CA1258094A - Apparatus for measuring the potential of a transmission line conductor - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Self contained radio transmitting state estimator mod-ules are mounted on power conductors on both sides of power transformers in electrical substations and on power conduc-tors at various places along electrical transmission lines.
They are electrically isolated from ground and all other conductors. These modules are capable of measuring current, voltage, frequency and power factor (or the fourier compo-nents thereof) the temperature of the conductor, and the temperature of the ambient air. The modules transmit these parameters to local receivers. The receivers are connected by an appropriate data transmission link, to a power control center which allows determination of the state of the power system. Appropriate control signals are transmitted back to the electrical switchgear of the system to bring it to the appropriate optimum state. Direct local control may also be effected, for example, the prevention of overloading a transformer. A "donut" state estimator module comprises a novel hot stick operated hinge clamp and a novel voltage sensor which measures the current between an isolated capa-citor plate and ground. The donut measures the fourier components of voltage and current over a number of cycles and transmits the components to the local receiver. The local receiver derives the desired electrical measurements such as voltage, current, power factor, power, and reactive power and transmits them to local or remote control stations. Up to 15 donut modules may transmit on a single channel to a single local receiver. Each transmits at intervals which are an integral number. The intervals between transmissions of all donuts do not have a common factor and the average interval is the desired transmission rate. Each donut uses the zero crossover of current of its conductor to establish its transmission interval. The system is self-calibrating using known reference signals within the donut module.

Description

.34 APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE POTENTIAL
OF A TRANSMISSION LINE CONDUCTOR

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RELATED *PPL~h~
This application is related to United States Patent No. 4,384,289 of Howard R. Stillwel and Roosevelt A.
Fernandes entitled TRANSPONDER UNIT FOR MEASURING TEMPERA-TURE AND CURRENT ON LIVE TRANSMISSION LINES, issued May 17, 1983.

-2~ 196-007 ~ TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to a system and apparatus for monitoring and control of a bulk electric power delivery system. More particularly it relates to such systems em-ploying transmission line mounted radio transmitt:ing elec-trically isolated modules, preferably mounted on all power conductors connected to both the primary and secondary sides of each power transformer to be monitored, on the highest temperature portions of transmission lines, and at int~rvals through the power delivery system. When so attache~ the modules form the basis for a dynamic state estimation for real-time computer control of an electric power delivery system.
Each module takes the form of a two piece donut that may be hot stick mounted on a live conductor utilizing a novel hinge clamp and novel hot stick tool.
Novel voltage measuring and fourier component measuring app-aratus and a novel common channel unsynchronized trans-mission system are disclosed.

_3_ 196-007 ~25(~

_ BACKGROUND ART

Various power line monitored sensors have been dis-closed in the prior art. For example, see United States Patent Nos. 3,428,896, 3,633,191, 4,158,810 and 4,268,818.
It has been proposed to use sensors of this type and of the greatly improved form disclosed in the above-identified Stillwel and Fernandes ~L~n for dynamic line rating - of electrical power transmission lines. See for example, papers numbered 82 SM 377-0 and 82 SM 378-8 entltled DYNAMIC
THERMAL LINE RATINGS, PART I, DYNAMIC AMPACITY RATING-ALGO-RITHM; and, DYNAMIC THE~MAL LINE RATINGS, PART II, CONDUCTOR
TEMPERATURE SENSOR AND LABORATORY FIELD TEST EVALUATION;
papers presented at the International Association of Elec-trical and Electronic Engineers P.E.S. 1982 summer meeting.
However, the full potential of this new technology has not been realized.

Today, for control and protection, power supply to and from an electrical substation over various transmission lines is monitored by separate devices (current transform-ers, potential transformers and reactive power transducers) 2Q for measuring electrical potential, power factor and current in the conductors of the transmission line and the conduc-- tors connected to substation power transformers. These measurements are transmitted in analog fashion by various -4~ 196-00, wires to a central console at the substation where kheir values may or may not be digitized and sent to a central station for control of the entire power system. The wirins of these devices is difficult and expensive, and every ex-cess wire in a substation presents an additional electrical shock hazard or an induction point for electromagnetic interference on protection/telemetry circuits. Furthermore, when a failure occurs, these sensor lines may be abruptly raised to higher voltages, thus increasing the possibility of shock and failure in the measurement system. ~
The high cost of capital, uncertain power utility load growth trends, coupled with increasing constraints in ac-quiring and licensing new facilities including right-of-way for transmission lines make greater use of existing power delivery facilities (remote generating stations, the EHV
bulk power network, subtransmission and distribution facili-ties) a paramount consideration. With deferrals that have occurred in new generation and power transmission facili-ties, all elements of the power system will be strained to a greater degree than in the past. In order to maintain cur-rent reliability levels under these conditions, additional real-time monitoring will be required to assist the dispatch operator and other bulk network functions conducted through a modern Power Control Center.
Some of the ~unctions in a hierarchical modern Power Control Center, operating through Regional Control Centers down to the distribution level, that require a real-time ~5~ 9~-007 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System are as follows:
1. State Estimation 2. On-Line Load Flow Detection

3. Optimum Power Flow Control for Real and Reactive Power Dispatch

4. Security (i.e. Stability) Constrained ~conomic Dispatch

5. Contingency Analysis

6. Automatic Generation Control and Minimum~ Area Control Error

7. Dynamic System Security Analysis

8~ Energy Interchange Billing

9. System Restoration After an Emergency

10. Load Shedding and Generati.on Redispatch

11. Determination of Effects of Voltage Reduction and Real and Reactive Power

12. Synchronization of System Load Profiles to validate various computer models and to provide snap shots of maximum, minimum loads, peak da~
real and reactive powers on lines and equipment

13. Maintain Power Delivery Quality Including Harmonic Content for Critical Loads and Power Factor

14. Limit checking of voltage, line thermal loadings a~d rate of change under contingency condi~ions

15. Protec ive Relaying.

-6- 19~)-0~, ~L2~

The key parameters that re~uire measurement for z modern Power Control Center State Estimator and On-Line Loac Flow that provide the input data base for the various functions listed above are:
Line and Transformer Bank or Bus Power (MW) Flows Line and Transformer Bank or Bus Reactive Power (MVAR) Flow Branch Currents (I), Bus Voltage and Phase Angles Bus MW and MVAR Injections Energy (MWh) and Reactive Energy (MVAR-h) -Circuit Breaker Status Manual Switch Positions Tap Changer Positions Frequency (f) Protective Relaying (Differential Currents, etc.) Operation Power Line Dynamic Ratings Based on Conductor Thermal (Temperature) Limits or Sag Ambient Temperature/Wind Speed Line and Equipment Power Factors Sequence-of-Events Monitoring One of the major problems in implementing a modern Power Control System is to add instrumentation throughout the bulk transmission network at Extra High Voltage (up to 765 kV) line voltages and at distribution substations and feeders.
This must be done without disrupting existing operations of ~;~5~
_7- 196-007 equ-ipment and facilities that are largely in place. Another requirement is to avoid adding too many transducers that might alter the burden on existing current transformers and degrade accuracy of existing metering or relaying instrumentation.
The toroidal conductor State Estimator Module and ground station processor, receiver/transmitter of the present invention eliminates the necessity for multiple wiring of transducers required with conventional current and potential transformers and collects all-the data re~uired from lines and station buses with a compact system.~ The invention results in significant investment, installation labor and time savings. It completely eliminates the need for multiple transducers, hard-wiring to current transformers and potential transformers and any degrading effects on existing relaying or metering links. The system can be retrofitted on existing lines or stations or new installations with equal ease and measures:
Line Voltage Power Factor or Phase Angle Power Per Phase Line Current Reactive Power Per Phase Conductor Temperature Ambient Temperature Wind Speed -8~ 196-007 ~2~ 39~

Harmonic Currents Frequency MW-h and MVAR-h (processed quantities) Profiles of above quantities from stored values The state-estimator data collection system described in this application enables power utilities to implement moderr power control systems more rapidly, at lower cost and with considerable flexibility, since the devices can be movec around using hot-sticks without having to interrupt power flow. The devices can be calibrat~d and checked throu~h the radio link and the digital output can be multiplexed with other station data to a central processor via remote communication link.
Many problems had to be overcome to provlde an electrically isolated state estimator module that can be hot stick mounted to energized conductors including the highest used in electrical transmission.
Among these were: The design o~ a positive actina mechanism for hinging the two parts of the module anc securely clamping and unclamping them about a live conductor while they were supported by a hot stick. Measurement of the voltage of the conductor in a self-contained electrically isolated module. The desire to make many electrical measurements with a necessarily small and light module and common utilization of a single radio channel by the up to 15 modules which might be required at a single substation.

3L~5~0~

- Such hot stick activated hinge and clamp mechanisms do not exist in the prior art. The voltage transformers and capacitive dlviders of the prior art are not electrically isolated. Separate measurements of all electrical quantities desired would require too much apparatus in the module. Synchronization of module transmissions would require a radio receiver in each module.

9 A ~ L 19 6 - 0 0 7 ~RIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRA~INGS

For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention reference should be had to the following de-tailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of the state estimator module of the invention installed on an electrical trans-mission line;
Figure 2 is a persp~ctive view showing how ~ state estimator module according to the invention may be hot stick mounted to a live conductor;
Figure 3 is a perspect.ive view of a state estimator module according to the invention mounted to a conductor;
Figure 4 is a diagrammatic view of a substation totally monitored by means of the system of the invention;
Figure 5 is a diagrammatic schematic view of a power deliver system monitored and controlled according to the system of the invention;
Figure 6 is a top view of a state estimator according to the invention with the covers thereof removed;
Figure 7 is a bottom view of the covers of a state estimator module according to the invention;
Figure 8 is a top view of one of the covers;
Figure 9 is a side view of one o the covers, partly in cross section;
Figure 10 is an enlarged cross sectional view taken along the line 10-10 of Figure 6 with the cover in place;

~ 93 196-007 ~5~

_ Figure 11 is an enlarged cross sectional vlew taken along the line 11-11 of Figure 6 with the cover in place;
Figure 12 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the hub portion of the state estimator module of Figure 6;
Figure 13 is a cross seckional view taken along the line 13-13 of Figure 12;
Figure 14 is an enlarged view of the conductor clampina jaws shown in Figure 12;
Figure 15 is a cross section taken along the line 15-15 of Figure 14; ~
Figure 16 is a side view showing the inside of-one of the jaws shown in Figure 14;
E'igure 17 is a enlarged perspective view of one of the jaws of Figure 14;
Figure 18 is a view of one of the pins of the hinge clamp mechanism of the invention;
Figure 19 is a cross sectional view thereof taken along the line 19-19 of Figure 18;
Figure 20 is a fragmented partially diagrammatic top view of the hinge clamp of the invention and the tool uti-lized to open it if it jams;
Figure 21 is a top view similar to Figure 20 showing the hinge clamp mechanism of the invention when the state estimator module of the invention is clamped about a con-ductor;
Figure 22 is a view similar to Figure 21 showing the hinge clamp mechanism when the state estimator module of the invention is opened for engagement or removal from a conduc-tor;

9c ~ 19~-007 _ Figure 23 is a fragmentary side view, partially in cross section taken from the top of Fig-1re 22;
Figure 24 is an exploded cros~ sectional view of the working mechanlsm of the hinge clamp of the invention;
Figure 25 is a diagrammatic front view of the hot stick hinge clamp operating tool of the invention;
Figure 26 is a back view thereof;
Figure 27 is a side view thereof;
Figure 28 is a schematic block diagram of the electronics of the state estimator of the invention;
Figure 29 is a detailed schematic electrical circuit diagram of the power supply of the state estimator of the invention;
Figure 30 is a detailed electrical schematic block diagram of a portion of the electronics illustrated in Figure 28;
Figure 31, comprising Figures 31A through 31D which may be put together as shown in Figure 31E, is a detailed sche-matic electrical circuit diagram of the electronics shown in Figure 30;
Figures 32 and 33 are schematic electrical circuit dia-grams illustrating the voltage measurement system according to the invention;
Figure 34 is a timing diagram of the electronics illus-trated in Figure 30;
Figure 35 shows a sub-routine call as utilized in the flow charts of Figures 4~ through 61;
Figure 36 is a memory map of the program;

9D 196-00, 309~

_ Figure 37 is a diagram of PIA port assignments of the program;
Figure 38 is a diagram of the message transmitted by the donuts ~0;
Figure 39 is a diagram of task management of the pro-gram;
Figures 40 through 61 are f].ow charts of the sub-routines of a program that may be utilized in the donuts 20;
Figure 62 is an overall block diagram of a ground station receiver remote terminal interface according-~o the invention;
Figure 63 is a diagram of a type of substation that may be monitored by the electronics shown in Figure 62;
Figure 6~ .is a state diagram of a program that may be utilized in the receiver 24; and Figures 65, 66, 67, and 68 are diagrams of tables and buffers utilized in the program of Figure 64.
The same reference characters refer to the same elements throughout the several views of the drawings.

9E 12 5 ~ 094 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Various aspects of the invention are as Follows:

Apparatus for measuring voltage on an above ground power line conductor comprising:
a generally toroidal shaped housing removably attached to said above ground conductor;
means for electrically connecting said housing to said conductor, whereby said housing and said conductor are at the same potential;
a metal plate mounted on the surface o~ said housing, said plate and said housing being separated by insulating material; and said plate connected to said housiny through a low impedance measuring means whereb~ said plate and said housing are at the same potential and whereby an equivalent capacitor (Cl) is ~ormed between said plate and ground;
said low impedance measuring means connected to said plate and said housing comprising an operational amplifier for measuring current ~qual to current in said equivalent capacitor, said current in said equivalent capacitor being proportional to the voltage on said power line conductor.

9F 12 5~

Apparatus for measuring voltage on a high voltage, above ground power ~onductor compr.ising:
a metallic case adjacent to said above ground conductor and in electrical contact with said conductor;
at least one metallic plate located on the surface of said case;
insulating material separatiny said plate and said case, whereby a first equivalent capacitor (Cl) is formed between said plate and ground and a second equivalent capacitor ~C2) is formed between said plate and said conductor;
a low impedance current measuring means connected between said plate and said metallic case in electrical contact with said conductor whereby said measuring means shunts said second capacitor and the potential between said plate and ground is equal to the potential between said conductor and ground;
said low impedance current measuring means connected to said plate and said case comprising an operational amplifier for measuring current equal to current in said first equivalent capacitor, said current in said first equivalent capacitor being proportional to the voltage on said power conductor.

- -10~ 007 ~5~

DISCLOSUI~E OF THE INVENTION

Referring to Figure 1, toroidal shaped sensor ana transmit-ter modules 20 are mounted on live power conductors 22 by use of a special, detachable hot-stick tool 108 (see Figure 2) which opens and closes a positively actuated hinging and clamping mechanism. Each module contains means for sensing one or more of a plurality of parameters associated with the power conductor 22 and its surrounding environment. These parameters include the temperat~re of the power conductor 22, the ambient air temperature ne~r the conductor, the current flowing in the conductor, and the conductor's voltage, Exequency, power factor and harmonic currents. Other parameters such as wind velocity and direction and solar thermal load could be sensed, if desired. In addition, each module 20 contains means for transmitting the sensed information to a local receiver 24.
Referring to Figure 3, each toroidal module 20 is configured with an open, spoked area 26 surrounding the mounting hub 28 to permit free air circulation around the conductor 22 so that the conductor temperature is not disturbedO The power required to operate the module is collected from the power conductor by coupling its magnetic field to a transformer core encircling the line within the toroid. The signals produced by the various sensors are converted to their digital equivalents by the unit ~ 196-0~7 ele_tronics and are transmitted to the grou~d receiver in periodic bursts of transmission, thus minimizing the averase power required.
One or more of these toroidal sensor units, or modules, may be mounted to transmission lines within the capture range of the receiver and operated simultaneously on the same frequency channel. By slightly varying the intervals between transmissions on each module, keeping them integral numbers without a common factor and limiting the maximum number of modules in relation to these intervals, th~ sta-tistical probability of interference between transmissions is controlled to an acceptable degree. Thus, one receiver, ground station 24, can collect data Erom a plurality o~
modules 20.
The ground station 24, containing a receiver and its antenna 30, which processes the data received, stores the data until time to send or deliver it to another location, and provides the communication port indicated at 3~ linking the system to such location. The processing of the data at the ground station 24 includes provisions for scaling factors, offsets, curve correction, waveform analysis and correlative and computational conversion of the data to the forms and parameters desired for transmission to the host location. The ground station processor is programmed to contain the specific calibration corrections required for each sensor in each module in its own system.

~25~

~ Referring to Figure 5,`the ground stations 24 are con-nected Lo the Power Control Center 54 by appropriate data transmission links 32 (radio, land lines or satellite chan-nels) where the measured data is processed by a Dynamic State Estimator which then issues appropriate control sig-nals over other transmission links 33 to the switchgear 58 at electrical substations 44. Thus the power supply to transmission lines may be varied in accordance with their measured temperatures and measured electrical parameters~
Similarly, when sensors are located in both the prima~y and secondary circuits of power transformers, transformer faults may be detected and the power supplied to the transformer controlled by the Dynamic State Estimator through switch-gear.
In one aspect of the invention a Dynamic State Estima-tor may be located at one or more substations to control the supply of electrical power to the transformers located there or to perform other local control functions.
Thus, as shown in Figure 4, an electrical substation 34 may be totally monitored by the electrically isolated mod-ules 20 of the invention. Vp to 15 of these modules may be connected as shown transmitting to a single receiver 24.
The receiver may have associated thPrewith local control apparatus 36 for controlling the illustrative transformer bank 38 and the electrical switchgear indicated by the small squares 40. The modules 20 may be mounted to live conduc-tors without the expense and inconvenience of disconnecting any circuits and require no wiring at the substation 34.

-13- ~ ~ S~ 196-007 Th~ receiver 24 also transmits via its transmission link 32 the information received, from the modules 20 (for determin-ing the total state of the electrical substation) to the Central Control Station 54 of the elec:trical delivery system The system of the invention is adapted for total moni-toring and control of a bulk electrical power delivery sys-tem as illustrated in Figure 5. Here, modules 20 are lo-cated throughout the delivery system monitoring transformer banks 40 and 42, substations 44 and 46, transmission lines generally indicated at 48 and 50, and feeder sections ~ener-ally indicated at 52.
A number of modules are preferably located along trans-mission lines such as lines 48 and 50, one per phase at each monitoring position. ~y monitoring the temperature of the conductors they indicate the instantaneous dyn~mic capacity of the transmission line. Since they are located at inter-vals along the transmission line they can be utilized to determine the nature and location of faults and thus facili-tate more rapid and effective repair.
The ground stations 24 collect the data from their local modules 20 and transmit it to the Power Control Center 54 on transmission links 33. The Power Control Center, in turn, controls automatic switching devices 56, 58 and 60 to control the system.
As illustrated in Figure 5, ground station 24 located at ~ransformer bank 42 may be utilized to control the power supplied to transformer bank 42 via a motorized tap system generally indicated at 62.

-14- ~25~ 196-007 - As shown in Figure 6, the module 20 according to the invention comprises two halves of a magnetic core 64 and 66, and a power ta~eoff coil 68, and two spring loaded tempera-ture probes 70 and 72 which contact the conductor and an ambient temperature probe 74.
In order to insure that the case 76 is precisely at the potential of the conductor 22 when l-he conductors are con-tacted by the probes 70 and 72~ a spring 78 is provided, which engages the conductor 22 and remains engaged with the conductor and connects it to the case 76 before~~and ~uring contact of the probes 70 and 72 with the conductor.
Alternatively, or simultaneously, contact may be maintained through conductive inputs in the hub 28.
The electrical current in the conductor is measured by a Rogowski coil 80 shown in Figure 7.
The voltage of the conductor is measured by a pair of arcuate capacitor plates 82 in the cover portions of the donut, only one of which is shown in Figures 8 and 9. The electronics is contained in sealed boxes 84 within the donut 20 as shown in Figure 10.
Block diagrams of the electronics of the donut 20 are shown in Figures 28 and 30.
Referring to Figure 30, the voltage sensing plates 82 are connected to one of a plurality of input amplifiers generally indicated at~ 86. The input amplifier 86 connected to the voltage sensing plates 82 measures the current be-tween them and local ground indicated at 88, which is the electrical potential of the conductor 22 on which the donut -15- 196-OC~7 3~4 20 is mounted. Thus the amplifier 86 provides a measure of the current flowing between the plates 82 and the earth through a capacitance Cl (see Figures 32 and 33). That is, it measures the current collected ~y the plates 86 which would otherwise flow to local ground. Thls is a direct measure of the voltage of the conductor with respect to earth.
As also shown in Figure 30, the temperature transducers 70, 72, and 74, and Rogowski coil 80 are each connected to one of the input amplifiers 86. An additional tempe~ature transducer may be connected to one of the spare amplifiers 86 to measure the temperature of the electronics in the donut. The outpuks o~ the amplifiers are multiplexed by multiplexer 90 and supplied to a digital-to-analog converter and computer generally indicated at 92, coded by encoder 94, and transmitted by transmitter 96 via antenna 98, which may be a patch antenna on the surface of the donut as illustrated in Figure 3.
As illustrated in the timing diagram of Figure 34, the current and voltage are sampled by the computer 92 nine times at one-ninth intervals of the current wave form; each measurement being taken in a successive cycle. The computer initially goes through nine cycles to adjust the one-ninth interval timing period to match the exact frequency of the current at that time, and then makes the nine measurements.
These measurements are transmitted to the ground station 24 and ano~her computer 334 at the ground station (Figure 62) calculates the current, voltage~ power, reactive power,

-16- 196-007 ~L~5~30~

pow~r factor, and harmonics as desired; provides these to a communlcations board 106; and thus to a communications link 32.
For a maximum of fifteen donuts for which it is desired to transmit information each second or two, the relative transmission intervals can be chosen to be between 3?/60ths and 79/60ths of a second; each transmission interval being an integral number of 60ths of a second which do not have z common factor. This form of semi-random transmission according to the invention will insure 76% succq~sful transmission with less than two seconds between succ~ssful transmissions from the same donut in the wor.st case.
The hot stick mounting tool of the invention generally indicated at 108 in Figure 3 is shown in detail in Flgures 25, 26, and 27. It comprises a Allen wrench portion 110 and a threaded portion 112, mounted to a universal generally indicated at 114. Universal ~14 is mounted within a shell 116 which in turn is mounted to a conventional hot stick mounting coupling generally indicated at 118; and thus the hot stick 176.
When the hot stick tool 108, as shown in Figure 3, is inserted into the opening 122 in the donut 20, the Allen wrench portion engages barrel 124 (Figure 24) which is op-positely threaded on each of its ends 126 and 128. Threaded portion 126 is engaged with a mating threaded portion of a cable clamp 130 and threaded portion 128 engages a mating threaded portion 144 of a nut 132. The nut 132 .is fixed by means of bosses 134 in plates 136 and 138, mounted to hinge

-17- 196-007 pins 140 and 142 (Figure 23). Thus, when the hot stick tool 108 is insertedl and barrel 124 rotated in one direction, cable clamp 130 is brought towards nut 132, while when barrel 124 is rotated in the other direction, cable clamp 130 moves away from nut 132. Threaded portion 144 of nut 132 engages the threaded portion 112 of the hot stick tool 108, such that when cable clamp 130 and nut 132 are spread apart the threaded portion 112 of the hot stick tool is threaded into nut 132 so that the donut module 20 may be supported on the tool 108. ~
Since hinge pins 140 and 142 are located near the-outer edge of the donut 20 and fixed pins 146 and 148 are affixed to the donut more inwardly, if the pins 1.46 and 148 are spread apart, the donut will open to the position shown in Figure 6 and if the pins 146 and 148 are brought together, the donut will close. The pins 142 and 146 and 140 and 148 are joined by respective ramp arms 150 and 152. When cable clamp 130 is separated from nut 132, the ramp arms, and thus pins 146 and 148, are spread apart by the wedge portions 154 and 156 of cable clamp 130. At the same time the threaded portion 112 of the hot stick tool 108 engages the threaded portion 144 of nut 132 so that the donut 20 is securely mounted to the tool 108. A cable 158 passes around pins 146 and 148 and is held in cable clamp 130 by cable terminating caps 160 and 162. Thus when cable clamp 130 and nut 132 are brought ~ogether, the cable 158 pulls fixed pi~s 146 and 148 together to securely close the donut 20 and clamp it about the conductor 22. Shortly after it is drawn tight, the

-18 196-007 threaded portion of the hot stick tool 108 disengages the threaded portion 144 of nut 132 by continued turning in the same direction.
If for any reason the donut 20 cannot be removed from 2 conductor 22 by using the hot stick tool 108, another hot stick tool generally indicated at 164 in Figure 23 may be used to cut the cable 158. Tool 164 has a file 166 mounted thereon for this purpose. It may also be provided with a threaded portion 168 to engage the threaded portion 144 of nut 132 after the cable 158 has been severed. ~

~5~

19 QB3ECTS O~ ASPECTS OF THE INvENrIoN

It is therefore an object of an aspect of the invention to provide a system and apparcltus for monitoring and control of an electric power delivery system.
An object of an aspect of the invention is to pro~ide such a system predo~inantly emp]Loying radio transmitting modules moun~ed to power conductors.
An object of an aspect of the invention is to provide such a system greatly reducing, if not eliminating, the use of wiring to transmit measurements at an electrical substation.
An object of an aspect of the invention is to provide such a system for determining the state of a substation dynamically.
An object of an aspect of the invention is to provide such a system for determining the state O:e an electrical power delivery system dynamically.
An object of an aspect of the invention is to provide such a sy5tem for determining dynamic thermal line ratings.
An object of an aspect of the invention i5 to provide such a system for monitoring and controlling the status of electrical power station equipment.
An object of an aspect of the invention is to provide ~uch a system wherein the sensors are capable of measuring, as desired, current, voltage, frequency, phase angle, the ~ourier components of current and voltage from which other quantities may be calculated, th~ temperature of the conductor to which they are attached, or the temperature of the ambient air surrounding the conductor to which they are attached.

9L~tk An object o~ an aspect of the invention is to provide a state estimator module to sense various power quantities including those necessary for dynamic line ratings that can be rapidly, safely and reliably in~talled and removed from an energized high voltage transmission facility, up to 345KV line to line.
An object of an asp~ct of the invention i to provide a state estimator module that can be installed and removed with standard utility "hot stick" tools with an adaptor tailored for the module and for operation ky a single lineman or robot.
An object of an aspect of the invention is to provide a "hot stick" mountable unit that is light weight, compact in size, can be remotely calibrated, is toroidal in shape with a metallic housing consisting o~
a central hub suitable for various conductor sizes with the "hot stick" tool capable of opening and closing the toroidal housing around the conductor; and hub being provided with ventilatiny apertures and thermally insulated inserts which grip the transmission line.
An object of an aspect of the invention is to provide a module of the above character that is brought to conductor potential before delicate electric equipment contacts the conductor.

An object of an aspect of the invention is to provide a ~tate estimator module that maintains positive engagement with a hot stick mountable tool axcept when it is '7snap shut" around the conductor.
An object of an aspect of tha invention is to provide a hinge clamp for a module of the above character.
An object of an aspect of the invention is to provide a hinge clamp of the above character that may be opened by an alternative hot stick mounted tool in case of failure of the hinge clamp.
An object of an aspect of the invention is to provide an electrically isolated voltage sensor for a state estimator module of the above character.
An object of an aspect of the invention is to provide an unsynchronized single channel radio transmission system for a plurality of modules of the above character.
Other objects of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part appsar hereinafter. The invention accordingly comprises the functions and relationship thereof and the features of construction, organization and arrangement of parts, which will be exemplified in the system and apparatus hereinafter set forth. The scope of the invention is indicated in the claims.

_ BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
_ The State Estimator Module General The state estimator modules 20 ("Donuts") clamp to a high-tension power conductor 22 and telemeter power parameters to a yround station 24 ~Figure 1). Each module obtains its operating power from the magnetic ~field generated by the current flowing in the high~tension conductor 22. Each module is relatively small and shaped like a donut, with a 12 5/8" major diameter and a maximum thickness of 4 3/4". It weighs approxlmately 16 pounds and may be mounted in the field in a matter of minutes using a "hot stick" (Figure 2).
Typically, three donuts 20 are used on a circuit; one for each phase. Each donut is equipped to measure line current, line to neutral voltage, frequency, phase angle, conductor temperature and ambient temperature. Digital data is transmitted by means of a 950 MHz FM radio link in a 5-10 millisecond burst. A microcomputer at the ground station 24 processes data from the 3 phase set and calculates any de-sired power parameter such as total circuit kilowatts, kilo-vars, and volt-amps. Individual conductor current and vol-tage is also available. This data may then be passed on to a central monitoring host computer (typically once a second~
over a data link 32.

~ 34 19~-007 - One ground station 24 may receive data from as many as 15 donuts 20, all on the same RF frequency (Figure 4). Each donut transmits with a different interval between its successive transmission bursts, ranging from approximately 0.3 seconds to 0.7 seconds. Thus, there will be occasional collisions, but on the average, greater than 70% of all transmissions will get through.
Environmental operating conditions include an ambient air temperature range of -40F to +100F; driving rain, sleet, snow, and ice buildup; falling ice from con~uctor-overhead; sun loading; and vibrations of conductors 22-Current measurements over a range of 80-3000 amperes must be accurate to within 0.5~. Voltage measurements over a range of 2.4-345KV (line-line) must be accurate to within 0.5~. Conductor diameters range from 0.5 to 2 inches.
A11 exterior surfaces are rounded and free from sharp edges so as to prevent corona. The module weighs approximately 16 pounds. It is provided with clamping inserts for different conductor diameters which are easily removeable and replaceable. The conductor clamping does not damage the conductor, even after prolonged conductor vibration due to the use of neoprene conductor facings 170 in the inserts 186 (Figure 13).

~2~

_ The special hot stick tool 108 is inserted into the donut 20. Turning of the hot stick causes the donut to split so that it may be placed over a conductor. Turning the hot stick in the opposite direction causes the donut to close over a conductor and clamp onto it tightly. The tool 108 may then be removed by simply pulling it away. Reinser-tion and turning will open the donut and allow it to be r moved from the line.
Conductor temperature probes 70 and 72 (Figure 6~ are spring loaded against the conductor when the donut ~ in-stalled. The contacting tip 174 (Figure 10) is berylli-a and inhibits corrosion and yet conducts heat efficiently to the temperature transducer within. It is also a non-conductor of electricity so as not to create a low resistance path from the conductor to the electronics.
The hub and spoke area in the center of the donut 20 and the temperature probe placement are designed with as much free space as possible so as not to afect the tem-perature of the conductor.
All electronics within the donut are sealed in water-tight compartments 84 (Figure 10).
The radio frequency transmitter power of the donut 20 is typically lQ0 milliwatts. However, it may be as high as 4 watts. The donut 20 is protected against lightning surges by MOV devices and proper grounding and shielding practice.
All analog and digital circuitry is CMOS to minimize power consumption.

~5~9~ 19~-007 No potcntiometers or other va~iabl~ devices are used fur calibration in donut 20. All c~libration is done by the ground station 24 by scaling factGrs recorded in computer memory.
Each donut is jumper programmable for current ranges of 80-3000 amperes or 80-1500 amperes.
Current is measured by using a ~ogowski coil 80 (Figure 7). Voltage is measured by two electrically insulated strips of metal 82 (Figure 81 imbedded flush on the exterior of one face of the donut. These strips act as one p~te of a capacitor at the potential of the conductor. The other plate is the rest of the universe and is essentially at calibrated ground (neutral~ potential with respect to the donut. The arnount of current collected by the donut plate from ground is thus proportional to the potential of the donut and the conductor on which it is mounted.
Power to operate donut electronics is derived from a winding 68 on a laminated iron core 64-66 which surrounds the line conductor. This core is split to accommodate the opening of the donut when it clamps around the conductor.
The top and bottom portions of the aluminum outer casing of the donut are partially insulated from each other so as not to form a short circuited turn. The insulation is shunted at high frequency by capacitors 176 (Figure 10~ to insure that the top and bottom portions 76 and 81 are at the same radio frequency potential.

~ ~ 5 ~ 196-007 - The data is transmitted in Manchester code. Each message comprises the latest measured Fourier components of voltage and current and another measured condition called the auxiliary parameter, as well as an auxiliary parameter number to identify each of the five possible auxiliary parameters. Thus, each message format is as follows:
Donut Identification Number 4 bits Auxiliary Parameter Number 4 bits Voltage Sine Component ~Fourier Fundamental) 12 bits Voltage Cosine Component (Fourier Fundamental) 1-~ bits Current Sine Component (Fourier Fundamental) 1~ bits Current Cosine Component (Fourier Fundamental~ 12 bits Auxiliary Parameter 12 bits Cyclic Redundancy Check 12 bits The auxiliary parameter rotates among 5 items on each successive transmission as follows:
Auxiliary Parameter No. Parameter -0 Conductor Temperature 1 Ambient Exterior Temperature 2 Check Ground (0 volts nominal) 3 Check Voltage (1.25 volts nominal) 4 Interior Temperature -31~ 19~-007 ~q3~

_ More specifically, and referring to Figure 2, the hot stick tool 108 may be mounted on a conventional hot stick 176 so that the module 20 may be mounted on an energized conductor 22 by a man 178.
In Figure 3 it can be seen how the hot stick tool 108 provided with an Allen wrench portion 110 and a threaded portion 112 fits within a hole 122 provided in the donut 20 mounted on conductor 22. The donut comprises two bottom portions 76 and two covers, or top portions Bl, held together by six bolts 180. Each bottom portion ~6 is provided with a top hub 182 and a bottom hub 184 (see also Figure 13), supported on three relatively open spokes 185.
Conductor temperature probes 70 and 72 (see also Figure 6) are aligned within opposed spokes 185.
Identical clamping inserts 186 are held within opposed hubs 182 and 184 (see Figure 13) and clamp conductor 22 with hard rubber facings 170 provided therein. The tops 81 (Figure 3~ are each provided with an arcuate flat flush con-ductor 82 insulated from the housing for measuring voltage and one of the bottom portions 76 is provided with a patch antenna 98 for transmitting data to the ground station.
Although the top portions 81 are each provided with a non-conductive rubber seal 188 (Figure 7) and the area around the hinge is closed by cover plates 190, water escape vents are provided in and around the access opening 122, which due to the hot stick mounting is always at the lower portion of the donut 20 when installed on a conductor 22.

~;25~

_ Now referring to Figure 6, a hinge mechanism is provid-ed, generally indicated at 192. It comprises hinge pins 140 and 142, mounted in a top plate 136 and a bottom plate 138 (see Figure 23). When opening or closing, the b~ttom por-tions 76 along with their covers 81 rotate about pins 140 and 142. The two halves of the donut 76-76 are drawn to-gether to clamp the conductor by bringing fixed pins 146 and 148 together by means of cable 15~. They are separated by pushing a wedge against wedge arms 150 and 152 to separate pins 146 and 148 which are affixed to the bottom p~rtion 76-76.
To make certain that the bottom portions 76-76 oE the donut 20 are at the potential of the conductor, a spring 78 is provided which continuously contacts the conductor durins use and contacts it before it comes in contact with the tem-perature probes 70 and 72, protecting them against arcing.
To insure that the unit comes together precisely, a locating pin 194 and locating opening 196 are provided. The multi-layer power transformer cores 64 and 66 come together with their faces in abutting relationship when the unit is closed. They are spring loaded against each other and mounted for slight relative rotations so that the flat faces, such as the upper faces 198 shown in Figure 6 will fit together with a minimum air gap when the unit is closed.
The temperature probes 70 and 72 are spring loaded so that they press against the conductor when the unit is closed.
The ambie~t probe 74 is provided with a shield 200 covering the hub are~ so that it looks at the temperature of the shield 200 rather ~han the temperature of the conductor.

3~ 196-007 _ The temperature probes 70 and 72 are located in align-ment with opposed spokes 185 so as to provide the least amount of wind resistance so that the conductor at the probes 70 and 72 will be cooled by the ambient air in sub-stantially the same way as the conductor a distance away from the module 20.
The ten radio frequency shunting capacitors 176 can also be seen in Figure 6, as well as the patch antenna 98.
Now referring to Figure 7, a Rogowski coil 80 is af-fixed to the covers 81 by eight brackets 202 and is co~nect-ed by lead 203 to the electronics in the bottom portions 76 (Figure 10). The non-conductive rubber seal 188 may be seen in Figure 7, as well as recesses 2Q6 for stainless steel fiber contacting pads 202 which contact the RF shunting capacitors 176 (Figure 10).
Now referring to Figures 8 and 9, the capacitor plate 82 can be seen mounted flush with the surface of one of the covers 81. It may also be seen in Figure 9 how the openings 206-208 for the Rogowski coil are provided with slots 210 to prevent the formation of a short circuiting path around it.
Now referring to Figure 10, the arcuate capacitor plates 82 are insulated from the case 81 by teflon or other non-conducting material 212. The surface gap between the capacitor plate 82 and the surface of the case 81 is .005 inches. The plates 82 are mounted to the tops 81 by means of screws 214 passing through insulated bushings 216 and -34- ~5~ 196-007 nuts 218, or by other comparable insulated mounting means.
Connection between the capacitor plates 82 and the elec-tronics may be made by means of the screws 214. A stainless steel wool pad 202 may be seen in Figure 10 connecting to the shunt capacitor 176 which may be in the form of a feed through capacitor. The insulating seal 188 is shown next to the shunt capacitor 176.
The temperature probe 70 comprises an Analog Device AD-590 sensor 220 mounted against a beryllia insert 174 which contacts the conductor 22. The three conductors generally indicated at 222 connect the electronics t~ the sensor 220 through an MOV 224.
The sensor 220 and beryllia insert 174 are mounted in a probe head 226 which in turn is mounted to a generally cy-lindrical carriage 227 pushed out by spring 228 to force the bexyllia insert 174 against the conductor. A rubber boot 229 protects the interior of the probe 70. The probe head 226 is formed of an electrical and heat insulating material.
The probe 72 is mounted in a cylindrical post 230 which pre-ferably is adjustable in and out of the lower casing 76 for adjustment to engage conductors of differing diameters. The other conductor temperature probe 72 is identical.
An electronics box 84 is mounted within each of the two bottom portions 76 and top portion 81. The boxes 84 are hermetically sealed. The power picXup transformer core 66 and its mating transformer core 64 (Figure 6) in the other half of the module is pressed by leaf spring 232 against the _35~ ~ 196-007 matLng core 64 and is pushed against post 234 by means of spring 236 so that the flat faces 198 of the two cores 64 and 66, shown in Figure 6, will come together in a flat face to face alignment when the module is closed.
Referring now to Figure 11, it can be seen how the end face 238 of the core 66 passes through the end plate 240 of lower portion 76. Opening 242 is provided for electrical wiring connecting the sealed circuit containers 84 in both halves of the device. It should be noted how opening 242 is open, again to prevent encircling the wiring.
The opening 244 for the ambient sensor 74 and the-open-ing 246 for the conductor sensor 70 may be seen in Figure 11. The hubs 182 and 184 and spokes 185 may be seen in Figures 10 and 11 although the openings 248 in the spoke 185 of Figure 10 are not shown in order that the temperature probe 70 may be shown in detail.
Now referring to Figure 12 and 13, it can be seen how the clamping inserts 186 fit within the hubs 182 and 184 and how the facings 170 fit within the inserts 186. The inserts 186 are made in sets having differing inner diameters to accommodate conductors 22 of differing diameters.
As shown in Figures 15 through 17, the clamping inserts 186 are provided with alignment tabs 250 which fit into the hubs 182 and 184. Each of the inserts 186 is identical, one being upside down with respect to the other when installed as shown in Figure 14. Each is provided with a screw hole 252 or screw mounting them within hubs 182 and 184 and are provided with a raceway 254 for insertion of and to hold the -36- ~ 196-007 har~ conducting neoprene rubber facings 170, which may be of material, having a hardness of 70 durometer on the Shore ~
scale. The facings 170 are preferably filled with a con-ducting powder, such as graphite, to establish electrical contact with the conductor 22.
One of the pins 142 of the hinge is shown in Figure 18.
All of the pins are provided with a non-conducting ceramic coating 256 which may be plasma sprayed thereon, so that the pins do not provide, together with the plates 136 and 138 of the hinge (Figure 23), a shorted turn. --Now referring to Figure 20, an emergency hot :stickmountable tool 164 can be used to open the donut 20 if for any reason the hinge clamp jams. This tool comprises an elongated file 166 used to cut the cable 158. After the cable 158 has been cut, a threaded portion 168 of the emergency tool may be threaded into the thread portion 144 of nut 132 (see Figure 24) to remove the opened donut 20.
Also, in Figure 20, it can be seen how the cable clamp 130 is provided with a raised key portion 258 which guides the cable clamp's motion in a guideway opening 260 in the top plate 136. Also, the circular opening 262 in the top plate 136 may be seen, in which the boss 134 of nut 132 fits to keep it from moving. A similar boss on the bottom of the nut 132 fits into a circular opening in bottom plate 138, as does a similar key 264 on the bottom of cable clamp 130 fit into a guiding opening in bottom plate 138. The plates 136 and 138 are secured together by bolts 266 and 268 and are _37- ~ 6)~4 196-007 hel~ apart by spacers 270 and 272 (Figures 21 and 23) about the bolts 266 and 268. Cover plate 136 is machined with openings 274 and ribs 276 to make it as strong and light as possible.
Figure 21 shows the hinge clamp mechanism with the top plate 136 removed and the donut 20 closed, the cable 158 pulling pins 146 and 148 tightly together.
In Figure 22 the hinge clamp mechanism is shown with top plate 136 removed and the cable clamp 130 spread apart from the nut 132 by the barrel 124. The wedges 154 a~d 156 have pushed ramp arms 150 and 154 to spread apart fi~e~ pins 146 and 148, to open the donut.
In Figure 23 it can be seen how hinge pins 140 and 142 fit into receiving portions 278 and 280 of each bottom portion 76 of the donut 20. Similarly, fixed pins 146 and 148 fit into portions 282 which are shown partly cut away in Figure 23. Portions 282 are located closer to the central axis of th donut 20 than hinge pins 142.
Also seen in Figure 23 are the nuts 284 and 286 on the bolts 266 and 268.
As previously described the hot stick tool 108 (Figures 25, 26 and 27) for mounting to a conventional hot stick 176 comprises a conventional hot stick mounting coupling 118, 2 barrel portion 116, a universal joint 114 which accommodates misalignment of the line of the stick 120 and the receiving opening 122 (see Figure 3) in the donut 20. Also seen in Figures 25, 26, and 27 are the donut engaging Allen wrench p-ortion 110 and threaded portion 112 of the hot stick tool 108, and the sleeve 116 which holds the base 288 of the universal 114 rigidly to the mounting 290 for the hot stick tool mounted portion of the coupling 118.

State Estimator Module Electronics The state estimator module electronics are shown in their overall configuration in Figure 28. They comprise a power supply 292, digitizing and transmitting elect~onics 294, sensors indicated by the box 296, and antenna 98.
The center tap 9 of the power pickoff coil 68 is con-nected to the aluminum shell o~ the module 20, which in turn is connected directly to the power conductor 22 by spring 78 and by the conducting facings 170 (Figures 12 and 13).
Thus, the power conductor 22 becomes the local ground as shown at 88 for the electronics 294. The power supply sup-plies regulated +5 and -8 volts to the electronics 294 and an additional switched 5O75 volts for the transmitter as indicated at 300. The electronics 294 provides a trans-mitter control signal on line 302 to control the power supply to the transmitter. The sensors 296 provide analog signals as indicated at 304 to the electronics 294. The detailed schematic electrical circuit diagram of the power supply 29~ is shown in Figure 29.

-39- ~ 196-007 -Figure 30 is a schematic block diagram of the electron-ics 294. As shown therein, the Rogowski coil 80 is connect-ed to one of a plurality of input amplifiers 86 through current range select resistors 306. The voltage sensing plates 82 are connected to the uppermost amplifier which is provided with a capacitor 308 in the feedback circuit which sets gain and provides an amplifier output voltage in phase with line to neutral high tension voltage. It also provides integrator action for the measurement of current the same way as the amplifier connected to the Rogowski coil.~- Thus amplifier 86 connected to the voltage sensing plate 82 is a low impedance current measuring means connected between the power conductor 22 (i.e., ground 88) and the plates 82.
Each of the temperature transducers 72 and 74 is con-nected to a separate one of the amplifiers 86 as shown.
Spare amplifiers are provided for measurement of additional characteristics such as the interior temperature of the donut 20. Each of the amplifiers 86 is connected for com-parison with the output of digital analog converter means 310, 2.5 volt reference source 312 at comparator 314 by the multiplexer 90 under control of the digital computer 316.
The digital computer may be a Motorola CMOS 6805 micro-processor having I/O, RAM, and timer components. A program-mable read only memory 318 is connected thereto for storing the program. A zero crossing detector 320 detects the zero crossings of the current in the Rogowski coil 80 and provide basic synchronization. The donut ID number is selected by jumpers generally indicated at 322~ Tha digitized data -40 ~2580~ 196-007 ass~mbled into appropriate messages is encoded in Manchester code by thP encoder 94 and supplied to a 950 megahertz transmitter 96 which then supplies it to the antenna 98.
The schematic electrical circuit diagram of the elec-tronics 294 is shown in Figure 31, comprising Figures 31A
through 31D which may be put togethex to form Figure 31 as shown in Figure 31E. The grounds therein are shown as tri-angles. A inside the triangle indicates an analog ground and D a digital ground. Both are connected to the common terminal as indicatQd in Figures 28 and 31C. --The Voltage Sensor -The operation of the voltaye sensor may be understood with reference to Figure 32. We wish to measure the alter-nating current voltage VL between the conductor 22 and the ground 324. The metal plates 82 form one plate of a capaci-tive divider between conductor 22 and ground, comprising the equivalent capacitor Cl between ground and plate 82 and equivalent C2 between conductor 22 and the plate 82.
The voltage VL hetween ground and the conductor 22 is thus divided across the ecluivalent capacitor Cl and C2.
Prior art methods have attempted to measure the poten-tial developed across capacitance C2. However this capaci-tance can change value and affect the accuracy of the measurement. It may also develop a spurious voltage across it due ~o the high electric field in the vicinity of the high voltage conductor 22. The low impedance integrating operational amplifier of the invention, generally indicated -41~ 196-007 at ~26, shunts capacitance C2 and effectively eliminates it from the circuit. The potential of plates 82 is therefore made to be the same as that of conductor 22 through ~he operational amplifier 326. Now the potential between the plates 82 and ground 324 is the potential VL between the line 22 and the ground 324. Therefore, the current in the capacitance Cl is now directly proportional to the voltage VL. Therefore, the low impedance integrater connected operational amplifier 326 will provide an AC output voltage exactly proportional to the current in the capacita~e Cl and thus directly proportional to the high voltage YL on the conductor 22.
Now referring to Figure 33, all of the circuitry including the integrater connected operational amplifier 326 is housed within a metal housing 81, which is connected to the conductor 22 via the spring 78. The plates 82 are on the outside of the housing 81 and must be electrically insulated from it. The plates 82 cannot protrude from the housing 81 since this would invite corona on very high voltage lines. It therefore must either be flush with the surface of the housing 81 or recessed slightly in it.
Unfortunately rain water or snow collecting on the surface will provide a path of high dielectric constant shunting the high electric field about the conductor 22 so that the current I2 to the operational amplifier 326 will not be equal to the current Il in the capacitance Cl. Thus the measurement will be in error.

-42- ~ 196-007 - In order to minimize this effect the width and length of the sensing plates must be made very large in comparison with the width of the gap separating them from the housing and if any protective coating is used over the sensing plate it must have no appreciable thickness. Furthermore, the outer surface of the sensing plate must conform, as closely as possible, with the outer surface of the housing 81.
Thus the sensing plates 82 shown in Figures 8, 9, and 10, are made very long and have gaps to the housing at their ends of only .020 inches and gaps 212 along them of .005 inches in width. The plates 82 are approximately 3/8ths of an inch in width, which is o~ course very much greater than the gaps of .05 inches and .020 inches.
When constructed in this manner, water droplets covering the metallic sensing plate and bridging the adjacent housing do not materially affect the measurement of VL. This is true because:
1. the sensing plates 82 are directly exposed and water overlying them which has a high dielectric constant, simply conducts the capacitive current Il directly to the plate;
2. the amount of current shunted by water at the gap between the plates 82 and the housing 81 is very small in proportion to the amount collected by the much larger area sensing plates themselves;

-43_ 196-007 - 3. the alternating current lost through the shunt path across the gap between the plates 82 and housing 81 is very small because of the low input impedance of the integrater connected operational amplifier 326.

Deriving the Fourier Components of Current and Voltage Since the state estimator module 20 is mounted in isolation on a high-tension transmission line it is desirable to derive as much information as possible f~m the sensors contained within it with a minimum of complexi~y and to transmit this raw data to the ground station 24 ~Figure 1)~ Calculation of various desired quantities may then be made on the ground.
It is therefore convenient to sample and hold both the current and voltage simultaneously and to send these quantities to the ground sequentially by pulse code modulation.
When it is desired to derive phase and harmonic data rather than merely transmitting the root mean square of the voltage and current to the yround, the shape of the waveforms and their relative phase must be transmitted.
We do this by transmitting Fourier components. We sample the waveform of both current and voltage at intervals of l/9th of a cycle. However, rather than doing this during one cycle, we do this making one measurement at each cycle, changing the interval over nine cycles.

-44~ 196-0~7 - The ground station can then easily compute the quan-tities of interest, for example, RMS amplitude of voltae and current, their relative phase and harmonic content.
Since current and voltage are sampled simultaneously, their relative phases are the same as the relative phases of the sample sequence. The harmonic structures are also the same, so that, except for brief phenomena, any desired analysis may be made by the ground station.
The data transmissions take place in a five to ten second millis~cond interval, which is synchronized with the zero crossing of the donut 20. With this information, the relative phase of three phases of a transmission line as shown in Figure 1 may be derived.
In the embodiment disclosed herein we only compute the fundamental Fourier components of VA and VB and IA and IB
which are:

A 5 ~ VS . COS(S . S) VB = 2 . ~ VS . SIN(S . S) IA = 5 ~ IS COS(s~ . S) IB = T ~ IS . SIN(S~ . S~
S=l -45- ~ 196-007 where S~ equals the total number of samples in the apparatus disclosed 9, S equals the sample, and Vs and IS are the value of ~he measured voltage and current at each sample S.
From these the ~3S voltage V and current I may be derived by the formulas:
V = ~Va~ + (VB) 3 /
I = L(IA) + (IB)~
real power is:

(VB x IB) ~ (VA ~ IA~
and reactive power is:

(VA x IB) - (VB x A) If it is desired to have information about the shape of the waveform (that is harmonic data) more sanlples may be taken and the desired Fourier harmonic components calculated and transmitted.

"Random" Transmissions on a Single Radio Channel As shown in Figure 4, a single substation 34 may have as many as fifteen donuts 20 transmitting data to a single receiver 24. Since radio receivers are expensive and radio frequency channel allocations are hard to obtain, it is de-~irable to have all units share a single channelO For weight and economy it is desirable to minimize the equipment in the donuts 20 at the expense of complicating the receiver 24.
Idealy, all donuts 20 transmitting on a single channel would transmit, in turn, in assigned time slots. Unfortu-nately, the only way to synchronize them according to the -46- 196-0~7 pr~or art would be to provide them each with a radio receiver.
Our donuts 20 are programmed to send out short burst transmissions at "random" with respect to each other, and to do so often enough that occasional interference between two or more transmissions does not destroy a significant portion of the data. This is accomplised by assigning to each donut

20 transmitting to a single receiver 24 a fixed transmission repetition interval so that no synchronization is required.
The interval between transmissions of each of the don~ts is an integral number and these numbers are chosen so that no two have a common factor.
For example, for fifteen donuts, we choose the inter-vals W measured in sixtieths of a second according to the following table:
Donut Number W
. _ _ -47- ~ 196-007 _ It is desirable that the message length be reduced to a bare minimum in order to minimize simultaneous message transmission. One way we accomplish this is to transmi~
"auxiliary" information in repeating cycles of five transmissions.

Timing of the Measurements and Transmissions A timing diagram is shown in Figure 4, where the sine wave is the current as measured by the Rogowski coil. At zero crossing labeled 0 timing is started. During t~ next cycle labled 1 and succeeding cycles through the eighth, the nine successive Fourier measurements Is and Vs are made.
During the ninth cycle the period of the previous eight cycles is utilized to define the sampling interval and the Fourier samples of the current and voltage are again taken during the next eight cycles. These measurements are uti-lized to compute VA, VB, IA and IB. At the end of the next cycle labeled ~ at the 0 crossings, twenty-one cycles have oc~urred. During the followup period of time, up to a total of W - 1 cyclesl the program loads shift registers with the identification number of the donut, the auxiliary number, the Fourier components VA, VB, IA, IB, auxiliary parameters and the CRC (a check sum). At W - 1 the transmission 328 begins and takes place over a short interval of 5 to 10 milliseconds, ~approximately 5 milli-seconds in the apparatus disclosed). Then at the ~ crossing at the end of the cycle beginning at W - 1, that is -48~ 196-007 af~er W cycles, the program is reset to 0 going back to the left hand side of the timing diagram of Figure 34.
In the program discussed below there is a timer labeled Z which is set to 0 at the far left, beginning 0 cross over.
It is reset to Z = 21 at the end of the twenty-first cycle, the second nine to the right in Figure 34.

-49~ (3~ 196 007 The Donut Software _ Copyright ~ 1983, Product Development Services, Incorporated (PDS) Scope The state estimator module 20 (sometimes called herein the substation monitor) is a MC146805E2 microprocessor device.

Introduction The "Donut" software specification is clivided into three major sections, reflecting the three tasks performed by the software. They are:
Data structures, The background processing that performs the bulk of the "Donut" operations. Included are transmitter control, sample rate timing, analog value conversion, and general "housekeeping", Common utility sub-routines~
The interrupt processing that handles A.C. power zero-crossing interrupts and maintains the on-board clock which is used for cycle timing~ and The restart processing that occurs whenever the microprocessor is restarted.

The program listings are found in Appendix A.

~ 3~ 196-007 No~ation Conventions _ a) Logic Statements Program modules are described via flowcharts and an accompanying narrative. The flowcharts use standard symbols, and within each symbol is noted the function being performed, and often a detailed logic statement.
Detailed stateme~ts conform to the following conventions:
IX Index Register SP Stack Pointer PC Program Counter A,B Register A or B
CC Condition Codes Y Contents of register or contents o~
memory location Y.
(y) Contents of memory location addressed by the contents of register or contents of memory location y.
A,X Contents of location whose address is A - IX.
y(m-n) Bits m-n of the contents of register y or the contents of memory location y.
a-~b a replaces b. The length of the move (one or two bytes) is determined by the longer of a or b.
For instance:
ABC-~XYZ Move the contents of memory location ABC to memory location XYZ.
IX-~XYZ Save the Index Register in location XYZ .
(IX)-~XYZ Store the contents of the address pointed to by the Index Register in location XYZ.
0,X-~XYZ Same as above.
XYZ+2,X-~SP Move the bytes in location XYZ+2~(IX) and XYZ+3~(IX) to the Stack Pointer.
IX--~(XYZ) Store the Index Register in the mem-ory location pointed to by location XYZ .
(IX~-~(XYZ) Store the contents of the memory lo~
cation pointed to by the Index Register in the memory location pointed to by location XY7.
ABC (2-3) Bits 2-3 of memory location ABC.

- -51~ 196-007 - b) Subroutlne Calls Subroutine calls contain the name of the subroutine, a statement of the sub-outline, a statement of its function, and the flowchart section which describes it as shown in Figure 35.

Data Structures .
The memory map is shown in Figure 36, the PIA

Definitions in Figure 37, and the Data Transmission Format in Figure 38.

Background Processing The Background Processing Hierarchy is shown in Figure 39.

Substation Monitor Main3ine (MAIN) FIG. 40 PURPOSE: MAIN is the monitor background process-ing loop.
ENTRY POINT: MAIN
CALLING SEQUENCE: JMP MAIN (from RESET) REGISTER STATUS: A, X not preserved.
TABLES USED: None.
CALLED 13Y: RESET
CALLS: SYNC, HKEEP, GEl~AL, COMPUT, CRC12, SHIFT, XMIT
EXCEPTION CONDlTlONS: None.
DESC~IPTION: Main calls SYNC to time the AC
frequency and compute the sasnpling rate, HKEEP
to perfonn general ;nitialization, and GETVAL to sample the analog values. COMPUT is c~lled to fin-ish the Fourier calculations, the watchdog timer is kicked, and CRC12 is called to calculate the CRC
vall~e for the data to be transmitted. SHIF~ is called to load the shift register, XMIT is called to transmit the data to the ground statiorl, the watchdog is kicked, and the entire cycle is repeated.

53 ~ 5~

Synchronaze Timir~g (SYNC) FIG. ~1 PURPOSE: SYNC times the AC frequency ~nd calcu-btes the sampling interval.
ENTRY POINT: SYNC
CALLING SEQUENCE:
JSR SYNC
Return REGISTER STAl US: A, X no preserved.
TA~LES USED: Nonc.
CALLED EIY: MAIN
CALLS: DIY3X9 EXCEPTION CONDITIONS: None.
DESCRIPTION: SYNC initializes the zero crossing count .uld scts the Syllc mode flag. I he sum buffer is clc~red for usc as a time nccumulator, the zero cross-ing occurred nag is reset, and the cycle countes i3 set to 10. The zero crossing occurred tlag is morutored until 10 zero crossing intcnupt~ hlve occurrcd, at which point the time valuc is rnoved to the sum buf~r. DIV3X2 is callcd to dividc the 10 cycle time by 9, ~he quotient is saved as the s~npling time, the start nag is set, and a return is e:~ecuted.

54 ~5~

Per~onn Housekeeping ~IKEEP) FIG. 42 PURPOSE: HlCEEP p~rforms cycle initialization.
ENTRY POINT: HKEEP
CALLING SEQUENCE:
ISlFt. HKEEP
Rcturn RECISI ER STATUS: A, X nor prescrvcd.
TA13LES USED: TIMTBL-Timing Interval Table CALLED E~Y: MAIN
CALLS: None.
EXCEPTION CONDITIC)NS: None.
DESCRlPrION: HKE~P releases the DAC tracking register, clears the swn but~ers, and rescts the timing value remainder. The Donut 1. D. nur~ber is read and stored in the data buffer, the cycle in~erval tim~ is retrieved from the TIMI BL based on the I. D. num-ber, and thc au~illiary data I. D. number is bu nped. A
retum is then e~ecuted.

. i,~

~L~5~0~14 Collcct All Data ~GETVAL) FIG. 43 PIJRPOSE: G!ETVAL reads the nine data sa~nples.
ENTRY POINT: GETVAL
CALLING SEQUENCE:
JSR Ci ETVAL
Return E~EGIS~ER STATUS: A, X not preserved.
TABLES USED: None.
CALLED BY: MAIN
CALLS: SAMPLE
EXCEPTION CONDITIONS: None.
DESCRIPTION: GF,TVAL monitors the time-to-sam ple ~lag. When ~sct, the flat is reset, SAMPLE is called to sample the analog values, and the watchdog timer is kicked. When the cycle has becn repelted nine times, a return is c~ecuted.

56 ~5~

Read Analog Values (SAMPLE) FIG. 44 PURPOSE: SAMPLE reads and saves the analog val-ues.
ENTRY POINT: SAMPLE
CALLING SEQUENCE:
JSR SAMPLE
Return REGISTER STATUS: A, X not preserved.
TAE~)LEs USED: None.
CALLED BY: GETVAL
CALLS: READAC, SUMS
EXCEPTIOM CONDITIONS: None.
DESCRIPIION: SAMPLE calls READAC to read the current and voltage values and SUMS to update the Fou~ier surns. A retum is e~ecuted unl~ss all nine sasnples have been taken. in which cæ READAC is Galled ~o read the au~illiary da~a value. The analog value tracking register is released, and a retum is e~ecuted.

~25i&~0 gl~

Read DAC/Comparator Circuit (READACj FIG. 45 PURI~SE: READAC converts the analogs to digital values.
ENTRY POINT: READA~C
CALLING SEQUENCE~:
ISR READAC:
Return A, X= 12 bit valuc REGISl ER STATUS: A, B, X not preserved.
TABLES USED: None CALLED EIY: SAMPLE
CALLS: None EXC:~PTION CONI)ITIONS: None DESCRIPTION:
READAC initializes the trial and incrcmental values.
The trial value is wri~ten to the DAC as three four-bit values, and the DA(:: conversion is initi-ated. A short register~ecrement delay loop ~llows the DAC time ts~ convert, the incremental value is divided by two, and the comparator input is checked. The incremental value is subtracted/ad-ded to the test v~lue if the test value was higher/-lower than the actual analog valuc.
When the incremental vslue reaches zero, the value is convertcd to truc two's complement and a return is e~ecuted with the value in A, X.

~ ~

Maintain Foulier Sums (SUMS) FIG. 44 PURPOSE: SllMS multiplies the analog values by the tngonometric values of the phase angles and sun~ the results.
ENTRY POINT: SUMS
s::ALLING SEQUENCE:
JSR SUMS
Return REGISTER STATUS: A, X not preserved.
TABEI~S USED:
Cl)SI~E--Table of cosinc value~
SINE~S--Table of sine values CALLED BY: GETVAL
CALLS:
MULT
Local subroutines: ABSVAL, ADDCOS~ADD-SIN--FICiS. 47 & 48 EXCEPTION CONDl~IONS: None.
DESCRIPTION: SUMS calls ABSVAL to movc the absolute value of the analog value to thc multiply buffer, moves the trig value to the bufler, and calls MULT to perfor n ~he multiplication. ADDCOS or ADDSIN is called to add the product to the sine and cosine values for both voltage and current.

59 ~ 4 Perform Data Manipulations (COMP~T~ FIG. 49 PURPOSE: COMPUT performs necessary scaling functions.
ENTRY POINT: COMPUT
CALLING SEQUENCE:
JSR COMPUT
Return REGISTER STATUS: A, X not pr~served.
TAiBLES USED: Nonc CALLED BY: MAIN
CALLS: DIVABS, DIV4X2, DIVCNV
EXCEPI ION CONDITIONS: Nonc DESCRiPTlON: COMPUT mov the scalc factor to the divide buffer, calls DIVABS to mDve the absolute value of the fourier sum to the bu~r, and calls DIV4X2 to perform the d;vision. DIVCNV i~ called to apply the proper sign to the quotient, nnd the valuc is moved to the data buffer. rhis cyde is repcated for each of the four fouri~r sums, und n return is e~e-cuted.

6() ~L2~

ompute Cyclic Rcdundancy Check Value (CRC12) FIG. S0 PURPOSE: CRC12 computes the CRC value.
ENTRY POINT: CRC12 CALLING SEQUENCE: JSR CRC12 Return REGISTER STATUS: A, X not preserved.
TABLES USED: None.
CALLED BY: MAIN
CALLS: Local Subroutine: CPOLY--FIG. 51 EXCEPTION CC)NDITIONS: None.
DESCRIPI ION:
CRC12 sets a counter to the number of bytes in the data buffer, initializes the CRC value, and gets the data buffer start address. Each 6 bit group of data is e~clusively "or"ed into the CRC value, and CPOLY is called to "or" the resulting value with the polynomial value. When all bits have been processed, a return is e~Lecuted.
CPOLY sets a shift counter for 6 bits. The CRC value is shifted left one bit. If the bit shifted out is a one, the CRC value is e~clusively "or"ed with the poly nomial value. When 6 bi~s have been shifted, a return is e~ecuted.

Load Shift Register (S~IIFI ) FIG. 52 PURPOSE: SHIFI- loads the shift register with the data ~o be transmit~ed.
E~NTRY POINT: SHIFI
CALLiNG SEQUENCE:
JSR SHIFr Retun~
REGISTER STATUS: A, X not preser~ed.
TABLES USED: None.
CALLEr) BY: MAIN
CAL,LS: Local Subroutine: SHI~4/SHFAG-N--FIG. 53 EXCEPrION CON!~ITIONS: None.
DESCRIPTION:
SHIFT calls SHIFT4 successively to shift tour bits of data at a time into the shift register, starting with the most significant bit.. When all twelve-bit values have been shifted in, SHIFI`4 and SHFAGN are called to fill the shift register with trailing zeroes and a return is executed.
SHIFT-4 shifts the four data bits in A(0-3) into the hatdware shift register by setting/resetting the data bit and toggling the register clock bit. When four bits have been shifted, a return is e~tecuted.
SHFAGN is a special entry to SHIFI 4 which allows the desired bit count (1 1) to be passed in X.

62 ~58~)9~

Transmit Data (XMIT) FIG. 54 PURPOSE: XMIT transmits thr conten~s of the shift register to the ground s ation.
ENTRY POINT: XMIT
CALLING SEQUENCE:
JSR XMIll~
Retur~
REGISTER STA~JS: A, X not preserved.
TAI~LES USEI:): None.
CALLED BY: MAIN
CALLS: Nonc.
EXCEPTION CONDITIONS: None.
DESCRI~ON: XMIT monitors the ze~o-cro~sing count. Whcn the count reaches the time-to-tt~nsmit COU~lt, the tr~nsmitter is enabkd, and a one millisec-~:r i1~

-63- ~5~

Double Preclsion Mult ply _MULT) Figure 55 PURPOSE: MULT performs a double precision multiply.

ENTRY POINT: MULT

CALLING SEQUENCE: MLTBUF~1,2 = Multiplier MLTBUF~3,4 = Multiplicand Return MLTBUF~5,6,1,2 = Product REGISTER STATUS: A, X not preserved.

TABLES USED: None CALLED BY: COMPUT, SUMS

--CALLS: None EXCEPTION CONDITIONS: None DESCRIPTIONo MULT performs a double precision multiplication by shifting a bit out of the multiplier, successively adding the multiplicand to the product, and shifting the product. When finished, ~he watchdog timer is kicked, and a return is execu~ed.

.

6~ ~5~

C;et Absolute Value (DlVABS) FIG. 56 PURPOSE: DlVABS gets the absolute value of the value at X and sets the sign flag.
ENTRY POINT: DIVABS
CALLING SEQIJENCE:
~C = Value Address JSR DIVABS
Return ABSIGN=Sign flag ~SFF=Negative) ~EGISTER STATUS: X is preserved.
TA~LES USED: None.
CALLED BY: COMPUT
CALLS: COMP2 EXCEf~ION CONDl rlONS: None.
DESCRIPI`ION: DIVA13S resets the sign nag and tests the most significant bit of thc vallle at X. If set, COMP2 is called to find thc two's complement of the four byte value, and the sign nag is sct to SFF. A
return is then e~ecuted.

Con~ert Scaled V~lue (DIVCI`IV) FIG. S7 PURPOSE: DIVCN~ applies the sign and divides the value by si~tteen.
ENTRY POINT: DIVCNV
CALLING SEQUENCE:
X=Value Addre~s ISR DIVCNV
Rctum REGISTER STATUS: A, X not prescrved.
TAi3LES USED: I`lane.
CALLED ~3Y: COMPUT
CALLS: COMP2 EXCEPI ION CONDITIONS: None.
DESC~IPTION: DIVCNV tests the sign flag, AEI-SIGN. If non-zcro, COMP2 b called to f nd ~he two's complement of the four byte valuc at X. The value is then shifted right four bits, and a rcttlrn i~i exccuted.

~2S~

Find Two's Complement Value (COMP2) FIG. 58 PURPOSE: COMP2 finds the two's complement value of the value at X.
ENTRY POINT: COMP2 CALLlNG SEQUENCE:
X = Value Address ISR COMPZ
Retuzn REGISTER STATUS: X is Pres~rvcd.
TABLES USED: None.
CALLED BY: DIVABS, DIVCNV
CALLS: None.
EXCEP~ION CONDITIONS: None.
DESCRIPI'ION: COMP2 complements each byte of the four byte value at X, adds one to the least signifi-cant byte, and propagates th~ carry through the re-maining bytes.

Process Zero C:rossing Intcrrupts (ZClNi-) FIG. S9 PURPOSE: ZCINT proccsscs zero csossing interrup~s.
ENTRY POINT: ZCINT
CALLING SEQU~NCE:
From IRQ Vector Retum (RTI) IRE&ISI'ER STATUS: A, X are preser~ed.
TA~LES USED: None.
CALLED BY: Hardware IRQ Vcctor CALLS: None.
EXCEPl'ION CONDITICtNS: None.
DESCRIPT ION:
ZCINT tes~s the cycle start nag. If set, the analog Iracking register is frozcn, the cycle start naB is reset, the timc-to-sample flag is set, and thc clock is se~ to the 1-1/9 cycle time.
If the start sy~chronize flag is set, thc clock prescaler is reset, thc clock is reset to ma~imum vslue, and the st~rt synchronizc flag is re~L
Thc dapsed zlock time is saved as the last cycle time, the zero crossingoccurred nag is set, the zero-crossing count is bumped. and a return is executcd.

~5~30~

Process Clock Interrupt (CLINT) FIG. 60 PURPOSE: CLINT processes clock interrup~s.
EN~RY POINT: CLINT
CALL~NG SEQUENCE:
From IRQ ~ or Return (RTI) REGISTER STATUS: A, X are preserved.
TABLES USED: None.
CALLED E~Y: Hardware Clock IRQ Vector CALLS: None.
EXCEPTION CONDITIONS: None.
DESCRIlrrION: CLINT free~es the analog tracking register, resets thc clock IRQ flag, and sets the time-to samplo tlag. The cycle time remainder value is added into the time accumulator. lf a carry results, the 1-1/9 cycle tirnc is incrcased by one. The clock is reset to the cycle time, and a retu~n is e~tecutcd.

~, Perfo~n Power~n Reset (RESET) FIG. 61 ENTPOSE RESET performs power~n initialization CALLING SEQUENCE:
From Hardware Reset Vector JMP MAIN
REGlSTER STAl`IJS: A, X not preserved TA13LES USED: None.
CALLED ~Y: Hardware Reset Vec~or CALLS: MAIN
EXCEaYrION CONDITIONS: Non~.
DESCRIPTION: RESET inhibits interrupts, clenrs RAM to zer~s, and initializcs the internal c10cLc and PlA's. Thc initial time vnlues are initialized, nnd the Manchester encoder and trnnsmitter are disnbled rnterrupts arc reallowed, and n jump to the bacl~ ¦
ground processing 100p i3 e~ecuted.

~ ~5~ 9 6 - 0 0 7 ~ The Receiver . _ . n~
The receiver 24 at a substation 34 as shown in Figure 4 receives data from flfteen donuts.
In Figure 62 there is shown an overall circuit block diagram for such a receiver 24.
In addition to receiving transmissions from up to fif-teen donuts 20, via its antenna 30 and radio receiver 330, the receiver 24 can also receive analog data from up to 48 current transformers and potential transformers generally indicated at 332. The receiver 24 is operated by a- type 68000 Central Processing Unit 334. The Manchester ~oded transmissions from the donuts 20 received by the receiver 330 are transmitted via line 336 to a communication board 106 and thence on data bus 338 to the 68000 CPU 334. The transformer inputs 332 are conditioned in analog board 340 comprising conditioning amplifiers, sample and hold, multi-plexing and analog to-digital conversion circuits under control of analog control board 342~ The digitized data is supplied on data bus 338 to the CPU 334O The CPU 334 is provided with a random access memory 346, a programmable read only memory 348 for storing its program, and an elec-trically erasable read only memory 349 for storing the scaling factors and personality tables.
The central processing unit 334 may be provided with a keyboard 350 and a 16 character single line display 352. It is also provided with an RS232 port 354 for loading and unloading so called personality tables comprising scaling factors and the like for the donuts 20 and the transformer -71~ 196-0~7 in~uts 332. The receiver 24 which is sometimes called here-in a remote terminal unit interface, supplies data to a remote terminal unit via current loop 356 from an RS232 communications port on communications board 106.

~5~ 196-007 ~ The Receiver Software Copyright ~ 1983, Product Development Services, Incorporated (PDS) Functional Specification of the Receiver The remote terminal unit may be a Moore MPS-9000-S
manufactured by Moore Systems, Inc., 1730 Technology Drive, San Jose, California 95110, modified to receive and store a t~b~e of digital data each second sent on-line 3~7. U~modi-fied, the MPS-900-S receives inputs from potential an~ cur-rent transformers~ temperature sensors and the like at a substation, and converts -these measurements to a digital table for transmission to a power control center 54 (Figure 5) or for use in local substation control.
Simultaneous transmissions from two or more donuts 20 are ignored since the garbled message received will not produce a check sum ~CRC) that matches the check sum as received. The CRC check portion of the circuit is shown at 337.

5~

Ove~view:
An integral part of commercial power generation is monitoring the amount of power delivered to customers and, if necessary, purchase of power from other companies during peak dem~nd periods. It is advantageous to the power com-pany to be able to make measurements at remote substations, and be able to relay all the measurements to a central point for monitoring. Because of the large voltages and currents involved in commercial power distribution, direct measure-ment is not feasible. Instead, these values are scaled down to easily measured values through the use of Potential Transformers (PT's) for voltage, and Current Transformers (CT's) for current. Recently, we have developed another means for monitoring power line voltage and current. This is the Remote Line Monitor, a donut shaped (hence the nick-name "donut") device which clamps around the power line itself, and transmits the measured values to a radio re-ceiver on the ground.
g- The Remote Terminal Interface (RTI~ monitors power line voltage, current, and temperature by means of Potential Transformers (PT's), Current Transformers (CT's), and tem-perature transducers respectively. These parameters may also be obtained from Remote Line Monitors, or "donuts"
which are attached to the power lines themselves. It is the job of the RTI to receive this data, and in the case of PT's, CT's and temperature transducers, digitize and analyze ~he data. This data is then used to calculate desired out-put parameters which include voltage, current, temperature, ~L2~ 3~
-73.1- 196-007 fre~uency, kilowatt hours, watts, va, and vars, (the last three being measures of power). These values are then sent to the Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), and are updated once per second.
Data obtained from PT's, CT's, and temperature trans~
ducers must be digitized by the RTI before it can be used.
Data obtained in this way is termed "analog" data. Donuts, on the other hand, send their data to the RTI in digital form. For this reason, input received from donuts is said to be "digital" input. Each donut supplies three p~rame-ters, (voltage, current, and temperature) thus it is_equi-valent to three analog inputs.
Virtually all commercial power systems in the United States today are three phase systems. There are two con-figurations used~ the 3 conductor or delta configuration, and the 4 conductor or wye configuration. To calculate power (va, vars) it is necessary to measure the voltage and current in all but one of the conductors. That one con-~uctor is used as a reference point for all voltages measured. For a del-a configuration, voltage and current in two of the three conductors must be measured (only two phases). This is referred to as the two wattmeter method.
It is desirable to use the two wattmeter method whenever possible because only 2 PT's and CT's are required. For a wye configuration however, voltage and current must be measured in all 3 phases. (The fourth conductor is an ex-plicit reference point. No such reference is provided in -73.2~ 196-007 the d~lta configuration, so one of the phases must be used instead.) This latter method is known as the three wattmeter method.
The program listings for the receiver remote terminal interface are found in Appendix B. They comprise a number of subroutlnes on separately numbered sets of pages. The subroutines are in alphabetical order in Appendi~ B. At the top of page 1 of each subroutine the name of the subroutine is given, (e.g., ACIA at the top of the first p~ge of Appendix B). The routine INIT initializes the comput-er and begins all tasks.
Appendix C comprises equates and macro definitions used in the system~ Those headed STCEQU are for the system timing controller (an AM9513 chip3. Those headed XECEQU are for the Executive program EXEC in Appendix B. Those headed RTIEQU are unique to the remote terminal interface and used throughout the programs of Appendix B.

74 125~

Accuraey: All calculations will be perfor~ned to 5 sig-nificant digits, representing an accuraey of 0.01% of full scale.
Input ranges:
Analog voltages and currents will be digitized to a 12 bit bipolar value ranging from--2048 to 2047.
Analog tempcrature will also be digitized to a 12 bit valu~ whieh m~ly or may not be bipolar.
All incoming digital data will be 12 bit values ranging from--2048 to 2047.
Number of inputs/outputs: There shall be no more than 48 analog inputs and 15 digital inputs, and no mor~
than 64 outputs. The analOg inputs may mon}tor no more than 5 separate groups. (A group is defined as a eircuit whose voltage is used for the frequeney refer-enee and power ealeulations) The donuts may be used to monitor a ma.~imum of S additional groups.
Digital inputs: Digital inputs, if used, will be supplied by 'donuts'. (see donut doeumentation) Sealing Ranges:
1. Range of donut scaling faetors vill be from 0.S to 2. In addition, the tempera~ure value may also have an offset from--1024 to + 1023 added ~o it.
2. Eaeh Pl' has a scaling factor associated with it.
This faetor rnay rar~ge from 0.S to 2Ø
3. Eaeh CI` has four scaling factors assoeiated with it.
These fas:tors may eaeh range from 0.5 to 2Ø

~ 3~L

Data Acquisition:
Analog data input:
Analog dat;l can come from ~hree sources: Potential Transformers, (Frs~i- Currerit Trans~orrners "s), f temperature transducers. llle order of sarnpling will be deterrnined by the outputs de-sired. (see Data Output) For voltage and current, 9 equally spa~ed samplcs must be taken over Lhe space of a power line voltage cycle for the pur-poses of data analysis. ~see Data Processing). For each voltage group (ms~imum of 5), a timer must be mainained to provide proper sampling intervals.
This timer will be checked each sarnpling period and adjusted if necessary. The first phase of the voltage sampled will be used as Ihe reference for checking the sampling prriod timer.
The input tssl~ ICJIOWS it may begin sarnpling for a given group of inputs lcluster) when all of the input bu~Ters connected with it are ready for input. The nece3sary data is collecte~ from the A/D con-verter, and stored in the appropriate input buffer.
When this ssrnpling is complete, the buffer is msrked as unsvailable for fur~her input, and made availabe for Fourier anslysis. The sampling timer is then adjusted if rlecessary, and the input task then proceeds to the ne~t group of buffers in the Input Sequence Table.
13. I:~igital Input:
Input from the 'donuts' (if used) is already digitized and analyzed. It is only necessary to apply a scalîng faclor (unique for each parameter from each donut) to the data, and convert it to 2's complement form.
After this has bcen done, the data is in a suitable form to calculate output data.
Don~t input is not solicited, but rather is transmitted in a continuous strearn to the RTI. When data is receivcd from a donut, the processor is interrupted.
The incoming data is then collected in a local buffer unlil a full message from a donut is received and validated. If the dalta is not valid, the transmis-sion is ignored, and normal processing continues. If the buffer has already received valid inpu~ data for this sampling period, the transmission is ignored.
Other~,vise, the ne~v data is moved from the receive buffer into the appropriate data buffer, the age count is cleared, is marked as ~,vaiting to be pro-cessed, and is made available for effective value calculations.
C. Analog Input Error Detection/Action: None.
D. Digital Input Error DetectioniAction: A Cyclical Rcdundancy Che<:k (CRC) word will be provided at the end of eaeh donut transmission. If the CRC fails, the last good data transmitted by that particular donut will be reused. If the outpu~ task references the buffer before new data comes in, the old data vill be reuscd. If a donut should fail more than N (to be defined) consecutive times, that donut will be consid-ered to be bad, and its data will be reset to zero.

76 ~ ~5~ [)9~

Data Processing Analog data must bc subjected to Fourier transforma-tion to e?~tract the sine and cosine components of the voltage and current prior to calculating outpu~
values. Also, if the input was a voltage, the sine and cosine components must be scaled by a factor be-tween 0.5 and 2Ø This scaling factor is found in the Input Pcrsonality Table, and is unique to each input. ~f the input was a current, the effective value and the Fourier components must be scaled by one of four factors ranging between 0.5 and 2Ø The scale factor used is dependent on the raw value of the effective current (lefl). Each current input has a unique set of four factors. These may also be found in the Input Personality Table.
The pulpose of Fourier transforrnation is to e~tract the peal~ sine and cosine components of an input waveform. These components are then used to calculate the arnplitude (effective value) of the waveforrn. For this application, we are only con-cerned with the components of the fundamental (60 Hz) line frequency.
If the buffer is an analog input buffer, then the 9 samples are analyzed, yielding the sine and cosine components of the fundamental. The effective value of the waveform is then computed and stored in the buffer. The buffer is then marked as being ready for more raw data.
If the buffer is a digital (donut) buffer, then only the effective voltage and current are computed and stored in the buffer. When these calculations are complete, the buffer is marked as being ready for more raw data.
After the data has been appropriately processed, then the outpue vaiues may be calculated. Parameters that may be calculated are: voltage, current, kilo-watt hours, watts, va, and vars. Also, temperature, and frequency may be output. (These are mea-sured, noi calculated parameters.) Error Detection/Action: None.

1~ ~'' Data Output Outpul data will be transmitled to the host in serial fashion, Data to be transmitted to the host will be stored in a circular FIFO buffer to be emptied by the transmission routine which will be interrupt driven. All data must be converted to offset binary and fot~natted before transmission. A new set of output data wi11 be transmitted to the hoss once per second.
When a buffer is ready to be output, the wattage must be calculated (~f it hasn't been already) and stored in the buffer corresponding to the phase I of the cu~ent involved in the calculation. When the watt-age is calculated, the kilowatt hour vaJue is up-dated also. After calculating power and updating KWH, the output task will caleulate the requested output parameter and output it (if the appropriate buffers to perform the caleulation are ready). The output task will then proceed to the ne~t entry in the Output Personality Table. When the end of the table is reaehed, all buffers, both an~og and digital, are marked as ready for analysis. In addition, the output task will enable the transmission of the bloek of data just ealculated, and wait until the start of the ne~t one seeond interval before starting at the top of the table again.
If the seeond eur~ent input specifier in the output table entry is not--1, the parameter will be calcu-lated using the Breaker-and-a half method. (see glossary) 78 ~L~5 Error Deter,tion/Action:
lf the requested pararnater cannot be calculated be-c~use th~ requisite buf7ers are not yet ready, and the output buffer is empty, we have a fat~l error in that we haven't been able to calculate ~he requisite data in time for transmission. For now we'll just wait until the da~a does come along.

0~3~

RTI Monitoring/Program-ning The RTI will be supplied with an integral 16 key keypad, and single line (16 column) display. From this keyboard, thc user may:
con.inuously moni{or any parficular output value (the display being updated once per second).
display all diagnositc error counts.
transmit an upload request to the host thru the all~iliary port.
In addition, the RTI will have the capability to upload/download any EEPROM based table through the au~iliary port upon request from the host. All prograrnming of the RTI (configuration and scaling factor entry) will be performed ~hrough this link. Communications protocols will be defined in the design spec.
Error Detection/Action:
When cach table is up/down loadcd, a 16 bit CRC
word is transmitted with it. Should this CRC chcck faii on do vn load, the RTI will request a rctrans-mission and the t~ble in EEPROM will not be updated. On upload, it is thc responsibility of thc host to request a retransmission.

~ ~5~ 34 Initialization A. Various hardware must be initialized prior ~o s~an of opcratlon. Presently defined hardware is:
STC (System Timing Controller). The STC consisrs of 5 independent timers, any one of which may be se-lected to generatc an interrupt upon timing out. This is used to insure that Ihe analog sarnpl~s are taken a~
the propef time. The STC is made by Advanced Micro Devices, and its pan number is 9513.
PI~T: Sct timer to provide interrupts at one second intervals to signal the start of data transmission to Ihe host.
ACIA 1: Host interf~ce 4800 baud Odd parity I stop bit 8 data bits Host interface monitor (RCV half of ACIG t) ACIA 2: Au~iliary link To be defined.
Error Detection/Action: None.
B. Software initialization:
The nnalog and digital buffers must bc initialized at startup time. Also at this time, the lnput Sequence Table and Clustcr Status Masks arc built. Finally, the various lasks must be initialized and startcd.

~5~ 3~

Equations:
Founer analysis (voltage and current):

Va (cosinc componcn~) = Ys X cos(s X 40')/4 5 Vb (sinc component) = ~: Vs X sin~5 x ~0-)/4.5 Where s is the sample number.
Note: sin (5X40-)/4.S and cos (sX40-)/4.5 are con-s~ants, and may be stored in a tabte.
Ef~ective voltage (current):
\' i V~ Va + Vb2 Temperature: no calculation--the input value is just passed on.
Power:
Watts:
per pha~se: Watts=~Vbxlb)+(Vaxla) Total power: (this applies to Watts, VARS, and VA) Three pha~se (wattmeter) mcthod: pwt = (Pha~se pwr+Phase 2 pwr-,~Phase 3 pwr)/6144 Two phase (wattmeter) method: pwr=~Phase I
WArr5, vARsP ol.)v4096 where pwr may b Note: The constants 6144 and 4096 above are included so that full scale voltage and full scale current will yield full scale power. Proper scaling to actuai watts, vars, va. or watt-hours will bc performed by the hosl.
VARS=(Vexlb)--(Vbxla) (per phase) Total VARS calculated as per total watts above.
VA = VeffX leff Total VA calculated as per total wa~ts above.

Tablcs Input Personality Table: This table is EEPROh~ based.
and binds a specific input number to an input type (voltage. currcnt, temperaturc), group 1, phase 1~ and set of correetion factors. This table is of a fi~ed sizc and may have no more than 48 entries. Unused entrics will have a valuc of 0. The values in this table will be desermined at installation time.
Output Personality Table:
The Output Personality Table is an EEPROM based table which defincs each of the parameters to be output, ~nd which parameters are necessary to calculatc them. The number of entries (up to 64) in the table i~s unique to the site, and is deterrnined at installation timc. Ille entrics are arranged in the order in which they are able to bc output. There may be no more than 64 entries in this table.
When donuls arc used, both voltage and current read-ings from the selected donut(s) will be uscd for power (volt-amp) calculations. ~ie. using voltage from a donut and current from a CT will not be permitted) Donuts shall have ID's ranging from I to IS. Each insta~lafion using donuts must start the donul ID's from 1.
Donuts must be uscd in groups of thfee. (Their output is suitable only for use in the 3 wattmetcr method.) The ID's of the donuts must bc consecutive, the lowest numbered one belng a~sumed to be phase one, and the highest numbered one will bc assumed to be phase 3.
Zcro entries in thc table will bc ignored.
Input Sequencc Table: The Input Sequence Table is RAM based, and built at RTU s~artup time, based on the Output and Input Personality tables. For each group, this table specifies which inputs must be sam-pled simultaneously to calculate the desired outputs.
The groups are entered into the table in order of their first reference in the Output Personality Table. The Input Personality Table is then referenced to find the input numbers of all phases of a given input type (ie.
current) for any group. Each group is terrninated by a zero word. llle table is terrninated by a word set to all ones.
Donut Scale Factor Table: This table is EEPROM
based and contains the donut's group number and scaling factors to be applied to donut inputs. Scale factors are unique to each parameter input from each donut. In addition, the temperature input may also have an offset from--1024 to 1023 added to it. lllis offset is added after the scaling factor has been ap-plied. The entries are arranged in order of donut ID's.

83 ~L25~30~a~

D~l~ Forrnals:
A Il~comin~ Donut Da~a Form4t_ word bi~a func~ion 11-8 don t c~r~
7~ donu~ id 3-0 au~. id 2 11-0 V2 (co~inc COmpOn~nl of Vlla8') 3 11-0 Vb (~ine componem Or vol~sge) 4 11~ 18 (cosin~ componens of currenl) 11-0 Ib (~ine componcnl of currens) 6 11-0 Aua 7 1 I-a CRC word , __ . ~... _ __ _ . . -a. Host Tr2nsmission Formsl For das2 Iyp-e-s 6:
wo~d biss function 7-6 alw ly~ z~ro ~ v~llu~ l~S
2 7-6 Iw~ ore 5-0 MS 6 bis~ of v~lu¢
3 7-6 Iwrys on~
5-0 LS 6 bils of v~lue For da~s IvVC 7 ~ICWH~:
word biss func~ion _ _ __ __ .
7 Iways one 6 al~v~ys ~ero 5_0 valuc As 2 7-6 llwssyl onc 5-0 MS 6 bils of value 3 7-6 alw-ys onc 5{) LS 6 biss ot vJlu¢
. _ C. Up!o~d/DownloJd rorma~:
bylc bits tunction 0-4 0-7 sync ch~racler SYN ~ 16) 0-1 lable l.D. - Ascll digil 0-3 where:
0- I.D. ~able I - Inpul P~rsonalhy Table 2 - Ouspus Personasisy Table ) - Donul Scale F-aor Tabk 6-7 0-7 byte CoUnl h! of by~c~ of ~dble ~ransmu~ed 8-N 0-7 s~blc dala . N = byl~ COUnl t 8 N+ I-N+ 2 0-7 CRC word. CRC includcs bvsff 5 shru N

Fourier constant table: In the Fourier analysis, the val ues sin (sX40)/4.5 and cos (sX40)/4.5 (where s ranges frorn I to 9) are constants, and thus may be stored in a table. This avoids needless computation.
Each entry will be a 32 bit floating poh.t number.
There will be 9 entnes for each table. (sine and co-sine) Analog lnput Buffer: There are 4~ of these buffers, one per A/D channel. The number of buffers actuallv uscd is installation dependent. These buflfers accept raw input from the A/D, and hold the results of intermediate calculations until output time. The inter-mediate values are the cosine and sine components oo the Fourier analysis of the 9 input samples, the effec-tive value (computed from thesc components), total wattage, watt seconds, and kilowatt hours. The last three parameters are only defined for Analog Input buffers corresponding to phase 1 Cl~s.
Digital Input Buffer: There are 16 digital input buffers in the system. The nurnber of buffers actually used is installation dependent. These buffers are similar in function to the analog input buffers, but their format is different due to thc fact that data from donuts has already been analyzed, and voltage, current and tem-pcrature data are sent from each donut, being equiva-lent to thrce ~malog inputs. The data contained in these tables are the cosine and sine components of voltage, cosine and sine components of current. tem-perature. effective voltage and current. total watts.
watt seconds. arld kilowatt hours. The last three pa-rameters are used only in buffers corresponding to donuts conn~ctcd to phase one of a group.

~5 G LOSSARY
Breaker-and-a-half method: Method used to calculate parameters when the substation bus is configured as sho-vn in FIC;. 63 Such a configuration is called a Ring ~us. In this configuration. any given circuit is fed from two ~ources. As a result, two CT~s are used to calculale the current in the circuit. one CI oo each source. As a resul;, any parameter requiring current must be calculated in a special way. The currents from each source musl be summcd and then used in the calculation. lllis is true whether the effeetive value ~leff) is used, or the components (la, Ib) are used. To calculate power, then, the result~ of 3 inputs are IIOW necessary rather than two as before. Circuit breakers are identified as 358.
Circuit: Three (or four) wircs whose purpose is to trans-mit power from the power company. Also called a bus.
Cluster: A collection Or ;nputs which must be sampled at the same time due to phase cGnsiderations. ~ie. A
given voltage group and all the currents relnted to it through the output personality table eonstitute a clus-ter. Also, an 'entry' in the input sequenee table) Current Group: A Ihree phase eircuit (3 or 4 conductor) whose current is measured. There may be a rna~ilTIum of 23 current groups.
Donut: Remote power line monitoring device-linked to RTI via radio link.
[: Current (abbr.) [a: Cosine component of current waveform.
[b: Sine component of current waveforrn.
Phase:
1. A power carrying wire in a circuit or bus.
2. Time relationship between two signals, (often, voltage and current) usualJy e~cpressed in degrees or rsdi~ns. (i.e. The phase relationship ~etween any two phases of a three phase circuit is 120 degrees) V: Voltage (abbr.) Va: Cosine component of voltage waveform.
Vb: Sine component of voltage waveform.
VA: Volt Amps--The vector sum of resistive (watts) and reactive power (VARS).
Voltsge Group: A three phase cireuit (3 or 4 conductor) whose voltsge is us~d both as a frequeney refercnce and as a voltage reference for subs~quen~ calcula-tions. There may be a ma~timum of five of these volt-age groups (I per clusier~.

, .. .

/ ~`

-86~ 196-007 ~5~

ReGeiver Operation A state diagram for the program of the central proces-sing unit 334 of Figure 62 of the receiver 24 is shown in Figure 64. Processing tasks are indicated by the six-sided blocks. Tables stored in the electrically erasable read only memory 349 are indicated by the elongated oval boxes.
Data paths are shown by dotted lines and peripheral inter-faces are indicated by zig-zag lines. The transformer in-puts 332 and donut input 336 are shown in the upper_left.
The RS232 port 354 is shown in the lower right and th~ out-put RS232 port 32 is indicated in the middle of the diagram.
The donut scale factor table is shown in Figure 65.
Since donuts are normally operated in groups of three for three-phased power measurement, word 0 comprises the group number of the donut (GP~, followed by the phase number of the donut (PH). The following words are the voltage scale factor~ current scale factor, temperature scale factors, and temperature offset respectively. Temperature offset is an 11 bit value, sign extended to 16 bits. All two word values are a floating point. There is, of course, a separate scale factor table for each of the fifteen donuts provided for.
The donut scale factor tables are stored in the electrically erasable read only memory 349.
Figure 66 is a table of the digital input buffers.
There are sixteen required, one to store the received value of each of the fifteen donuts and one to act as a receiver buffer for the serial port of the communication board 106.

80~4 _ Word 0 comprises, in addition to the donut ID and a number called buffer age, indicating how long since the in-formation in the buffer has been updated; the followina flags:
DI(Data In) - Set when all data has been received and is ready for analysis. Clear when ready for new dataO

AC(Analysis Complete) - Set when effective value and temperature scaling calculations are complete.

VP(Valid Power) - Set if total watts has already been calculated.

IT(Input Type) - Always 3. Identifies this buffer as donut input.
All single word values are 12 bits, sign extended to 16 bits. All double word values are floating point. Buffer age is the number of times this data has been used. The first buffer (buffer 0? is used to assemble incoming donut data. Words 14-16 are defined for ~ 1 donuts only. Word 0 in the buffer number 0 is used for the donut status map.
The digital input buffers are stored in the read only memory 346.
Figure 67 is the input personality table of which there are 48 corresponding to the 48 potential transformer and current transformer inputs. IT identifies the input type which may b~ voltage, current, or temperature. Link is the input number of the next phase of this group of donuts. It is -1 if there are no other donuts in the group. Correction ~58~

fa~or number 1 is used for correcting voltage values. Each of the four correction factors corresponds to a range of input values from the current transformers. Again, as with the donuts, the group numher identifies groups of trans-formers associated with a single power line and PH identi-fies the phase number of the particular transformer. VG
identifies the voltage group that the current is to be associated (that is, sampled) with. It is used, of course, only when the table is used to store values from a current transformer. The input personality tables are stored in the electrically erasable read only memory 349.
48 analog input buffers are provided to store measure-ments received from the 48 current potential transformers~
The form of each of these buffers is shown in Figure 68.
The follow flags are provided:
DI(Data In) - Set when all raw data has been received and sign extended. Clear when buffer is ready for more data.

. -AC(Analysis Complete) - Set when Fourier analysis and effective value computations are complete.

VP(Valid Power) - Set if total watts value has already been calculated.

ITtInput Type) - 0 = voltage, 1 = current, 2 = tempera-ture.

-89- ~5~0~4 196-007 ~ Words 1-9 and 10-18 are 12 bit values, sign e~tended to -16 bits. All 2 word values are floatirlg point. Words 16-18 are defined for ~ 1 of current inputs only. Words 10-18 are undefined for temperature inputs. VP only applies to buf-~ers associated with ~ 1 current inputs. If IT = 2 (temper-ature), the first sample will be converted to floating point and stored at offset 10.
In operation, transmissions are received randomly from the donuts 20, transmitted in Manchester code to the serial port to the communications board 106. The checked sum:(CRC) i5 calculated and if lt agrees with the check sum (CRC) received, an interrupt is provided to the central processing unit 334, which then transfers the data to data bus 338.
The central processing unit 68000 applies the scale factors and temperature offset to the received values, and calcu-lates the Temperature, effective Voltage (VEFF), effective Current (IEFF), Scaled Temperature, Total Watts, Watt Seconds and Kilowatt hours from the received data and stores the data in the appropriate Digital Input Buffer in random access memory 346.
In the analog board 340, each of the 48 transformer inputs is sampled in turn. After its condition has been converted to digital form, an interrupt is generated, and the data is supplied to data bus 338. It should be noted that the analog board 340 causes the inputs from the poten-tial and current transformers 332 to be Fourier sampled nine times just as current and vo'tage are sampled in t.he donuts (see Figure 34). Thus, the data supplied to the data bus go ~8~ 196-007 33~ from the analog board 340 comprises 9 successive values over nine alternating current cycles. After all nine have been stored in the random access memory 346, and the appro-priate correction factors (Figure 67) applied, the funda-mental sine and cosine Fourier components are calculated just as in the donuts 20.
Then the effective value of current or voltage is cal-culated and, if appropriate, the Total Watts, Watt Seconds, and Kilowatt hours, and the entire table (Figure 68) stored in the random access memory 346.
When the receiver 24 is initially set up, the ~ppro-priate donut scale factors (Figure 65) are loaded through RS232 port 354 into the electrical erasable read only memory 349, and these are used to modify the values received from the donuts 20 before they are recorded in the digital input buffers of the random access memory 346. Similarly, an input personality table ~Figure 67) is stored in the elec-trical erasable read only memory 349 corresponding to each of- the current and potential transformers and this is uti-lized to apply the appropriate corrections to the data re-ceived by the analog board 340 before it is recorded in the analog input buffers of the random access memory 346. The scaled data stored in the digital input buffers and the corrected data stored in the analog input buffers is then assembled into a frame or message containing all of the defined dafa from all of the donuts 20 and all of the trans-formers 332 and transmitted via transmission link 32 to a receiver which may be the remote terminal intarfclce of the prior art as previously described.

-91- ~S8~ 196-007 - The form of the analog-to-digital, multiplexed input sample and hold circuitry and program in the receiver 24 may be essentially the same as that in the donut. The same is true for the Fourier component calculation program and the calculation of the check sum (CRC). The programs are appro-priately modified to run in the 68000 central processing unit with its associated memories.
If harmonic data is desired, then higher Fourier har-monics are calculated in the donuts 20 and transmitted to the receiver 24. The receiver then uses the-higher ha~monic values to calculate the amplitude of each harmonic it is desired to measure.
The frequency at any donut 20 may be determined, if desired, by measuring the time between transmissions re-ceived from the donut as these are an integral multiple ~W, see Figure 34) of the line frequency at the donut. Alter-natively, the donut may employ an accurate quartz clock to measure the time between zero crossings (Figure 34) and ~ransmit this frequency measurement to the receiver.
If desired, power factor may be calculated from the Fourier components and stored in the input buffers (Figures 66 and 68). Reactive power (Vars) may be calculated from the Fourier components rather than real power (Watts) as selected by an additional flag in each of the Donut Scale Factor Tables (Figure 65) and the Input Personality Table ~Figure 67). Alternatively, all of these calculations and others, as well as other information such as frequency, may be stored in expanded Input Buffers (Figures 66 and 68).

-92~ 196-007 ~ The electrical erasable read only memory 349 may be unloaded through the RS232 port 354 when desired to check the values stored therein. They may also be displayed in the display 352 and entered or changed by means of the keyboard 350.
The output from the receiver 24 is a frame of 64 (for example) data values from the Input Buffers (Figures 66 and 68) chosen by an output Personality Table (not shown) stored in the electrically erasable read only memory 349. This frame of values is transmitted to the Moore remote terminal unit once each second. The output personality tab:Le ~ay be displayed on display 352 and entered by keyboard 350 or entered on read out through RS232 port 354.

3~

Practical Application It will thus be seen that a number of separate novel concepts have been applied to develop a practical stat2 estimator module which may be applied to live power lines; a module which is capable of measuring the temperature of the power line, the ambient temperature, the voltage and current of the line; the frequency and harmonic content of the line;
and transmits this information to a receiver where power information such as real and reactive power and power factor may be calculated. .
Thus, we have provided a state estimator module which may be installed to all of the live power lines leading to and from a substantion and to both sides of power transfor-mers in the substation, and thus provide the totality of information required for complete remote control of the power station from a power control center, and also provide for local control. Our state estimator modules may be in-stalled on live monitored circuits in an existing substation having current and voltage transformers and our receiver used to collect this totality of information and transmit it to a remote terminal unit and thence to a power system con-trol center~
Some of the important concepts which make this novel system possible are the metallic toroidal housing for the module (which is a high frequency but not a low frequency shunt about its contents); the supporting hub and spoke means; spring loaded temperature sensors; novel voltage -94- ~5~9~ 196-007 measuring means; transmission of Fourier components; random burst transmission on a single radio channel with the timing between bursts ~eing artfully chosen to minimize simultane-ou~ transmissions from two or more donuts; novel hinge clamp which may be operated by a novel hot stick mounted tool facilitating the mounting of the module to a energized power conductor; and the concept that such hot stick mounted modules when distributed throughout a power delivery system, can provide for total automatic dynamic state estimator control.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth ~bove, among those made apparent rom the preceding descrlption, are efficiently attained and, since certain changes may be made in the above circuits, constructions and systems, without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description, or shown in the accompanying drawings, shall be interpreted as illustxative and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all state-ments of the scope of the invention which as a matter of language might be said to fall therebetween.
Having described our invention, what we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent i5:

Claims (9)

Claims:

1. Apparatus for measuring voltage on an above ground power line conductor comprising:
a generally toroidal shaped housing removably attached to said above ground conductor;
means for electrically connecting said housing to said conductor, whereby said housing and said conductor are at the same potential;
a metal plate mounted on the surface of said housing, said plate and said housing being separated by insulating material;
and said plate connected to said housing through a low impedance measuring means whereby said plate and said housing are at the same potential and whereby an equivalent capacitor (C1) is formed between said plate and ground;
said low impedance measuring means connected to said plate and said housing comprising an operational amplifier for measuring current equal to current in said equivalent capacitor, said current in said equivalent capacitor being proportional to the voltage on said power line conductor.

2. Apparatus as defined in Claim 1 wherein said operational amplifier includes a feedback capacitor connected between an input of said amplifier and an output of said amplifier and wherein said amplifier functions as an integrator.

3. Apparatus as defined in Claim 2 wherein said output of said amplifier provides an output voltage signal that is proportional to the current in an equivalent capacitor formed between said plate and ground.

4. Apparatus as defined in Claim 1 wherein the length and width of said plate are very large relative to the width of the separation between said plate and said housing.

5. Apparatus for measuring voltage on a high voltage, above ground power conductor comprising:
a metallic case adjacent to said above ground conductor and in electrical contact with said conductor;
at least one metallic plate located on the surface of said case;
insulating material separating said plate and said case, whereby a first equivalent capacitor (C1) is formed between said plate and ground and a second equivalent capacitor (C2) is formed between said plate and said conductor;
a low impedance current measuring means connected between said plate and said metallic case in electrical contact with said conductor whereby said measuring means shunts said second capacitor and the potential between said plate and ground is equal to the potential between said conductor and ground;
said low impedance current measuring means connected to said plate and said case comprising an operational amplifier for measuring current equal to current in said first equivalent capacitor, said current in said first equivalent capacitor being proportional to the voltage on said power conductor.

6. Apparatus as defined in Claim 5 wherein said operational amplifier includes a feedback capacitor connected between an input of said amplifier and an output of said amplifier and wherein said amplifier functions as an integrator.

7. Apparatus as defined in Claim 5 wherein said low impedance current measuring means provides an output voltage signal that is proportional to the current in said first equivalent capacitor.

8. Apparatus as defined in Claim 5 wherein the length and width of said plate are very large relative to the width of the separation between said plate and said housing.

9. Apparatus as defined in Claim 5 wherein said metallic case is generally toroidal in shape and is removably attached to said conductor.