CA1272783A - Detonator actuator - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTION

An actuator for use in conjunction with a detonator for blasting comprises electronic circuitry which on receiving input signals generates an output arm signal to arm a detonator, and then after a predetermined delay an output actuate signal to fire the detonator and an associated explosive charge. The delay is capable of being remotely and precisely set.
The actuator is preferably used in conjunction with a control device which has a microcomputer whose memory contains arm and actuate codes and which has both arm and actuate keys. This microcomputer is such that the actuate key must be operated within a predetermined period after operation of the arm key, otherwise an actuate signal is not transmitted to the actuator.

Description

DETONATOR ACTUATOR
:

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to an actuator to be used with a detonator and to a detonator-actuating system for use in blasting.

BACKGROUND ART
__ A conventional blasting system comprises a series of explosive charges which are detonated by detonators which are wired to a remote command source.
~ 10 In order to prevent breakage of the wiring connecting ; detonators set to go off late in the blasting by earlier explosions, the detonators are provided with delays, such that the last detonator to explode has received its firing signal prior to the explosion of the first. Recent improvements in the system have included electronic delays (replacing the older, less precise pyrotechnic delays), and the ability to program such delays in situ. German Offenlegungsschrift ~ v~

3301251 provides an example of the versatility of which these systems are capable.
There has recently been provided in my co-pending Australian Patent Application Number PH1255 a detonator which comprises conditioning means which renders fusehead conductors incapable of carrying a voltage or current capable of firing the detonator prior to the altering of the conditioning means from a "normal" (incapable of being fired) state to an "armed" state. This provides a considerable safety factor not previously present in detonators.

DISCLOSURE OF INVE~TION

I have now found that it is possible to maximise this safety factor by using such detonators ; 15 in combination with a particular actuating system. I
therefore provide, according to the present invention, an actuator for a detonator, characterised in that the actuator comprises control circuitry which is responsive to input signals from the control device applied to inputs thereof, said control circuitry , being operable, on receipt of at least one predetermined - input si~nal, to (i) generate an output arm signal which is applied in use to the detonator and render it capable of being acutated and (ii~ generate an output actuate signal which is applied to the detonator after a predetermined delay relative to said predetermined input signals to cause explosive actuation of the detonator.
By "actuator" I mean a unit whose function is to receive signals from a control device, and to actuate a detonator. The type of detonator with which an actuator of the type used in this invention is associated may be one which must be armed before it can be detonated. An especially preferred type is described in Canadian Patent Application No. 512,676.
However, the actuators according to my invention may be used in association with conventional detonators by, for example, connecting the detonator with the actuator such that only the actuate signal is transmitted to the detonator. By "associated", I mean that the detonator and the actuator may be connected in some way such that signals may be passed from actuator to detonator. This may be achieved for example, by wiring the two components together, or by incorporating the actuator within the detonator. However, in a preferred embodiment, the actuator and detonator are in modular housings, and are simply connected together prior to putting into a blasthole. In this case, all the appropriate electrical connections are made by the connection of the modular housings.
The actuator for use in this invention incorporates the delay which is so important in large-scale commercial blasting. The specific length of delay may be built into the actuator during manufacture, but I prefer to have the delay programmable; this confers considerable versatility on the system. Thus, an actuator may be programmed electronically prior to its being inserted in a blasthole. Even more versitility is conferred by having the actuator programmable when the detonator is in place i~ the ~lasthole via the means through which the input signals are transmitted. Thus, a blast pattern can be altered at will and in complete safety up to the time of sending of the input arm and input actuate signals.
The electronic circuitry within the actuator stores delay information and acts on an appropriate signal or appropriate signals from the control device to generate output arm and output actuate signals separated by a selected delay time. Preferably, the ~

_.~

~l2~783 -- aS --circllitry will comprise a microcomputer with a memory which stores at least both an arm code and an actua-te code and preferably also the selectecl delay -time.
The microcomputer analyses input signals, and when it identifies a predetermined signal or pre-determined signals it then causes to be generated appropriate corresponding output arm and actuate signals.
The nature of the signal received by the actuator may be any suitable signal known to the art.
It may be, for example, a single signal, and the circuitry of the actuator may be such that this signal can cause the generation, by reference to the arm and actuate codes and the predetermined delay stored in the actuator circuitry, of both arm and actuate signals, separated by a predetermined delay. A
typical signal of this typ~ is a voltage which is in excess of a predetermined level. Other signals may comprise both an arm code and an actuate code, or example, a voltage step signal wherein the leading edge of the signal comprises an arm signal and the trailing edge an actuate signal. I prefer, however, that both arm and actuate signals be digital signals.
This has a number of advantages. It means that if the actuator is conditioned to recognise certain digital codes, it will act only on those codes.
Accidental or unauthorised firing can thus be almost completely eliminated.
The nature of the signal or signals transmitted by the actuator to the detonator may be any convenient signal suitable for the purposes of actuating the detonator. In the case of a conventional detonator, it may be a simple voltage or current suitable for causing the ignition of a flashing mixture and the consequent explosion of the detonator. However, the signal preferably comprises multi-bit digital code;

1272~8~

when such a signalling system is used with a preferred detonator as described in Canadian Patent Application No.
512,676, it permits of degrees of security and safety not attainable with known detonating systems.
The power to drive the actuator and the detonator itself may be provided by any convenient means, consistent with the fact that a detonator set to explode late in a series of blasts should not be prone to failure by the breakage by an earlier explosion of a wire connection thereto. The power source *or the arming and actuating of the detonator should therefore be in close proximity to the actuator and pre~erably either enclosed within the actuator housing or - capable of being connected to it. The power source may be a battery, or preferably a temporary power source such as a capacitor which is charged by signals from the surface. In an especially preferred embodiment of my invention, the capacitor is housed in a separate modular unit which can be attached to the detonator and actuator units, such that they form an integral unit with internal wiring and connections appropriately joined by the act of joining together the individual modular units.
The actuator receives its signals from a control device on the surface. This may be a remote exploder box of the type well known to the art. However, when the actuators of my invention are used in conjunction with a selected control device, the result is a detonator actuating system of remarkable versatility and safety. I therefore also provide a detonator actuating system comprising (a) an actuator as hereinabove described associated with a detonator which has an explosive charge;
and (b) a control device for controlling by means of signals to the actuator the operation of the detonator;

the system being further characterised in that the control device comprises a microcomputer having a memory which stores at least an arm code and an actuate code, and wherein the microcomputer has an arm key which upon actuation by a user causes generation and emission to the actuator of an arm signal derived from the arm code, and an actuate key which upon actuation by a user causes generation and emission of an actuate signal derived from the actuate code, the microcomputer being such that the actuate key must be actuated within a predetermined period after actuation of the arm key otherwise the actuate signal is not transmitted to said actuator.
My invention additionally provides a control device suitable for use in a detonator actuating system ; as hereinabove described, and a method of blasting using such a system.
The control device which acts in concert with the actuator is adapted to control a plurality of detonators. It comprises a microcomputer with at least arm and actuate codes, and arm and actuate keys ~5 which, when operated, act to generate arm and actuate signals and send them to the actuator. The microcomputer is such that the actuator key must be operated within a predetermined period after operation of the arm key, otherwise no actuate signal is transmitted.
This feature adds a further useful margin of safety to an already very safe system.
Preferably the memory additionally stores a reset code and the microcomputer operates to generate an output reset signal derived from the reset code if the actuate key is not ~ctuated within the ~2~3 predetermined period after actuation of the arm key, the output reset signal rendering the detonators incapable of being explosively actuated until a predetermined sequence of output arm and actuate siynals is received. It follows of course, that the actuator must have appropriate circuitry which permits of this resetting function.
In a further preferred embodiment, the delay of the actuator unit may be calibrated from the control device. This may be achieved by having an actuator unit which is responsive to calibrate signals and the microcomputer of the control device is arranged to generate an output calibrate signal in response to actuation of a calibrate key or a programmed instruction whereupon timing means in the control circuitry of the actuator unit is actuated for a period terminated by a control signal from the control device, the output of the timing means being stored in the control circuitry whereby a delay period stored therein can be calibrated on a time basis relative to the control device. It is possible to incorporate the calibration function in the control device such that it is automatically carried out when the arm key is operated.
As hereinabove stated, it is possible not only to calibrate the delay times for accurate detonation but also to program them from the surface. This can be done from a suitably equipped control device.
~ further considerable advantage o my invention is that the calibration may be carried out only seconds before the actual blast, and the calibration signals may be part of the blast signal itself. This allows the use of low-cost components and reduces costs considerably.
In one preferred embodiment of my invention, the actuator may be equipped with a transducer unit which is couplable thereto such that all the appropriate ~7Z:783 ~ 8 --electrical connections are made by the coupling. As is well known in the art, a transducer i5 an electronic device which is responsive to a preselected physical parameter (for example, pressure or temperature) and which produces corresponding condition signals which ma~ then be sent, for example, to a measuring instrument or to an apparatus affected by the parameter so as to modi~y its behaviour. In this case, information from a transducer may be used to vary the calibration of the actuator, and any variation is communicated back to the control device at the surface, which control device is capable of receiving such signals. The actuator can thus "talk back" to the control device and this permits much tighter control over blasting operations.
In some embodiments, the control device may include a connector which enables direct connection with the control circuitry of the actuator units so as to read ~ata stored in the actuator unit. That data might for instance comprise an identity code o the user, a code number assigned to a particular blast, and the delay period programmed into the detonator control circuitry. The control device may include a display such as an LCD display or a VDU for displaying this information to the user. In a further emboaiment of my invention, the detonators may be receptive to control signals which prevent them from operating, and the control device may comprise circuitry which sends to the detonators a continuous stream of control signals which prevents any accidental or inadvertent firing. Suitable circuitry is described in my co-pending Australian Patent Application No~
PH1258.
The invention will now be further described with reference to the following drawings:

~2'727~33 _ 9 _ BRIEF DESCRIPTION_OF DRAWINGS

F.igure 1 is a schematic view of a quarry having a plurality o charges arranged to be activated by remote control;

Figure 2 is a similar view but showing an arrangement in which the charges are set off by a direct wire connection;

Figure 3 is a side view of a detonator assembly;

Figure 4 is a schematic sectional view through the detonator assembly of Figure 3;

Figure 5 is a schematic view of lines in a communication bus;

Figure 6 shows the circuitry of one embodiment of a conditioning means according to the invention;

Figure 7 shows the circuitry of another embodiment of a detonator unit;

Figure 8 is a schematic circuit diagram for an embodiment of a detonator actuator unit;

Figure 9 is a connection table showing the connections of the components of Figure 8;

Figure 10 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of the detonator actuator unit of Figure 8;

Figure 11 is a schematic circuit diagram for another embodiment of a detonator actuator unit;

71~3 ].o Fi.gure 12 i8 a connection table showing the connections of the components of Fi.gure 10;

;: Figure 13 is a schematic circuit diagram for an embodiment oE a transducer unit' Figure 14 is a flow diagram for the operation of a transducer programme;

Figure 15 is a schematic circuit diagram of part of a detonator controller;

Figure 16 is a connection table showing the connections of the components of Figure 15.

Figure 17 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of the controller, Figure 18 is a sectional view through an embodiment of a detonator assembly;
,~
Figure 19 is a schematic circuit diagram for an embodiment of a detonator actuator unit suitable with assemblies as shown in Figure 18;

Figure 20 is a connection table showing the connections of the components of Figure 19, Figure 21 is a flow chart illustrating the operation of the circuit shown in Figure 19, Figure 22 is a schematic circuit diagram for an embodiment of a detonator actuator unit;

Figure 23 is a connection table showing the connections of the components of Figure 22.

Figure 24 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of the detonator actuator circuit shown in Figure 22.

MODES OF CARRYING OUT T~E INVENTION
.

~igure 1 shows a quarry face 2 anc a number of charge holes 4 drilled into the gro~nd behind the face.
A detcn~tor assembly 6 is located in each hole 4 and the remainder of the hole is filled with a bulk charge 8 such as ammonium ni~rate fuel oil mixture which is supplied as a powder or slurry, in aceordance with known practice. The detonator assemblies 6 are connected by conductors 10 to an antenna 11 or a radio transceiver 12 located in one or more of the assemblies 6. The transceiver 12 receives control signals from a 15 controller 14 via ~ transceiv~r 15 so that the detonator assemblies oan be actuated by rcmote control. A site safety unit 16 may also be provided to provide additional ~afety during layins of the charges. The unit 16 is preferably located near the ~ntenna ll so as 20 to be likely to pick up all signals received by the antenna ll. The safety unit 16 includes a loudspeaker 18 which is operated in emergency oonditions and prior to a blast. The detonator assemblies 6 are arranaed to be ac~uated at a~ accurately determined time after the 25 controller 14 has transmitted signals for the blas~ to c~mmence. The detonator assemblies 6 can be arranged to be ac~ivated in a precisely defined time sequence so ' that efficient use is made of the blasting materials.
The number o~ blast holes 4 can of course be ~ery 30 considerable. ~or instance, in some large scale mining and quarrying ~perations up to 2000 holes are sometimes required in a single blasting operation.

Figure 2 shows an arrangement which is similar to Figure 1 except that communication from the controller 14 to the detonator assemblies 6 is via a wire 20 extending from the controller 14 to the conductors 10.
In this case the safety unit 16 is not recuired because of the hard wire connection between the controller 14 anc' the detonator assemblies 6, but it could be coupled to the wires 20 so as to sound an alarm when signals are detected for causing actuation of the detonator assemblies.

Figure 3 shows ~he detonator assembly 6 in more detail. As will be described hereinafter, it com~rises a number of interconnected modules which can be varied in accordance with requirementsO In the illustrated 15 arrangement the modules comprise a detonator unit 22, an actuator unit 24, a transducer unit 26, a battery unit 38, an expander unit 40 and a connector unit 42. The units themselves can be made with various modifications as will be explained hereinafter. Generally speaking 20 however a detonator assembly 6 in a useful configuration will include at least the following units: a detonator unit 22, an actuator unit 24, a battery unit 38 and a connector unit 42.

Figure 4 shows a longitudinal cross section through 25 the detonator assembly 6 revealing in schematic form the physical layout of the components.

The detonator unit 22 comprises a tubular housing 44 which ~or instance mi~ht be forme~ from aluminium, or a resilient material which is a conductor such as 30 carbonised rubber. The housing 44 is provided with transverse partitions 46 and 48 press fit into the 727~3 housing 44~ A first chamber 50 is formed between the partitions 46 and 48 and a second chamber 52 is fGrmed between the partition 46 and the closed end wall 54 of the housing. Extending into the second chamber 52 are two fusehead conductors 56 and 58 separated by an insulati.ng block 60. The conductors 56 and 58 are connected to a fusible element 62 located within a flashing mixture charge 64. The remainder of the second chamber 52 is filled or partly filled with a base charge 10 66 of explosive material. The conductors 56 and 58 include insulated portions 68 and 70 which extend through ~n opening 72 in the partition 46 and into the first chamber 50.

Located within the first chamber 50 is a circuit : 15 board 74 which mounts electronic and/or electric : components. The board 74 is supported by tabs 76 and 78 pressed from ~he partitions 46 and 48. The partion 48 also supports a multiport connector 80 for a bus 82.

.
The bus 82 has multiple lines which enable 20 elec~rical interconnection of the various modular units although not all of the lines are required for the functioning of particular unitsO Figure 5 shows schematically the vari~us lines in the bus 82 for the illustrated arrangement. In thi-C case there are 11 25 lines 84, B6, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102 and 104, some of which are required for the operation of the circuitry on the board 74 of the detonator unit 22.
i ~ igure 6 illustrates diagrammatically a circuit 106 which is mounted on the board 74 of the unit 22. The 30 circuit 106 includes a connector 108 which allows ~'72~3 connection to selected lines in the bus 82. In the illustrated arrangement, the line 84 is a voltage supply line and the line 86 is a ground line for the supply.
The lines g4 and 96 carry, at appropriate times, high 5 currents which enable fusing of the fusing element 62.
The line lQ4 carries clock pulses whereas the line 102 carries an ARM signal which places the detonator unit 22 in a "armed" state so that it can be activated on receipt of appropriate driving currents on the lines 94 10 and 96. In the illustrated arrangement, the signals and currents on the lines 94, 96, 1~2 and 104 are derived from the actuator unit 24. The power supply lines 84 and 86 are coupled to receive power from the battery unit 38.

The circuit 106 includes a relay 110 having a driving coil 112, normally closed contacts 114 and normally open contacts 116 which are connected to conductors 113 ~nd 115 which are connected to the lines 94 and 96 via connector 108. The normally closed 20 contacts 114 are connected by means of conductors 117 to the aluminium housing 44 so that both sides of the fusible elements 62 are shorted directly to the housing.
This is an important safety factor because the detonator unit 22 cannot be activated unless the relay 110 is 25 operated. This protects the unit 22 from unwanted operation caused by stray currents or radlo frequency electromagnetic radiation. In the illustrated arrangement, the relay 110 is not operated until jus~
before signals are delivered to the lines 94 and 96 for 30 activa~ion of the detonator unit. The arrangement therefore has ~he advantage that until just prior to when the detonated unit 22 is activated, the fuse head conductors 56 and 58 cannot receive any electromagnetic ~ 72783 or electrostatic charges which might inadvertently fuse the element 62.

The operating coil 112 cf the relay is connected to a logic circuit 118 which receives input from lines 102 5 ana 104. The preferred arrangement is that th~ circuit 118 must receive an AR~ signal comprising a two part four ~it code on the line 102 in order to produce an output on line 120 which activates the relay.

The circuit 118 includes a 74164 eight bit shift 10 register 122 having eight output lines Qo-Q7~ The circuit further includes four exclusive OR gates 124, 126, 128 and 130 connected to pairs of outputs from the shif~ register 122. The ou~puts of the exclusive OR
gates are gated in a four input AND gate 132, the output 15 of which is in turn connected to one input of a three : inpu~ high current AND gate 134. The circuit further includes a f~ur input N~ND gate 136 connected to the first four outputs of the register 122 and a second NAND
gate 138 connected to the second four outputs of the 20 register 122. The outputs from the NAND gates 136 and 138 are connected to the remainîng two inputs of the AND
gate 134. The configuration of the gates connected to the outputs Qo~Q7 of the register 122 is such that only selected eight bit signals on the line 102 will cause a 2S 6ignal to appear on the output 120 for activating the relay. The signal must be such that the first four bits are exactly the complement of the second four bits and further the first four bits cannot be all l's or all 0's. The la~ter requirements are important in practice 30 because it prevents erroneous operation of the circuit 118 in the event that a circuit fault causinq a high level or short circuit to be applied to the line 102.

~%~72}7~3 The circuit ~06 illustrated above is given by way of example only and it would be apparent that many alternatlve circuits could be used. If at any time a signal is received on line 102 which is not an ARM
5 signal the output line 120 will go low and deactivate the relay 110. The controller 14 may generate RES~T
signals for ~his purpose. In any event the logic circuitry 118 will cause the output 12G to go low if any signal other than an ARh signal is received. The 10 following are examples of valid ARM signals 01001011 .

~urther, the circuit 10~ could be integrated if 15 required, except for the relay.

~ igure 7 illustrates an alternative circuit 140 for the detonator unit 22. The inputs from the bus 82 to the connector 108 are the same as for the circuit 106 and the logic circuitry 118 is also the same as for the 20 circuit 106. An alternative arrangement is however employed to ensure that ~he lines 94 and 96 are not electrically connected to the fusible element 62 until just prior to actuation on receipt of a correc~ly coded signal ~o the logic circuitry 118. In this arrangement, 25 the circuit includes ~wo solid state relays 142 and 144.
The relays have electrodes 146 and 148 which are permanently connected to ground. The relays include electrodes 15Q and 152 which are connected to the insulated portions of the conductors 56 and 58 leading 30 to ~he fusible element 62. The relays are such that the clec~rodes 146 and 150 and the electrodes 148 and 152 ~%72:7~3~

are in~ernally connected so that both conductors 56 and 58 are grounded and connected to the housing 44. The relays include electrodes 154 and 156 which are connected to the lines 94 and 96 via conductors 113 and 5 115. When the relays receive triggering signals on ~rigger electrodes 158 and 160 the internal connections change so that the electrodes 150 and 154 and the electrodes 152 and 156 are internally connected. In this case the conductors 56 and 58 are nc longer l~ grounded and are electrically connected to the lines 94 and 96 in readiness for activa~ion of the fusible element 62. Triggering of the relays depends upon the output line 120 from the logic circuitry 118 as will hereinafter be explain~d.

The output line 120 from the circuitry 118 is connected to the input of an amplifier 162 which is connected to the junction 164 of three fusible links 166, 168 and 170 via a resistance 172. The circuit includes an AND gate 174 one input of which is connected 20 to the output line 120 and the other input of which is connected to the jllnction 164. Output from the gate 174 is connected to the trigger terminals 158 and 160 of the relays. The arrangement is such that during normal operation both inputs to the gate 174 are low so that 25 the relays are not triggered. When h~wever a correctly coded signal is present on the line 102, the output line 120 of the circuitry ll8 will go high to a sufficien~ j extent whereby the f~sible links 1~4, 166 and 168 will rupture. When all links have been ruptured the junc~ion 164 will be high and hen~e the gates 174 will go high and the relays will be triggered. ~his couples the conductors 56 and 58 to the lines 94, 96 in readiness for actuation. It will be appreciated that until the ~%~83 lo~ic circuitry 118 detects a correctly coded signal, the fusible element 62 is protected by the fusible links 166, 168 and 170. The arrangement prevents inadvertent charges or currents being developed in the conductors 56 5 and 58 due to stray electromagnetic or electrosta~ic fields.

The detonator actuator 24 illustrateà in ~igures 3 and 4 includes a tubular housing 176 preferably formed from aluminium. The unit includes partitions 178 and 10 18Q ~hich define a chamber 190 in which a circuit board 1~2 for electric andtor electronic components are mounted. The board 192 is supporte~ by tabs 194 and 196 pressed from the par~itions. The bus 82 extends ~hrough the chamber 190 and is connected at either end to 15 connectors 198 and 200. One end of the housing 176 is formed with a keyed reduced diameter spigot portion 202 which in use is received in the free end of the housing : 44 of the detonator unit 22. The arrangem~nt is such that when the spigot portion 94 is interlocked with the 20 housing 44 the connectors 198 and 108 establish appropriate connections for ~he various lines of the bus 82. The actuator unit ~4 may include an LE~ 204 which can be mounted so as to be visible when illuminated from the exterior of the actuator unit 24.

The actuator unit 24 performs a variety of functions in the detonator assembly 6. Generally speaking, it ensures that the detonator uni~ 22 is actuated only in response to correctly received signals from the controller 14 and at an exactly defined instant 30 of time~ Other functions of the actuator unit 24 are to ensure correct operation of the other units in the ~ ~72~ 3 assembly on interconnection of the various units and to control the operatlon of the transducer unit 26.

Figure 8 shows in schematic form one arran~ement for the circuitry 206 mounted on the board 192 in the 5 actuator unit 24. The circuitry 206 generally speaking includes a microcomputer with memory to store programmes and data for correct operation of the unit 24 as well as the other u~its of the assembly. The data includes data relative to the precise delay required for actuation of 10 the detonator unit 22 followinq generation of a blast commence signal (or BOOM command) from the controller 19. ~urther, the s~ored programme provides for calibration of a crystal clock in the circuitry 206 by the controller 14 just prior ~o operationO This ensures 15 a high level of accuracy of all the time based functions of the assembly 6 which is ~herefore no~ dependent upon accurately selec~ed components in the circuit 206.
~urther the accuracy would not be influenced by temperatures and pressures in the blast holes 4 at a 20 blasting site.

The circuit 206 includes an 8085 CPU 208, an 8155 input~output unit 210, a 2716 EPRO~s 212, a 74123 monostable retriggerable multivibrator 214 and a 7437 eight bit latch 216. The components are connected : 25 together as indicated in the connection table (Figure 9) so as to function as a microcomputer, a~ known in the art.

Figure 10 shows schematically a flow chart of some of the prvgramme functions which are carried out by the microcomputer 206. When power is supplied to ~he 30 circuit by connection of the battery unit 38 in the detonator assembly 6 a power supply voltage and ground 1%'72783 .- 20 -are established on the lines %4 and 86. The : ~ultivibrator circuit 214 ensures that the CPV 208 is reset on power up. The first programming function performed by the microcomputer is to ensure that the 5 detonator units 22 are made safe. This is accomplished by sending eight consecuti~e zeros fro~, pin 32 of the input/output de~ice 210, the pin 32 being connected to the line 1~2. This ensures that the register 122 in the detonator 22 is initialised to zero and accordingly the 10 unit 22 cannot be activa~ed because of the arrangement of the logic circuitr~ 118. This step is indicated by the functional block 218 in ~igure 10.

After initialisation, the microcomputer waits for a command Xrom the controller 14 as indicated by 15 programming step 220. Commands from the controller 14 are received by the connector unit 42 and are then transmit~ed on the line 88 of the bus 82. The command signals on line 88 preferably comprises eight bit codes J in which different ~it patterns represent different 20 commands. Typical command signals would be for (a) a : request for information from the transducer unit 26, (b) a CALIBRATE command to commence calibration procedures, (c) a BLAST code for arming the detonator units 22, (d) : a BOOM com~and for exploding the units 22, or a P~ESET
25 command for resetting the units 22. Accordingly, ~igure shows a question box 222 which determines whether the signal on the line 88 is a re~uest for information from the transducer unit 26. If the signal is the appropriate signal the programme will then en~er a 30 sub-routine indicated by programme step 224 to execute the transducer interrogation and transmission programme.
A flow chart for this programme is shown in Figure 14.
After execution of the transducer programme, the main ~L~72~1~3 pro~ramme returns to the question box 222. The signal on the line 88 will ~hen no longer be a request for information from the transducer. The pxogramme will then pass to the next question box 226 which determines 5 whether a signal is on the line 88 is a CALIBRATE
co~mand appropriate for commencement of calibration procedures. This is indicsted in the flow chart by question box 226. If the signal is not a C~LIBRATE
commanQ, the programme returns and waits for an 10 appropriate command. Receipt of an incorrect command at any time returns the programme to the start.

When the controller 14 transmits a CALIBRATE
com~.and, this will be recognized by ~he programme which then co~mences calibration of timing of pulses derived 15 from the crystal clock 228 connected to pins 1 and 2 of the CPV 208, as indicated by step 230 in ~igure 10. ~he program~e then waits for a further signal on line 8B to stop counting of the pulses a~d to record the number of pulses counted. This is indicated by step ~32 in Figure 20 10. T}.ese programmin~ steps enable the clock rate of the CPU 208 to be accurately correlated to the signals generated by the con~roller 14 and transmitted on the line 88 so that the ~ctuator unit 24 can be very accurately calibrated relative tc the controller 14.
25 The controller 14 can be arranged to h~ve a precisely defined time base so that it therefore is able to accurately calibrate a multiplicity of actuators 24 which do not have accura~e~v selected components and would therefore not necessarily have a very accurately 30 ~nown time base.

MoreoYer, the cali~ration procedures can be carried out just prior to despatch of signals to activate the . _ .. . . . .. . . . . .

~.2~27133 detonator uni~s so ~s to minimize the possibility of ; errors owing to changing concli~ions of temperature and pressure or the like.

In the preferred arrangement, the signal on the 5 line 88 to stop the timer is in fact another BLAST code generated by the controller 14, the BLAST code being ; selected so as to be identifiable with the particular blast e.g. user identity, date, sequential blast number, etc. The question box 234 in E`igure I0 indicates the 10 required progra~ning step. If the next signal received on the line 88 is not a correct BLAST code, the programme returns to the start so that recalibration will be required before the detonator unit 22 can be armed.

If on ~he other hand the BL~ST code is correct the programme then calculates the exact delay required by the actuator 24 prior to generating signals for explosively activating the detonator unit 22. This is indicated by the programming step 236 in Figure lO. For 20 instance, the actuator unit 24 may be required to actuat~ the detonator unit 22 precisely lO ms after a : precise predetermined delay from commencement of the blasting sequence which is initiated by generation of a BOO~ command by the controller 14. The information 25 r~garding the particular delay is stored in the EPRO~
212 and the programme is then able ~o calculate the exact number of clock cycles for the microcomputer 206 required to give the precise delay. The calibration information h~s in the meantime been stored in RAM
- 30 within the input~output device 210.

~L~7~7~3 Following this step, the actuator unit 24 may signal to the controller 14 that it is functio~ing correctly and ~hat appropriate signals have been received. Signals for transmission back to the controller 14 are carried by line 90 which i5 coupled tc pin 4 of the CPU 208. This is indicated by step 238 in ~igurel0. The arming of the detonator unit 22 is indicated by step 240 in which an ARM sîgnal is generated on pins 31 and 32 of input/output unit 210.
The programme then is arranged to set a predetermined period say 5 seconds in which i~ mus~ .receive a BOOM
command signal on the line 88 from the controller 14 for activation of the detonator unit 22. If the BOOM
command signal is not received within the 5 second 15 period, the programme returns to the start so that recalibration procedures etc. will be required in order to again be in readiness for actuation of the detonator unit 22. These programming steps are denoted 242, 244 and 24S in Figure 10- The BOOM con~and signal on line 88 20 ~ust be a correct eight bit pattern of signals o~herwise the programme will again return to the start, as indicated by the question box 248. If the BOOM command is correct, the required delay is retrieved from the RAM
. in the input/output unit 210 ancl the delay is ~aited, as 25 indicated by progran~ins steps 250 and 252. At the end of the delay period, a signal is passed to the input/output unit 210 the output pins 29 and 30 of which ~, go high. These output.pins are connected by current drivers 254 and 256 to the li~es 96 and 94 and the 30 current drivers supply a fusehead actua~ing current, say 1.5 amps, required to fuse the element 62 and ignite the ~, flashing charge 64 and thus actuate the detonator unit 22. This is indica~ed by the programming step 258.
Actuation of ~he detonator unit 22 of course destroys , i ~. ., :

, .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .

12~2~7~33 the detonator sssembly 6 so that the controller 14 will be aware of successful operation o~ the detonator assembly by its silence. If however there has been a malfunction, the programme includes a auestion box 26C
which determines whether the CPU is still func~ioning and if so this information is communicated to line 90 : for transmission to the controller l4. The programme then returns to the start whereup~n the detona~or unit is ag2in made safe, this being i~dicated by programming ~teps 260 and 262.

~ igure ll illustrates alterna~ive circuitry for the actuator unit 24. In this arrangement, the power supply lines 84 and ~6 are used for communication from the controller 14 to the actuator assembly 6.
15 The same lines may be utilised for communications in the reverse dir~ction if a transducer unit 26 is utilised.
Alternatively the line 90 may be used for that purpose if required as shown in Figu~e ll. The circuit of : ~igure ll essentialiy comprises a microcomputer 490 20 comprising and 8085 CPU 492, a 2716 EPROM 494, sn 8155 input/output unit 496, a 74123 triggerable monostable multivibrator 498 and a 74377 eight bit latch 500.
These components are connected toge~her as indicated in .

27~3 the connection table (Figure 12) so as to function as a microcomputer as is known in the art. The principle function of the microcomputer 450 is to carry o~t the programming steps indicated diagramatically in Figure 10 as well as Figure 14 where a transducer unit 26 is employed.

Power supply for the detonator assembly 6 is derived from the valtage applied to the line 84 by the controller 14 vi~ the conductors 10 and wires 20 of ~igure 2. The voltage is stored in a storage capacitor S04. The diode 502 ensures the capacitor 504 cannot discharge itself back along the path to pin 5 of the CPU
492, or to ~he controller 14 along conductors 10 and 20.
The norm~l level applied to the line 84 is selected to 15 be 2.4 volts which is sufficient to charge the capacitor 504 and maintain the CPU 492 but insufficient to generate a response on the input pin S of the CPU 492 which is connected ~o the line 84~ ~hen signals are required to be transmit~ed to the assembly 6 from the controller, the controller is arranged to send a pulsed waveform the peak voltages of which are say 5 volts which is above the threshold level for a positive input to the pin 5 of the CPV 492. By this means, various coded signals can be sent from the controller 14 to the 25 assemblies. The output pin 4 could be used to apply voltages to the line 84 for communication from the assembly 6 to the controller, pro~ided the time sequencing were correctly arra~g~d. Alternately, the output pin 4 could be connected to the return communication line 90 of the bus.

~L272~783 Returning now to Figures 3 ~nd 4, the transducer unit 26 comprises a tubular housing 264 preferably of aluminium and formed with a spi~ot portion 266 which interlocks with the open end of the housing 17S of the 5 actuator unit 24. The shape is such that it cannot mate with the unit 22. The housing has partitions 268 and 270 which define a chamber in which a circuit board 272 for electronic and~or electrical components is located. The : partitions 26~ an~ 270 can be used to support the board 10 272 as well as supporting electrical connectors 2?2 and

2?4 for the bus ~2. The housing 264 has an opening to per~it access to a transducer element 276 which is sensitive to ~urrounding temperature, pressure, humidity or other parameters as required. ~or temperature 15 sensi~g the elemen~ 2~6 could be ~onded to the inner surface of the housing 264. The transducer unit 26 may have several ~ransduc~r elements and so be responsive to a number of different parameters. When the spigot . .
... . ~ .. ... . . . _ ... .... . ~ .. . . .

~L~?'~ a3 port.ion ~66 i~ interl~cked with the end of the actuator un.it 24 t the connector 272 mates with the connector 200 so that the bus 82 extends through the respecti~e units.
In its simplest configuration, the board 272 would 5 simply carry any circuitry which might be necessary for c~rrect operation of the transducer element 276 and for co~ing of its output for application to lines 98 and 100 of the bus 82.

Figure 13 shows an example of one such circuit. In 10 this arrangement the output 278 of the transducer element 276 is connected to the input of a voltage to frequency converter 280 which may comprise an LM 331 circuit. The resistors and capacitors connected to ~he converter 2~0 are well known and need not be described 15 in detail. Qutput from pin 3 of the converter 280 is connected to the line 98 of the bus, the line 100 being ground. The frequency of the si~nal on the line 98 will ~e proportional to the output of the transducer element 276 and thus be proportional to the temperature pressure 20 humidity etc. to which the element 276 is exposed. The signal on the line 98 is applied to the CPU 208 for conversion to digital form and outputted on pin 4 which : is coupled to line 90 of the bus for transmission to the controller 14.

Pigure 14 shows schematically a flow chart for processing by the microcomputer 206 of the variable fre~uency output ~ignals of the tr~nsducer unit 26. The flow chart of Figure 14 is an example of the programme denoted by 224 in ~igure 10. ~he first step in the 30 programme is ~o clear a timer, as indicated by programme step 282. The timer may be located in the input/output unit ~10. The programme then waits for the rising edge .. .. . . . ...... . .. .. . .. .

~L27~:~7~;3 of the first received pulse on the line 98, as indicated b~ step 284. ~h~ programme then starts ~he timer and waits for a falling edge of the same pulse, as indicated by steps 286 and 288. The timer is then stopped and its 5 value is indexed into a conversion table stored in the EPROM 212, as indicated by steps 290 and 292. The progra~me then l~oks up the value of the parameter such as temperature, pressure, etc. an~ sends ar.
appropr ately encoded signal to the controller 14 via 10 line 90, as indicated by steps 294 and 2g6. The programme then returns to the main cor.trol programme of the actuator unit 24, as indicated in ~igure 10.

In circumstances where communication from the detonator assemblies 6 to the controller 14 is not required, the connector unit 42 need only be capable of r~ceiving signals from the controller 14 and does not need to transmit signals thereto. Thus, the unit 42 need only include a radio receiver for use wi th radio : controlled arrangements as in Figure 1, or line connectors for use in wire systems as shown in Figure 2.

Returning once again to ~igures 3 and 4, ~he battery unit 38 comprises a tubular housing 298 with a spigot portion 300 which is interlockable with the open end of the housing 264 of the transducer unit 26. The 25 spigot 300 is also shape~ so that it can be plugged directly into the housing 176 of the actuator unit 24 in instances where the transducer 26 is not required. The shape of the spigot 300 is such that it cannot be inserted into the open end of the housing 44 of the 30 detonator unit 22. The unit 38 includes partitions 302 .. , . . . , .. . . ..... , ..... ~ .. . . .. .. . . .... . . . . .... .. . .. .. . . . . . . . .

~72~7 !33 ~9 ~nd 304 which define a chamber within which a bat~ery 306 is mou~ted. The battery pro~ides the power supply on lines 84 and 86 of the bus for the other units in the assem~ly. In some arrangements, the battery unit 38 may be omitted by arranging for one or more of the other 5 units such as the actuator 24 to have an inbuilt battery or to be provided with energy storage means such as a capacitor for powering the units or to have power supplied by the controller 14 itself, as on lines 86 and 84 via the lines 20. The battery unit 38 has connectors 10 308 and 310 to provide interconnections of the bus 82 through the unit.

~ igures 3 and 4 also show the expander unit 40 in more detail. The expander unit comprises a tubular housing 312 formed with a spigot 319 which can be 15 inserted into the housings of the units 38, 26 and 24 as required. The housing has partitions 316 and 318 which define a chamber in which a terminal block 320 is mounted. ~he partitions also support connectors 322 and 324 for the bus 82. Extending from the terminal block 20 320 through an openin~ in the housing 312 are lines 326 which can be used to connect a number of detonator assemblies in parallel, as shown in Figures 13 and 14.
~igures 3 and 4 also illustrate the connector unit 42.
The ~nit 42 comprises a tubular housin~ 328 with ~
25 closed end wall 330. The housing has a partition 322 which defines a chamber within which a circuit board 334 is mounted. The partition 332 also ~npports a connec~or 336. The housin~ 328 is formed with a spigot portion 338 which is insertable in any one of the ~nits 40, 38, 30 26 and 24 and the arrangement is such that the connector 336 mates with the complementary connector of the unit .
-~27~3 to which lt is connected. The unit 42 is not however directly insertable in the detonator unit 22, The circuit board 334 in the unit 42 may comprise a connection block which connects the wires 20 from the 5 controller 14 to the assemblies 6, as in the arransement shown in Figure 2. This is ~he simplest arrangement for : the unit 42.

In another alternative arrangement for the unit 42, the board 334 may include an electronic ~lock and si~nal 10 generator to enable activation of the actuator unit 24 i~dependently oS the controller 14. In this arrangement (not shownJ the clock would control a signal generator which would gener2te signals for actuator unit 24 via the line 88 which signals would normally be generated by 15 the control ler 14.

In a further alternative arrangement, the unit 42 may include the radio transceiver 12 which receives siqnals radiated by the transmitter 15 or the safety unit 16, as in the arrangement of Figure 1. ~n this 20 instance, the lines 340 which comprise the input to the circuitry ~n the board 334 would comprise or be connected to ~n antenna for receipt of radio si~nals.
i ~igure 15 illustrates in ~ore detall part ~f the circuitry ~or the controller 14. The circuitry 25 essentially comprises a micrOCQmputer 342 comprisin~ an r . . . , .. . . " . ,, _ . . . _ _ _ " . , _ ~ _ ... ~ ... . _ . _ _ . _ .. . _ . _ .. _ .. ~ _ .. . ~ . . . .
.. . . ~ ~

~7~7~33 8085 CPU 344, a 2716 EPROM 346, an 8155 input/output device 348, a 74123 monostable triggerable multivibrator 352 and a 74377 eightbit latch 350. These components are connected together as indicated by the connection table (Figure 16) and so that they function as a microcomputer as is known in the art. The principal function of the microcomputer 342 is to generate control signals which are used to control the datonator assemblies 6. The microcomputer also interprets information sent to the controller 14 by the various detonator assemblies 6, input and output to the CPU 344 is Vi2 pins 5 and 4 respectively. The circuitry includes a keyboard unit 354, the keyboard having control switches S~, S2, S3 and S4 which are operated in order to perform various steps reguired for activation of the detonator assemblies 6.
The microcomputer includes three LED devices 356, 358 and 360 which provide a visual indication as to which signals have been despatchsd by the computer 342 to the detonator assembli~s 6. The programmes for the microcomputer 342 are stored in the EPROM 346.
Figure 17 is a flowchart illustrating the important programming steps which are carried out by the computer 342.
on power up, the multivibrator 352 ensures that the CPU 344 is correctly initialised and the programme waits for one of the control keys Sl to S4 to be actuated, as indicated by step 362. The programme then has four question boxes 364, 366, 368 and 370 which determine which if any of the switches S1-S4 have been pressed. The switches can be arranged to generate signals within the CPU 344 corresponding to different COMMAND signals to be transmitted to the assemblies 6. For instance, the switch S1 can be made to represent selection of a first BLAST code in which case the CPU

~L2'727~3 - 32 ~

344 generates the appropriate BLAST code. The progra~me then arranges for the BL~ST code to be sent to the detonator assemblies 6, as indicated by programme step 372. It follows that those detonators which have the first BLAST code will be armed in readiness for operation. After that signal is sent, the programme returns to the start. The switch S2 may represent a second BLAST code which will cause a different BLAST
code to be generated by the CPU 444 and sent to the detonator assemblies 6, as indicated by step 374. Those assemblies which have actuator units 24 progra~ned to respond to the second BLAST code will thereby be armed.

The switch S3 if pressed causes the CP~ 334 to generate a signal causing the armed actuator units 24 to actuate the detonator units 22 connected thereto. These i signals comprise the BOOM command and are distinguished I by the question box Z48 in Figure 9. The despatch of a ~OOM command is indicated by programme step 376 in Figure 13.

The switch S~ represents a reset switch which can be activated by an operator at any stage during the programme and if pressed a RESET command will be generated by the CPU 344, as indicated by step 378.
Receipt of a RESET command by the actuator units 24 25 causes them to return to the start of their operating pr~gramme, as indicated in ~igure 10. The reset signal need not be a specially encoded signal, t;-,e actuator units 24 ~eing progra~med to automatically reset if any signals other than known sequence of predetermined 30 commands are received. Resetting the actuators 24 will consequently make the detonator units 22 safe so that ~hey cannot be inadvertently exploded. Of course, a .. . . . .. . . . . . ...

detonator unit 2' with fusible links as ~hown in Figure 7 cannot reconnect the fusehead ccnductors 56 and 58 via the fusible links, but will remain safe while power is available to maintain the solid state relays 142 and 144 5 on.

The controller programme has a question box 380 which is responsive to a manual or progra~me generated input to commence calibration procedures. The arrangement shown in Pigure 16 shows a step 382 for 10 generation and transmission of a CALIBR~E command to start calibration. This com~,and is the input to box 226 in Figure lO.The programme then wai~s ~or a prédetermined peri~d say one second which is accurately ,. known because care is taken to ensure that the crystal 15 ~scillator 386 and associated components connected to p~ns l and 2 of the CPV 344 are ~ccurately selected whereby the timing o~ the CPU 344 is accurately known.
At the end of the predetermined period, an END ~alibrate command is generated as indicated by the step 38~. This 20 may be effecteà by generation of a valid BLAST code.
Many variations and enhancements would of course be available in the software for the microcomputer 342.

~ igure 18 shows a detonator ~ssembly 434 comprising a detonator unit 22, actuator unit 24 and connector unit 42. In this arrangement the connector unit 42 is arranged for connection to the controller 14 by the conductors 10 and wires 20, as in ~igure ~. Th~
detonator assembly 434 receives power directly from the controller 14 and to be actuated at a predetermined interval after voltage has been disconnected from the wires 20. In a blast using these assemblies, i~ would not matter if the wire 20 or c~nductors lO were broken .. . , . . . . .. . . . ... .. . . ~ ..... . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .

by actuation of assemblies which have been actuated earlier since the assemblies have their own power supplies and will be actuated at a predetermined period after the voltage has been disconnected regardless of whether the conductors 10 or wires 20 remain intact.
Figure 19 illustrates in more detail the circuitry for the actuator unit 24 of assembly 434. The circuitry essentially comprises a microcomputer 436 comprising an 8085 CPU 438, a 2176 EPROM 440, an 8155 input/output device 442, a 7~123 triggerable multivibrator 444, and a 74377 eight bit l~tch 446. These components are connected together as indicated by the connection table (Figure 20~ so that they function a~ a microcomputer as is known in the art.
The principle function o~ the microcomputer 436 is to generate control signals which are used to control the detonator assembly 436. In this arrangement, the power supply line 84 and ground line 86 are connected to the conductors 10 so as to establish direct connection to the controller 14. The voltage on -the power supply line 84 charges a storage capacitor 450. The diode 448 ensures that the "power sense" line 5 can detect the discontinuation of power from the controller 14 on line 84 even while the capacitor 450 maintains the actuator 436 on. The capacitor 450 is chosen so that it will have sufficient charge to power the circuitry for the micorcomputer 436 after the voltage supply level has been removed from supply line 84. As soon as the multivibrator 444 operates after power on, it will properly initialise the CPU 438. The input pin 5 of the CPU
is connected to the line 84 so as to indicate a "power up".
After power up, the microprocessor 436 will operate to generate an ARM command which is communicated via pins 31 and 32 of the - -unit 472 to the detonator unit 22. The CPU ~38 will then wait until the voltage falls to zero or below a predetermined level on line 84, and, after a predetermined period, the fusehead actuatin~ current 5 will be generated to initiate the flashing charge 64 via pins 29 and 30 to cause activation thereof.

Figure 21 is a flowchart illustra~ing the important progra~ming steps which are carried out by the microcomputer 436. The programme starts on power up and 10 then immediately generates an A~M command, as indicated by step 452, for the detonator unit 22. The ARM command will then wait for a predetermined period say 0.25 seconds before taking any other action. This prevents premature operation of the system as the result of lS transients or the like which might occur shortly after po~er up, and allows time for mechanical relays in the detonator unit 22 to switch. This step is indicated by programming step 454. The programme then waits for the voltage to fall on line 84, as indicated by step 456.
When the voltage on line 84 falls to zero or below a pre-determined level the CPU will then wait a pre-determined delay so that the detonator assembly 434 will be actuated in the correct sequence relative to other assemblies. This is indicated by programming steps 458 and 460 representing retrieval of the delay period from the EPROM 44~ and thereafter waiting the delay period. At the end of the delay period, ~he programme then causes generation of the fusehead ac~uating current for actuation of the detonator unit 22, as indicated by step 462. The programme then passes to a question box 464 which ascertains whether the programme is ~till operating indicatins whether the .

.. . . . .. . ~ . ..

'~7~3~

detondtor unit 22 has been ~uocessfully actu2ted or not.
I~ ic has ~ot, it will return to ~he 6tep 452.

Fi$ure 22 shows an altern~tive circuit for use in ~he actuator unit 24 o' ~he asser~iv 436, show~ in S Figure 19. In this ar- ngement the de~onator assem~ly 434 is arranqed to ~e actuateZ a prede~ermined perio~
after power has been applied thereto via the conduc~ors 10 and ~ires 20 of the arranqemen~ shown ir. Figure 2.
The circuit of Figure 22 essentially comprises a mic~ocompu~er ~66 comprising an 8085 CPU 468, 2 2176 E~RO~ 470, and 8155 inpu~/output unit 472, a 7412' monostable triggerable multi~ibra~or 474, and a 74~77 e~ght bit latch 476. These comp~nents are connected toge~her ~s indicated by ~he co~ectioA table(Fig~ 23) so that they fu~ction as a microprocessor as is kaown i~
the ar~. The microcomputer has programmes s~ored in its EPROM ~70 for car~ying out primærily the pro~ramme ~hown dia~ramatically in the flowohart of Fiqure 24 .

On the application of a volta~e above a preae~ermined l~vel, e.g. 2 . 4 volts, on the supply line R4, the ~ulti~ibrator 474 will reset the CPU 468 and various circuit and progr~in~ func~cions are properly : initialised. The C~U 468 will ~hen start run~ing and its first fu~ction will be .~o generate an AR~: comman~ on pins 31 and 32 of the ~nit 472 for the detonator unit 22. This is indicated by the programming step 478 of Figure 24. The programme the~ waits a fixed delay pexiod 2S indicated by step 480. The fix~d delav period ... .

~l~72~7~3 6ay 0.25 ~ec~n~s, is provided ~o as to prevent inadvertent operation c~used by transients or the like which might occur shortly sfter power up, and allow time for relays to switch. All of the detvnator assemblies for a particular blast would have the same fixed delay 5 period. The programme then reads a pre-selected delay from the EPROM 470, as indicated by programme step 482.
~he pre-selected delay can be different for particular actuator units 24 so ~hat a predetermined blast ~equence can be established. The progra~me then w~its for the 10 preselected delay period, as indicated by programme step ~82 then causes generation of the fusehead actuating current via pin~ 29 and 39 of the unit 472 as indica~ed by ~tep 486. The BOOM command appears on pins 29 and 30 of the unit 472. The BOOM command causes the deto~ator 15 unit 22 to explode.

I the unit 22 fails to explode, the programme will pass to question box 488 which will return the pro~ramme to ~he start if the microcomputer 466 has remained in tact.

2~ ~any ~odifications will be ~ppar~nt to those skilled in the art. For instance, integration techniques could be used to integrate circuits which are ~hown in non-integrated form~

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

.
25 The blas~ing system according to my invention is useful in commercial blasting. The system offers higher degrees of versatility, safety and security than are attainable by systems currently known to and used by the art. The components of the blasting system can be 30 easily manufactured u~ing equipment and techniques known to the explosives and electronics industries, and their use in the field is straightforward.

.. ~ ..... .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

Claims (19)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. An actuator for a detonator, characterised in that the actuator comprises control circuitry which is responsive to input signals from the control device applied to inputs thereof, said control circuitry being operable, on receipt of at least one predetermined input signal, to (i) generate an output arm signal which is applied in use to the detonator and render it capable of being acutated and (ii) generate an output actuate signal which is applied to the detonator after a predetermined delay relative to said predetermined input signals to cause explosive actuation of the detonator.

2. An actuator according to claim 1, wherein the actuator and its associated detonator are in modular housings which are connectable together, the making of the connection establishing the appropriate electrical connections.

3. An actuator according to claim 1, wherein the circuitry of the actuator comprises a microcomputer with a memory which stores at least both an arm code and an actuate code, the microcomputer analysing input signals and causing to be generated to the detonator correponding output arm and actuate signals when it receives a predetermined signal or predetermined signals.

4. An actuator according to claim 1, wherein the length of the delay is programmable.

5. An actuator according to claim 3, wherein the length of the delay is programmable when the detonator is in place in the blasthole via the means used to transmit signals to the actuator.

6. An actuator according to claim 3, wherein the microcomputer, on receipt of a predetermined signal, generates, by reference to the stored arm and actuate codes and a predetermined delay, an output arm signal followed after the predetermined delay by an output actuate signal.

7. An actuator according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined signal is a voltage step signal the leading edge of which comprises an arm signal and the trailing edge of which an actuate signal.

8. An actuator according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined signal is a digital signal.

9. An actuator according to claim 1, wherein the output arm and actuate signals comprise multi-bit digital code.

10. A method of blasting wherein detonators are caused to explode by means of actuators according to claim 1.

11. A detonator actuating system comprising;

(a) an actuator according to claim 1; and (b) a control device for controlling by means of signals to the actuator the operation of the detonator;

the system being further characterised in that the control device comprises a microcomputer having a memory which stores at least an arm code and an actuate code, and wherein the microcomputer has an arm key which upon actuation by a user causes generation and emission to the actuator of an arm signal derived from the arm code, and an actuate key which upon actuation by a user causes generation and emission of an actuate signal derived from the actuate code, the microcomputer being such that the actuate key must be actuated within a predetermined period after actuation of the arm key otherwise the actuate signal is not transmitted to the actuator.

12. A detonator actuating system according to claim 11, wherein the memory of the control device microcomputer holds a reset code and, on failure to actuate the actuate key within the predetermined period of the actuation of the arm key, generates an output reset signal, rendering the detonators incapable of being explosively actuated until a predetermined sequence of output arm and actuate signals is received.

13. A detonator actuating system according to claim 11, wherein the actuator is responsive to calibrate signals and the microcomputer of the control device is arranged to generate an output calibrate signal in response to actuation of a calibrate key or a programmed instruction whereupon timing means in the control circuitry of the actuator unit is actuated for a period terminated by a control signal from the control device, the output of the timing means being stored in the control circuitry whereby a delay period stored therein can be calibrated on a time basis relative to the control device.

14. A detonator actuating system according to claim 13, there being present in the system a transducer unit which is couplable to the actuator such that all the appropriate electrical connections are made by the coupling, the transducer being responsive to a preselected physical parameter and being able to generate condition signals related to said parameter so as to permit variation of the calibration of the actuator, the variation being communicated to the control device.

15. A method of blasting using a detonator actuating system according to claim 11.

16. A control device for use in a blasting system according to claim 11, wherein the control device has a microcomputer having a memory which stores at least an arm code and an actuate code, and wherein the microcomputer has an arm key which upon actuation by a user causes generation and emission to the actuator of an arm signal derived from the arm code, and an actuate key which upon actuation by a user causes generation and emission of an actuate signal derived from the actuate code, the microcomputer being such that the actuate key must be actuated within a predetermined period after actuation of the arm key otherwise the actuate signal is not transmitted to said actuator.

17. A control device according to claim 16, wherein the memory of the microcomputer holds a reset code, and, on failure to actuate the actuate key within the predetermined period of the actuation of the arm key, generates an output reset signal, rendering the detonators incapable of being explosively actuated until a predetermined sequence of output arm and actuate signals is received.

18. A control device according to claim 16, wherein the signal from the control device to the actuator is a voltage step signal in which the leading edge of the signal comprises an arm signal and the trailing edge an actuate signal.

19. A control device according to claim 16, wherein the signal from the control device to the actuator is a digital signal.