CA1273072A - A shaped article for cable sealing - Google Patents
A shaped article for cable sealingInfo
- Publication number
- CA1273072A CA1273072A CA000519946A CA519946A CA1273072A CA 1273072 A CA1273072 A CA 1273072A CA 000519946 A CA000519946 A CA 000519946A CA 519946 A CA519946 A CA 519946A CA 1273072 A CA1273072 A CA 1273072A
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- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- polymer
- gel
- cable
- liquid
- shaped article
- Prior art date
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The invention relates to a sealed cable article and method for sealing the area between two or more cables and between the cables and an enclosure with a shaped article at a location where the cables exit from the enclosure, the method comprising a) providing a shaped article of a poly-meric gel said gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 450 (10-1mm), and ii) an elongation of from about 25% to about 750%; b) positioning the shaped article around the cables; and c) positioning the enclosure such that it surrounds the shaped article. An article aspect of the invention comprises two or more cables, an enclosure surrounding the cables, and a polymeric gel having the properties as described above sealing the area between the cables and the enclosure. This invention also relates to a sealed cable end article and a method of sealing the end of a cable, the method comprising positioning a shaped article of a polymeric gel having the properties as described above to cover the end of a cable and positioning an enclosure around said shaped article and adjacent region of the cable. The article comprises one or more cable ends with a portion of the cable end exposed, a shaped article of a polymeric gel having the properties as described above positioned at the cable end, and an enclosure which surrounds the shaped article and the adjacent region of the cable.
The invention relates to a sealed cable article and method for sealing the area between two or more cables and between the cables and an enclosure with a shaped article at a location where the cables exit from the enclosure, the method comprising a) providing a shaped article of a poly-meric gel said gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 450 (10-1mm), and ii) an elongation of from about 25% to about 750%; b) positioning the shaped article around the cables; and c) positioning the enclosure such that it surrounds the shaped article. An article aspect of the invention comprises two or more cables, an enclosure surrounding the cables, and a polymeric gel having the properties as described above sealing the area between the cables and the enclosure. This invention also relates to a sealed cable end article and a method of sealing the end of a cable, the method comprising positioning a shaped article of a polymeric gel having the properties as described above to cover the end of a cable and positioning an enclosure around said shaped article and adjacent region of the cable. The article comprises one or more cable ends with a portion of the cable end exposed, a shaped article of a polymeric gel having the properties as described above positioned at the cable end, and an enclosure which surrounds the shaped article and the adjacent region of the cable.
Description
~3~2 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
a) The Invention The invention relates to a sealed cable article and method for sealing the area between two or more cables and between the cables and an enclosure at a location where the cables exit from the enclosure. The invention also relates to a sealed cable end article and method for sealing the exposed end of a cable.
b) Backqround Information At various places in an electrical distribution system, an electrical cable is divided into two or more components, for example, where a branch-off cable is connected to a main cable or where a cable containing three or more cores, is separated into the individual cores. Where one or more cables or cores are divided from the main cable, the cable insulation generally has been removed to permit the jointing of a branch-off cable or breakout of the cable cores. The area where the insulation has been removed must then be reinsulated. In the case of shielded or armored power cable3, the shielding and armoring is also removsd and must be re-established. This is generally accompli~hed by installing an enclosure around that region of the cables. The term "breakout" is used in this application to refer to either two or more cabLes or two or more cores where they separate from a main cable or cables.
Enclosures suitable for this use can be, for example, resin filled joint cases, polymeric sleeve~ or the like.
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The location where the individual cables exit from an enclosure, the area between the cables and between the cables or cores and enclosure must be ssaled to prevent ingress of moisture. A number of methods have been used to seal breakouts with varying success. A heat shrinkable polymeric boot may be positioned on the breakout using mastic or adhesive to hold the boot in place. Heat shrinkable boots however are costly to manufacture because of their shape and usually require access to the cable conductor ends to slip the boot into the proper position over the breakout area. Adhesives and mastics have been put in the area between the breakout cable core and the main cable (crotch area) to seal but these are difficult to pack into the crotch area without leaving voids resulting in a poor seal and may require heat to cause them to flow and fill the crotch area. The application of heat can damage the conductor covering or the conductor. Tapes of dimensionally stable polymeric material with an adhesive or mastic have been used to wrap the cable breakout area but tend to leak if not properly overlapped.
Shaped articles have been used as sealing elements in a variety of methods. In US 4,438,2g4 a sealing element of a thermoplastic or plastic material for a cable entrance socket is disclosed. The sealing element seals the area between the ~heaths of cables using ~traight sided or concave articles which surround only a portion of the cable and conductor~ in the crotch area. No gels are disclosed and the thermoplastic or plastic materials described are substnatially non-tacky and rigid.
30~
In Great Britain Patent No. 2,057,202, a polymeric article is described comprising a cylindrical member with a plurality of channels for enclosing a plurality of cables.
The articles may seal by being made heat recoverable or may be sealed with an adhesive or mastic. They are described as non-tacky useful to seal, protect and ins~late cables. In US Patent No. 4,298,415 a branch off seal is disclo.sed comprising a heat recoverable sleeve and one or more clips attached to the sleeve opening to form the sleeve into a desir~d number of cable conduits.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIO
In one method aspect, the invention relates to a method of sealing an area between two or more cables and between the cables and an enclosure at a location where the cables exit from the enclosure, which method comprises a) providing a shaped article of polymeric gel said polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about ~00 ~ 10-lmm), ii) an elongation of from about 25~ to about 850~;
b) po31tioning the shaped article such that it surround.s each of the cables7 and c) positioning the enclosure such that it surrounds the shaped article.
In a preferred embodiment the polymeric gel has a number of holes extending therethrough corresponding to the number of cables to be positioned through the holes.
In another method aspect the invention relates to a method of sealing the end of one or more cables comprising a) providing one or more shaped articles of polymeric gel corresponding to the number of cable ends to be sealed, said polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 400 ~10-1 mm), ii) an elongation oE from about 25% to about 850%;
b) positioning the shaped article at the end of the cable such that the expo~ed areas of the cable end are sealed;
c) positioning an enclosure such that it ~urrounds the shaped article and adjacent re,gion of the cable.
Optionally, the shaped article may have a hole a portion of the way therethrough for positioning the cable end.
In another aspect the invention relates to a cable sealing kit which comprise~
(a) one or more ~haped articles of a polymeric gel having one or more holes at least a portion of the way therethrough, the polymeric gel having -i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about400 (lo-l mm), ii) an elongation of ~rom about 25~ to about 850~, and (b) an enclosure for surrounding the shaped article.
The shaped article may have the hole a portion of the way therethrough for sealing end~ of cables or al]. the way therethrough for positioning a cable therein.
In its article aspect the invention relates to an `
article comprising (a) two or more cahle~;
(b) a shaped article of a polymeric gel, the polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about ~0 0 ( 10 ~1 ~
ii) an elongation of from about 25~ to about 850%, and (c) a enclo~ure surrounding the shaped article, ~d) the shaped article po~itioned such that it encloses the cables and seal~ the area between the cabLes and between the cables and the enclosure.
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Another article of the invention relates t~ an article comprising (a~ one or more cable ends with a portion of the cable end exposed;
(b~ one or more shaped articles of a polymeric gel corresponding to the number of cable ends to be sealed, the polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 400 (lo~l mm) ii) an elonyation of from about 25~ to about 850%;
(c) the shaped article positioned at ~he cable end;
(d) an enclosure that surrounds the shaped artlcle and the adjacent region of the cable.
Optlonally the shaped artlcle may have a hole a portlon of the way therethrough f or positionin0 the cable end.
The invention will be further described with reference to the aecompanyiny drawings in whichl Figure 1 shows a cable with cores which have been separated from the cable by removal of the protec~ive sheath;
Figure 2 shows the same cable with a shaped article of a polymeric gel wherein cables have been posi~,ioned through holes;
Flgure 3 shows the aable of Figure 2 wherein an enclosure surrounds the shaped article of polymeric yel;
Flguras 4 and 5 show shaped articles of a polymeric, gel;
Figure 6 shows a shaped article with a hole for positionlng a cable and therein;
Figure 7 shows a cable end with a shaped artic,le sealing ;... . ..
73~
26775-~3 the end of the cable and enclosed by the enclosure leaving el portion of ~he gel exposed to the environment;
Figure 8 shows a cross sectlon o~ a sealed ~able end where there is a shaped article with no hole positioned at the end o~ the cable and surrounded by enclosure; and Figure 9 shows another embodiment of the cable end sealing of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIO~ OP TH~ I~V~TION
Gels are widely known in the art, for example silicone-based gels, polyurethane-based gels or polystyrenebutadiene-styrene, polystyrene-isoprene-styrene, and polystyrene-ethylene butylene-styrene block copolymer based gels. Preferred gels for use in this invention ar gelloid - 6a -:.
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- ~ - 26775-83 composi-tions comprising a crosslinked non-silicone polyme:r having an olefinic unsaturated content of less than 10 mole percent and having dispersed therein a liquid in an amount of from about 20%
to about 95% by weight based on the weight of the liquid and polymer and from 0 to 0O3 volume fraction of a filler, said cross-linked polymer a) if derived from a solid, relatively high molecular weight polymer, having a gel fraction of at least about 50~, or b) if derived from a liquid, relatively low molecular weight polymer, having at least about 0.1 (preferably 0.1 to about 3) crosslinks per weight average molecule;
said composition having a storage modulus of (1~2.5v-~14.1v2)x dynes/cm2 wherein x is less than 5x105 at 30C
and greater than 5X102 at 90C, and v i.s the volume fraction of the filler, with the proviso that, if the crosslinked polymer is prepared from a solid high molecular weight polymer, the storage modulus at 1~0C is at leas-t about 70% of the storage modulus at 70C, and a dynamic viscosi-ty of (1~2.5v~1~.1v2)y poises wherein y is less than lx105 at 30C and greater than 5X102 at 90C and v is the volume :Eraction of the :Eiller, said composition exhibiting first degree blocking. These compositions are described more fully in Canadian Application Serial No. 489,732.
The shaped article preferably has a number oE holes, corresponding to the number of cables or cores of the breakout.
When forming the gel into such a shaped article the holes are :
...: , - ~ - 26775-83 Eormed preEerably slightly smaller than the size oE the cabLe that is to be lnserted therein. The gels used in the invention will stretch to accommodate the increased size cable and the tension created provides a be-tter seal. The number oE holes should cor-respond to the number oE cables to pass -therethrough. The holes may be s-tretched by placing tubes, mandrels or other articles in the holes to keep them in an expanded condition prior to placing the shaped article around the cables. The tubes may then be re-moved when the shaped article is in place. There is preferably a slit extending from the edge of each hole -to the outer edge of the article so that the shaped article may be placed around the cables without access to the free end of the cable. A hole may also be larger or the same size as the cableO
When the shaped article is to be used to seal a cable end, if a hole is used, the hole should not pass all the way through the shaped article. The shaped article need not have any hole. Rather, it must be at least slightly larger than the cable end and substantia]ly conform thereto. (see Figure 8). The shaped article will provide the environmen-~ 0 ~
_g_ tal seal necessary and be held in place by an enclosureused.
The polymeric gel is selected such that it has a cone penetration value as measured by ASTM D-937-77, of ~rom about 30 to about 400 (10~1 mm) and preferably from about 50 to about 350 (10~1 mm). FurtherJ said gel is selected such that it has an elongation, as measured by ASTM D-412~ of from about 25% to about 850~ and more preferably from about 100~ to 750%. The gels may further be selected for their insulative, stress grading, or conductive as well as their sealing properties. Generally, it is preferable that the gel should have a dielectric constant (permittivity) of les~
than 6 at 50 Hz for insulating gels and greater than 6 for stress grading gels (as measured by ASTM D-150). Where the gel is used a~ insulation as well as sealing, the gels pre-ferably have a volume re~istivity of at least 101 ohm-cm (as measured by ~STM D-257). For stress grading applica-tions, the gels preferably have a specific impedance of 107-101 ohm-cm at 50 Hz (ASTM D-150), and for conductive applications, the gels preferably have a volume re~istivity of less than 107 ohm-~m- The gel~ possess sufficient tack to seal and adhere to the breakout or cable end. Further the properties of the gel allow cable movement without breaking the seal formed, due to the gels ability to deform and return substantially to its original shape while main-taining the tack necessary to seal.
~ s mentioned above, the preferred gels for use in this invention are gelloid compositions comprising a cross-linked, non-silicone polymer having dispersed therein from 73~7~
about 20% to about 95~ by weight of a liquid and having cer-tain specified properties.
These compositions are preferably prepared by subjecting a non-silicone liquid polymer containing from about 20% to about 95~ by weight of a liquid to a crosslinking means such as a chemical means or irradiation means. The polymer starting material is a cro~slinkable liquid polymeric material, preferably a non-silicone liquid rubber, with low or no unsaturation prior to crosslinking. The liquid poly-meric material preferably has a molecular weight of less than about 90,000, preferably less than about 50,000, and a Mooney viscosity of ML 1+4 at 100C of less than 10. Mooney viscosity is measured by ASTM D-1646. Said polymers are primarily liquids at these molecular weights and viscosi-ties. The liquid polymer preferably has a molecular weight less than about 7.5 times the polymer's critical molecular weight (see e.g. Mechanical prop of Polymers, Nielsen 1962 for a discussion of critical molecular weight). rhe poly-mers can be a hydrocarbon backbone polymer or a polymer con-taining carbon as well as other atom~, e.g. oxygen, nitrogen, etc. in the backbone with the exception of sili-cone. The polymers are limited to those which have low or no unsaturation prior to crosslinking. In general, the amount of unsaturation will be less than about 10% mole, preferably less than about 7 mole percent and preferably less than 4 mole percent. If the unsaturation i9 too high the resulting product tends to be thermally unstable.
Preferred liquid polymeric material~ include liquid butyl rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, ethylene-propylene-.: .., :
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diene monomer rubber (EPDM), hydrogenated polyisoprene,hydrogenated polybutadiene, hydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), hydrogenated poly~hloroprene, ~unctionalized polyisobutylene (i.e. polyisobutylene with reactive groups added that are capable of crosslinking such as hydroxy, amine or carboxy groups), chlorinated polyethylene, liquid fluorinated polymers (e.g. Viton~from DuPont), hydrogenated nitrile rubber and other hydrogenated liquid polymers.
Further, one can combine the various polymers to form com-positions of desired properties.
The liquid dispersed in the crosslinkad polymer in accordance with this invention can be any liquid which is capable of being dispersed in the polymer in an amount from about 20% to about 95%, and which does not react during cros~linking of the polymer. The liquid may be a plasti-cizer, compatibilizer, tackifier, or the like. Suitable liquids include, for example, paraffinic oils, naphthenate oils, aromatic oils, liquid polybutenes, alkyl ~or aryl) phthalates, vegetable oils, mineral oils, trimellitates, esters of polyethylene glycol~, alkyl (or aryl) phosphates, methyl e~ter of hydrogenated wood rosin, liquid rosin oils, pine tar, polyterpenes, non-reacting liquid rubbers, the starting li~uid polymer which remains uncrosslinked or at least crosslinked less than .1 crosslink per weight average molecule, and the like.
Crosslinking may be by any conventional crosslinking means, preferably W means, irradiation means or by chemical means. Radiation crosslinking can be accomplished by )I' fra~ r~4 lZi3~
electron beam, or the like treatment. Suitable crosslinking promoters can be incorporated to encourage radiation crosslinking such as triallylcyanuate and triallyliso-cyanuate. Suitable chemical crosslinking agents can be cho-sen based on the individual polymer or polymers used. For example, a phenolic re~in or p-quinone dioxime can be used to cure butyl rubber, peroxide can be used to cure EPDM or diisocyanate dimer acid can be used to cure epichlorohydrin rubber.
Optionally, plasticizers may be added to help obtain a gelloid with the desired cone penetration values. Such plasticizers preferably would include all liquids which are capable of raducing the viscosity of the base rubber, have low or no unsaturation as described above and are compatible with the base rubber.
~ filler may be added to t~e composition, if desired.
Generally, the amount o~ filler added is from 0 to 0.3 volume fraction. Preferably, the filler is in an amount from .l to 0.2 volume fraction. The term "filler" is used herein to include all solid additive~ including particulate matter or fibrous matter present in the composition. These fillers include pigments, fillers known for conductive, ~both electrical and thermal) stress grading and insulative purposes e.g. carbon black, barium titnate, zinc oxide, iron oxide, silicone carbide, metals and the like, reinforcing agent3, thermal stabilizers, fungicides, biocides, flame retardants, for example, aluminum trihydrate, and the halo-genated flame retardants, leak indicators ~i.e. chemicals .~ , ~2~3~72 which react upon exposure to certain chemicals~, corrosion inhibitors, ultraviolet light stabilizers, processing aids, impact modifiers and the like.
The compositions are formed preferably by mixing a liquid non-silicone polymer with any desired fillers in an amount of from O to 0.3 volume fraction, any crosslinking agents or the like and the liquid and subjecting the mixture to a crosslinking means. The composition will generally take the shape of the container during crosslinking but can be reshaped e.g. by cutting as desired.
The term cable is used in this application to refer to one or more electrical conductors surrounded by electrical insulation. In the case of a breakout, two or more cores, i.e. conductor and insulation, are divided from a main cable which contains those cores surrounded by a common insulation layer, optionally with shielding and/or armoring.
The sealing method of this invention, is applied to sealing between the individual cores and the individual cores and enclosure. The term cable in the general clescription and claims is to be understood to cover the individual cores of a breakout or the main cable or the like. In the case of a branch-off one or more cables are jointed to a main cable. The sealing method of this invention i~ applie~ to ~ealing between the two or more branch-off cable~ and and the main cable mentioned above.
The term breakout is used herein to apply to such branch-offs as well as breakouts.
The enclosure may be any material suitable for enclosing a cable breakout or cable end. One ~skilled in the art would be able to select an appropriate enclosure.
For example, dimensionally stable, preferably polymeric, t~pes, shells and the like can be applied. Polymeric materials include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl-chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyamides, polyesters, Eluorinated polymers, ethylene-propylene rubbers, EPDM and polystyrene-bukadiene-styrene (SBS), poly3tyreneisoprene-styrene (SIS) and polystyrene-ethylenebutylene-styrene (SEBS) block copolymers. Dimensionally recoverable poly-meric articles are especially preferred for enclosures.
The dimensionally recoverable polymeric article is preferably oE the heat recoverable type, preferably a polyolefen ~uch as polyethylene. Other polymers such as polyvinyl chloride and polymeric blends can also be used.
Particularly preferred is cross-linked polyethylene.
The term "recoverable article" is used herein to mean an article the dimensional configuration of which may be made substantially to change when subjected to some treat-ment. Heat-recoverable articles, which recover when heated, are particularly preEerred in the practice of this inven-tion. Usually these articles recover, towards an original shape from which they have previously been deformed but the term "recoverable~, as used herein, al90 includes an article which adopts a new configuration, even iE it has not been previously deformed.
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In their most common form~ such articles comprise a heat-shrinkable ~leeve made from a polymeric material exhi-biting the property of elastic or plastic memory as described, for example, in U.S. Patents 2,027,962, 3,086,242 and 3,597,372. As is made clear in, for example, U.S.
Patent 2,027,962, the original dimensionaily heat-stable form may be a transient form in a continuous process in which, for example, an extruded tube is expanded, while hot, to a dimensionally heat-unstable form but, in other applica-tions, a preformed dimensionally heat-stable article is deformed to a dimensionally heat-unstable form in a separate stage.
In the production of heat recoverable articles, the polymeric material may be cross-linked at any stage in the production of the article that will enhance the de~ired dimensional recoverability. One manner of producing a heat-recoverable article comprises shaping the polymeric material into the desired heat-stable form, subsequently cross-linking the polymeric material, heating the article to a temperature above the crystalline melting point or, for amorphous materials the softening point, a~ the case may be, of the polymer, deforming the article and cooling the article while in the deformed state so that the deformed ~tate of the article is retained~ In use, since the deformed state oE the article is heat-unstable, applicati.on of heat will cau~e the article to assume lts original heat-stable shape.
In other article~, as de~cribed, for example, in British Patent 1,440,524, an ela~tomeric member such as an . .: .
inner tubular member is held in a stretched state by a second member, such as an outer tubular member, which, upon heating weakens and thus allows the elastomeric member to recover.
Articles which are dimensionally recoverable without the application of heat are de~cribed in U.S. Patents Nos.
4,070,746, 4,179,320 and 4,338,970. Such articles comprise an elastomeric member held in a stretched state by a retaining member. The elastomeric member is retained in the stretched state until released from the retaining member by application of solvent or by mechanically breaking or removing the retaining member. Typically, such articles comprise an elastomeric tube held in a stretched state by an outer tubular member to which it i9 adhered. Polymeric sleeve which recover without application of heat can be used in the practice of this invention.
Optionally, the enclosure may have an inner layer of adhesive to aid in bonding the enclosure to the shaped article and any overlap of the enclosure onto the cable or cable insulation. The adhesive inner layer can be any sealant typically used to bond an enclosure to a cable.
Such sealants typically comprise mastics or hot melt adhesi-ves .
Particularly preEerred for an adhesive inner layer are hot malt adhesive~ containing ethylene copolymers, for example copolymer~ o~ ethylene with vinyl acetate, malaic anbydric acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or an alkyl acrylate 3~
5uch as ethyl acrylate. Mastics can also be used, for example, low molecular weight polyisobutylene based ma~tic compositions.
The enclosure, the shaped article and/or the adhesive inner layer can contain various additives as desired.
Additives include, for example, stabilizers, reinforcing or non-rein~orcing fillers, pigments, carbon black, plastici-zers, surfactents, processing aids, corrosion inhibitors con-ductive fillers, fungicides, biocides, leak indicators and the like where appropriate.
A seal for a cable breakout area or other group of two or more cables is formed by positioning the shaped article of the polymeric gel around the cables. This may be done by positioning the free ends of the cables through the holes in the shaped article. Another method involves providing a slit in the shaped article between the hole and an edge of the shaped article such that the article can be opened to position the cables inside the holes and then reclosed. The tack of the material is such that on reclosure a seal is formed. The shaped article may optionally be formed by joining two or more pieces together to form the desired shape. An adhesive can be used to join the pieces but the tack of the material and the compressive force of the enclo-sure may be ~ufficient to provide an adequate seal. Where one or more cable ends are to be sealed, a ~haped article is placed on the cable end such that the shaped article is positioned on the ~ur~ace of the cable end or each cable end i~ po3itioned in a hole in the ~haped articLe, the hols , :
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being only a portion of the way through the shaped article.
An enclosure is then placed such that it surrounds the shaped article and overlaps a portion of the cable. The gel is so posi~ioned that when surrounded with the enclosure it forms a seal preventing the ingress of water and the like.
Likewise the gel is chosen such that the gel itself forms a barrier against water and the like. As can be seen from the drawings, the enclosure surrounds only a portion of the shaped article, the shaped article being open to the environment. In another embodiment, a cover, e.g. a poly-meric or metallic article is placed over the exposed portion of the shaped article to act as a cover to protect the shaped article against dirt, or the like. Where there is substantial pressure from inside the cable the cover can be used to prevent the shaped article from being forced out of the opening in the enclosure. It is contemplated that the enclosure can completely cover the shaped article and that the cover is therefore an integral part of the enclosure.
In another embodiment there iQ a multiplicity of cable ends and a multiplicity of shaped articles corresponding to the number of cable ends wherein there is one enclosure surrounding all the shaped articles and ad~acent portions o~
the cables. (See Figure 9).
In the drawings, Figure l shows a cable l with 3 cores
a) The Invention The invention relates to a sealed cable article and method for sealing the area between two or more cables and between the cables and an enclosure at a location where the cables exit from the enclosure. The invention also relates to a sealed cable end article and method for sealing the exposed end of a cable.
b) Backqround Information At various places in an electrical distribution system, an electrical cable is divided into two or more components, for example, where a branch-off cable is connected to a main cable or where a cable containing three or more cores, is separated into the individual cores. Where one or more cables or cores are divided from the main cable, the cable insulation generally has been removed to permit the jointing of a branch-off cable or breakout of the cable cores. The area where the insulation has been removed must then be reinsulated. In the case of shielded or armored power cable3, the shielding and armoring is also removsd and must be re-established. This is generally accompli~hed by installing an enclosure around that region of the cables. The term "breakout" is used in this application to refer to either two or more cabLes or two or more cores where they separate from a main cable or cables.
Enclosures suitable for this use can be, for example, resin filled joint cases, polymeric sleeve~ or the like.
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The location where the individual cables exit from an enclosure, the area between the cables and between the cables or cores and enclosure must be ssaled to prevent ingress of moisture. A number of methods have been used to seal breakouts with varying success. A heat shrinkable polymeric boot may be positioned on the breakout using mastic or adhesive to hold the boot in place. Heat shrinkable boots however are costly to manufacture because of their shape and usually require access to the cable conductor ends to slip the boot into the proper position over the breakout area. Adhesives and mastics have been put in the area between the breakout cable core and the main cable (crotch area) to seal but these are difficult to pack into the crotch area without leaving voids resulting in a poor seal and may require heat to cause them to flow and fill the crotch area. The application of heat can damage the conductor covering or the conductor. Tapes of dimensionally stable polymeric material with an adhesive or mastic have been used to wrap the cable breakout area but tend to leak if not properly overlapped.
Shaped articles have been used as sealing elements in a variety of methods. In US 4,438,2g4 a sealing element of a thermoplastic or plastic material for a cable entrance socket is disclosed. The sealing element seals the area between the ~heaths of cables using ~traight sided or concave articles which surround only a portion of the cable and conductor~ in the crotch area. No gels are disclosed and the thermoplastic or plastic materials described are substnatially non-tacky and rigid.
30~
In Great Britain Patent No. 2,057,202, a polymeric article is described comprising a cylindrical member with a plurality of channels for enclosing a plurality of cables.
The articles may seal by being made heat recoverable or may be sealed with an adhesive or mastic. They are described as non-tacky useful to seal, protect and ins~late cables. In US Patent No. 4,298,415 a branch off seal is disclo.sed comprising a heat recoverable sleeve and one or more clips attached to the sleeve opening to form the sleeve into a desir~d number of cable conduits.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIO
In one method aspect, the invention relates to a method of sealing an area between two or more cables and between the cables and an enclosure at a location where the cables exit from the enclosure, which method comprises a) providing a shaped article of polymeric gel said polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about ~00 ~ 10-lmm), ii) an elongation of from about 25~ to about 850~;
b) po31tioning the shaped article such that it surround.s each of the cables7 and c) positioning the enclosure such that it surrounds the shaped article.
In a preferred embodiment the polymeric gel has a number of holes extending therethrough corresponding to the number of cables to be positioned through the holes.
In another method aspect the invention relates to a method of sealing the end of one or more cables comprising a) providing one or more shaped articles of polymeric gel corresponding to the number of cable ends to be sealed, said polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 400 ~10-1 mm), ii) an elongation oE from about 25% to about 850%;
b) positioning the shaped article at the end of the cable such that the expo~ed areas of the cable end are sealed;
c) positioning an enclosure such that it ~urrounds the shaped article and adjacent re,gion of the cable.
Optionally, the shaped article may have a hole a portion of the way therethrough for positioning the cable end.
In another aspect the invention relates to a cable sealing kit which comprise~
(a) one or more ~haped articles of a polymeric gel having one or more holes at least a portion of the way therethrough, the polymeric gel having -i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about400 (lo-l mm), ii) an elongation of ~rom about 25~ to about 850~, and (b) an enclosure for surrounding the shaped article.
The shaped article may have the hole a portion of the way therethrough for sealing end~ of cables or al]. the way therethrough for positioning a cable therein.
In its article aspect the invention relates to an `
article comprising (a) two or more cahle~;
(b) a shaped article of a polymeric gel, the polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about ~0 0 ( 10 ~1 ~
ii) an elongation of from about 25~ to about 850%, and (c) a enclo~ure surrounding the shaped article, ~d) the shaped article po~itioned such that it encloses the cables and seal~ the area between the cabLes and between the cables and the enclosure.
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' ~
Another article of the invention relates t~ an article comprising (a~ one or more cable ends with a portion of the cable end exposed;
(b~ one or more shaped articles of a polymeric gel corresponding to the number of cable ends to be sealed, the polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 400 (lo~l mm) ii) an elonyation of from about 25~ to about 850%;
(c) the shaped article positioned at ~he cable end;
(d) an enclosure that surrounds the shaped artlcle and the adjacent region of the cable.
Optlonally the shaped artlcle may have a hole a portlon of the way therethrough f or positionin0 the cable end.
The invention will be further described with reference to the aecompanyiny drawings in whichl Figure 1 shows a cable with cores which have been separated from the cable by removal of the protec~ive sheath;
Figure 2 shows the same cable with a shaped article of a polymeric gel wherein cables have been posi~,ioned through holes;
Flgure 3 shows the aable of Figure 2 wherein an enclosure surrounds the shaped article of polymeric yel;
Flguras 4 and 5 show shaped articles of a polymeric, gel;
Figure 6 shows a shaped article with a hole for positionlng a cable and therein;
Figure 7 shows a cable end with a shaped artic,le sealing ;... . ..
73~
26775-~3 the end of the cable and enclosed by the enclosure leaving el portion of ~he gel exposed to the environment;
Figure 8 shows a cross sectlon o~ a sealed ~able end where there is a shaped article with no hole positioned at the end o~ the cable and surrounded by enclosure; and Figure 9 shows another embodiment of the cable end sealing of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTIO~ OP TH~ I~V~TION
Gels are widely known in the art, for example silicone-based gels, polyurethane-based gels or polystyrenebutadiene-styrene, polystyrene-isoprene-styrene, and polystyrene-ethylene butylene-styrene block copolymer based gels. Preferred gels for use in this invention ar gelloid - 6a -:.
' ' , .'~:
, : ~
- ~ - 26775-83 composi-tions comprising a crosslinked non-silicone polyme:r having an olefinic unsaturated content of less than 10 mole percent and having dispersed therein a liquid in an amount of from about 20%
to about 95% by weight based on the weight of the liquid and polymer and from 0 to 0O3 volume fraction of a filler, said cross-linked polymer a) if derived from a solid, relatively high molecular weight polymer, having a gel fraction of at least about 50~, or b) if derived from a liquid, relatively low molecular weight polymer, having at least about 0.1 (preferably 0.1 to about 3) crosslinks per weight average molecule;
said composition having a storage modulus of (1~2.5v-~14.1v2)x dynes/cm2 wherein x is less than 5x105 at 30C
and greater than 5X102 at 90C, and v i.s the volume fraction of the filler, with the proviso that, if the crosslinked polymer is prepared from a solid high molecular weight polymer, the storage modulus at 1~0C is at leas-t about 70% of the storage modulus at 70C, and a dynamic viscosi-ty of (1~2.5v~1~.1v2)y poises wherein y is less than lx105 at 30C and greater than 5X102 at 90C and v is the volume :Eraction of the :Eiller, said composition exhibiting first degree blocking. These compositions are described more fully in Canadian Application Serial No. 489,732.
The shaped article preferably has a number oE holes, corresponding to the number of cables or cores of the breakout.
When forming the gel into such a shaped article the holes are :
...: , - ~ - 26775-83 Eormed preEerably slightly smaller than the size oE the cabLe that is to be lnserted therein. The gels used in the invention will stretch to accommodate the increased size cable and the tension created provides a be-tter seal. The number oE holes should cor-respond to the number oE cables to pass -therethrough. The holes may be s-tretched by placing tubes, mandrels or other articles in the holes to keep them in an expanded condition prior to placing the shaped article around the cables. The tubes may then be re-moved when the shaped article is in place. There is preferably a slit extending from the edge of each hole -to the outer edge of the article so that the shaped article may be placed around the cables without access to the free end of the cable. A hole may also be larger or the same size as the cableO
When the shaped article is to be used to seal a cable end, if a hole is used, the hole should not pass all the way through the shaped article. The shaped article need not have any hole. Rather, it must be at least slightly larger than the cable end and substantia]ly conform thereto. (see Figure 8). The shaped article will provide the environmen-~ 0 ~
_g_ tal seal necessary and be held in place by an enclosureused.
The polymeric gel is selected such that it has a cone penetration value as measured by ASTM D-937-77, of ~rom about 30 to about 400 (10~1 mm) and preferably from about 50 to about 350 (10~1 mm). FurtherJ said gel is selected such that it has an elongation, as measured by ASTM D-412~ of from about 25% to about 850~ and more preferably from about 100~ to 750%. The gels may further be selected for their insulative, stress grading, or conductive as well as their sealing properties. Generally, it is preferable that the gel should have a dielectric constant (permittivity) of les~
than 6 at 50 Hz for insulating gels and greater than 6 for stress grading gels (as measured by ASTM D-150). Where the gel is used a~ insulation as well as sealing, the gels pre-ferably have a volume re~istivity of at least 101 ohm-cm (as measured by ~STM D-257). For stress grading applica-tions, the gels preferably have a specific impedance of 107-101 ohm-cm at 50 Hz (ASTM D-150), and for conductive applications, the gels preferably have a volume re~istivity of less than 107 ohm-~m- The gel~ possess sufficient tack to seal and adhere to the breakout or cable end. Further the properties of the gel allow cable movement without breaking the seal formed, due to the gels ability to deform and return substantially to its original shape while main-taining the tack necessary to seal.
~ s mentioned above, the preferred gels for use in this invention are gelloid compositions comprising a cross-linked, non-silicone polymer having dispersed therein from 73~7~
about 20% to about 95~ by weight of a liquid and having cer-tain specified properties.
These compositions are preferably prepared by subjecting a non-silicone liquid polymer containing from about 20% to about 95~ by weight of a liquid to a crosslinking means such as a chemical means or irradiation means. The polymer starting material is a cro~slinkable liquid polymeric material, preferably a non-silicone liquid rubber, with low or no unsaturation prior to crosslinking. The liquid poly-meric material preferably has a molecular weight of less than about 90,000, preferably less than about 50,000, and a Mooney viscosity of ML 1+4 at 100C of less than 10. Mooney viscosity is measured by ASTM D-1646. Said polymers are primarily liquids at these molecular weights and viscosi-ties. The liquid polymer preferably has a molecular weight less than about 7.5 times the polymer's critical molecular weight (see e.g. Mechanical prop of Polymers, Nielsen 1962 for a discussion of critical molecular weight). rhe poly-mers can be a hydrocarbon backbone polymer or a polymer con-taining carbon as well as other atom~, e.g. oxygen, nitrogen, etc. in the backbone with the exception of sili-cone. The polymers are limited to those which have low or no unsaturation prior to crosslinking. In general, the amount of unsaturation will be less than about 10% mole, preferably less than about 7 mole percent and preferably less than 4 mole percent. If the unsaturation i9 too high the resulting product tends to be thermally unstable.
Preferred liquid polymeric material~ include liquid butyl rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, ethylene-propylene-.: .., :
., : , ~; ...
3Q~
diene monomer rubber (EPDM), hydrogenated polyisoprene,hydrogenated polybutadiene, hydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), hydrogenated poly~hloroprene, ~unctionalized polyisobutylene (i.e. polyisobutylene with reactive groups added that are capable of crosslinking such as hydroxy, amine or carboxy groups), chlorinated polyethylene, liquid fluorinated polymers (e.g. Viton~from DuPont), hydrogenated nitrile rubber and other hydrogenated liquid polymers.
Further, one can combine the various polymers to form com-positions of desired properties.
The liquid dispersed in the crosslinkad polymer in accordance with this invention can be any liquid which is capable of being dispersed in the polymer in an amount from about 20% to about 95%, and which does not react during cros~linking of the polymer. The liquid may be a plasti-cizer, compatibilizer, tackifier, or the like. Suitable liquids include, for example, paraffinic oils, naphthenate oils, aromatic oils, liquid polybutenes, alkyl ~or aryl) phthalates, vegetable oils, mineral oils, trimellitates, esters of polyethylene glycol~, alkyl (or aryl) phosphates, methyl e~ter of hydrogenated wood rosin, liquid rosin oils, pine tar, polyterpenes, non-reacting liquid rubbers, the starting li~uid polymer which remains uncrosslinked or at least crosslinked less than .1 crosslink per weight average molecule, and the like.
Crosslinking may be by any conventional crosslinking means, preferably W means, irradiation means or by chemical means. Radiation crosslinking can be accomplished by )I' fra~ r~4 lZi3~
electron beam, or the like treatment. Suitable crosslinking promoters can be incorporated to encourage radiation crosslinking such as triallylcyanuate and triallyliso-cyanuate. Suitable chemical crosslinking agents can be cho-sen based on the individual polymer or polymers used. For example, a phenolic re~in or p-quinone dioxime can be used to cure butyl rubber, peroxide can be used to cure EPDM or diisocyanate dimer acid can be used to cure epichlorohydrin rubber.
Optionally, plasticizers may be added to help obtain a gelloid with the desired cone penetration values. Such plasticizers preferably would include all liquids which are capable of raducing the viscosity of the base rubber, have low or no unsaturation as described above and are compatible with the base rubber.
~ filler may be added to t~e composition, if desired.
Generally, the amount o~ filler added is from 0 to 0.3 volume fraction. Preferably, the filler is in an amount from .l to 0.2 volume fraction. The term "filler" is used herein to include all solid additive~ including particulate matter or fibrous matter present in the composition. These fillers include pigments, fillers known for conductive, ~both electrical and thermal) stress grading and insulative purposes e.g. carbon black, barium titnate, zinc oxide, iron oxide, silicone carbide, metals and the like, reinforcing agent3, thermal stabilizers, fungicides, biocides, flame retardants, for example, aluminum trihydrate, and the halo-genated flame retardants, leak indicators ~i.e. chemicals .~ , ~2~3~72 which react upon exposure to certain chemicals~, corrosion inhibitors, ultraviolet light stabilizers, processing aids, impact modifiers and the like.
The compositions are formed preferably by mixing a liquid non-silicone polymer with any desired fillers in an amount of from O to 0.3 volume fraction, any crosslinking agents or the like and the liquid and subjecting the mixture to a crosslinking means. The composition will generally take the shape of the container during crosslinking but can be reshaped e.g. by cutting as desired.
The term cable is used in this application to refer to one or more electrical conductors surrounded by electrical insulation. In the case of a breakout, two or more cores, i.e. conductor and insulation, are divided from a main cable which contains those cores surrounded by a common insulation layer, optionally with shielding and/or armoring.
The sealing method of this invention, is applied to sealing between the individual cores and the individual cores and enclosure. The term cable in the general clescription and claims is to be understood to cover the individual cores of a breakout or the main cable or the like. In the case of a branch-off one or more cables are jointed to a main cable. The sealing method of this invention i~ applie~ to ~ealing between the two or more branch-off cable~ and and the main cable mentioned above.
The term breakout is used herein to apply to such branch-offs as well as breakouts.
The enclosure may be any material suitable for enclosing a cable breakout or cable end. One ~skilled in the art would be able to select an appropriate enclosure.
For example, dimensionally stable, preferably polymeric, t~pes, shells and the like can be applied. Polymeric materials include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl-chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyamides, polyesters, Eluorinated polymers, ethylene-propylene rubbers, EPDM and polystyrene-bukadiene-styrene (SBS), poly3tyreneisoprene-styrene (SIS) and polystyrene-ethylenebutylene-styrene (SEBS) block copolymers. Dimensionally recoverable poly-meric articles are especially preferred for enclosures.
The dimensionally recoverable polymeric article is preferably oE the heat recoverable type, preferably a polyolefen ~uch as polyethylene. Other polymers such as polyvinyl chloride and polymeric blends can also be used.
Particularly preferred is cross-linked polyethylene.
The term "recoverable article" is used herein to mean an article the dimensional configuration of which may be made substantially to change when subjected to some treat-ment. Heat-recoverable articles, which recover when heated, are particularly preEerred in the practice of this inven-tion. Usually these articles recover, towards an original shape from which they have previously been deformed but the term "recoverable~, as used herein, al90 includes an article which adopts a new configuration, even iE it has not been previously deformed.
., , . . .
1;~7;~0~
In their most common form~ such articles comprise a heat-shrinkable ~leeve made from a polymeric material exhi-biting the property of elastic or plastic memory as described, for example, in U.S. Patents 2,027,962, 3,086,242 and 3,597,372. As is made clear in, for example, U.S.
Patent 2,027,962, the original dimensionaily heat-stable form may be a transient form in a continuous process in which, for example, an extruded tube is expanded, while hot, to a dimensionally heat-unstable form but, in other applica-tions, a preformed dimensionally heat-stable article is deformed to a dimensionally heat-unstable form in a separate stage.
In the production of heat recoverable articles, the polymeric material may be cross-linked at any stage in the production of the article that will enhance the de~ired dimensional recoverability. One manner of producing a heat-recoverable article comprises shaping the polymeric material into the desired heat-stable form, subsequently cross-linking the polymeric material, heating the article to a temperature above the crystalline melting point or, for amorphous materials the softening point, a~ the case may be, of the polymer, deforming the article and cooling the article while in the deformed state so that the deformed ~tate of the article is retained~ In use, since the deformed state oE the article is heat-unstable, applicati.on of heat will cau~e the article to assume lts original heat-stable shape.
In other article~, as de~cribed, for example, in British Patent 1,440,524, an ela~tomeric member such as an . .: .
inner tubular member is held in a stretched state by a second member, such as an outer tubular member, which, upon heating weakens and thus allows the elastomeric member to recover.
Articles which are dimensionally recoverable without the application of heat are de~cribed in U.S. Patents Nos.
4,070,746, 4,179,320 and 4,338,970. Such articles comprise an elastomeric member held in a stretched state by a retaining member. The elastomeric member is retained in the stretched state until released from the retaining member by application of solvent or by mechanically breaking or removing the retaining member. Typically, such articles comprise an elastomeric tube held in a stretched state by an outer tubular member to which it i9 adhered. Polymeric sleeve which recover without application of heat can be used in the practice of this invention.
Optionally, the enclosure may have an inner layer of adhesive to aid in bonding the enclosure to the shaped article and any overlap of the enclosure onto the cable or cable insulation. The adhesive inner layer can be any sealant typically used to bond an enclosure to a cable.
Such sealants typically comprise mastics or hot melt adhesi-ves .
Particularly preEerred for an adhesive inner layer are hot malt adhesive~ containing ethylene copolymers, for example copolymer~ o~ ethylene with vinyl acetate, malaic anbydric acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or an alkyl acrylate 3~
5uch as ethyl acrylate. Mastics can also be used, for example, low molecular weight polyisobutylene based ma~tic compositions.
The enclosure, the shaped article and/or the adhesive inner layer can contain various additives as desired.
Additives include, for example, stabilizers, reinforcing or non-rein~orcing fillers, pigments, carbon black, plastici-zers, surfactents, processing aids, corrosion inhibitors con-ductive fillers, fungicides, biocides, leak indicators and the like where appropriate.
A seal for a cable breakout area or other group of two or more cables is formed by positioning the shaped article of the polymeric gel around the cables. This may be done by positioning the free ends of the cables through the holes in the shaped article. Another method involves providing a slit in the shaped article between the hole and an edge of the shaped article such that the article can be opened to position the cables inside the holes and then reclosed. The tack of the material is such that on reclosure a seal is formed. The shaped article may optionally be formed by joining two or more pieces together to form the desired shape. An adhesive can be used to join the pieces but the tack of the material and the compressive force of the enclo-sure may be ~ufficient to provide an adequate seal. Where one or more cable ends are to be sealed, a ~haped article is placed on the cable end such that the shaped article is positioned on the ~ur~ace of the cable end or each cable end i~ po3itioned in a hole in the ~haped articLe, the hols , :
,:.
being only a portion of the way through the shaped article.
An enclosure is then placed such that it surrounds the shaped article and overlaps a portion of the cable. The gel is so posi~ioned that when surrounded with the enclosure it forms a seal preventing the ingress of water and the like.
Likewise the gel is chosen such that the gel itself forms a barrier against water and the like. As can be seen from the drawings, the enclosure surrounds only a portion of the shaped article, the shaped article being open to the environment. In another embodiment, a cover, e.g. a poly-meric or metallic article is placed over the exposed portion of the shaped article to act as a cover to protect the shaped article against dirt, or the like. Where there is substantial pressure from inside the cable the cover can be used to prevent the shaped article from being forced out of the opening in the enclosure. It is contemplated that the enclosure can completely cover the shaped article and that the cover is therefore an integral part of the enclosure.
In another embodiment there iQ a multiplicity of cable ends and a multiplicity of shaped articles corresponding to the number of cable ends wherein there is one enclosure surrounding all the shaped articles and ad~acent portions o~
the cables. (See Figure 9).
In the drawings, Figure l shows a cable l with 3 cores
2, 3 and 4 which have been separated from the cable by remo-val of the prokective sheath. Figure 2 shows the same cable l with a shaped article S of a polymeric gel wherein cables 2, 3 and 4 have been po~itioned through holes, 6, 6, and 6.
Figure 3 show~ the cable o~ Figure 2 wherein an enclosure 7 ~2~3~7æ
surrounds the shaped article of polymeric gel 5 and a por-tion of the cable lo A portion of the polymeric gel is exposed to the environment. Figures 4 and 5 show shaped articles 8 and 11 of a polymeric gel. The articles each have holes 9 for positioning cables therethrough and slits 10 for positioning the shaped article around cables without access to their free end. Figure 6 shows a shaped article 1~ with a hole 13 ~or positioning a cable end therein.
Figure 7 shows a cable end 14 with a shaped article 12 sealing the end of the cable and enclosed by the enclosure 16 leaving a portion of the gel exposed to the environment.
Figure 8 shows a cross section of a sealed cable end 21 where there is a shaped article 17 with no hole positioned at the end of cable 19 and surrounded by enclosure 18.
Figure 9 showq another embodiment of the cable end sealing of the invention. A multiplicity of exposed cable ends 20 have shaped articles 17 positioned over their exposed ends and are enclosed within one enclosure 18.
The following examples are illustrative only and are not to be construed a~ limiting the invention. One skilled in the art would readily be able to select appropriate cros~linking agents, crosslink promotors, gels, radiation levels, cable breakoutq, sets of cables, cable ends, enclo-sures, adhesive~, mastics, etc. for a particular application without undue exper~mentation.
Ex _ple 1 - Chemic~lly crosslinked butyl rubber ~dielectric gel) ~he following formulation was mixed then was cured for 30 minutes at 100C to form a gel.
~iquid butyl rubber lOOg Zinc Stearate-filler 5g Zirex*(Zinc Resinate)-chemical crosslinking activator and fillerlOg Paraffinic oil - plasticizer 90g p~Quinone Dioxime (62.5% in oil)-crosslinking agent 3.2g Lead dioxide (50% in dibutylphthalate)-cure actuator 15g Carbon black - colorant & U.V. light stabilizer 2g The resulting gel had a volume resistivity of 1014 ohm-cm tASTM D-150), a permitivity @ 50 Hz of 3.0 (ASTM
D-257) a cone penetration of 112 and elongation of 350%.
Example 2 - Chemically crosslinked epichlorohydrin (stress grading gel-oil resistant) The following formulation was m.ixed and then cured for 60 minutes at 100C to form a gel.
Hydrin~lOXl ~liquid epichlorohydrin rubber) lOOg Dimer acid diisocyanate-crosslinking agent 46g dioctyl phthalate-plasticizer lOOg *-h~Jc ~k - . ~
. .
.
T-12 - tin catalyst lOg Dabco 33LV (Tertiary amines - co-cataliyst) 2g Antioxidant 2246 ~ substituted phenol type of 0.8g antoixidant The resulting gel had a specific impedance at 50 Hz of 1.8 x 109; a permitivity @ 50 H2 of 7.4, a cone penatration value of 51.
Example 3 - Stress Grading Butyl gel Kalene*200 (liquid butyl rubber) lOOg Kaydol~oil (mineral oil) 95g p-quinone dioxime prespersion (62.5%) 4.8g Lead dioxide prespersion (50%) 18g N990 Carbon Black (Thermax~MT) 69.4g S37 Carbon Black) (Vulcan~P) 14.7g Crosslinked at 100C for 30 minute~ resulted in a gel with cone penetration value of 81, a specific imp~dance of 9.5 x 108, a permitivity of 32.6.
xample 4 - Conductive Butyl Gel Kalene 200 ~liquid Butyl rubber) lOOg Kaydol oil (mineral oil) Plasticizer 95g p-quimone dioxime prespersion ~62.5%) curinq aqent 4.8g Lead dioxide prespersion ~50%) curinq activiator 18g Retjen~carbon black (conductive carbon black) 20g The above formulation was crosslinked at 100C for 30 ~ `tra.lc ~n ,, r ~
~27~
minutes and resulted in a gel with cone penetration value of 42, volume resistivity 2.4 x 105 ohm-cm.
Example 5 - Gel Tape Formulation Xalene 800 (liquid butyl rubber) 100 Sunpar 2280*~plasticizer) (paraffinic oil) 130 Zinc Oxice Dispersion (80%) 6.25 Statex~N660 (Carbon black) 2 Irgonox~1076 (Antioxidant) 2 S~G47 (silicone antifoaming agent) HRJ2564 (Phenolic Resin) 12 _ 253.25 Cured 50 minutes @150C
Gel content (based on liquid butyl rubber) = 78%.
Storage modulus at 30C = 1.7x104 dyne.s/cm2 Storage modulus at 90C = 7.3x103 dynes/cm2 Dynamic viscosi~y at 30C = 4.2x104 poises Dynamic viscosity at 90C = 2.0x104 poises Exhibits first degree blocking.
Example 6 The polymeric gels in examples 1 through 5 are formed into a shaped article with 3 hole~ in a circular fashion (see Fig. 5) by casting the liquid rubber and remaining ingredients into a mold and crosslinking in said mold both with and without slits for application with and without access to the cable ends.
*7~1c Jr74~rk ~2~30~
A three core conductor cable, each conductor be ing 4/0 gauge is stripped of its protective sheath to a distance of about 7 in~ exposing each oE the 3 cable core. The shaped article of polymeric gel is placed such tnat the cable3 pass through the holes and as close to the crotch as possible thereafter a polymeric tube of heat recoverable cross-linked polyethylene is shrunk down over the shaped article exposing the area whPre the cables exit the gel tsee Fig. 3). The sealed cable is then tested for leaks by immersion in water and then measuring the change if any in resistance. After 200 hours immersion in water no leaks are observed.
Example 7 The gels examples 1 through 5 are formed into a shaped article by casting in a mold and crosslinking therein.
Samples were made with and without a hole a portian of the way through the shaped article ~see Fig. 6 and ~).
A single conductor cable end is placed in the hole in the shaped article or where appropraite the ~haped article placed at the end of the cable. A tube of heat recoverable crosslinked polyethylene is shrunk down on the shaped article having the end of the ~haped article exposed (see Fig. 7). The cable end seal is tested for leaks by immersion in water ~nd then measuring the change, i~ any, in resi~tance between a wire immQrsed in the water and the sealed cable. AEter 200 hours immersion in water no leaks are observed.
Figure 3 show~ the cable o~ Figure 2 wherein an enclosure 7 ~2~3~7æ
surrounds the shaped article of polymeric gel 5 and a por-tion of the cable lo A portion of the polymeric gel is exposed to the environment. Figures 4 and 5 show shaped articles 8 and 11 of a polymeric gel. The articles each have holes 9 for positioning cables therethrough and slits 10 for positioning the shaped article around cables without access to their free end. Figure 6 shows a shaped article 1~ with a hole 13 ~or positioning a cable end therein.
Figure 7 shows a cable end 14 with a shaped article 12 sealing the end of the cable and enclosed by the enclosure 16 leaving a portion of the gel exposed to the environment.
Figure 8 shows a cross section of a sealed cable end 21 where there is a shaped article 17 with no hole positioned at the end of cable 19 and surrounded by enclosure 18.
Figure 9 showq another embodiment of the cable end sealing of the invention. A multiplicity of exposed cable ends 20 have shaped articles 17 positioned over their exposed ends and are enclosed within one enclosure 18.
The following examples are illustrative only and are not to be construed a~ limiting the invention. One skilled in the art would readily be able to select appropriate cros~linking agents, crosslink promotors, gels, radiation levels, cable breakoutq, sets of cables, cable ends, enclo-sures, adhesive~, mastics, etc. for a particular application without undue exper~mentation.
Ex _ple 1 - Chemic~lly crosslinked butyl rubber ~dielectric gel) ~he following formulation was mixed then was cured for 30 minutes at 100C to form a gel.
~iquid butyl rubber lOOg Zinc Stearate-filler 5g Zirex*(Zinc Resinate)-chemical crosslinking activator and fillerlOg Paraffinic oil - plasticizer 90g p~Quinone Dioxime (62.5% in oil)-crosslinking agent 3.2g Lead dioxide (50% in dibutylphthalate)-cure actuator 15g Carbon black - colorant & U.V. light stabilizer 2g The resulting gel had a volume resistivity of 1014 ohm-cm tASTM D-150), a permitivity @ 50 Hz of 3.0 (ASTM
D-257) a cone penetration of 112 and elongation of 350%.
Example 2 - Chemically crosslinked epichlorohydrin (stress grading gel-oil resistant) The following formulation was m.ixed and then cured for 60 minutes at 100C to form a gel.
Hydrin~lOXl ~liquid epichlorohydrin rubber) lOOg Dimer acid diisocyanate-crosslinking agent 46g dioctyl phthalate-plasticizer lOOg *-h~Jc ~k - . ~
. .
.
T-12 - tin catalyst lOg Dabco 33LV (Tertiary amines - co-cataliyst) 2g Antioxidant 2246 ~ substituted phenol type of 0.8g antoixidant The resulting gel had a specific impedance at 50 Hz of 1.8 x 109; a permitivity @ 50 H2 of 7.4, a cone penatration value of 51.
Example 3 - Stress Grading Butyl gel Kalene*200 (liquid butyl rubber) lOOg Kaydol~oil (mineral oil) 95g p-quinone dioxime prespersion (62.5%) 4.8g Lead dioxide prespersion (50%) 18g N990 Carbon Black (Thermax~MT) 69.4g S37 Carbon Black) (Vulcan~P) 14.7g Crosslinked at 100C for 30 minute~ resulted in a gel with cone penetration value of 81, a specific imp~dance of 9.5 x 108, a permitivity of 32.6.
xample 4 - Conductive Butyl Gel Kalene 200 ~liquid Butyl rubber) lOOg Kaydol oil (mineral oil) Plasticizer 95g p-quimone dioxime prespersion ~62.5%) curinq aqent 4.8g Lead dioxide prespersion ~50%) curinq activiator 18g Retjen~carbon black (conductive carbon black) 20g The above formulation was crosslinked at 100C for 30 ~ `tra.lc ~n ,, r ~
~27~
minutes and resulted in a gel with cone penetration value of 42, volume resistivity 2.4 x 105 ohm-cm.
Example 5 - Gel Tape Formulation Xalene 800 (liquid butyl rubber) 100 Sunpar 2280*~plasticizer) (paraffinic oil) 130 Zinc Oxice Dispersion (80%) 6.25 Statex~N660 (Carbon black) 2 Irgonox~1076 (Antioxidant) 2 S~G47 (silicone antifoaming agent) HRJ2564 (Phenolic Resin) 12 _ 253.25 Cured 50 minutes @150C
Gel content (based on liquid butyl rubber) = 78%.
Storage modulus at 30C = 1.7x104 dyne.s/cm2 Storage modulus at 90C = 7.3x103 dynes/cm2 Dynamic viscosi~y at 30C = 4.2x104 poises Dynamic viscosity at 90C = 2.0x104 poises Exhibits first degree blocking.
Example 6 The polymeric gels in examples 1 through 5 are formed into a shaped article with 3 hole~ in a circular fashion (see Fig. 5) by casting the liquid rubber and remaining ingredients into a mold and crosslinking in said mold both with and without slits for application with and without access to the cable ends.
*7~1c Jr74~rk ~2~30~
A three core conductor cable, each conductor be ing 4/0 gauge is stripped of its protective sheath to a distance of about 7 in~ exposing each oE the 3 cable core. The shaped article of polymeric gel is placed such tnat the cable3 pass through the holes and as close to the crotch as possible thereafter a polymeric tube of heat recoverable cross-linked polyethylene is shrunk down over the shaped article exposing the area whPre the cables exit the gel tsee Fig. 3). The sealed cable is then tested for leaks by immersion in water and then measuring the change if any in resistance. After 200 hours immersion in water no leaks are observed.
Example 7 The gels examples 1 through 5 are formed into a shaped article by casting in a mold and crosslinking therein.
Samples were made with and without a hole a portian of the way through the shaped article ~see Fig. 6 and ~).
A single conductor cable end is placed in the hole in the shaped article or where appropraite the ~haped article placed at the end of the cable. A tube of heat recoverable crosslinked polyethylene is shrunk down on the shaped article having the end of the ~haped article exposed (see Fig. 7). The cable end seal is tested for leaks by immersion in water ~nd then measuring the change, i~ any, in resi~tance between a wire immQrsed in the water and the sealed cable. AEter 200 hours immersion in water no leaks are observed.
Claims (15)
1. A method of sealing an area between two or more cables and between the cables and an enclosure at a location where the cables exit from the enclosure, which method comprises a) providing a shaped article of polymeric gel, said polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 400 (10-1 mm), ii) an elongation of from about 25% to about 850%;
b) positioning the shaped article such that it surrounds each of the cables; and c) positioning the enclosure such that it surrounds the shaped article.
b) positioning the shaped article such that it surrounds each of the cables; and c) positioning the enclosure such that it surrounds the shaped article.
2. A method according to Claim 1 wherein the gel provided comprises a crosslinked non-silicone polymer having an ole-finic unsaturated content of less than 10 mole percent and having dispersed therein a liquid in an amount of from about 20% to about 95% by weight based on the weight of the liquid and polymer and from 0 to 0.3 volume fraction of a filler, said cross-linked polymer a) if derived from a solid, relatively high molecular weight polymer, having a gel fraction of at least about 50%, or b) if derived from a liquid, relatively low molecular weight polymer, having at least about 0.1 crosslinks per weight average molecule;
said composition having a storage modulus of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)x dynes/cm2 wherein x is less than 5x105 at 30°C and greater than 5X102 at 90°C, and v is the volume fraction of the filler, with the proviso that, if the crosslinked polymer is prepared from a solid high molecular weight polymer, the storage modulus at 140°C is at least about 70% of the storage modulus at 70°C, and a dynamic viscosity of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)y poises wherein y is less than 1x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C and v is the volume fraction of the filler, said composition exhibiting first degree blocking.
said composition having a storage modulus of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)x dynes/cm2 wherein x is less than 5x105 at 30°C and greater than 5X102 at 90°C, and v is the volume fraction of the filler, with the proviso that, if the crosslinked polymer is prepared from a solid high molecular weight polymer, the storage modulus at 140°C is at least about 70% of the storage modulus at 70°C, and a dynamic viscosity of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)y poises wherein y is less than 1x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C and v is the volume fraction of the filler, said composition exhibiting first degree blocking.
3. A method according to Claim 2, wherein said gel is derived from a butyl liquid rubber.
4. A method of sealing the end of one or more cables comprising a) providing one or more shaped articles of polymeric gel corresponding to the number of cable ends to be sealed, said polymeric gel having:
i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 400 (10-1 mm), ii) an elongation of from about 25% to about 850%;
b) positioning the shaped article at the end of the cable such that the cable end is sealed;
c) positioning an enclosure such that it surrounds the shaped article and adjacent region of the cable.
i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 400 (10-1 mm), ii) an elongation of from about 25% to about 850%;
b) positioning the shaped article at the end of the cable such that the cable end is sealed;
c) positioning an enclosure such that it surrounds the shaped article and adjacent region of the cable.
5. A method according to Claim 2 wherein the gel provided comprises a crosslinked non-silicone polymer having an ole-finic unsaturated content of less than 10 mole percent and having dispersed therein a liquid in an amount of from about 20% to about 95% by weight based on the weight of the liquid and polymer and from 0 to 0.3 volume fraction of a filler, said cross linked polymer a) if derived from a solid, relatively high molecular weight polymer, having a gel fraction of at least about 50%, or b) if derived from a liquid, relatively low molecular weight polymer, having at least about 0.1 crosslinks per weight average molecule;
said composition having a storage modulus of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)x dynes/cm2 wherein x is less than 5x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C, and v is the volume fraction of the filler, with the proviso that, if the crosslinked polymer is prepared from a solid high molecular weight polymer, the storage modulus at 140°C is at least about 70% of the storage modulus at 70°C, and a dynamic viscosity of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)y poises wherein y is less than 1x105 at 30°C and greater than 5X102 at 90°C and v is the volume fraction of the filler, said composition exhibiting first degree blocking.
said composition having a storage modulus of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)x dynes/cm2 wherein x is less than 5x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C, and v is the volume fraction of the filler, with the proviso that, if the crosslinked polymer is prepared from a solid high molecular weight polymer, the storage modulus at 140°C is at least about 70% of the storage modulus at 70°C, and a dynamic viscosity of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)y poises wherein y is less than 1x105 at 30°C and greater than 5X102 at 90°C and v is the volume fraction of the filler, said composition exhibiting first degree blocking.
6. A method according to Claim 2, wherein said gel is derived from a butyl liquid rubber.
7. An article comprising (a) two or more cables;
(b) a shaped article of a polymeric gel, the polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 400 (10-1 mm), ii) an elongation of from about 25% to about 850%;
and (c) an enclosure surrounding the shaped article;
(d) the shaped article positioned such that it encloses the cables and seals the area between the cables and between the cables and the enclosure.
(b) a shaped article of a polymeric gel, the polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 400 (10-1 mm), ii) an elongation of from about 25% to about 850%;
and (c) an enclosure surrounding the shaped article;
(d) the shaped article positioned such that it encloses the cables and seals the area between the cables and between the cables and the enclosure.
8. An article according to Claim 7 wherein the gel provided comprises a crosslinked non-silicone polymer having an ole-finic unsaturated content of less than 10 mole percent and having dispersed therein a liquid in an amount of from about 20% to about 95% by weight based on the weight of the liquid and polymer and from 0 to 0.3 volume fraction of a filler, said cross-linked polymer a) if derived from a solid, relatively high molecular weight polymer, having a gel fraction of at least about 50%, or b) if derived from a liquid, relatively low molecular weight polymer, having at least about 0.1 crosslinks per weight average molecule;
said composition having a storage modulus of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)x dynes/cm2 wherein x is less than 5x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C, and v is the volume fraction of the filler, with the proviso that, if the crosslinked polymer is prepared from a solid high molecular weight polymer, the storage modulus at 140°C is at least about 70% of the storage modulus at 70°C, and a dynamic viscosity of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)y poises wherein y is less than 1x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C and v is the volume fraction of the filler, said composition exhibiting first degree blocking.
said composition having a storage modulus of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)x dynes/cm2 wherein x is less than 5x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C, and v is the volume fraction of the filler, with the proviso that, if the crosslinked polymer is prepared from a solid high molecular weight polymer, the storage modulus at 140°C is at least about 70% of the storage modulus at 70°C, and a dynamic viscosity of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)y poises wherein y is less than 1x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C and v is the volume fraction of the filler, said composition exhibiting first degree blocking.
9. An article according to Claim 8, wherein said gel is derived from a butyl liquid rubber.
10. An article comprising (a) one or more cable ends with a portion of the cable end exposed;
(b) one or more shaped articles of a polymeric gel corresponding to the number of cable ends to be sealed, the polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 400 (10-1 mm) ii) an elongation of from about 25% to about 850%;
(c) the shaped article positioned at the cable end;
(d) an enclosure that surrounds the shaped article and the adjacent region of the cable ends.
(b) one or more shaped articles of a polymeric gel corresponding to the number of cable ends to be sealed, the polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 400 (10-1 mm) ii) an elongation of from about 25% to about 850%;
(c) the shaped article positioned at the cable end;
(d) an enclosure that surrounds the shaped article and the adjacent region of the cable ends.
11. An article according to Claim 10, wherein the gel comprises a crosslinked non-silicone polymer having an ole-finic unsaturated content of less than 10 mole percent and having dispersed therein a liquid in an amount of from about 20% to about 95% by weight based on the weight of the liquid and polymer and from 0 to 0.3 volume fraciton of a filler, said cross-linked polymer a) if derived from a solid, relatively high molecular weight polymer, having a gel fraction of at least about 50%, or b) if derived from a liquid, relatively low molecular weight polymer, having at least about 0.1 crosslinks per weight average molecule:
said composition having a storage modulus of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)x dynes/cm2 wherein x is less than 5x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C, and v is the volume fraction of the filler, with the proviso that, if the crosslinked polymer is prepared from a solid high molecular weight polymer, the storage modulus at 140°C is at least about 70% of the storage modulus at 70°C, and a dynamic viscosity of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)y poises wherein y is less than 1x105 at 30°C and greater than 5X102 at 90°C and v is the volume fraction of the filler, said composition exhibiting first degree blocking.
said composition having a storage modulus of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)x dynes/cm2 wherein x is less than 5x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C, and v is the volume fraction of the filler, with the proviso that, if the crosslinked polymer is prepared from a solid high molecular weight polymer, the storage modulus at 140°C is at least about 70% of the storage modulus at 70°C, and a dynamic viscosity of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)y poises wherein y is less than 1x105 at 30°C and greater than 5X102 at 90°C and v is the volume fraction of the filler, said composition exhibiting first degree blocking.
12. An article according to Claim 11, wherein said gel is derived from a butyl liquid rubber.
13. A cable sealing kit which comprises:
(a) one or more shaped articles of a polymeric gel having one or more holes at least a portion of the way therethrough, the polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 400 (10-1 mm), ii) an elongation of from about 25% to about 850%; and (b) an enclosure for surrounding the shaped article.
(a) one or more shaped articles of a polymeric gel having one or more holes at least a portion of the way therethrough, the polymeric gel having i) a cone penetration value of about 30 to about 400 (10-1 mm), ii) an elongation of from about 25% to about 850%; and (b) an enclosure for surrounding the shaped article.
14. A kit according to Claim 13 wherein the gel provided comprises a crosslinked non-silicone polymer having an ole-finic unsaturated content of less than 10 mole percent and having dispersed therein a liquid in an amount of from about 20% to about 95% by weight based on the weight of the liquid and polymer and from 0 to 0.3 volume fraction of a filler, said cross-linked polymer a) if derived from a solid, relatively high molecular weight polymer, having a gel fraction of at least about 50%, or b) if derived from a liquid, relatively low molecular weight polymer, having at least about 0.1 crosslinks per weight average molecule;
said composition having a storage modulus of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)x dynes/cm2 wherein x is less than 5x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C, and v is the volume fraction of the filler, with the proviso that, if the crosslinked polymer is prepared from a solid high molecular weight polymer, the storage modulus at 140°C is at least about 70% of the storage modulus at 70°C, and a dynamic viscosity of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)y poises wherein y is less than 1x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C and v is the volume fraction of the filler, said composition exhibiting first degree blocking.
said composition having a storage modulus of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)x dynes/cm2 wherein x is less than 5x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C, and v is the volume fraction of the filler, with the proviso that, if the crosslinked polymer is prepared from a solid high molecular weight polymer, the storage modulus at 140°C is at least about 70% of the storage modulus at 70°C, and a dynamic viscosity of (1+2.5v+14.1v2)y poises wherein y is less than 1x105 at 30°C and greater than 5x102 at 90°C and v is the volume fraction of the filler, said composition exhibiting first degree blocking.
15. A kit according to Claim 14, wherein said gel is derived from a butyl liquid rubber.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000519946A CA1273072A (en) | 1986-10-07 | 1986-10-07 | A shaped article for cable sealing |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000519946A CA1273072A (en) | 1986-10-07 | 1986-10-07 | A shaped article for cable sealing |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1273072A true CA1273072A (en) | 1990-08-21 |
Family
ID=4134105
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000519946A Expired - Fee Related CA1273072A (en) | 1986-10-07 | 1986-10-07 | A shaped article for cable sealing |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1273072A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113416519A (en) * | 2021-07-16 | 2021-09-21 | 广州回天新材料有限公司 | Organic silicone gel for encapsulating IGBT module |
-
1986
- 1986-10-07 CA CA000519946A patent/CA1273072A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113416519A (en) * | 2021-07-16 | 2021-09-21 | 广州回天新材料有限公司 | Organic silicone gel for encapsulating IGBT module |
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| MKLA | Lapsed |