CA1263761A - Image processing device for controlling the transfer function of an optical system - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to an image processing device comprising at least one image sensor, a flat image transfer screen and a computer, characterized by a sensor organized according to a first network of image points or pixels, a analysis means adapted to establish for each pixel of the sensor a signal representative of at least one parameter, and at least one flat screen, organized according to a network of image points or pixels in association with processing means adapted to develop for each pixel of this screen a state control signal as a function of the representative signals delivered by said analysis means, said sensor and said screen receiving images of the same objects, these images being transmitted or reflected for said screen. The device according to the invention is more particularly intended for use in the field of the photographic industry.

Description

12 ~ i37 ~ i ~
"Image processing device for control of the transfer function of a optical system "
The present invention relates to a device for image processing to control the function of transfer of an optical system and more particularly control of the light exposure of a surface or a sensor.
The concept of optical system encompasses everything device for taking, processing, transferring, restitution of images.
We currently know numerous means and varied to act on the aforementioned transfer function, we can first mention the shutters made up of mechanical, curtain or slats, which by moving in front of the surface to illuminate, let the light pass for a period determined, exposure parameters, duration, uniform diaphragm and focusing distance over the entire surface of the image.
Electronic cameras, hardware optical sensors, which have no shutter also do only exposures to uniform parameters, except sometimes the speed of scanning, to take the image of cylindrical objects especially.
Flat panel shutters, such as the one presented in US Patent No. 4,297,018 with a printed circuit unit for camera, also do only exposures to uniform parameters.
The light adding device presented in US Patent 4,541,704, only adds after the image transfer, illuminating regions of a photosensitive surface which have been little exposed, but does not manage any other exposure parameters.
The chromatic filters known to date, from - 1263 ~ 6 ~ ~
gelatin type or partially transparent slide are immutable and do not allow a fine adaptation of the image filtering.
Several manipulations of masks, immutable them also, are required to perform an inlay image.
Any photosensitive surface and any sensor optics have a limit in the ratio of maximum and minimum illuminations it can translate without confusing them with black and white. This value can be read on the sensitometric curve characteristic of this surface. Now the illumination of natural or spot-lit scenes varies spatially in a much higher value ratio great than this sensitometric ratio. An exhibition uniform therefore does not allow to restore the scene initial.
We know intensifiers of contrasts, such than that presented in US patent N-3,724,349, but which do not allow management of all shooting parameters and only react, automatically, with multiplication coefficients variables, to the contrasts of the initial image.
Certain photosensitive surfaces, including the eye, can be damaged by too much light, even punctual. The safety of certain professions and / or expensive devices end ~ end therefore the faculty currently non-existent to selectively lower the incident illuminations greater than one threshold.
I.es diaphragms known to date, of the type mechanical iris with variable opening, not allow multiple mask functions variable geometry in the plane of the diaphragm.
All optical devices have a depth of fields finished. Uniform distance exposure of focus, therefore causes a distance limitation ~ Z63 ~ 7gi1 between the closest points and the most that can be seen as neat. This li-mitation is all the stronger as the diaphragm of the lens of the device is open.
Animated or projected images suffer from same faults.
Image processing makes it possible to correct manage some of the aforementioned faults, but their handling is delicate and slow. In addition, some treatments for mages are not possible on chemical images.
There is no compressor expander (com-pandeur) acting on the illuminations of an image.
The object of the present invention is to create a device to remedy these faults.
The present invention relates to a device for processing of an image from an object comprising at at least one image sensor, at least one flat screen image transfer receiving the object image, and a means computer, device in which said at least one cap-image editor has a first network of image points constituting pixels, said at least one i-sensor mage being adapted to establish for each of the pixels of the first network a signal representative of at least one pa optical image branch and said at least one screen flat being formed according to a second network of points image constituting pixels, independent of the first network, said calculation means being associated with said second network to generate a status command signal for each of the pixels of said second array, said signal status control dependent on representative signals delivered by said at least one image sensor, so that said at least one flat screen modulates the image which is transferred.
The present invention also relates to a device 12 ~ i37 ~ i ~
- - 3a -processing of an image from an object, including both at least one image sensor, one flat screen image transfer receiving the object image, said object at least one image sensor being placed behind said flat screen, and a calculation means, said at least one cap-image editor comprising a first network of points of i mage constituting pixels, said at least one sensor of image being adapted to establish for each of the pixels from the first network a signal representative of at least one optical image parameter and said flat screen being constituted according to a second network of image points cons-titering pixels, independent of the first array, the-said computing means being associated with said second network to generate a status command signal for each pixels of said second array, said control signal state being a function of representative signals delivered by said at least one image sensor, so that the-said flat screen modulates the image transmitted to it fairy.
The present invention also relates to a device processing of an image from an object, including both at least one image sensor, one flat screen image transfer receiving the object image, and a means computer, said at least one image sensor comprising a first network of image points constituting pixels, said at least one image sensor being adapted tee to establish for each of the pixels of the first array a signal representative of at least one parameter of the i mage and said flat screen being constituted according to a second array of image points constituting pixels, inde-pendant of the first network, said means of calculation being associated with said second network to generate a signal status command for each of the pixels of said second re-bucket, said state control signal being a function of ~ 26376 ~
- 3b -representative signals delivered by said at least one image sensor, so that said flat screen module in real time the image transferred to it.
Thus, the richness of this device lies in what all the spatial and temporal parameters and opti-of the transfer function of the optical system are controlled and more particularly in that each element where each region of an image can be exposed se-facing and independently of other elements or regions, with exposure parameters specific to it liers.
Preferably, in this device, one or more flat screen players ~ _ placed on the optical path of light rays forming the image is slaved to one or more sensors photosensitive and / or orders given by a user and / or an analog computer and / or digital. The device controls the parameters and moments of exposure of each point (pixel) or each region of the image regardless of whether or not other pixels or regions.
Preferably, it should be emphasized that this device can operate in real time during transferring an image.
Thus, the main functions of the device are to increase or reduce the light contrasts, change the lighting and color of elements of the image, to make them clear or blurry, to restore a image and insert other imaqes or text in the initial image.
Preferably the instant exposure settings local or punctual checks by the device may include in particular the time at which the exhibition begins, the duration exposure distance, focus distance, aperture, focal length, exposure illumination transmitted and color.
Preferably, the overall exposure parameters or uniforms controlled by the device can include notably, motion blur, motion blur focus, polarization, sharpness areas, contrast, filtering, depth of ~ hamp, overlay and / or overlay of other images and / or texts, the average illumination and the regions more dark or lighter, the dominant color and more dimmed or more vivid colors, magnification, compression-expansion ratio, masking and homogeneity of the diaphragm.
Thus, the uses of the present invention are therefore numerous in all areas where the conditions of lighting must be mastered.
126376 ~
Medical imagery and certain professionals, like welders, benefit, thanks to this invention of increased security. Spatial images or explosive reactions are finer. Some currently elusive scenes may be lost and restored, the effects of image aging corrected, etc.
In the artistic field the creator can locally or globally mitigate or increase the most of the aforementioned technical constraints in order to obtain graphic or pictorial effects by resulting in both luminance and chrominance material.
The device object of the invention can fit ~ rer in an intake, transfer, processing or of image restitution, and more generally in all systems comprising optical elements forming images such as devices photographic, telescopes, projectors objectives, etc ...
Depending on the use, the device can therefore be considered a shutter, a filter, a mask, a automatic counter-type, an amplifier of contrasts, an editor, a compander, or as a system of optical, spatial and digital processing not stationary image.
The device according to the invention allows in particular to process both an image and the transform of Fourier of this image or that the transfer function of the device.
Masking can be adaptive or not.
By reproducing on a flat screen in negative or positive the initial image, the device reduces or increases the contrasts, respectively.
Operating in real time, the device can adapt to moving images.
Management by the device of several images 126376 ~
allows the creation of crossfades, and effects traditional or new activities, and the segmentation of regions by their shapes, colors, movements, and more generally by their light characteristics.
Editing, overlaying and inlaying scenes and texts, can also be controlled.
Alternatively, the user can be replaced by an expert system.
The device also makes it possible to combine the qualities of finesse and definition of the image analog, such as image on support chemical and those of flexibility, dynamics and malleability of the digital image.
The device advantageously eliminates mechanical components of optical systems currently known.
Other objects, advantages and characteristics of the invention will moreover emerge from the description which will follow, given by way of example, with regard to annexed drawings and giving by way of explanation and in no way limitative several embodiments and of application in accordance with the spirit of the invention.
Figure 1 shows the symbolic diagram of a optical system.
Figure 2 is a schematic view showing the set of elements which in combination with a screen flat, constitute a device according to the invention.
Figure 3 is a schematic view of a mode of realization of the invention applied to a device photographic.
Figure 4 is a schematic view showing the different connections of device components according to figure 3.
Figure 5 is a view of a keyboard of the device according to figure 3.
Figures 6 and 7 are schematic views ~ Z63q ~
showing the relative position of the flat screen by compared to a photosensitive surface confused with a sensor.
FIG. 8 schematically represents a mode of realization of the invention applied to glasses protective.
Figure 9 is a schematic view of a application of the invention to an objective lens.
Figure 10 is a schematic view of a application of the invention to a spotlight slides.
Figure 11 shows an application of the invention to an optical device with variable focal length.
Before tackling the detailed description of embodiments illustrated as examples, there a number of concepts should be clarified.
We call light any type wave electromagnéti ~ ue and more particularly the waves whose length is in the visible range or is close.
Any device comprising a flat screen a set of points including an optical factor, for example, emission, reflection, polarization, absorption, transmission, coherence, local and / or spatial and / or temporal, depends directly or indirectly, from external factors or inputs of external energy like fields electromagnetic, acoustic or light waves, electric currents, thermal factors, chemical, mechanical or biological.
For example, a flat screen can be a CRT TV, crystal screen liquids, a molecular electronic component containing rhodopsin, a system electrophoretic, a ceramic in particular ferroelectric or PLZT type, i.e. based on Lead, Lanthanum, Zirconate, Titanate, a ~ flat notch to based on conductive polymers, a combination of fibers optics, an acousto-optic device some holograms.
It should be noted that the expression "screen flat "actually encompasses any device of its kind above defined, without the set of points which constitutes necessarily lies on a plane; this set of points can lie on a surface curve, even occupy a volume.
Any device is called a photosensitive sensor.
comprising one or more fixed or mobile components of which one of the physical characteristics varies depending on the light that it receives, or that emits a signal or a energy dependent on the incident light.
For example are photosensitive sensors the video cameras, optical transfer sensors charges, summons or not, better known as CCD or Charge Coupled Device, photoresistors, phototransistors, photodiodes, transistors amorphous, and generally components with opto-physical effect.
We call image a field with finite support of scalars, in the mathematical sense of the term, and more particularly any representation of a function waves. We call region of the image all subset of the image.
We call contrast of a region of an image the ratio of maximum and minimum values of scalars, and more particularly illuminations, luminances and chrominances, from the image region.
It should be noted that the term "objective"
includes lenses, magnifying glasses, relay lenses, field lenses, condensers, and more generally any optical system, intended to form or transfer a picture.
Any device that performs an application (in the mathematical sense) of a scalar field in another; the scalars being commonly represented by electrical signals it will generally be amplifier devices operational, and with microprocessors.
The brands and references cited in this description are given only for the purpose of ensuring a better understanding of the invention, but does not can prejudge the choice ultimately made of like elements or circuits capable of providing the same functions.
In all figures, unless otherwise indicated on the contrary, the light rays, not shown move from left to right and, after reflectionl from below up.
Figure 1 shows the essential elements of a optical system. A light source Illuminates an object O; a diaphragm 25 and an optic 24 form an image I of the object O this along an optical axis A.
The characteristic elements of a system optics are thus the light source of the object, the optical elements and image. Depending on the versions of the device that we will describe, the flat screen can constitute any of these elements or a sensor photosensitive, or even be inserted between two any of these.
In Figure 2, in addition to the elements previous photosensitive sensor 3l flat screen 18l in combination with a computer 9, a keyboard 11 and a surface 19 on which the image I of object 0. The respective positions of the diaphragm 25, opti ~ ue 24, sensor 3 and flat screen 18 on the optical path of the light rays may vary depending on the applications as will appear from the examples described below.
The sensor 3 and the flat screen 18 are placed in such a way that they receive on their surface a image of object 0.
- '~ 263 ~ 1 Sensor 3 is organized into a first network of elements perceiving image elements or pixels.
The flat screen 18 is organized into a second network OLI transmittance elements with variable reflectance according to the signal transmitted to them.
The creation of such organizations is a matter of known techniques.
It should be noted that the term pixel includes both image elements transmitted by the optical system that the sensor elements 3 and that the elements of the flat screen 18.
The computer 9 is adapted to process signals representative of at least one parameter of the elements of images captured by each pixel of sensor 3 and at provide a control signal for the state of each pixel of the flat screen 18.
However networks and their number of elements may not be in optical correspondence, and in particular not to be conjugated with object 0. In effect, the networks and the positions of these components vary according to the optical parameters to be entered by the sensor 3 and depending on the optical parameters to be processed by the flat screen 18.
In Figures 3 to 5, we represent ~ the main electronic components of this first mode of realization, with the exception of analog circuits amplification of the signals, which are provided so known per se wherever necessary.
Figure 3 shows a device according to the invention integrated into a sight camera reflex of known type.
A light tight bo ~ tier ~ (shown in pointill ~ figure 3) has a lens inside 24 of known type, provided with a focusing ring 40, a focal distance variation ring 60, a diaphragm 25 consisting of a passive flat screen transmissive, a biface semi-reflecting mirror 28, a ~ 263761 removable mirror 1 comprising a dispcsitif of displacement lF3, a surface to be impressed 19, a glass frosted 10, a diopter system: res 90, a viewfinder 22.
In general, frosted glass 10 is confused with the first diopter 90 of the reflex optical sight system whose front side is frosted.
On either side of the two-sided mirror 28 are arranged two lenses 2 respectively associated with two photosensitive sensors 3.
Box B also has flat screens following transmissive liabilities: a flat screen 18 placed in front of the surface to be impressed 19, a flat screen 20 placed in front of the frosted glass 10.
A light source 21 is suitable for lighting flat screens 18 and 20.
A motor 30 for displacement along the optical axis of the flat screen 18, two motors 42 and 44 of rotations rings 60 and 40 respectively, as well as a motor 51 of longitudinal and lateral displacement and rotation of the photosensitive surface 19 are also integrated in box B.
On an upper side C of the housing 20 are d.has a trigger 12, a keyboard 11, a joystick 46, a main switch 31, a reflective flat screen 17, a touch screen 15, the hot shoe 52 of the flash, and the flash synchronization socket 53 (figure 5) accessible by the user.
The electronic elements shown in the outside of case B and side C are actually incorporated in an accessory case, not shown, electrically connected by an electrical connector and mechanically by mechanical conne ~ ions (not represented).
The accessory case is attached to one side lower case B and has a processor command 9, a processor 5 specialized in processing of images, living memories 13A, 13B and dead memories 14, a ~. 26376 ~
relay generator 41, means of analysis and commands constituted by the following interfaces.
The image input interface is made up of control interfaces 6 respectively connected to photosensitive sensors 3, converters analog-digital 4 and an access controller 7 direct to memory, itself connected to processor 5.
User order entry interface consists of a circuit 8 of parallel interfaces connected on the one hand to the keyboard ll and to the trigger 12 and, on the other hand, to the command processor g, and of a graphic screen controller 16 connected on the one hand ~
the touch screen 15 and the joystick 46, and, on the other hand, to processor 5.
The image output interface consists of of the graphical screen controller 16, connected, of a on the one hand, to processor 5 and, on the other hand, to circuits for controlling and monitoring flat screens 17, 18, 20 and 25.
The command output interface is consisting of circuits 8 and 23 of parallel interfaces connected to the control processor 9.
Circuit 8 of parallel interfaces is also connected, to the mirror moving device 1B
removable l, at light source 21, at a shoe flash 52 and a flash sync socket 53.
The circuit 23 of parallel interfaces is connected, moreover, ~ control circuits 43 of stepper motors 30, 42, 44, 51.
in this first embodiment of the device (FIG. 3) the flat screen 18 is close to the surface 19, here photosensitive, on which an image I is formed in exhibition course.
The photosensitive sensors 3 are sensors charge-transfer type matrix optics, by example of the brand "FAIRCHILD".
The flat screens 18, 20, 25 are of the type:
~ 26376 ~ L
- passive: i.e. they do not emit light - transmissive - with active matrices: that is to say that each point on the flat screen retains its status for the entire duration of scanning, - and working in color such as liquid crystal graphic displays ~ full dot matrix LCD) those of the brand "SEIKOSHA", used especially in t ~ pocket lévisors.
The flat screen 17 is passive, reflective, matrix activates and operates in color.
When the mirror l is in the low position (figure 3), it reflects the rays coming from the lens towards the viewfinder 22. On the frosted glass lO of the viewfinder is formed then an image which is analogous to the image formed at triggering on the photosensitive surface l9, and the diopters 90 return image I to the eye of a user. In the high position (not shown), this mirror l is removed from the optical path of the rays bright which then form the image on the surface photosensitive l9.
The electronic part is structured around of the control microprocessor bus 9 called bus computer. This bus is connected to random access memories 13A and dead 14, to a delay generator 41, to processor 5 specialized in image processing, as well as two input and output devices respectively orders.
The command input device is consisting of a keyboard 11, a trigger 12, a general switch 31, of a lever 46 and of type for remote control device and touch screen 15 transparent covering a flat screen 17 (Figure 5). These elements are accessible from outside the housing the camera, so that the user can control the operation of the ~ Z6376 ~ L

device manually. A graphic screen controller 16 transfers the information it reads on the screen touchscreen 15 and on joystick 46 to bus image 5 of device. Keyboard ll and trigger 12 are read by a parallel interface circuit 8 which is connected to the computer bus 9. A general switch 31 is placed on electrical conductors connecting a power supply 26 to the device, and controls the switching the device on and off.
The command output device is consisting of several control mechanisms. The focusing optics 40 and variation of focal length 60, the longitudinal displacement 30 of the flat screen 18, the displacement motor 51 of the photosensitive surface 19, are controlled by a parallel interface circuit 23 and to driving circuits 43.
Ring servo devices 44 focusing 40, 42 of the focal length ring 60 and 30 of the distance from the flat screen 18 to the surface photosensitive l9 are electric stepper motors controlled by the 43 stepper motor control circuits step by step.
Switching on the optical matrix sensor 3 and its control and output interface 4, the ignition of a light source 21, the currents carried by the claw contacts of flash 52 and the flash synchronization socket 53, and the displacement of the mirror l are subject to control processor 9 by the interface circuit parallels 8.
A device, information input, is intended ~ collection ~ ir an initial image and introduce it into the RAM 13B of the device.
The semi-reflecting biface mirror 28 is placed between the lens and the mirror 1, and is centered on the axis optic A of the device, and reflects part of the - 1263 ~ 6 ~
light it receives towards optical lenses 2 which form on optical matrix sensors 3 images homothetic to that which will receive, at trigger, photosensitive surface 19. Light transmitted by this mirror 28 continues its journey straight towards the mirror 1.
Spot lightings received by sensor 3 are transformed into electrical charges which are divided into red, green and blue signals by control interfaces 6, then digitized by analog-to-digital converters 4. One port of output of converters 4 is connected to a controller direct access to memory 7 which places this information digital in the RAM 13B of the device, by via the 5 image processor bus in FIG. 3 with the bus of the control processor 9.
A computing and display device is structured around the processor bus specializing in image processing 5. This bus, called image bus works real-time and vehicle, among other things, images from the information input device and images stored in RAM 13B. After processing by the specialized processor 5, the device transmits data to flat screens 17, 18, 20, 25 from the bus microprocessor 5, via the controller video graphics screen 16 which controls circuits 45 control panels, said circuits control 45 with digital converters analog. This controller 16 provides, among other things, demultiplexing, character generation functions and shift register. The negative flat screen 18 (opaque at rest) is in front of the surface to impress 19. The positive flat screen 20 (transparent at rest) illuminated by transparency by the source of light 21, is placed in the reflex viewfinder 22, at contact of the frosted glass 10, between it and the mirror ~ 26376 ~

reflex sight 1. The flat screen 17 is placed on the above the camera, just above the viewfinder. The flat screen 25 serves as a diaphragm and a mask being placed in a diaphragm plane of objective 24.
I, the power supply 26 provides each electronic component the energy necessary for its operation. 27 clocks punctuate activity synchronized processor, interfaces and peripheral devices. However, to save readability Figures 3 to 5, the relational links uniting the power supply 26, the clocks 27, on the one hand, and the various system components, on the other hand, have no been symbolized, being known per se.
Processor 5 connected to the processor bus command 9 performs various operations such as spatial convolutions, inversions, sums, multiplication, image processing and Fourrier-type transformations on matrices of information representing the images contained in the device 13B RAM.
Processor 9 controls the operation of all device interfaces according to the program placed in ROM 14 and according to orders given by the user. These functions are presented further with the study of the various modes of operation of the device.
The processor 9 includes a so-called system program expert with an interference engine that processes databases placed in RAM 13A and 13B with a knowledge base placed in memory dead 14.
The delay generator 41 performs timers which are used for the generation of the durations of stationary states of the pixels of flat screens.
RAM 13B contains at least nine images, images coded in red, green and blue from each of the sensors 3, an image of 126376 ~
contrasts, one of distance and at least one of orders given by the user on the touch screen 15.
The polarization axes of the polarizers of flat screens 18, 20, and 25 correspond so as to let in as much light as possible towards the viewfinder and towards the photosensitive surface 19. In order not to influence the transmission coefficient of the illumination of the polarized light coming especially from the sky or from a reflection, the polarization axis of the polarizer before the diaphragm screen 25 is inclined relative to the plane defined by the broken optical axis A. The front polarizers flat screens 18 and 20, receiving the light from the diaphragm 25, have the same axis of polarization as the rear polarizer of this diaphragm 25 so as to ensure minimal absorption.
Figure 4 shows a connection diagram of electronic or electromechanical components. The buses processors 5, image bus, and processor 9, bus computer, are represented as well as the peripherals, and interfaces.
The input port of each component of the device is connected to the component output port which precedes it in the path above describes data in the devices.
FIG. 5 represents the upper face C of the box B comprising the synchronization socket 53 of the flash, hot shoe 52, trigger 12, the main switch 31, the lever 46, the screen touchscreen 15 superimposed on the flat screen 17 and the keyboard 11 having five keys. Three keys 47, 48 and 49 of the keyboard 11 are located next to the touch screen 15 transparent super-exposed ~ the flat screen 17 and used to select messages appearing on the flat screen 17.
In Figure 5, the messages written on the flat screen 17 are, to give an example "priority speed "," diaphragm priority ", and" program mode "and ~ 26376 ~

correspond to the choice of automatic or semi mode automatic operation of the device and the camera (messages may also ~ be written in the viewfinder 22 on the flat screen 20).
The other two keys on the keyboard ll, V and E, respectively have the validation functions and cancellation of the selection made previously between the other three keys 47, 48 and 49.
The touch screen 15 is used to select the finger the region or regions of the image (not shown) displayed by screen 17, similar to the image seen by 3t sensors on which one wishes to perform a operation or treatment.
This keyboard ll also has a lever 46 of the type used as a remote control with two axes of rotation perpendiculars that allow you to select a color on the circle (figure 5) representing the colors made from the three colors fundamental. A lever tilt axis denotes a color, mixture of three colors fundamental. A tilt angle of the joystick indicates an intensity of said color.
The lever 46 also makes it possible to make increase or decrease the value of a coefficient ~ no shown) displayed on the flat screen 17 by tilting more or less significant angle towards "+" signs and "-" respectively written on side C.
We will now describe modes of operation of the device.
A program stored in ROM 14 of device is such that it allows operation conforms to the description which follows. All orders given by the user are transmitted by side C
shown in Figure 5.
It should be noted that the user can be another device or expert system such as that placed in read-only memory 14 of the device comprising ~ 26376 ~

an inference engine and a knowledge base.
By pressing the main switch, the user puts all the components power on, and initializes the program.
The processor 9 awaits an instruction, even a immediate trigger instruction, before order a continuous storage of the captured image by sensor 3 and the image processed by the processor specialized 5.
The user then composes his image and chooses an exposure mode. It can impose a speed, a diaphragm and a uniform focus distance over the entire photosensitive surface to be exposed, in manual, the device then serving only as a shutter classic.
The user may also want help with setting of these uniform parameters. The device then performs measurements of the illuminations received by the sensor 3 on the whole stage or separately on each of its parts. It displays a speed and a diaphragm recommended on the flat screen 20 placed in the viewfinder 22.
Semi-automatic modes with speed priority or aperture-priority or automatic mode, sometimes named program mode work the same way but the device also makes an adjustment of exposure parameters at the time of triggering.
For the above operating modes described, we can validly refer to those of many known cameras such as the "NIKON FM" or the "MINOLTA 7000"
If the user wishes to lighten or darken a region of the image it selects manually on the touch screen 15 this region located opposite the region of the image then displayed on the flat screen 17.
The user then gives a coefficient positive or negative clarification. A tilt of lever 46 towards the "+" and "-" signs increases lZ ~ 3'7 ~; ~
or decrease respectively the value of a coe ~ ficient displayed on the flat screen 17. The processor 9 gives the command to the graphic screen controller 16 to expose this region more or less intensely by increase or decrease respectively the coefficient of transmission of the pixels of the corresponding region of the flat screen 18 (monochromatic filtering).
Likewise, if the user wishes to modify the colors of a region of the image it selects this region and assigns it a positive or negative coefficient or a color by using the touch screen 15 and of lever 46, in the same manner as described above.
A negative coefficient corresponding to opposite coefficient affecting the opposite color on the color representation circle, processor 9 then gives processor 5 the order to multiply by the coefficient the initial colors or add up the color selected in RAM 13B then display, when triggered, these colors on the region of the flat screen 18 corresponding to the region selected, so that each pixel in this flat screen becomes a color filter.
However the user may wish, in the backlighting, for example, reducing contrasts bright or increase them.
A decrease in luminance contrasts is obtained by varying exposure times or exposure diaphragm values for each point in decreasing or increasing function respectively of illuminations of each point. The increase of contrasts is obtained by functions of monotony opposite. A strongly lit part of the image is subject to shorter exposure or value higher diaphragm or monochrome filtering more opaque than a dimly lit part. In using the luminance matrix or the .26376 inverse luminances calculated by processor 5, the processor 9 will be able to control these local differences by exhibition course. The increasing functions of diaphragm with respect to the incident light intensity or decreasing exposure time compared to this intensity will not necessarily be linear, but may depend on the sensitometric curve of the area to be exposed and the luminance histogram.
A similar function of increasing or decrease in chroma contrasts is obtained by Analogously analyzing the chrominance histogram and by varying the polychrome filtering of 1 ~ flat screen pixels.
All the flexibility of the device holds, we as we said, in that each element of the surface 19 can be exhibited individually. Its performances are therefore closely related to the dimensions of the matrices flat screen monitors used and how they entered the memory 13 of the device and to their mode of exit from this memory.
In the case of the first embodiment (Figures 3 and 4), the entry of images from the data entry device in RAM 13 is done point by point while scrolling addresses of these points. However, their exit to the shift register contained in the controller 1 ~ se done either in the same way as before, or in the decreasing order of the weight of the binary information, or bits, since this weight corresponds to parameters exposure intensity, duration, filtering or diaphragm, uniform on the surface. Processor 5 therefore outputs most significant bits of all screen points dish 18 first. Then, during the sweeps following of the flat screen 18, the least significant bits, in descending order of these. Indeed, each sets of bits of the same weight, corresponds to a uniform exposure intensity and this is the addition of 126376 ~

these successive exhibitions which differentiates spot exposure intensities. If, for example, only the exposure time varies, and the bit of most significant in state l corresponds to a duration exposure of one thirtieth of a second, the bit of weight half will correspond to an exposure time of one sixtieth of a second and so, half and half down to the least significant bit.
The timer 41 allows these durations to be generated.
You can get the same effect of varying the lumination of the points of the photosensitive surface l9 to during the exposure by gradually decreasing the diaphragm or pixel transmission coefficient half-value flat screen, the speed of each exposures being fixed as well as filtering, it's to say the transmission coefficient of the flat screen, between the different sub-exhibitions.
After the exposure mode, the user chooses a mode of focusing of the image.
It can manually focus by acting on the focusing ring 40 of goal 24.
He can follow the variation of the action of this ring on the sharpness in the viewfinder but wish a accentuation of this visual information.
The device then calculates and displays the image contrasts and distances of the objects being in the field. A spatial convolution determines local contrasts. We demonstrate mathematically that the optimal focusing distance for a placed object in the field corresponds to an extremum of contrast local: maximum for its contours and minimum for its area. Now this optimal focusing distance is none other than the distance from the object to the center of the shooting objective. For each point of ] 'image the determination of the maximum of contrasts in function of the system focusing distance 1262376 ~
optical provides the distance from the object point at which it is conjugate. For certain points placed on a surface uniform the variation of the contrast is not significant. In this case the angular comparison of two images received by the sensors 3, supplied by the objective 24 which decompose, thanks to the two-sided mirror 28, in two half objectives, with a parallel optical axis, give the distance of these points.
The convolution operation therefore provides the distance from the edges of objects, and the operation of angular comparison provides distance from surfaces items.
User can request a tune-up automatic by indicating, or not, on the touch screen 15, the region he wishes to see clear. In this case, the device automatically performs the function previous, varying the focus distance point thanks to servo 44 and memorizes the calculated distances. By comparing them to the orders given by the user or by an optimization program, the device chooses a distance.
The user may also wish to increase or decrease in depth of field on certain regions of the image. The device performs then the same operation as that described in the previous paragraph but, during the exhibition, there varies the focus distance, and opens the elements of the flat screen 18 at the time, desired point sharp, or in controlled offset, desired point more or less blurry, optimal focus. While traveling through so the whole range of distance variation possible, we can get a depth of field ranging from the minimum focusing distance of the goal to infinity.
The user may wish to vary the focal length during shooting. If he gives this order and the parameters of this focal length variation and ~ 26376 ~

regions of the image corresponding to the various focal lengths, the processor 9 orders during the shooting the transmission of the pixels of the flat screen 18 in function of the focal length of the object which it has served by controlling the stepping motor 42.
User may wish to play independently on the one hand, on the opening of the diaphragm 25 and, on the other hand hand, on the depth of field and on the contrast of the image. Aperture corresponds to transmittance average lens, while depth of field and the contrast correspond to the spatial distribution transmittances on the diaphragm screen 25. To do vary the aperture of the diaphragm without modifying the other parameters mentioned above, processor 9 command a multiplication of coefficient spatially uniform transmittance of each screen pixel flat-diaphragm 25. To increase the depth field only, processor 9 controls, without variation of the average transmittance of the flat screen 25 a uniformity of the transmittance of the pixels in according to their initial transmittance. Reduction depth of field is done inversely, by a accentuation of the differences in transmittances of pixels as a function of their initial transmittance. For increase the contrast only, the processor order, without variation of the average of transmittances, the centrifugal displacement of values pixel transmittances and reduction of transmittances of the points closest to the axis optical. To decrease the contrast, conversely, pixel transmittance values will vary by decrease in the distances of these values from the axis optical.
To select on order of the user the ~ spatial frequencies transmitted by objective 24, the flat-diaphragm screen 25 takes the form of a filter high pass (opaque wave or center of the flat screen ~ 26376 ~
transparent) low pass (transparent circle in the center of opaque flat screen) or band pass (combination of two previous forms, i.e. a crown transparent centered on the optical axis, the rest of the flat screen 25 ~ both opaque).
The distance between the flat screen 18 and the surface to expose 19 varies with stepper motor 30. The management of this distance in conjunction with the opening of the diaphragm 25, according to the orders given by user, adjusts the projection blur the flat screen on film.
Image representation matrices captured, in particular value-coded, luminance and chrominance as well as the matrices obtained by calculation allow segmentation of the image into regions according to characteristics thus highlighted.
After such segmentation, the user can select at least one region thus defined using the segmentation display on the flat screen 17.
The inscription of a text or a legend. in overlay on the image recorded by the surface photosensitive 19 is achieved by the function of graphic screen controller character generation 16. For this registration or inlay it is necessary to illuminate the flat screen on which are registered messages in transparency, by source bright 21.
~ ien obviously, the present device allows also superimpose or overlay images, for example transparency, during successive exhibitions of flat screen regions 18 determined by the user, and more generally to carry out the functions of an editor, adding, for example, texts, graphics or messages to images by inlay or overlay.
The displacement and rotation motor 51 of the photosensitive surface 19 makes it possible to generate 1: 26376 ~

motion yarn during shooting. Moreover, he gives the device the means to change the surface 19 between two shots, or rewind the surface 19 if it is rewindable. The motor 51 allows the both longitudinal and lateral displacement of the film compared to its plan.
I, for electronic purposes, of the video ~ o type, say a sighting in which the image seen by the user is the one captured by sensor 3 and displayed with exposure settings on the screen flat 20 placed in the viewfinder, is offered to the user. In case of poor lighting the source bright 21 illuminates the flat screen 20.
If you use a flash, you can use the distance matrix to make a uniform exposure. Indeed, the illumination received by a object is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the light source to the object where a reflection. By filtering more (i.e. by transmitting less) rays from objects located closer than those from a more distant reflection, we standardize the effect of flash. It should be noted that a function such as the reduction of contrasts above e ~ fitting adapted ~ a exhibition with several flashes of flash successive can replace the use of the matrix distances made in the previous paragraph.
The diaphragm formed by the flat screen 25 replaces both a conventional single diaphragm circular opening of variable diameter, and known masks with several openings semi-transparent or transparent. User can thus order any masking of the image.
The device according to the invention makes it possible to select and register manually on the screen touch 15 mask shapes.
The device according to the invention allows ~ 26376 ~
to perform solar.ization by processing luminance and chrominance histograms.
In addition, it also allows by treatment successively captured images, detection of speeds of all points in the image. Move lateral and longitudinal of the film 19 according to the measured average speed tracks movement camera or object.
In addition, the device allows by the management of the flat screen 25, some of the image processing exposed figure 9 for the flat screen 73.
The device actually processes the images, but also the parameters of the transfer function of the optical system and corrects the defects inherent in the optical system. This transfer function can be not stationary, spatially and temporally.
Figures 6 to 8 show variants in which in particular are implemented associations or mergers of the aforementioned elements, in reference in particular to figure 2.
In Figure 6 the optical sensor 3 is coincides with the surface to be exposed 19. This variant can be used in cameras where the surface to be exposed 19 generates a representative signal of the image.
In FIG. 7, the sensor 3 is confused with the surface 19 and influences the flat screen 18. We can refer to US Patent 3,724,349 for the description of the operation of such an arrangement summarized below.
The photo-electro-optical transfer from sensor 3 to the flat screen 18 is carried out directly, point by point, by influence or electrical contact. Photons incidents create electrical charges attached to the separation surface of the flat screen 18 and the sensor 19 and 3. The electromagnetic field generated by these loads or by the differences in potential influence directly the state of the flat screen, point by point, which 126376 ~ L

is closest to him and therefore his transparency.
According to the invention the power supply is used then to polarize the junction point by point and, thus, to trigger the automatic operation of each point. The device therefore performs a scan of flat screen dots. This allows management finer temporal fine of each point of the surface l9 adapted to the operating modes described above.
This is so on a microscopic scale, at inside each point of screen 18, that the the light intensity is regulated. For avoid saturation standardization of the state of the screen, a leakage current can be saved on the surface supporting the electric charges.
Alternatively, the frosted glass 10 is part integral to the flat screen 20.
As a variant, at least one sensor 3 is placed behind a sensitive surface to impress partially transparent.
The flat screens 25, 18, 20, 17 can variant be organized according to a network with a symmetry of rotations to adapt advantageously to the symmetry of rotation of objective 24.
Alternatively, the lens 24 can be interchangeable and, in this case, not be subject to the device. A lens is then added to the case so as to allow focal length adjustments and focusing distance required for the device.
This lens is shown in Figure ll. She is in this variant placed behind the lens and in front the two-sided mirror 28 and its displacement along the axis optics is controlled by the stepper motor 44 which serves to adjust the focus. The diaphragm 25, of iris type remains generally enslaved to the housing by a connection bar between housing B and the lens 24. The motor 42 then no longer exists.
~ $ 6,376 ., Alternatively, the device can operate in coherent light by using a type device known says Pockels effect.
As a variant, the use of a diopter deviator as described below (figure 9) whose deviation is slaved to the device can replace the functions motor 51 ~ except the rotation function of the surface 19.
As a variant, the mirror 28 can be removable, the image processing performed on the last image captured.
As a variant, video aiming can be carried out on the flat screen 17.
As a variant, the sensor 3 can be an image having a parallax error. This error is corrected by the use of the distance matrix.
Alternatively, two sensors perceive images on both sides of the objective and a segmentation according to the light characteristics of the objects allows to restore the initial image.
Alternatively, a light source controlled by the device and a means of combining its radiation with that of objects allows during shooting an increase in illuminations. A screen dish serving as a full color filter reproducing the image thus allows a multiplication of illuminations without modification of the shapes of the histograms of luminance and chrominance.
Alternatively, the light exposure can be done by slot, the components of the device being adapted to this particular app.
Alternatively, the distance measurement can be by sending / receiving a signal or by angular comparison of objects whose radiation presents a particular spectral line analyzed by diffraction.
in figure 8, objective 2 which is part ~ .26376 ~
integral of the device, formed on the optical sensor matrix 3, an image. Two ~ flat notches 18 are placed before the eyes 19 of a user.
The device only obscures areas where the light intensity moving towards the pupil of the user risks dazzling him and leaves them other perfectly transparent areas.
This variant which is actually a pair of protective glasses, used to ensure the safety of eyes of some professionals like welders and at avoid night glare, for example.
As an operating mode, the device measures the distance of dazzling objects and performs the correction of the parallax error necessary for a good position of the opaque regions on the right going from the dazzling object to the pupil.
Alternatively, a position sensor of the pupil can be added to it for positioning exact regions of the flat screen 180 whose transmission is less, on the optical path of dazzling rays.
Other operating modes and variants will appear in the embodiments below described.
Figure 9 shows another application of the invention to a device adaptable to a system optical such as a lens, for example a camera photographic, telescope, microscope, etc.
This embodiment can therefore be part integral of a camera, a lens or be independent but connectable by means of adapter rings for example. It is such association which is presented figure 9 by way of example not limiting. Figure 9 shows no components electronic and electromechanical, this for the purpose of simplification These components are also similar to those already described in the embodiment of the ~ Figures 3, 4 and 5.
A lens 24 here represented is known as first name "BIOTAR" of Mr. Von Rohr, whose qualities are known and which focuses the image on the back side of its last lens 80, which is a so-called Smyth lens type lens.
The device comprises, in front of the objective 24, on the optical axis A of successive flat screens 72, 74 and 54. On an axis parallel to the optical axis A is finds behind a part of the flat screen 72 a sensor photosensitive 3A. A type adaptation ring 33 known connects it to lens 24.
Behind the lens 24 is connected to it by an adapter ring 35 of known type, for example to bayonet, a second part of the device comprising successively on the optical axis a flat screen 18, a sensor 3B, a deflector D1, a lens 34A, a mirror inclined semi-reflective 29 which reflects part light rays towards the 3C sensor, a flat screen 73, a lens 34B and a deflector D2. The flat screen 18 attached to sensor 3B, the deflectors D1 and D2 are respectively connected to stepper motors 30, 81, 81 slaved to the control processor 9 by a circuit 23 with parallel interface and by control circuits 43. Finally an adapter ring 36 connects the second part of the device to a known optical system (not shown), for example a camera. The flat screens 74, 54, 18, 73 and sensors 3A and 3C
are of the same type as those described in FIG. 3.
The flat screen 72 consists of a crystal liquid enclosed between two glass slides which support transparent electrodes. His originality, compared to flat screens with polarizers classic is to have only one rear polarizer.
The sensor 3 ~ is of the amorphous structure type known as described in US Patent 3,724,349, but ~, 2 ~ i ~ 7 ~ i ~
also has a network of transparent electrodes parallels of known shape for crystal screens liquid.
The lens group 34A, 34B consists of two lenses of the same focal length assembled in said assembly 4F. The rear focal plane of the lens 34A and the plane front focal of the lens 34 ~ are confused.
The flat screen 54 is located in a diaphragm plane from goal 24.
The flat screen 18 is, in general, in position as shown in Figure 9, in the plane of focusing of objective 24, not being displaced according to the optical axis A only to perform functions particular.
The flat screen 18 is on the other hand in the plane front focal of lens 34A.
The flat screen 73 is in the common focal plane of the lenses 34A and 34B.
The sensor 3B is attached to the flat screen 18.
The surface to be exposed is located in the plane rear focal of lens 34B.
The deflectors D1, D2 are of the type known to two planar spherical lenses on one face whose rays of curvature are equal, the rear lenses of D1 and front of D2 being convex plane and rear lenses of D2 and before D1 being a concave plane, the surfaces spherical being constantly in contact on a part of their surface.
The deflectors D1 and D2 are symmetrical by compared to the center of symmetry of the 4F assembly, this center being the common focus of lenses 34A and 34B.
The axes of the front lenses of D2 and rear of D1 are slaved to processor 9 by means 81 electro mechanical servo of the aforementioned type (figure 3).
The part in front of objective 24 of the device according to figure 9 has the function of processing 12637 ~; ~
the light rays before entering the system lens formed by this lens 24, while the part of the device behind the lens is dedicated to processing the transfer function of the image and transform processing system of spatial Fourier of the image.
In the first part of the device located in front of lens 24, three flat screens numbered 72, 74 and 54 treat, in turn, the light rays incidents.
The flat screen 72 has the function of polarizing the light along a chosen axis. Activation of an element tpixel) of the liquid crystal allows rotation of the axes of polarization of the incident light, such way that the polarization axis selected corresponds, after this rotation to the axis of the polarizer rear and that the light polarized along this axis selected crosses the flat screen. Additionally the flat screen 72 consists of two homothetic regions, the states are also homothetic, the first region being in the field of objective 24 and the second in the field of a 3A sensor.
The function of the flat screen 74 is to carry out a color filtering of the image, polnt by point, or region by region. It is a flat screen operating in color.
The flat screen 54 serves as a geometry mask variable. It is placed on a diaphragm plane of the system optical. It can serve as a centered, eccentric diaphragm or multi-aperture or form mask any. The pixels of the flat screen 54 do not have no chromatic action and only act on the transmission factor.
The second part of the device, located behind lens 24 uses keyboard 11 with touch screen 15 shown in figure 5.
The optical elements are as follows: a .263761 ~ flat screen 73, two deflectors D1 and D2, a flat screen 18, and a group of lenses 34A, 34B placed behind the flat screen 18.
The function of the flat screen 18 is to scan the one after the other the points ~ of the ima ~ e focused on him by the lens of Smyth 80. It therefore serves to separate spatially and temporally the rays crossing the device for treating them separately.
The flat screen 18 also performs all of the functions presented in figure 3.
The flat screen 73 is placed in the plane of the spatial Fourier transform of the focused image into 18. The 4F assembly also says double diffraction of lenses 34A, 34B gives, in fact, the transform of Spatial Fourier of the image focused at 18 in the plane common focal point of these lenses while combining two other focal planes.
The ~ flat notches 54 and 73 can fill all the functions of the flat screen 25 ~ Figure 3). The objective 24 having infinite focus distance display on the flat screen 54 of a test pattern and analysis of its image captured by a 3B or 3C sensor allows the measurement of the optical defects generated by the objective 24.
Indeed, the flat screen 54 is then combined with the sensor 3C and we find its Fourier transform on the sensor 3BI lens focus plane.
The lens 34B is used to form on a surface 19 the image resulting from the overlay of the image initial and filtering of this image due to its passage through the elements described above.
It should be noted that other assemblies without lens or object or image located in a frontal plane at least one lens also provides the transform of the object.
The mechanical system 30 is used to move the screen flat 1 ~ and the sensor 3B longitudinally, on the axis optics of the device. Longitudinal displacement 126376 ~
performed through the mechanical system 30 blurs the image formed on the surface 19 contours of the pixels of the flat screen 18.
We find in figure 9, in addition to the elements mentioned in the previous paragraph, three optical sensors matrixes 3A, 3 ~, 3C. The image of the transform of Spatial Fourier of the initial image is formed on the 3C matrix sensor by reflection on a slide 28.
3A optical sensor receives a transmitted image after polarization by the flat screen 72. The sensor optical 3B is an amorphous sensor and is in contact with the flat screen 18 which it directly influences point by point. The 3C sensor is of the type described in FIG. 3.
D1 lens ray deflector spherical allows to deflect the rays towards the axis optics of the device to make it better treatment. The second deflector n2, sym ~ tric of the first in symmetrical 4F mounting, allows sweeping surface 19 symmetrically by symmetry central assembly 4F, scanning the flat screen 18 by the deflector D1. Performing this function is carried out thanks to the deflector's device according to the invention, by means electromechanical 81, same type as those already presented.
Adapter rings 33, 35 and 36 can be integral or independent of the device. They allow the coupling of each part of the device to objective 24 and possibly to another optical system.
The operation of the first part of the device is carried out according to the orders entered by the user on the keyboard (not shown).
The first part of the device has all the components required to perform all filters, markings and polarizations currently made by filters of known type, for example of lZ ~ 376 ~ L

the brand "COKIN".
The operating mode corresponding to the realization of these filters and masks by the first part of the device is not detailed here, being known per se.
How the first part works contrast enhancer works the same way as previously described by variation of the factor of transmission of each region of the flat screen 74, in function of the illumination received by the region sensor 3 ~.
The detection of the polarization axis of the incident light carrying maximum illumination is made by measuring the illumination received by the 3A sensor as a function of an angle of rotation about the axis optic A of the polarization axis selected by the flat screen 72.
Generally, the light coming from the sky is mainly polarized along an axis, while than that from reflections of this light on objects, presents major axes of polarization different. This function from the first part of the device makes it possible to treat these axes of polarization.
For example, if the flat screens 72, 74 and 54 and the 3A sensor has only two regions, the first part of the device constitutes a two-color filter each half of which can be instantly changed to intensity, color and polarization. This part of the device can be used independently, by example with mirror lenses that don't have diaphragm, or for projectors to correct the chromatic effect of aging of the supports chemicals.
The operation of the second part of the device is described below.
A particular function, called a function ~ .263765 ~
contour is generated by influence of the 3B sensor on the flat screen 18. The potential difference between two neighboring elements of the 3B sensor surface changes the state of the flat screen element next to their common border and therefore accentuates or reduces contours of the image formed on the flat screen 18.
The general function of the second part of the device is to process the Fourier transform spatial of the image crossing the flat screen 18 located in the plane of the Fourier hologram the flat screen 73 can for example take the form of a filter high pass, i.e. transparent around a circle central opaque, low pass, i.e. opaque around a central transparent circle, or low band, combination of the two aforementioned states.
A successive scan of the points on the flat screen 18t by successive opening of the corresponding points, correlatively to the centered frequency filter state on the corresponding point of the flat screen 73, causes image processing region by region. This sweep is performed in conjunction with the flat screen scan 18 carried out by the axis of the deflector D1 allowing a better treatment.
A special function of this second part of the device is image restoration. Indeed, the images taken often suffer from blurring defects movements, focusing blur or noises.
Analysis and processing of the Fourier transform spatial of the image or its elements taken separately allows correction of noise, focusing blur and motion blur. Indeed, to compensate for each of its faults a simple analysis and correction of the Fourier transform suffices.
Image processing taking place on the Fourier hologram are known and constitute by example of suitable filters, eddy edges, filter phase, Foucault-Hilbert filter, derivative filter, AT.
~ 26 ~ 76i ~
integrating filter, screening functions, contrast enhancement, multiplexing, clearing, pattern recognition by optical correlation, non-destructive testing, spreading, filtering, coding, image compression and convolutions, correlation and autocorrelations. We can validly refer to John Wiley & Optical Information Processing books Sound editors and "Optical signal processing and images "Cepadues Editions.
The advantage of image processing by device is that this treatment can automatically and adapt to the image transmitted.
In particular, a signal transmitted to the flat screen 73 can be calculated from the transform of Fourier of the image, and allow autocorrelations, and rotations of the transmitted image, the signal transmitted corresponding to a translation of the Fourier transform.
The respective positions of the flat screen 18 and of the 3B matrix optical sensor on the optical path light rays may be different. Indeed, the flat screen 18 can be in front of or behind the 3B sensor. In the second case, figure 9, the sensor receives the image resulting from the filtering due to the state of the flat screen 18 and the influence of 3B on 18 is done by servo loop. Likewise the positions screens 73 and 72, 74 and 54 respectively with respect to to 3C sensors, 3 ~ can be reversed.
The use of rotation by correlation on the flat screen 73 and the deflectors D1, D2, allows to generate movements of the i ~ age of all kinds and in particular to realize the functions of motor 51 (figure 3) The functions of applying the device to a camera (Figure 3) are all possible with the application described here, the flat screen 126376 ~
18 having a position similar to that previously described (Figure 3) and the flat screens 54 and / or 73 having similar positions on the flat screen 25 (Figure 3).
Alternatively, the adapter rings 33, 35 and 36 transmit coded information for example under electrical form r mechanical, etc ...
As a variant, the sensor 3B is distributed to the nodes of the flat screen network 18 in the form of phototransistors, photodiodes or transitors of which exploits the photoelectric effect.
As a variant, two 3B sensors can succeed one another on the optical axis A, the comparison of the images respectively captured providing a matrix of distance from objects.
As a variant, the sensors 3A, B, C can be find outside the useful field of the optical device, for example, in front of the constantly opaque parts of a diaphragm.
As a variant, the flat screen 73 is of the active type.
to modify the Fourier transform of the image in adding clear pixels to it, or to increase the luminances without modifying the chrominances.
Alternatively, all components placed on the optical path of light rays, flat screens included, can be folded away thanks to mechanical or electromechanical devices.
Alternatively, these devices or systems mechanical or electromechanical can control longitudinally, on the optical axis of the device, the positions of the different flat screens.
Alternatively, the sensor 3 ~ can ~ be advantageously provided with a means for detecting the horizon produced by processing the histograms of minus two perpendicular lines of elements photosensitive, so as to define two areas of separate treatment, one for the sky, one for the ground, for example. Other means of detection of known type lZ6; l76 ~
of the horizon will be able to perform a similar function.
Other operating modes and variants will appear in the embodiments below described.
Figure 10 shows an application of the invention to an image restitution system or in a projection device. For greater clarity of the figure, most of the mechanical elements, electromechanical and electronic has been omitted, being moreover analogous to those previously described. Of even, classic optical components of projectors slides such as a frosted glass, a heat filter, mirror and condenser lens are included in the term light source.
This application includes the optical elements following, placed along optical axes A, A1, A2, A ' conjugates. A light source S, a mirror 28A polarizing separation semi-reflective, two slides 39, two flat screens 18, two mirrors 28C and 28B polarizing reflection semi-reflectors, a 28D semi-reflecting combination mirror, a flat screen 72 of the same type as flat screen 73 previously described (Figure 9), the polarizer of this flat screen being behind the liquid crystal, and a objective 24. The mirrors 28A, B, C, D are inclined by such that an incident ray along the optical axis A
reflect at right angles to this axis optical. The optical axes A, A1, A2, A 'are conjugate by mirrors 28B, A, C, D, respectively. The focal and the lens focusing distance are respectively controlled by stepper motors 42 and 44. Sensors 3A, 3B and 3C are placed on the axis optics A1, A 'and A'2, a lens 2 forming on the sensor 3A an image of the object consisting of slides 39 as transmitted by screens flat 18. The number of flat screens 18 is not limited and corresponds to the number of views you want ~ 2637 ~ i ~
restore simultaneously. Two of these views were shown here. In the following description, will call the restitution devices projector images and projectors.
The function of an image mixer is to blend images so that they are projected by the same lens on the same area of the surface to enlighten.
The image mixer according to this mode of realization has four mirrors 28 A, B, C, D, parallel semi-reflective polarizing planes such as non-return mirrors, these mirrors have the property of being crossed by light rays according to a polarization axis and reflect rays light polarized along a polarization axis perpendicular to the first. Both images or views 39 to be projected jointly have polarizations perpendicular and are separated point by point by a flat screen polarizer 72, placed either behind the lens 24 ~ not shown), either before the eyes of a spectator (not shown), either in front of lens 24 (figure 11 ~
The 3A sensor receives the image of the transmittances 39 and flat screens 18 before leaving the projector, being conjugated with them by lens 2.
The 3B sensor receives the image back from the screen 19, to which it is combined by objective 24.
3C sensor receives image back from screen 19 after a second pass through the transmittances 39.
The axes of polarization of reflection of the mirrors 28 A, B, C, D are oriented in such a way that the most of the rays from source S arrive on the ~ flat screen 72, when the flat screens 18 are at rest.
However the mirrors 28 A, B, C, D have axes slightly offset reflection polarization of ~ .2637 ~; ~

so that part of the light rays which crosspiece is directed towards the sensors 3A, 3 ~, 3C.
3B and 3C sensors allow point automated by an optimization program appropriate. In particular, we demonstrate mathematically that the maximum overall illumination perceived by the 3C sensor corresponds to the optical conjugation of objects 39 with the projection screen.
A servo 44 of the development and 42 of the focal length are connected to the device.
As a mode of operation not common to other embodiments of the device there are the advantage of not having to turn off the light source S during the change of views, nor during the fades chains. Also new crossfades space can be generated by obscuring regions of a flat screen associated with an image while the corresponding regions are highlighted on the other flat screen. The polarization of the light created by the mixer is used in relief vision, the slides 39 having then been taken by a device stereoscopic.
As another operating mode, the screens dishes 18 can represent a test pattern whose image is perceived by a 3 r sensor then analyzed in such a way that the optical system optical defects are memorized by the device. During the transfer of a image, the flat screens 18 assume a state such that corrects some of these faults, in particular, to standardize the lighting on the surface 19.
Other operating modes common to those embodiments previously described are not not repeated here. However, it should be noted that the screens dishes 18 can generate the same functions as previously and that the flat screen 72 may allow functions of flat screens ~ 5 (Figure 3) 74, 54, 73 (figure 9).
126376 ~

As a variant, the keyboard 11 contains an entry for coded messages on the soundtrack which commands usually slide projectors.
As a variant, the source S can be a laser associated or not with a lens. In this case objective 24 can be deleted.
Alternatively, the image mixer can be consisting of a prism of known type.
Alternatively, it is possible to make a screen dish consisting of a plurality of mixers, with mirrors semi-reflective polarizers allowing the decomposition along the axes of polarization then the pixel-by-pixel mixing of images.
FIG. 11 represents a lens 71 attached to a flat screen 70 and a blade 69 with optical path variable. The lens 71 is such that each ray r, variable between O and R, defines a circle on the disk convex of lens 71 centered on the optical axis, of which the focal length depends on r, unlike ordinary lenses.
The blade 69 is, for example, crystal piezoelectric and made up of a type component known whose index varies according to constraints applied to it.
By selecting, thanks to the flat screen 7 ~, the circle of rays r, the device selects a focal length of the lens. Blade 69 allows modulating the optical path of the rays passing through it as a function of r, to move the focus point without changing the focal length. So it is not necessary to move the lens 71, to perform the focus.
Alternatively, the lens 71 can be a ~ resnel lens. In this case the blade 69 has a path constant optics next to each element of the Fresnel lens of a value such as the points of focus be confused.
~ z ~; 3761 Alternatively, the lens 71 can be replaced by a mirror having the same focal properties variables depending on the distance to the opti ~ ue axis, or any similar device.
~ e same, it is possible using blades to globally variable index of the same type as the blade 69 constituting flat screens to achieve an association of blades which depending on the clues is either reflective (mirror) or transmissive achieving constructive or destructive interference.
It should be noted that each of the flat screens described in the previous embodiments, can be replaced by any of the other screens dishes and in particular be of the active type.
In particular the device represented in the figure ll, or its variants, can be adapted to the three modes for carrying out the invention. It is the same for the image mixer (Figure 10) and the flat screen mixer.
When a view taken with the device according to the first embodiment and this by reducing its contrasts, is projected by a device such as that described with reference to FIG. 10, and this in increasing the contrasts, we obtain a function of Compander type, working on contrasts.
Of course, a function common to the three embodiments is coloring pictures monochrome.
As a variant, the use of plane dioptres in front of the lens allows the transfer of an image from a target according to known modes.
Initial tests make it possible to memorize, for the three embodiments, the defects specific to the optical system and correct them systematically.
Of course, flat screens can be positioned on all particular planes of the system optic like for example the nodal, antinodal planes, 126376 ~ L
main, antiprincipals, field diaphragm and aperture diaphragm, etc. so as to use the particular properties of these plans.
In addition, the above-described ~ flat notches can receive on a support (or coding) no bright, but physical and especially electric, a video type image perceived, analyzed and modified by the device for making, for example a automatic correction of optical faults or a mask used for the generation of integrated circuits.
Note that if you place a flat screen transmissive in front of the support of a hologram, we can then make the same changes on this hologram only on any image.
It should be noted that any combination of application components and / or functions presented are consistent with the spirit of the invention.

Claims (31)

The embodiments of the invention, concerning the-which an exclusive property right or privilege is claimed, are defined as follows: 1. Device for processing an image produced an object, comprising at least one image sensor, at least one flat image transfer screen receiving the i mage of the object, and a means of calculation, device in which said at least one image sensor comprises a pre-mier network of image points constituting pixels, said at least one image sensor being adapted to establish for each of the pixels of the first array a signal presentation of at least one optical parameter of the image and said at least one flat screen being formed according to a second network of image points constituting pixels, independent of the first network, said means of calculation is both associated with said second network to generate a signal control command for each of the pixels of said second network, said state control signal being a function representative signals delivered by said at least an image sensor, so that said at least one screen flat modulates the image transferred to it. 2. Device according to claim 1, in which said calculation means comprises a processing unit contrast of the image defining at least one matrix of contrasts; a distance measurement unit defining a distance matrix allowing, pixel per pixel, a focus of the image and a variation depth of field of said image; a means of measurement field of image velocities, suitable for correcting with motion blur engine; a means of calculation parallax error; a means of segmentation of regional image; and a polarari detection means station. 3. Device according to claim 2, in which the distance measurement unit has two cap-teurs. 4. Device according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising a control unit, having a flat image display screen, and means for both a selection of at least part of the image to process, colors, and coefficient values of treatment. 5. Device according to claim 1 or 2, comprising means for controlling at least one part uniform branch of transfer function; means position control of said at least one flat screen;
and position control means of at least an image transfer lens. 6. Device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said at least one flat screen is placed either in, that is to say near a focusing plane of the device tif. 7. Device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said at least one flat screen is placed either in, either near a diaphragm plane of the device, and is suitable for varying at least one uniform parameter transfer me. 8. Device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said at least one flat screen is placed either in, or near a plane where a transform is formed Fourier of the image, to vary at least one pa-reduces the said transform. 9. Device according to claim 1 or 2, being an integral part of a camera, provided with a photosensitive surface. 10. Device according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising a ground glass sight and in which said at least one flat screen is either close to or confused with this frosted glass. 11. Device according to claim 2, including additionally carrying means for displaying the matrix of distances on said at least one flat screen when the-said device is used with a flash. 12. Device according to claim 1 or 2, comprising a photosensitive surface merged with said at least one sensor. 13. Device according to claim 1, fai-part of a pair of safety glasses tection; and wherein said at least one flat screen is consisting of at least two flat screens placed at a placement where glasses are located. 14. Device according to claim 13, including carrying a position detection means of each pu-pille of a user adapted to opacify regions said at least two flat screens located between objects dazzling jets and the user's pupils. 15. Device according to claim 1, in combination with a goal. 16. Device according to claim 1, in combination with a spotlight. 17. Device according to claim 16, including carrying an image mixing device. 18. Device according to claim 1 or 2, in which at least one flat screen is adapted to make vary, pixel by pixel, an axis of polarization of a transmitted light. 19. Device according to claim 1, including carrying at least one diverter adapted to deflect light rays relative to an optical axis of the arrangement sitive. 20. Device according to claim 1, including carrying a means of transferring a target, associated with a means for analyzing and correcting an image of said target. 21. Device according to claim 20, in which the transfer means is a flat screen. 22. Device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said at least one flat screen is associated with at least one lens having regions of distances different focal lengths, suitable for varying a distance focal length of the device. 23. Device according to claim 1, in which said at least one flat screen is constituted by a variable index blade, suitable for selecting minus a focus plane. 24. Device according to claim 1, cons-tituant a compressor-expander. 25. Device according to claim 1, in which said at least one image sensor directly influences by near said at least one flat screen, said means of calculation ordering an operation of each pixels. 26. Device according to claim 1, in which said at least one flat screen is of the active type, and is adapted to intensify image transmission. 27. Device according to claim 1, in which said at least one flat screen has in each of its pixels an image mixer. 28. Device for processing an image produced an object, comprising at least one image sensor, an image transfer flat screen receiving the image from the object, said at least one image sensor being placed behind said flat screen, and a calculation means, said at least one image sensor comprising a first network of image points constituting pixels, said at least an image sensor being adapted to establish for each pixels of the first array a signal representative of at least minus an optical parameter of the image and said flat screen being formed according to a second network of image points constituting pixels, independent of the first array, said calculation means being associated with said second network to generate a status command signal for each pixels of said second array, said control signal state being a function of representative signals delivered by said at least one image sensor, so that said flat screen modulates the image transferred to it. 29. Device for processing an image produced an object, comprising at least one image sensor, an image transfer flat screen receiving the image from the object, and a calculation means, said at least one cap-image editor comprising a first network of points of i mage constituting pixels, said at least one sensor of image being adapted to establish for each of the pixels from the first network a signal representative of at least one image parameter and said flat screen being constituted according to a second network of image points constituting pixels, independent of the first array, said means of calculation being associated with said second network to generate a status control signal for each of the pixels of the said second network, said state control signal being function of representative signals delivered by said at least one image sensor, so that said screen flat modulates the image transmitted to it in real time fairy. 30. Device according to claim 4, in which said flat display screen is a touch screen which forms said means allowing said selection. 31. Device according to claim 4, in which said means for said selection is a controller.