CA1249812A - Production of pure sugars and ligno-sulphonates from sulphite spent liquor - Google Patents

Production of pure sugars and ligno-sulphonates from sulphite spent liquor

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Publication number
CA1249812A
CA1249812A CA000519794A CA519794A CA1249812A CA 1249812 A CA1249812 A CA 1249812A CA 000519794 A CA000519794 A CA 000519794A CA 519794 A CA519794 A CA 519794A CA 1249812 A CA1249812 A CA 1249812A
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Prior art keywords
sugar
spent liquor
rich fraction
fraction
rich
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CA000519794A
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French (fr)
Inventor
Heikki Heikkila
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Danisco Sweeteners Oy
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Suomen Sokeri Oy
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08H—DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08H6/00—Macromolecular compounds derived from lignin, e.g. tannins, humic acids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
    • B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
    • B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
    • B01D15/26—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism
    • B01D15/36—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism involving ionic interaction, e.g. ion-exchange, ion-pair, ion-suppression or ion-exclusion
    • B01D15/361—Ion-exchange

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Liquids With Adsorbents In General (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Sulphite spent liquor is subjected to a two-step chromatographic separation whereby substantially pure fractions of sugars and lignosulphonates are obtained.
The process for the separation of sugars and lignosulpho-nates comprises the steps of a) introducing sulphite spent liquor with a pH
of 2.5 to 3.5 into a chromatographic column containing a resin in metal salt form;
b) eluting the column with water to obtain a sub-stantially sugar-free lignosulphonate-rich fraction and a sugar-rich fraction;
c) collecting the sugar-rich fraction for further purification;
d) adjusting the pH of the collected sugar-rich material to between 5.5 and 6.5 and introducing the mate-rial into a second chromatographic column containing a resin in monovalent metal salt form; and e) eluting the sugar-rich material from the second column, whereby a pure sugar-rich fraction and a ligno-sulphonate-rich fraction are formed.

Description

PRODUCTION OF PURE SUGARS AND LIGNOSULPHONATES FROM
SULPHITE SPENT LIQUOR

This invention relates to a chromatographic proc-ess for recovering pure sugars and lignosulphonates from sulphite spent liquor.
Sulphite spent liquors are formed as a waste prod-uct in the production of wood pulp via the sulphite proc-ess. These liquors contain undissolved wood solids, lig-nins, and hexose and pentose sugars, as well as chemicals introduced in the pulping process. In the past, these waste liquors were frequently discharged into natural water systems. Environmental legislation has prohibited this practice. New alternative disposal techniques have been developed.
Nowadays a significant portion of the sulphite spent liquor produced in pulping is evaporated and burn-ed. However, this practice involves new environmental difficulties because of the high sulphur content of the sulphite spent liquor. Effective utilization will re-quire the fractionation of the sulphite spent liquor into its components.
Hassi et al. have disclosed a single-step chroma-tographic process for separating sugars and lignosul~
phonates from sulphite spent liquGr (H.Hassi, P.Tikka and E. Sjostrom, The Ekman-Days 1981, Stockholm 1981, Pre-prints Vol 5., p. 65; and The 1982 International Sulfite Pulping Conference, TAPPI Proceedings, p. 165). The proc-ess utilizes a strongly acidic polystyrene cation exchange resin c~os.s-coup]ed with divinylbenzene. ~our fractions are isolated; two lignosulphonate fractions, one of which is essentially free of sugars, one sugar fraction which con-tains moderately low levels of lignosulphonates, and one mixed fraction which contains lignosulphonates and sugars in roughly equal amounts.

Owing to the last mentioned fraction, which amounts to about 30% of the dry solids content, the proc-ess of Hassi et al. does not give good yields of pure products. Moreover, the sugar fraction isolated still contains over 7% lignosulphonates, and the lignosulpho-nate content is expected to increase as larger, industri-al-size columns are used. Thus, the known separation technique does not provide an effective industrial method for treating sulphite spent liquors into essentially pure components with a high yield.
It is the object of this invention to provide a method for separating sulphite spent liquor into essen-tially pure sugar and lignosulphonate fractions.
It is a further object of this invention to achieve a high yield in the separation on a scale suitable for industrial application.
According to the present invention, sulphite spent liquor is subjected to a two-step chromatographic separa-tion to form substantially purified fractions of sugars and lignosulphonates~ The process for the separation of sugars and lignosulphonates comprises the steps of a) introducing sulphite spent liquor with a pH of
2.5 to 3.5 into a chromatographic column containing a resin in metal salt from;
b) eluting the sulphite liquor from the column with water to recover a substantially sugar-free ligno-sulphonate-rich fraction and a sugar-rich fraction;
c) collecting the sugar-rich frac-tion for further purification;
d) adjusting the pH of the collected sugar-rich material to between 5.5 and 6.5 and introducing the mate-rial into a second chromatographic column containing a resin in monovalent metal salt form; and e) eluting the sugar--rich material from the second column with water, whereby a second sugar-rich fraction and a second lignosulphonate-rich fraction are formed.
By this method, essentially all of the ligno-sulphonates are recovered in fractions which are sub-stantially free of sugars, and essentially all of the sugars are recovered in a fraction which is substantial-ly free of lignosulphonates, salts and acids.
The resin utilized in the separation steps is a sulfonated polystyrene cross-coupled with divinylbenzene.
If hard wood sulphite spent liquor is used as a feedstoc~, the yield of sugar that can be achieved is as high as 93% by weight of dry-solids monosaccharides, and the sugar mainly consists of xylose. Spruce wood (soft wood) based feedstock will yield a sugar fraction in which the sugar is mainly mannose.
Figure 1 is a flow diagram illustrating the sepa-ration steps in Example 1.
Figure 2 is a graph of the separation of ligno-sulphonate and sugar fractions obtained from birch wood sulphite spent liquor, at a pH of about 3.5.
Figure 3 is a graph of the separation of ligno-sulphonate and sugar fractions obtained from spruce wood sulphite spent liquor, at pH 3Ø
Figure 4 is a graph of the separation of the sugar-rich fraction; a birch wood sulphite spent liquor start-ing material and a column in ammonium ion form, at pH
5.5 was used.
The separation of sulphite spent liquor into sub-stantially pure frac-tions of sugar and lignosulphonates is accomplished using a two-step chroma-tographic tech-nique. Substantially pure, in this case, means that the recovered sugar product is substantially free of ligno-sulphonates and the lignosulphonate product is substan-tially free of sugars. These substantially pure fractions contain more than 95% of the sugars and more than 95% of the lignosulphonates originally present in the sulphite ~.Zi~

spent liquor, which constitutes a substantial improvement in recovery (purity and yield) over prior art methods.
According -to the present invention, the sulphite spent liquor is, if necessary, adjusted to a pH below
3.5, preferably between 2.5 and 3.5, prior to being fed into the first chromatographic column. The pH can be ad-justed by using concentrated mineral acids. Sulphuric acid and sulphurdioxide are particularly suitable for the purpose. Preferably, the concentration of the sulphite spent liquor is adjusted, if necessary, to about 50 weight % (by dilut:ion or concentration) and filtered to remove undissolved material, before the pH is adjusted.
The first separation step is carried out on a strongly acidic resin in metal salt form. The preferred resin is a sulphonated polystyrene cross-coupled with di-vinylbenzene and the metal is preferably the metal of the spent liquor. Usually, the metal is calcium or sodium.
After loading the sulphite spent liquor, the column is eluted with water.
Three fractions are recovered from the said first separation step:
The lignosulphonate fraction contains about 20%
by weight dry solids, of which about 90% are lignosulpho-nates, and 0% sugars.
The sugar fraction contains about 18% by wei~ht dry solids, of which about 45% are sugars.
The salt frac.ion (Salt 1) contains abou-t 22% by weight dry solids, of which about 70~ are lignosulphonates and 1% sugars.
The sugar fraction obtained in the first separation, and still containing lighosulphonates is subjected to a second cromatographic separation. The resin used in this case is a sulphonated polystyrene cross-coupled with di-vinylbenzene, in a monovalent metal ion form. The pre-ferred metal is sodium. The pH of the sugar fraction is then adjusted to pH 5.5 to 6.5 using an alkali metal hyd~

roxide, ~artlcularly sodium hydroxide. However, if the first step column was in calcium ion form, it may be necessary -to soEten the sugar fraction to avoid the pre-cipitation of calcium salts and to improve the following separation. Any known method for softening may be used, including passing the sugar fraction through an ion ex-change column or precipitating the calcium and filtering prior -to adjusting the pHo After adjusting the pH, the sugar fraction is filtered using filter-aid (for example diatomaceous earth) and fed into the second column. The column is eluted with water.
Two fractions are recovered from the second step column: the final sugar fraction and a salt fraction designated salt 2. The sugar fraction contains up to 93%
sugars by weight of dry solids and less than 2% ligno-sulphonates. The salt 2 fraction contains about 4% sugars and 43% lignosulphonates by weight of the dry substances.
Each of the fractions recovered by this process may be evaporated to obtain a more concentrated, or even dry, product. In particular, it is preferred to evaporate the initial sugar-rich fraction before feeding it into the second step column. In addition, the lignosulphonate and salt fractions from the first and second separation steps may, if desired, be combined.
As will be understood by one skilled in -the art, the composition of the feedstocks will aEfect the amounts and compositions of -the various fractions. For example, if a hard wood feed is used, the sugar fraction contains mainly xylose. A spruce wood feed, on the other hand, yields a sugar fraction containing mainly mannose.
Example 1 A flow diagram for the fractionation of a calcium sulphite spent li~uor to obtain xylose and lignosulpho-nates is shown in Figure 1. A material balance calculated for 100 kg dry solids is shown in Table 1.

The raw material was calcium sulphite spent liquor from birch wood. Crystalline xylose was obtained from sulphite spent liquor by the method of the invention. Two sulphite spent liquor solutions of different origins, designated F and R respectively, were chromatographed. The analysis of the said two solutions is shown in Table 2.
The sulphite spent liquor was diluted with water and fil-tered in a pressure filter using diatomaceous earth fil-ter-aid. The diluted and filtered solution was then sub-jected to a chromatographic separation in conventional manner.
~ esin: Sulphonated polystyrene cross-coupled with divinylbenzene (6.5%) in calcium form; mean particle size 0.41 mm (measured in sodium form).
Column: Diameter 0.6 m and bed height 6.0 m.
Temperature: 75 C
Flow rate: 200 liters/hour Feed volumes: 200 and 240 liters (two runs) Dry substance: 3~3 weight % of feed solution (the composition of the feed solutions is shown in Table 2).
pH: 3.0 Eluent: Wa-ter Three fractions were recovered: a sugar-rich frac-tion which contained 50% monosaccharides by weight of dry solids, and a lignosulphonate-rich fraction which contain-ed less than 2% monosaccharides by weight of dry solids, and a salt frac-tion containing less than 5O monosaccha-rides. The results are presented in Table 3, by weight of dry solids. The separa-tion, including the approximate retention times associated with each fraction, is shown schematically in Figure 2.
The sugar-rich fraction from the said first sepa-ration was softened by ion-exchange treatment:
Ion-exchange resin: Sulphonated polystyrene cross-coupled with divinylbenzene, in sodium salt form ~re-generated with 10% NaCl solution).

Amount of resin: 80 liters Flow rate: 30 llters~hour Temperature: 35 45 C
The ion-exchange treatment decreased the calcium content from 1.8% and 0.8nO respectively to less than 200 mg/kg dry sollds. The softening is a conventional oper-ation known from water treatment.
The softened solution was evaporated, and neutral-ized to pH 5.5. The solution was then subjected to a second chromatographic separation.
Resin: Sulphonated polystyrene cross-coupled with divinylbenzene (5~5gO) in sodium salt form Mean particle size 0.41 mm Column: Diameter 0.6 m, bed height 4,5 m Temperature: 65C
Flow rate: 175 liters/hour Feed amount: 100 and 110 liters (two runs) Dry substance: 34 weight % of the feed solutions pH: 5.5 Eluent: Water A xylose-rich fraction which contained over 93%
monosaccharides of dry solids was recovered. The results are presented in Table 4.
The composition of the recovered salt-rich frac-tion from the second separation is shown in Table 5. The lignosulphonates can be divided into 2 to 3 fractions useful as supplements in production of fodder or as raw material for the chemical industry.
From the xylose-rich fraction crysialline xylose was obtained by conventional evaporation and crystalli-zation.
Example 2 Recovery oE mannose and lignosulphonates from a sodium sulphite spent liquor from spruce wood A sodium sulphite spent liquor solution was sub-jected to a chromatographic separation. Two product frac-tions were obtained: a lignosulphonate-rich fraction and 3~

a sugar-rich fraction which also contained the hydroxy acids. Between the two product fractions a salt-rich waste fraction was eluted The separation was carried out as in Example 1 under the following conditions:
Resin: Sulphonated polystyrene cross~coupled with divinylbenzene (6.5%), in sodium salt form; mean particle diameter 0.40 mm.
Bed height 4.5 m, diameter 0.6 m Temperature: 75 C
~low rate: 0.25 cubic meters per hour Feed: 225 liters of filtered sodium sulphite spent liquor solution diluted with water to 40 weight % dry substance pH: 3.0 Feed composition:
Lignosulphonates 55.4% of dry substance Oligosaccharides 0.3 Xylose 3.9%
Mannose 12.5%
Glucose 3.9%
Galactose 1.7%
Arabinose 0~3%
Rhamnose 0.2%
Others 21.8%
Eluent: Water A sugar-rich fraction with the followlng composi-tion was recovered:
Llgnosulphonates 7.8%
Oligosaccharides 0.3%
Monosaccharides 66.8%
Others 25.1%
Of the monosaccharides 18% (of su~ars) was xylose and 57% mannose. The sugar-rich fraction which also con-tained the hydroxy acids was subjected to a second chro-matographic separation as in Example 1 to recover mannose.

The lignosulphonate-rich frac-tion was eluted be-fore the sugar fraction~ ~ost part of the inorganic sal-ts were eluted between the lignosulphonates and the sugars as a waste fraction.
The separation is shown graphically in Figure 3, along with approximate retention times for the fractions.
Example 3 Separation of xylose on a column in ammonium salt form.
A birch wood calcium-sulphite spent li~uor solution was filtered and subjected to a chromatographic separation on a column in calcium salt form as in Example 1. The re-covered sugar-rich fraction was softened by precipitation of the calcium as calcium sulphate which was removed by filtration. After adjustment of the pH to 5.5 by ammonia the sugar-rich fraction was subjected to a second chroma-tographic separation on a resin column in ammonium salt form~
Resin: Sulphonated polystyrene cross-coupled with
4~ divinylbenzene, in ammonium salt form; mean particle diameter 150 mesh Column: bed height 70 cm Diameter: 4.5 cm Temperature: 65 C
Flow rate: 3 ml per minute pH: 5.5 Feed volume: 100 ml of a solu-tion con-taining 25 weight % dry substance Composition (~ of dry solids):
Lignosulphonates 24.0 Oligosaccharides 1.6 Xylose 42.3 Others 32.1 Eluent: Water The separation is shown graphically in Figure 4 including approximate retention times for each fraction.
A xylose-rich solution which contained over 93% of d.s.
monosaccharides was obtained.

Tab]e 1 Amount Composition Dry sub- Mono- Ligno-stance/k~ saccharides sulphonates Others Feed 100 22.0 55.0 23.0 Sugar fraction 1 46 45.7 23.9 30.4 Lignosulphonate fraction 27.5 - 90.9 9.1 Salt fraction 1 26.5 3.8 71.2 25.0 Sugar fraction 2 21.5 93.0 1.9 5.1 Salt fraction 2 24.5 4.1 43.3 52.6 Table 2 Analysis of Sulphite Spent Liquor solutions from Example 1.
Sample F R
Dry solids in feed (kg) 83.1 97.5 Composition of feed (% of dry solids) oligosaccharides 1.5 0.6 monosaccharides 23.6 15.3 xylose 18.1 mannose 2.0 glucose 1.1 galactose 1.4 arabinose 0.4 rhamnose 0.5 lignosulphonates 56.4 64.7 others 1~.5 19.4 3~

Table 3 Analysis of sugar-rich fraction after the first chromatographic separation from Example 1.
Sample F R
Dry solids in fraction (kg) 36~2 24.4 Composition of product (% of dry solids) oligosaccharides 1.7 1.2 monosaccharides 50.0 50.0 xylose 39.1 mannose 4.1 galactose 2.9 arabinose 0.4 rhamnose 1.0 lignosulphonates18.0 22.0 others 30.3 26.8 Table 4 -Analysis of sugar~rich fraction after the second chromatographic separation from Example 1.
Sample F R
Dry solids in fraction (kg) 26.6 21.1 Composition of product (% of dry solids) oligosaccharides 1.2 1.0 monosaccharides 93.0 93.0 xylose 73.0 mannose 8.6 glucose 3.7 galactose 5.2 arabinose 0.7 rhamnose 1.7 lignosulphonates 1.5 1.8 others 4.3 4.2 Table 5 Analysis of salt-rich fraction from Example 1 Sample F R
Dry substance in Eraction ~kg) 17.3 15.1 Composition ~% of dry solids) oligosaccharides 1.0 1.0 monosaccharides 4.1 4.0 lignosulphonates44.0 56.0 others 50.9 39.0

Claims (9)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. A process for the separation of sugars and lignosulphonates from sulphite spent liquor comprising the steps of:
a) introducing sulphite spent liquor with a pH of 2.5 to 3.5 into a chromatographic column containing a resin in metal salt form;
b) eluting the sulphite spent liquor from the column with water to recover a substantially sugar-free lignosulphonate-rich fraction and a sugar-rich fraction;
c) collecting the sugar-rich fraction for further purification;
d) adjusting the pH of the sugar-rich material to between 5.5 and 6.5 and introducing the material into a second chromatographic column containing a resin in mono-valent metal salt form; and e) eluting the sugar-rich material from the second column with water, whereby a second sugar-rich fraction and a second lignosulphonate-rich fraction are formed.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the resin in steps a) and d) is sulphonated polystyrene cross-coupled with divinylbenzene.
3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the metal salt in step a) is a calcium salt, and the salt in step d) is a sodium salt.
4. A process according to claim 1, wherein the dry solids of the second sugar-rich fraction comprise more than 90% monosaccharides.
5. A process according to claim 1, including the additional step of softening the sugar-rich fraction col-lected in step c) before adjusting the pH.
6. A process according to claim 5, including the additional step of concentrating the softened sugar-rich fraction before adjusting the pH.
7. A process according to claim 1 or 6 including the additional steps of collecting and concentrating the second sugar-rich fraction.
8. A process according to claim 1, wherein the sulphite spent liquor is a hard wood sulphite spent liquor and the principal sugar recovered is xylose.
9. A process according to claim 1, wherein the sulphite spent liquor is a soft wood sulphite spent liquor and the principal sugar recovered is mannose.
CA000519794A 1985-10-04 1986-10-03 Production of pure sugars and ligno-sulphonates from sulphite spent liquor Expired CA1249812A (en)

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US06/784,819 US4631129A (en) 1985-10-04 1985-10-04 Production of pure sugars and lignosulfonates from sulfite spent liquor
US784,819 1985-10-04

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CA (1) CA1249812A (en)
FI (1) FI78734C (en)
NO (1) NO169181C (en)
SE (1) SE466210B (en)
SU (1) SU1500164A3 (en)

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FI78734B (en) 1989-05-31
NO169181B (en) 1992-02-10
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FI78734C (en) 1989-09-11
FI862273A7 (en) 1987-04-05
NO863953D0 (en) 1986-10-03
SU1500164A3 (en) 1989-08-07
FI862273A0 (en) 1986-05-29
US4631129A (en) 1986-12-23
SE466210B (en) 1992-01-13
SE8604039L (en) 1987-04-05

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