) Weed: Portulaca oleracea L. (common purslane) Dichotomo~hthoropsis nymphaerum (Rand) M.B. Ellis (ATCC 32819) Weeds: Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel. (watershield) Nymphaea odorata Ait. (fragrant waterlily) Fusarium _ateritium Nees ex Fr. (NRRL 12552) Weeds: Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht. (spurred anoda) Sida spinosa L. (prickly sida) Abutilon theophrasti Medic. (velvetleaf) Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. cannabis Noviello and Snyder (ATCC 14838) Weed: Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) ~286121 Fusarium oxys~orum f. sp. perr.iciosum (Hept.) Toole (ATCC 12282) Weed: Albizia julibrissin Durazz. (silktree albizia) Fusarium solani App. & Wr. f. sp. cucurbitae Snyd.
& Hans. (NRRL 52552) Weed: Cucurbita texana (A.) Gray (Texas gourd) Phytophthora ?almivora (Butler) Butler (ATCC
52158, 52159) Weed: Morrenia odorata Lindl. (stranglervine) Puccinia canaliculata (Schw.) Lagerh.
Weed: Cyperus sculentus L. tyellow nutsedge) Puccinia chondrillina Weed: Chondrilla juncea L. (skeletonweed) The microbial herbicides of the subject invention are known fungi, as disclosed above. These fungi can be grown and formulated for use as microbial herbicides by procedures well known in the art. For example, the following is a list of disclosures giving growth charac-teristics for the disclosed fungi: Alternaria macro-spora Zimm. (ATCC 42770), see Walker, H.L. (1979) Weed Sci. 27:612-614; Ascochyta pteridium Bres., see TeBeest, DØ and Templeton, G.E. (1985) Plant Disease 69:6-10; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) f. sp. aeschynomene (ATCC 20358), see Daniel, J.T., Templeton, G.E. and Smith Jr., J. (1974) U.S.
Patent No. 3,849,104; Colletotrichum malvarum (A. Braun and Casp) (NRRL 8096), see Templeton, G.E. (1976) U.S.
Patent No. 3,999,973; Fusarium lateritium Nees ex Fr.
~2861;~1 (NRRL 12552), see Walker, H.L. (1983) U.S. Patent No.
4,419,120; Fusarium solani App. & ~'r. f. sp. cucurbitae Snyd. & Hans. (~RRL 52552), see Boy_tte, C.D., Templeton, G.E. and Oliver, L.R. (1984) Weed Sci. 32:649-655;
Phytophthora palmivora tButler) Butler (ATCC 52158, 52159~, see TeBeest, D.O. and Templeton, G.E. (1985) Plant Disease 69:6-10; Puccinia chondrillina see Hasan, S. and Wapshere, A.J. (1973) Ann.
Appl Biol. 74:325-332; Puccinia canaliculata (Schw.) Lagerh., see Sutker, E.M. (1983) Phytopathology 73:506; and Dichotomophthora portulaceae Mehrlich and Fitzpatrick (ATCC 22159), see Klisiewicz, J.M.
et al. (1983) Plant Disease 67:1162.
Four species from three genera, listed above, were selected to exemplify this invention:
Alternaria cassiae Colletotrichum coccodes Colletotrichum truncatum Fusarium lateritium Listed in Table 1 are chemical herbicides which are salts of organic acids.
Table 1 Trade Markl ~hemical Name Common Name Alanap (B) 2-[(1-naphthalenylamino)carbonyl] naptalam benzoic acid Basagran (B) Sodium salt of (3-isopropyl-1 bentazon H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4 sodium salt (3~)-one 2,2-dioxide) -13_ ~5 Basea (B&G) A~.lonium-DL-homoalanin-4-yl ~'u~osi~ate (methyl) phosphinate ammonium Blazer (B&G) Sodium 5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoro acifluorfen methyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate sodium salt Butyrac 200 (B) 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)butyric 2,4-DB
acid Cobra (B) l-'carboe~hoxy)e~hyl 5-~2-chloro- lac~ofen 4_! trifluorome~hyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate DOWPON (G) 2,2'-dichloropropionic acid dalapon Fusilade (G) Butyl(R-S)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoro- fluazifop methyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]
propanoate .
Hoelon (G) Methyl 2-[4-(2,-4-dichlorophenoxy) diclofop phenoxy]propanoate methyl Premerge 3 Dinoseb(2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitro- dinoseb (B&G) phenol) as the al~anolamine salts Roundup (B&G) . Isopropylamine salt of N- glyphosate tphosphonomethyl):glycine 3;28~
Scepter (B) Ammonium salt of 2-[4,5-Dihydro- AC 252,214 4-methyl ethyl)-5-oxo-lH-imi.dazol-2-yl]-3-quinoline carboxylic acid The notation in parentheses indicates the activity of the herbi-cide (B = broadleaf control, G = grass control, and B~G - broadleaf and grass control.
Table 2 lists chemical herbicides representing classes of herbicides which are not organic salts, but some have demonstrated a synergistic interaction when used in combination with a microbial herbicide for control of weeds.
Table 2 Trade Mark Chemical Name Common Name Classic 2-(([(4-chloro-6-methox- DPX-F6025 pyrimidine-2-yl)amino carbonyl]
amino sulfonyl))benzoic acid ethyl ester Dual 8E 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methyl- metolachlor phenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethyl)acetamide Poast 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5[2- sethoxydim (ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1 one Sencor 4-Amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)- metribuzin 3-(methylthio)-1,2,4,-triazin-5(4H)-one :
~286~2~
Surflan 3,5-Dinitro-N N -dipropyl- oryzalin sulfanilamide Table 3 discloses plant growth regulators (PGR).
Some have demonstrated a synergistic interaction when used in combination with a microbial herbicide for control of weeds.
Table 3 Trade Mark Chemical Name Common Name B-Nine Daminozide butanedioic acid Alar mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) Dropp N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thiadiazol- thidiazuron ' yl urea Embark Diethanolamine salt of (N-[2,4- mefluidide dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)-sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide Stik 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid NAA
; The effect of chemical herbicides upon the germina-tion or growth of Alternaria cassiae(AC), Colletotrichum coccodes (CC), and Colletotrichum truncatu~ (CT) was studied by exposing the fungi to the chemical or by amending the fungal growth medium with the chemical herbicides. The concentration of herbicide in the medium was adjusted to be equivalent to the concentration of herbicide which would be present in the application spray tank when the herbicide is a~? lied in 25 gal water ~286121 -15- ~5 per acre. Table 4 lists the low and high recommended rates of application of each chemical used in this disclosure and the corresponding concentration of the chemical (in parts per million [PPM]) in the spray tank when the chemical is applied ln 25 gal per acre.
Table 5 summarizes the results of spore germination studies with AC and CT. The fungi were exposed to the herbicides for about 8 hr at the reported concentration in water and then transferred to growth media to determine germination. Percent difference indicates the magnitude and increase or decrease in spore germination after exposure to the chemicals as compared to spores exposed to water only. The range of response of CT (-91% to +27%) was greater than that of AC (-71% to +14%), indi-cating that CT may be more sensitive to the chemicalsthan AC.
Table 6 summarizes the results of radial growth studies of CC on media amended with chemical herbicides.
The concentration of chemicals in the growth medium was adjusted to equal the concentration of each herbicide in a spray tank when the chemical is applied in 25 gal water per acre. All of the treatments reduced the growth of CC over that of non-amended medium (range -8% to -82%).
' ' ~36121 Table 4 Concentration of herbicides and plant growth regulators in the application tank when the compounds are applied at a carrier rate of 25 gal/A
-Chemical Low rate Conc. High rate Conc.
(Trade Mark) (lb ai/A) (PPM) (lb ai/A) (PPM) _ _ Basagran 0.753599 1.004798 Blazer 0.401919 0.502399 Classic ~.0296 0.17816 Fusilade C.251200 0.502399 Hoelon 0.502399 1.255998 Poast 0.10480 0.502399 Scepter 0.10480 0.231104 Sencor 0.251200 0.502399 Surflan ^ 009596 4.0019192 B-Nine (PGRj0.50 2399 2.10 10076 Dropp (PGR)0.10 480 0.20 960 Embark (PGR)0-05 240 1.00 4798 Note: One pound of active ingredient mixed into 25 gallons of wate- is equivalent to 4798 ppm.
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~286~21 Table 5 The ef~ect of chemical herbicides and plant gro~th regulators on the germination of spores of A. cassiae (AC) and C. truncatum (CT). The percentages represent the increased or decreased germination as compared to germination on plates which are not amended with the chemicals.
Chemical Low rateConc. Percent difference (Trade Mark)(lb ai/A) (PPM) AC CT
Basagran 0.753599 -15 -82 Blazer 0.401919 - 6 - 9 Classic 0.02 96 -19 -42 Fusilade 0.251200 +14 -25 Hoelon 0.502399 -71 -91 Poast 0.10 480 -24 NG
Scepter 0.10 480 + 8 +27 Sencor 0.251200 + 1 +ll Surflan 2.009596 + 6 +13 B-Nine (PGR) 0.50 2399 +14 -12 Dropp (PGR) 0.10 480 - 8 + 2 Embark (PGR) 0.05 240 -11 -75 .
Note: "NG" ind cates that the spores did not germinate after exposure to the chemical at ~he rate indicated above.
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Table 6 Growth of C. coccodes on media amended with herbicides or plant growth regulators to a concentration equivalent to that encountered in a spray tank containing the low rate of the chemical and a carrier rate of 25 gal per acre.
Colony diameter ~as measured after 12 days' incubation and is expressed as percent reduction ~n growth compared to growth on the medium without chemicals added.
Chemical Low rate Percent (Trade Mark) (lb ai/A) ppm difference Basagran 0.75 3599 -23 Classic 0.02 96 -11 Dropp (PGR) 0.10 480 - 8 Fusilade 0.25 1200 -43 Hoelon 0.50 2399 -82 Poast 0.10 480 -24 1.2861 2~
The three major steps in plant pathogenesis are germination, penetration, and establishment of the pathogen within the host. Germination and penetration are the most environmentally sensitive stages. The ` 5 three genera of fungi used as examples in this disclosure are representative of two methods of penetration observed in plant pathogenic fungi. Fusarium and Alternaria spp.
penetrate passively through open stomates, lenticels, or wounds in the pl~nt surface; Colletotrichum spp. penetrate in the plant surface; Colletotrichum spp. penetrate actively after formation of appressoria (specialized structures which attach to the host surface and release enzymes which dissolve the cuticle and wall materials, allowing penetration of the infective hyphae) and through wounds in the plant surface. The possible interaction of chemical herbicides and the infection process of plant pathogenic fungi is discussed in the Examples.
The results of synergy experiments are summarized in Table 7. A detailed explanation of each experiment is disclosed in the Examples which fo?low. Salts of chemical herbicides which are active against: broadleaf plants provided synergistic activity when applied in a mixture with the microbial herbicide which is active on the broadleaf weed.
Basagran*, Blazer*, and Scepter* are broadleaf chemical herbicides which are salts of organic acids. These herbicides were synergistic with all of the microbial herbicides tested. Hoelon*and Fusilade*are also salts of organic acids. Hoelon*and Fusilade*are active against grasses and not against broadleaf weeds or sedges. Hoelon* does not have herbicjdal activity against broadleaf weeds and would therefore not be expected to be synergistic when combined with a microbial herbicide active against * trade mark 128612~
broadleaf weeds. Hoelon is not synergistic when used in combination with C. truncatum for control of Florida beggarweed. Hoelon was, unexpectedly, synergistic with A. cassiae in control of sicklepod. Fusilade*, on the other hand, was synergistic when combined with either A. cassiae or C. truncatum in control of their respec-tive weed hosts.
Table 7 1~
Chemical Synergy with (Trade Mark) AC CC CT FL
Basagran+ + + +
Blazer + + + +
Classic - +
Fusilade+ +
Hoelon +
Poast +
Scepter + +
Sencor +
Surflan + +
Dropp (PGR) - + +
B-Nine (PGR) - +
Embark (PGR) + +
The suppliers for the above chemical herbicides and plant growth regulators are as follows:
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~286~2~
-Trade Mark Supplier . _ _ Alanap Uniroyal Chemical Basagran BASF Wyandotte Corp.
Basta American Hoe~hst~
Blazer ~ohm and Haas B-Nine Uniroyal Chemical Butyrac 200 Union Carbide Classic Dupont Cobra PPG Industries DOWPON Dow Chemical Dropp NORAM
Dual 8E Ceiba Geigy Embark 3M
Fusilade ICI Americas Inc.
Hoelon American Hoechst Paraquat Chevron Poast BASF Wyandotte Corp.
Premerge 3 Dow Chemical Roundup Monsanto Scepter American Cyanimide Sencor Mobay Chemical Stik Union Carbide Surflan Elanco Products -~
The objective of formulating herbicides is to provide the correct combination of ingredients so that the active component is suitable for application and optimum activity.
Microbial herbicides have been formulated as dusts, 0 wettable powders, granules, and suspensions.
Wettable powder formulas of Colletotrichum, Alter-naria, and Fusarium are composed of a diluent, wetting agent, and dispersant. Wetting agents and dispersants are surface active a~ents (surfactants) which reduce surface tension and promote homogenous distribution during application. A comprehensive list of surfactants is l~Z86121 found in McCutcheon's Emulsifiers & Detergents 1985.
Three to five percent of each is needed in the formula to insure performance of the microbial herbicide. The diluents modify the formula to improve handling, storage, and application. Diluents that have been mixed with microbial herbicides are clays (attapulgite, montmoril-lonite, kaolinite), non-phyllosilites (talc, diatomaceous earth, vermiculite, synthetic bulking agents) and botanicals (grain flours, ground plant parts).
The formulation and application of the chemical herbicides, disclosed herein, are well known to those skilled in the art. See Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America, Fifth Edition, 1983.
This handbook is published by Weed Science Society of ~nerica, 309 West Clark Street, Champaig~n, Illinois 61820. Also, instructions for the formulation and use of individual chemical herbicides are disclosed on the product labels fo-; the herbicides.
Several conv~ntions are used in the following Examples to simpl~fy the data tables and discussions.
Abbreviations are utilized to designate the location and type of trial (Loc-Type), the names of the microbial herbicides, and the names of the weeds. These abbrevi-ations will be described below.
Experiments are separated by location and type of trial. The location abbreviations and corresponding description are: CA--California, FL--Florida, IL--Illinois, ML--Montreal, VT--Vermont. The control of environment is indicated by the type of trial: C--controlled environment growth chamber (highly controlled environment, temperature and light); G--greenhouse conditions (moderate control of temperature, little con~rol of light); F--field conditions (no control of temperature, light, or relative humidity).
California: CA-G. All trials with this designation indicate that the trial was conducted in California under greenhouse conditions. Weeds in the cotyledonary stage of growth were treated in a precision application chamber designed specifically to test the efficacy of chemical and microbial herbicides. The application chamber utilizes carbon dioxide to pressurize the test material.
The test material is delivered to the plants through a standard flat fan spray nozzle (Tee Jet*8002, Spraying Systems Co., Wheaton IL) at a carrier rate of 25 gal/A.
After treatment, the plants are placed into a mist chamber for 7 to 14 days. The percentage of plants which are dead or severely damaged (unlikely to survive) is recorded as percent weed control.
Florida: FL-F. The Florida field trial was carried out under permits from the USDA and the State of Florida.
The test materials were applied in the morning and the trial was irrigated at dusk. Applications were made with the aid of a field backpack sprayer calibrated to apply 25 gal/A.
Illinois: IL-F. The Illinois field trial was carried out under permits from the USDA and the state of Illinois.
The test materials were applied with the aid of a field backpack sprayer calibrated to apply 50 gal/A. Plants were treated in the four leaf stage of growth.
Montreal: ML-C. Weeds in the cotyledon, one, or two leaf stage of development were treated with solutions of test material to run-off. The rate of compounds in the spray solutions was based upon an application volume of 100 gal/A. Inoculated plants were placed into a dew chamber for 18 hr, then removed and placed in a controlled environment chamber. Evaluations were made after 20 to 45 days and the percentage of the total number of plants which were killed was recorded as percent weed control.
Montreal: ML-G. Weeds in the cotyledon, one, or two leaf stage of development were treated with solutions of test material to run-off. The rate of compounds in the spray solutions was based upon an application volume of 100 * trade mark :~28612~
ga./A. Inoculated plants were placed into a dew chamber for 18 hr, then removed and placed in a controlled environ-ment chamber. Fvaluations were male after 20 to 45 days and the percentage of the total number of plants which were killed was recorded as percent weed control.
Montreal: ML-F. Field grown weeds in the cotyledon, one, or two leaf stage of development were treated with the test compounds in situ. Applications were made in a carrier volume of 100 gal/A. The percentage of the total number of plants which were killed was recorded as percent weed control.
Vermont: VT-F. Trials were applied using the same - techniques described in the Montreal field trials tML-F).
The weed abbreviations listed below are those accepted and reported in the Composite List of Weeds, Weed Science (1984) 2:Supp. ~.
ABUTH = Abutilon theophrasti Medik.
CASOB = Cassia obtusifolia L.
- DEDTO = Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC.
The abbreviations used for the microbial herbicides have been presented previously but will be duplicated here.
- AC = Alternaria cassiae CC - Colletotrichum coccodes CT = Colletotrichum truncatum FL = Fusarium lateritium Fol]owing cre examples which illustrate the products and procedures, including the best mode, for practicing the invention. These examples should not be construed as limiting.
Example l--Basa~ran in combination with AC, CC, CT, and FL.
Basagran*is a herbicide of broadleaf plants. This herbicide is a sodium salt of an organic acid. Basagran*
reduced the germination of spores of AC and CT (Table 5) * trade mark ~.28612~.
in addition to slowing the growth of CC (Table 6).
Basagran produces synergistic activity in controlling weeds when mixed with microbial herbicides, in spite of the apparent detrimental effect of this herbicide on the germination and growth of the microbial herbicides.
The weed control activity of AC and FL was zero when these microbial herbicides were applied alone in these experimen~s. This lack of activity indicates that the environmental conditions during the experiment were restrictive to disease development. The activity of the AC and FL is greatly increased, even under these restrictive environmental conditions, by addition of the chemical herbicide.
With regard to the tables in this Example and the Examples following, application rates for micr~bial herbicides are expressed as PPA (propagules per acre) x 109. Application rates for chemicals are expressed as pounds of active ingredient per acre.
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i286121 The interaction reported in this Example was observed with a number of chemical herbicides which are salts of organic acids. Salts of organic acids fre-quently act as buffers in biological systems by main-taining the concentration of dissolved gasses and ions(e.g., the pH, which is the hydrogen ion concentration).
A bicarbonate buffering system maintains the pH and CO2 content of human blood plasma at the correct levels.
The buffering capacity of organic acids and their salts is due to the disassociation of the proton, metallic ion or other inorganic ions in aqueous solution. Salts of chemical herbicides are likely to act as buffers whenever they occur in aqueous solution, and, more importantly, when they are mixed with microbial herbi-cides. In a chemically buffered environment, the microbialherbicide may be able to infect the weed and cause disease under environmental conditions which would other-wise be restrictive.
In addition to the buffering capacity described above, salts of organic acids (the salt, the ionized acid, or the ion released by the salt) may also act on the plant or pathogen to produce the synergistic inter-action observed in this Example.
Salts of chemical herbicide compounds can be formed from metal cations in combination with the herbicidally active anion. Preferred metal cations are alkali metal cations, for example, lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, and rubidium; and alkaline earth metal cations, for example, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium. Other metal cations which can be used to form salts of chemical herbicide compounds are the heavy metal cations, for example, copper, silver, mercury, zinc, cadmium, chromium, ~286121 manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, aluminum, tin and lead.
Salts of chemical herbicide compounds also can be formed from onium cations, for example, ammonium cations, sulfonium and sufoxonium cations and phosphonium cations.
In general, the subject invention includes any salt of an organic acid chemical herbicide compound. Ad-vantageously, the salt form used should be soluble or suspensible in the herbicidal formula mixture. The formation of such salts is well known to persons skilled in the chemical nerbicide art.
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Example 13.
C. malvarum, disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,999,973, can be used in combination with a chemical herbicide or plant growth regulator, as disclosed herein, to control the growth of prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) or teaweed.
Exam~le 14.
Fusarium lateritium, disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,419,120, can be used in combination with a chemical herbicide or plant growth regulator, as disclosed herein, to control the growth of prickly sida, velvet-leaf, and spurred anoda.
Example 15.
C. gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene, disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,849,104, can be used in combination with a chemical herbicide or plant growth regulator, as disclosed herein, to control the growth of northern jointvetch.
Example 16.
Upon using a mixture of two or more chemical herbi-cides or plant growth regulators, as disclosed herein, in a mixture with a microbial herbicide which is a plant pathogen for a target weed, as disclosed herein, there is obtained multiple weed control.
The Examples presented herein show synergy with salts of chemical herbicides and plant growth regulators in mixture with microbial herbicides where the salt is compatible with the microbial herbicide.
Claims (54)
1. A composition for controlling an undesirable weed comprising a synergistic herbicidal composition of a chemical herbicide, which is active against broadleaf weeds or grass weeds, or plant growth regulator, which is effective to control broadleaf weeds or grass weeds, and a microbial herbicide which is a plant pathogen for said undesirable weed, excluding the combinations: Alternaria cassiae with bentazon (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), glyphosate (isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphono-methyl)glycine) or oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp.
aeschynomene with acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), Colletotrichum with said plant growth regulator, and Colletotrichum coccodes with said chemical herbicide.
aeschynomene with acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), Colletotrichum with said plant growth regulator, and Colletotrichum coccodes with said chemical herbicide.
2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein said undesirable weed is a broadleaf weed.
3. A composition, according to claim 2, wherein said chemical herbicide is a salt of an organic acid chemical herbicide which is active against broadleaf weeds.
4. A composition, according to claim 3, wherein said salt is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, sulfonium and phosphonium.
5. A composition, according to claim 3, wherein said chemical herbicide is selected from the group consisting of naptalam (2-[(1-naphthalenylamino)carbonyl]benzoic acid), bentazon sodium salt (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), glufosinate ammonium (ammonium-DL-homoalanin-4-yl-(methyl)phosphinate), acifluorfen sodium salt (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), 2,4-DB (4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-butyric acid), lactofen (1-(carboethoxy)ethyl-5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), dinoseb ((2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol)as the alkanolamine salts), glyphosate (isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine), and AC 252,214 (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinoline carboxylic acid).
6. A composition, according to claim 1, wherein said chemical herbicide is a salt of an organic acid which is active against grass weeds.
7. A composition according to claim 6, wherein said salt is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, sulfonium and phosphonium.
8. A composition, according to claim 6, wherein said chemical herbicide is fluazifop (butyl-(R-S)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoate) or diclofop methyl (methyl-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]-propanoate), or dalapon (2,2'-dichloropropionic acid).
9. A composition, according to claim 1, wherein said plant growth regulator is selected from the group consisting of alar (daminozide butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide), thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl-urea), mefluidide (diethanolamine salt of (N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]-acetamide)and NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid).
10. A composition according to claim 1, wherein said chemical herbicide is selected from the group consisting of DPX-F6025 (2-(([4-chloro-6-methoxpyrimidine-2-yl)amino carbonyl]amino sulfonyl))benzoic acid ethyl ester), sethoxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)-propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one), metribuzin (4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one), and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide).
11. A composition according to claim 1, wherein said microbial herbicide is selected from the group consisting of Acremonium, Alternaria, Aschochyta, Bipolaris, Cephalosporium, Ceratocystis, Cercospora, Coleosporium, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Dichotomophthora, Dichotomo-phthoropsis, Dreschlera, Exserohilum, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Monochaeta, Myrothecium, Pestalotia, Phoma, Phylosticta, Phytophthora, Puccinia, Septoria, Sphacelotheca, Sporosporium, Stemphylium, Uredo and Verticillium.
12. A composition according to claim 11, wherein said microbial herbicide is in a mixture with a salt of an organic acid chemical herbicide.
13. A composition according to claim 12, wherein said salt of an organic acid chemical herbicide is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, sulfonium and phosphonium.
14. A composition, according to claim 12, wherein said chemical herbicide is selected from the group consisting of naptalam (2-[(1-naphthalenylamino)carbonyl]benzoic acid), bentazon sodium salt (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), glufosinate ammonium (ammonium-DL-homoalanin-4-yl-(methyl)phosphinate), acifluorfen sodium salt (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), 2,4-DB (4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid), lactofen (1-(carboethoxy)ethyl-5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), dinoseb ((2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) as the alkanolamine salts), glyphosate (isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine), and AC 252,214 (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinoline carboxylic acid).
15. A composition for controlling weeds comprising a fungal pathogen for said weeds from the genus Alternaria, and a chemical herbicide selected from the group consisting of bentazon sodium salt (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), acifluorfen sodium salt (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), fluazifop (butyl-(R-S)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]-phenoxy]propanoate), diclofop methyl (methyl-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate), sethoxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one), AC 252,214 (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinoline carboxylic acid), metribuzin (4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin 5(4H)-one), and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), excluding the combinations:
Alternaria cassiae with bentazon(3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), glyphosate (isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) or oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide).
Alternaria cassiae with bentazon(3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), glyphosate (isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) or oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide).
16. A composition, according to claim 15, wherein said Alternaria is Alternaria cassiae.
17. A composition according to claim 15, wherein said Alternaria is Alternaria helanthi.
18. A composition according to claim 15, wherein said weeds are sicklepod, showy crotalaria, coffee senna, or cocklebur.
19. A composition for controlling weeds comprising a fungal pathogen for said weeds from the genus Colletotrichum, and a chemical herbicide selected from the group consisting of bentazon sodium salt (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), acifluorfen sodium salt (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), DPX-F6025 (2-(([(4-chloro-6-methoxpyrimidine-2-yl)amino-carbonyl]aminosulfonyl))benzoic acid ethyl ester), fluazifop (butyl-(R-S)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoate), AC 252,214 (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinoline carboxylic acid), and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), excluding the combination: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp.
aeschynomene with acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate) and coccodes with any of the herbicides.
aeschynomene with acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate) and coccodes with any of the herbicides.
20. A composition, according to claim 19, wherein said weeds are selected from the group consisting of Florida beggarweed, velvetleaf, teaweed, and northern jointvetch.
21. A composition according to claim 19, wherein said Colletotrichum is selected from the group consisting of C. truncatum, C. malvarum, and C. gloeosporioides f. sp.
aeschynomene.
aeschynomene.
22. A composition according to claim 19, wherein said Colletotrichum is C. truncatum and said chemical herbicide is selected from the group consisting of bentazon sodium salt (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), acifluorfen sodium salt (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), fluazifop (butyl-(R-S)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoate), AC 252,214 (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinoline carboxylic acid), DPX-F6025 (2-(([(4-chloro-6-methoxpyrimidine-2-yl)amino-carbonyl]aminosulfonyl))benzoic acid ethyl ester) and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide).
23. A composition for controlling weeds comprising a fungal pathogen for said weeds from the genus Alternaria and a plant growth regulator which is effective to control broadleaf weeds or grass weeds.
24. A composition, according to claim 23, wherein said Alternaria is Alternaria cassiae and said plant growth regulator is mefluidide (diethanolamine salt of (N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]-acetamide).
25. A composition for controlling weeds comprising a fungal pathogen for said weeds from the genus Fusarium and the chemical herbicide bentazon sodium salt (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide) or acifluorfen sodium salt (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate).
26. A composition according to claim 25, wherein said Fusarium is Fusarium lateritium.
27. A process for controlling an undesirable weed comprising the application of a synergistic herbicidal composition of a chemical herbicide, which is active against broadleaf weeds or grass weeds, or plant growth regulator, which is effective to control broadleaf weeds or grass weeds, and a microbial herbicide, which is a plant pathogen for said undesirable weed, to said undesirable weed or unto the situs of the undesired weed, excluding the combinations: Alternaria cassiae with bentazon (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), glyphosate (isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) or oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene with acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), Colletotrichum with said plant growth regulator, and Colletotrichum coccodes with said chemical herbicide.
28. A process according to claim 27, wherein said undesirable weed is a broadleaf weed.
29. A process according to claim 27, wherein said chemical herbicide is a salt of an organic acid chemical herbicide which is active against broadleaf weeds.
30. A process according to claim 29, wherein said salt is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, sulfonium and phosphonium.
31. A process according to claim 27, wherein said chemical herbicide is selected from the group consisting of naptalam (2-[(1-naphthalenylamino)carbonyl]benzoic acid), bentazon sodium salt (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), glufosinate ammonium (ammonium-DL-homoalanin-4-yl-(methyl)phosphinate), acifluorfen sodium salt (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), 2,4-DB (4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid), lactofen (1-(carboethoxy)ethyl-5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium), dinoseb ((2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) as the alkanolamine salts), glyphosate (isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) and AC 252,214 (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinoline carboxylic acid).
32. A process according to claim 27, wherein said plant growth regulator is selected from the group consisting of alar (daminozide butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide), thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl-urea), mefluidide (diethanolamine salt of (N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]-acetamide) and NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid).
33. A process according to claim 27, wherein said chemical herbicide is selected from the group consisting of DPX-F6025 (2-((1(4-chloro-6-methoxpyrimidine-2-yl)amino-carbonyl]aminosulfonyl))benzoic acid ethyl ester), sethoxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)-propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one), metribuzin (4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one), and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide).
34. A process according to claim 27, wherein said chemical herbicide is a salt of an organic acid chemical herbicide which is active against grass weeds.
35. A process according to claim 34, wherein said salt is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, sulfonium and phosphonium.
36. A process according to claim 27, wherein said chemical herbicide is fluazifop (butyl-(R-S)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoate) or diclofop methyl (methyl-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]-propanoate) or dalapon (2,2'-dichloropropionic acid).
37. A process according to claim 27, wherein said microbial herbicide is selected from the group consisting of Acremonium, Alternaria, Aschochyta, Bipolaris, Cephalosporium, Ceratocystis, Cercospora, Coleosporium, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Dichotomophthora, Dichotomophthoropsis, Dreschlera, Exserohilum, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Monochaeta, Myrothecium, Pestalotia, Phoma, Phylosticta, PhytoPhthora, Puccinia, Septoria, Sphacelotheca, Sporosporium, Stemphylium, Uredo and Verticillium.
38. A process for controlling weeds comprising the application of a synergistic herbicidal composition of a fungal pathogen for said weeds from the genus Alternaria, and a chemical herbicide selected from the group consisting of bentazon sodium salt, (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), acifluorfen sodium salt (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), fluazifop (butyl-(R-S)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]-phenoxy]propanoate), diclofop methyl (methyl-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate), sethoxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one), AC 252,214 (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinoline carboxylic acid), metribuzin (4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one), and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide) to said weeds or unto the situs of the weeds, excluding the combinations: Alternaria cassiae with bentazon (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), glyphosate (isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphono-methyl)glycine) or oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide).
39. A process, according to claim 38, wherein said Alternaria is Alternaria cassiae.
40. A process, according to claim 38, wherein said weeds are sicklepod, showy crotalaria, coffee senna or cocklebur.
41. A process for controlling weeds comprising the application of a synergistic herbicidal composition of a fungal pathogen for said weeds from the genus Colletotrichum, and a chemical herbicide selected from the group consisting of bentazon sodium salt (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), acifluorfen sodium salt (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), DPX-F6025 (2-(([(4-chloro-6-methoxpyrimidine-2-yl)aminocarbonyl]aminosulfonyl))benzoic acid ethyl ester), fluazifop (butyl-(R-S)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoate), AC 252,214 (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinoline carboxylic acid) and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), excluding the combination: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp.
aeschynomene with acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate) and coccodes with any of the herbicides.
aeschynomene with acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate) and coccodes with any of the herbicides.
42. A process according to claim 41, wherein said weeds are selected from the group consisting of Florida beggarweed, velvetleaf, teaweed, and northern jointvetch.
43. A process according to claim 41, wherein said Colletotrichum is selected from the group consisting of C.
truncatum, C. malvarum, and C. gloeosporioides f. sp.
aeschynomene.
truncatum, C. malvarum, and C. gloeosporioides f. sp.
aeschynomene.
44. A process according to claim 43, wherein said Colletotrichum is C. truncatum and said chemical herbicide is selected from the group consisting of bentazon sodium salt (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), acifluorfen sodium salt (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), fluazifop (butyl-(R-S)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoate), AC 252,214 (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinoline carboxylic acid), DPX-F6025 (2-(([(4-chloro-6-methoxpyrimidine-2-yl)amino-carbonyl]aminosulfonyl))benzoic acid ethyl ester) and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide).
45. A process for controlling weeds comprising the application of a synergistic herbicidal composition of a fungal pathogen for said weeds from the genus Alternaria and a plant growth regulator, which is effective to control broadleaf weeds or grass weeds, to said weeds or unto the situs of the weeds.
46. A process, according to claim 45, wherein said Alternaria is Alternaria cassiae and said plant growth regulator is mefluidide (diethanolamine salt of (N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]-phenyl]acetamide).
47. A process for controlling weeds comprising the application of a synergistic herbicidal composition of a fungal pathogen for said weeds from the genus Fusarium and the chemical herbicide bentazon sodium salt (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide) or acifluorfen sodium salt (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate).
48. A process according to claim 47, wherein said Fusarium is Fusarium lateritium.
49. A composition according to claim 1, comprising two or more chemical herbicides or plant growth regulators in a mixture, and a microbial herbicide which is a plant pathogen for said undesirable weed.
50. A composition, according to claim 49, wherein said chemical herbicide or plant growth regulator is selected from the group consisting of naptalam (2-[(1-naphthalenylamino)carbonyl]benzoic acid), bentazon sodium salt (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), glufosinate ammonium (ammonium-DL-homoalanin-4-yl-(methyl)phosphinate), acifluorfen sodium salt (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), 2,4-DB (4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid), lactofen (l-(carboethoxy)ethyl-5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), dalapon (2,2'-dichloropropionic acid), fluazifop (butyl-(R-S)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoate), diclofop methyl (methyl-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]-propanoate), paraquat (l,l'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium), dinoseb ((2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) as the alkanolamine salts), glyphosate (isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphono-methyl)glycine), AC 252,214 (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methylethyl)-5-oxo-lH-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinoline carboxylic acid), DPX-F6025 (2-(([(4-chloro-6-methoxpyrimidine-2-yl)amino-carbonyl]aminosulfonyl))benzoic acid ethyl ester), metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide), sethoxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one), metribuzin (4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one), oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), alar (daminozide butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide), thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl-urea), mefluidide (diethanolamine salt of (N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide) and NAA (l-naphthaleneacetic acid).
51. A composition, according to claim 49, wherein said microbial herbicide is selected from the group consisting of Acremonium, Alternaria, Aschochyta, Bipolaris, Cephalosporium, Ceratocystis, Cercospora, Coleosporium, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Dichotomophthora, Dichotomophthoropsis, Dreschlera, Exserohilum, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Monochaeta, Myrothecium, Pestalotia, Phoma, Phylosticta, Phytophthora, Puccinia, Septoria, Sphacelotheca, Sporosporium, Stemphylium, Uredo and Verticillium.
52. A process according to claim 27, comprising the application of a synergistic herbicidal composition comprising two or more chemical herbicides or plant growth regulators in a mixture, and a microbial herbicide which is a plant pathogen for said undesirable weed, to said undesirable weed or unto the situs of the undesired weed.
53. A process, according to claim 52, wherein said chemical herbicide or plant growth regulator is selected from the group consisting of naptalam (2-[(1-naphthalenylamino)-carbonyl]benzoic acid, bentazon sodium salt (3-isopropyl-1-H-2,1,3-bentzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one-2,2-dioxide), glufosinate ammonium (ammonium-DL-homoalanin-4-yl-(methyl)phosphinate), acifluorfen sodium salt (5-[2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), 2,4-DB (4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-butyric acid), lactofen (l-(carboethoxy)ethyl-5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), dalapon (2,2'-dichloropropionic acid), fluazifop (butyl-(R-S)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoate), diclofop methyl (methyl-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]-propanoate), paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium), dinoseb ((2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) as the alkanolamine salts), glyphosate (isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphono-methyl)glycine), AC 252,214 (2-14,5-dihydro-4-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1?-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinoline carboxylic acid), DPX-F6025 (2-(([(4-chloro-6-methoxpyrimidine-2-yl)amino-carbonyl]aminosulfonyl))benzoic acid ethyl ester), metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide), sethoxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one), metribuzin (4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one), oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), alar (daminozide butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide), thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl-urea), mefluidide (diethanolamine salt of (N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide) and NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid).
54. A process, according to claim 52, wherein said microbial herbicide is selected from the group consisting of Acremonium, Alternaria, Aschochyta, Bipolaris, Cephalosporium, Ceratocystis, Cercospora, Coleosporium, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Dichotomophthora, Dichotomophthoropsis, Dreschlera, Exserohilum, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Monochaeta, Myrothecium, Pestalotia, Phoma, Phylosticta, Phytophthora, Puccinia, Septoria, Sphacelotheca, Sporosporium, Stemphylium, Uredo and Verticillium.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US74751185A | 1985-06-21 | 1985-06-21 | |
| US747,511 | 1985-06-21 |
Related Child Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000609806A Division CA1292128C (en) | 1985-06-21 | 1989-08-30 | Synergistic herbicidal compositions comprising a microbial herbicide and plant growth regulators |
| CA000615548A Division CA1297691C (en) | 1985-06-21 | 1989-10-31 | Synergistic herbicidal compositions comprising a microbial herbicide and chemical herbicides |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1286121C true CA1286121C (en) | 1991-07-16 |
Family
ID=25005366
Family Applications (3)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000510087A Expired - Fee Related CA1286121C (en) | 1985-06-21 | 1986-05-27 | Synergistic herbicidal compositions comprising microbial herbicides and chemical herbicides or plant growth regulators |
| CA000609806A Expired - Fee Related CA1292128C (en) | 1985-06-21 | 1989-08-30 | Synergistic herbicidal compositions comprising a microbial herbicide and plant growth regulators |
| CA000615548A Expired - Fee Related CA1297691C (en) | 1985-06-21 | 1989-10-31 | Synergistic herbicidal compositions comprising a microbial herbicide and chemical herbicides |
Family Applications After (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000609806A Expired - Fee Related CA1292128C (en) | 1985-06-21 | 1989-08-30 | Synergistic herbicidal compositions comprising a microbial herbicide and plant growth regulators |
| CA000615548A Expired - Fee Related CA1297691C (en) | 1985-06-21 | 1989-10-31 | Synergistic herbicidal compositions comprising a microbial herbicide and chemical herbicides |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0207653A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS62407A (en) |
| CA (3) | CA1286121C (en) |
Families Citing this family (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4528526A (en) * | 1983-05-31 | 1985-07-09 | Motorola, Inc. | PSK modulator with noncollapsable output for use with a PLL power amplifier |
| CA1324775C (en) * | 1987-06-16 | 1993-11-30 | Alan Watson | Fungal herbicide for control of lamb's quarters and other chenopodium weeds |
| DK604687D0 (en) * | 1987-11-17 | 1987-11-17 | Novo Industri As | PREPARATIONS |
| CN1027671C (en) * | 1988-11-21 | 1995-02-22 | 三井东压化学株式会社 | Weed control compositions containing drechslera spp. or metabolite thereof and weed control methods using drechslera spp. or metabolite thereof |
| US5332573A (en) * | 1988-11-21 | 1994-07-26 | Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals Inc. | Strains of Drechslera ssp for controlling grass |
| WO1990006056A1 (en) * | 1988-12-01 | 1990-06-14 | University Of Florida | Bioherbicide for purple nutsedge |
| CN1050666A (en) * | 1989-09-11 | 1991-04-17 | 谷物遗传学国际公司 | The biological weed killer of chemical reagent and plant pathogenic bacteria combination |
| CA2044369C (en) * | 1990-06-13 | 1997-05-20 | Masatoshi Gohbara | Strains of drechslera spp. and weed control agents and weed control compositions containing the same |
| DK223690D0 (en) * | 1990-09-17 | 1990-09-17 | Novo Nordisk As | HIS UNKNOWN RELATIONSHIPS |
| IL104156A0 (en) * | 1991-12-20 | 1993-05-13 | Novo Nordisk As | Fungicidal compositions containing certain compounds,their agricultural use and methods for producing said compounds |
| US5434121A (en) * | 1993-03-25 | 1995-07-18 | Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Incorporated | Variety of Drechslera monoceras, weed control compositions containing the same as an effective ingredient and weed control methods using the same |
| DE4315878A1 (en) * | 1993-05-12 | 1994-11-17 | Basf Ag | Magnesium salt of 3-isopropyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4-one-2,2-dioxide, process for its preparation and its use for controlling unwanted vegetation |
| JPH07187937A (en) * | 1993-12-28 | 1995-07-25 | Japan Tobacco Inc | Herbicidal composition for poa annua |
| US5945378A (en) * | 1996-08-26 | 1999-08-31 | University Of Florida | Control of cyperus spp. with a fungal pathogen |
| JP6253005B2 (en) * | 2012-12-28 | 2017-12-27 | 国立研究開発法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 | Herbicidal enzyme-containing composition and harmful plant control method |
| CN110950418A (en) * | 2019-12-27 | 2020-04-03 | 中国水产科学研究院珠江水产研究所 | Comprehensive treatment method for dealing with foreign species invasion of reservoir area |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IT1115537B (en) * | 1977-11-10 | 1986-02-03 | Montedison Spa | SYNERGIC COMPOSITIONS OF FUSICOCCINA AND HERBICIDES |
| US3849104A (en) * | 1973-04-17 | 1974-11-19 | Us Agriculture | Control of aeschynomene sp. with colletrotrichum gloeosporioides penz. f. sp. aeschynomene |
| US4390360A (en) * | 1982-03-10 | 1983-06-28 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Control of sicklepod, showy crotalaria, and coffee senna with a fungal pathogen |
| US4419120A (en) * | 1982-03-10 | 1983-12-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | Control of prickly sida, velvetleaf, and spurred anoda with fungal pathogens |
-
1986
- 1986-05-27 CA CA000510087A patent/CA1286121C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1986-06-09 EP EP86304384A patent/EP0207653A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1986-06-20 JP JP61145976A patent/JPS62407A/en active Pending
-
1989
- 1989-08-30 CA CA000609806A patent/CA1292128C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-10-31 CA CA000615548A patent/CA1297691C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA1292128C (en) | 1991-11-19 |
| JPS62407A (en) | 1987-01-06 |
| EP0207653A1 (en) | 1987-01-07 |
| CA1297691C (en) | 1992-03-24 |
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