CA1243126A - Method and apparatus for continuous after-imaging - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for continuous after-imagingInfo
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- CA1243126A CA1243126A CA000494234A CA494234A CA1243126A CA 1243126 A CA1243126 A CA 1243126A CA 000494234 A CA000494234 A CA 000494234A CA 494234 A CA494234 A CA 494234A CA 1243126 A CA1243126 A CA 1243126A
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Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure A transactional data base processing apparatus which executes plural transactions causing a data base to be updated, incorporates an after-image recovery storage apparatus and method which enables continuous operation of the transaction system. The after-image recovery storage apparatus has a temporary storage file and a permanent storage file with circuitry for writing from the temporary storage file to the permanent storage file. That circuitry also writes after-image updating data records to the temporary storage file. The apparatus further includes elements for initiating transfer of the after-image data records from the temporary storage file to the permanent storage prior to a time when the temporary file is filled with the data records. The transfer is accomplished by operating the apparatus on a time shared basis so that other ongoing operations including transactional operations occur as the after-image data is being transferred to a permanent storage device.
Description
1i~43126 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTINUOUS AFTER~IMAGING
Background of ~he Invention The invention relates generally to data base systems and in par~icular to multi-user concurrent transactional processing systems and methods.
It is common in a transactional system employing a data base file to create, in a local memory, a "before-image"
representing each file entry as it existed before a transaction or processing update has occurred, and to further store an lQ `'after-image`' representing the status of the file entry after the transaction or processing update has occurred. ~hese images are important for recreating the contents of the file in the event that the file is destroyed, for example by a disk crash. Typically the after-images are generated and stored temporarily in a local after-image memory file until the after-image file is full. Then, a user must manually save the after-image file by storing it on a tape or disk file which will act as a permanent storage. During the save process, all other processor functions, including transactional processing, must be stopped. There results, therefore, an undesirable interruption in transaction processing which reduces efficiency and throughput in the system.
It is therefore an object of the invention to increase throughput in a data base processing apparatus and method which ~5 employs after-imaging. Another object of the invention is a high reliability data base processing system wherein permanent after-image records can be attained without interrupting the normal run processing of the system and without compromising the reliability and effectiveness of the after-imaging method and apparatus.
I Summary of the Invention I
The invention relates to a data base processing apparatus for executing transactions which cause a data base file to be updated. The invention features an after-image recovery storage apparatus having an after-image temporary storage file and an after-image permanent storage file.
Circuitry is provided for writing after-image data into the temporary storage file, and for initiating transfer of the after-image data from the temporary storage file to the permanent s~orage file prior to the time at which the temporary storage file becomes filled with after-image data. The transferring circuitry operates on a time-shared basis with other ongoing operations of the processing apparatus.
In a particular embodiment, the temporary storage file operates as a circular file and the transferring circuitry includes pointers for identifying the beginning of the then ~0 valid data record locations, the location at which a next data record is to be written, and a temporary storage file location at which the transfer circuitry shall initiate transfer of after-image data records from the temporary storage to the permanent storage. The transferring circuitry further includes elements for comparing the location at which a present after-image record is being written in temporary storage with the location of the write pointer. If at least part of the record is being written past the write pointer, circuitry is 11 ~
! :~43126 provided for automatically initiating transfer, on a continuous, time-shared basis, of the after-image record data in the temporary storage file.
In another aspect of the invention, there is featured a data base processing method for executing transactions which cause a data base file to be updated and in which the after-image recovery storage method writes into temporary storage the after-image update data records, and initiates transfer of the thus written data from the temporary storage to a permanent storage prior to the temporary storage file becoming filled with data. The transfer operation takes place on a time-shared basis with other ongoing operations of the processing apparatus.
The method employs pointers for identifying various locations in the temporary storage file. In particular, the storage file is organized to operate as a circular file and the transfer step provides a pointer for identifying the beginning of valid after-image data in the temporary storage file which have not yet been saved, a pointer identifying the location at which the next after-image data write operation is to occur, and a pointer identifying a temporary storage file location, related to the beginning of then valid data, at which location the transfer step can be initiated, either on an automatic or manual basis, for transferring the after-image data records from the temporary storage file to the permanent storage files~
In one aspect of the invention, the method further includes the steps o~ comparing the location at which a present after-image record is being written with the location of the pointer identifying when to begin saving the temporary file data and automatically initiating transPer, on a continuous ~2~`3~26 time-shared basis, of the after-image data records in response to the comparison step when a record would be written, at least in part, at a location past the start save pointer Over-write at or past the save pointer location is not permitted.
Brief Description of the Drawings Other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description of a preferred embodiment taken together with the drawings in which:
Figure 1 is an electrical block diagram showing a distributed data base system in which the invention is useful;
Figure 2 is an electrical block diagram of a continuous after-imaging system according to the invention; and Figure 3 is a flow chart describing operation of the apparatus in accordance with the invention.
Description of_a Preferred Embodiment Referring to Figure 1, the invention relates generally to data base systems such as a distributed transactional apparatus 10 having a plurality of user terminals 12, 14, 16,..., 18 at which a transaction can be initiated and completed. Each user terminal is connected to a communications bus 20 which can be for example a small area network, a telephone telecommunications bus, a hardwired computer bus, etc. The apparatus 10 further has connected to the bus, a main processor 22 at which data base management is controlled and through which all data flows. The processor 22 in addition to those computer peripherals typically associated with a processor such as an input console, display screens, special purpose computer peripherals, etc., further has connected 3~6 thereto a tape drive memory 24, a disk drive memory ~6, and a random access memory (RAM) 28. Typically there are a number of disk drives connected to the processor 22, the disk drives containing on their recording media at least one copy of the data base which is continually being updated by transactions occurring, for example, at terminals 12, 14, 16,..., 18.
As noted above, the apparatus lO provides for after-imaging of the transaction data so that if the data base I were destroyed, the data files could be recreated. Thus, a permanent record of the transactions is typically recorded for example on magnetic tape for permanent storage, or at least for storage as long as is necessary.
¦ Referring now to Figure 2, in the typical central ¦ processor, there is provided in a RAM 28, an after-image file 1 36. The after-image file has, in the preferred embodiment of j the invention, an organization which makes it circular so that both the reading and writing of after-images will wrap around to the beginning of the file when the end of file is reached~
In addition, the operating system of processor 22 maintains a plurality of pointers which indicate (a) where the next after-image is to be written, a NEXT pointer 38, ~b) the last position in the file that has been saved, that is, that has been transferred to permanent memory, a START pointer 40 (the operating system will not write beyond this marker) and (c) a ~5 position in the file which is a predetermined percentage of the extent of the file from the START pointer indicated position, and at which position, an automatic or manual save procedure ; should be initiated (an END pointer 42~. A typical percentage can be twenty percent of the file.
~ Z~13126 When it is desired to save the after-image file that has been written thus far, a process can be initiated either automatically or manually. The contents of the after-image I file 36 are stored, for example, on a tape system 24A which is S I dedicated to the continuous after-image storage program.
Importantly, once initiated, the operating system of processor 1 22 continuously stores data from the after-image file while ¦ other transactions in the system proceed. Thus, in this time-shared system, there is no down time during which other transactions cannot occur while the after-image file is being transferred to permanent storage. This time-shared system thus operates, according to a predetermined priority scheme, to write the after-image file continuously, when time is available, onto tape without interrupting the ongoing transactional business occurring along bus 20.
Referring now to Figure 3, in accordance with the invention, the system operates as follows. The end user, at 50, operating for example from the terminal 12, initiates a transaction. During the transaction, data in the files can be updated many times. The updated data can for example be stored on the data base at disk unit 26 and each data update causes an after-image record to be created and stored. Once a data update has been completed, at 52, the operating system determines, at 54, whether an after-image recovery has been enabled, and if enabled, proceeds to determine whether transfer of the after-image file is to be initiated after that data update time. If the after-image recovery is not enabled, control returns to the end user through a loop 56.
'I.Z43126 If the after-image recovery is enabled, the apparatus first checks whether the after-image END address pointer has been set. This is performed at 56. If it is not, the system generates the END address at 58, generates, at 60, the after-image record, and checks its length with the NEXT
after-image pointer designating where the end of tha~ record is. If the end of the record exceeds, at S2, the address of the beginning o~ the file, the STAR~ address pointer, the transaction is aborted and the user is advised that the 1~ after-image file is full and must be manually saved automatically. This is indicated at 64. ~hereafter the system can return to end user manual operation at 50, and the user manually initiates the procedure to save the after-image file at 66.
If the START address has not been exceeded, the apparatus writes the after-image record in the after-image file and updates, at 68, the NEXT after-image record pointer. The apparatus then checks whether the NEXT after-image record pointer exceeds the END pointer indicating the position of the ~0 after-image file at which, transfer of the file should be automatically initiated. This is indicated at 70. If the END
pointer is not exceeded, the apparatus loops back, through loop 72, to the end user control ~or the next transaction. If the END pointer position is exceeded by the NEXT pointer, the ~5 ap~aratus checks, at 74, whether an automatic save procedure ~as been enabled. If it has, the system not only returns control to the end user, but, operates in a time-share mode, to also store after-image data. In this mode, the system sets the after-image END time and initiates an automatic tape save mode ~ 3~Z6 of vperation (designated "tape phantom"). This is indicated at 76. If the automatic save procedure has not been enabled, the users are advised, at 77, to save the after-image file.
In accordance with the automatic tape save mode of operation, the after-image ~ile is saved, at 78, by storing the after-image record on a permanent storage device such as a magnetic tape medium on the tape drive 24a which is dedicated to that purpose. The save process includes processing each after-image record, starting at the START address, as indica~ed at 80, checking, at 82, whether the END address pointer has been reached, and if not, checking whether the transaction writing that particular after-image record has ended by the particular END time recorded above. This is indicated at 84.
If the END time has not been exceeded then the after-image is transferred to permanent storage at 86, and the process repeats. If the END time has been exceeded, the after-image is not transferred and the process transfers to the "no" path 88.
If the END address has been reached~ the save is complete (at 89) and the apparatus resets the file parameters. In particular, the START address is reset to the present starting address and the END address is cleared, as is the END time. If the apparatus were in the automatic save mode, the tape save procedure would be disabled. This is all indicated at 89.
In the instance that the entire AI file had been written, as indicated by the YES path from decision block 62, the file is saved (typically through a manual procedure), and afterwards the after-image END address and after-image END time are set, at 90. The save process starting at 80, designating either a disk or tape storage device, is initiated.
~ ~2~3~26 In this manner, the after-image recording and saving process takes place continuously in a time shared mode with the main processor transactional functionsO If the END address were exceeded, however, (as at 62) the apparatus would abort and otherwise terminate any ongoing transactions until the after-image file had been saved. Under this circumstance, the operation of other portions of the apparatus can be disabled.
Additions, subtractions, deletions, and other modifications of the disclosed preferred embodiment of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
What is claimed is:
I
Background of ~he Invention The invention relates generally to data base systems and in par~icular to multi-user concurrent transactional processing systems and methods.
It is common in a transactional system employing a data base file to create, in a local memory, a "before-image"
representing each file entry as it existed before a transaction or processing update has occurred, and to further store an lQ `'after-image`' representing the status of the file entry after the transaction or processing update has occurred. ~hese images are important for recreating the contents of the file in the event that the file is destroyed, for example by a disk crash. Typically the after-images are generated and stored temporarily in a local after-image memory file until the after-image file is full. Then, a user must manually save the after-image file by storing it on a tape or disk file which will act as a permanent storage. During the save process, all other processor functions, including transactional processing, must be stopped. There results, therefore, an undesirable interruption in transaction processing which reduces efficiency and throughput in the system.
It is therefore an object of the invention to increase throughput in a data base processing apparatus and method which ~5 employs after-imaging. Another object of the invention is a high reliability data base processing system wherein permanent after-image records can be attained without interrupting the normal run processing of the system and without compromising the reliability and effectiveness of the after-imaging method and apparatus.
I Summary of the Invention I
The invention relates to a data base processing apparatus for executing transactions which cause a data base file to be updated. The invention features an after-image recovery storage apparatus having an after-image temporary storage file and an after-image permanent storage file.
Circuitry is provided for writing after-image data into the temporary storage file, and for initiating transfer of the after-image data from the temporary storage file to the permanent s~orage file prior to the time at which the temporary storage file becomes filled with after-image data. The transferring circuitry operates on a time-shared basis with other ongoing operations of the processing apparatus.
In a particular embodiment, the temporary storage file operates as a circular file and the transferring circuitry includes pointers for identifying the beginning of the then ~0 valid data record locations, the location at which a next data record is to be written, and a temporary storage file location at which the transfer circuitry shall initiate transfer of after-image data records from the temporary storage to the permanent storage. The transferring circuitry further includes elements for comparing the location at which a present after-image record is being written in temporary storage with the location of the write pointer. If at least part of the record is being written past the write pointer, circuitry is 11 ~
! :~43126 provided for automatically initiating transfer, on a continuous, time-shared basis, of the after-image record data in the temporary storage file.
In another aspect of the invention, there is featured a data base processing method for executing transactions which cause a data base file to be updated and in which the after-image recovery storage method writes into temporary storage the after-image update data records, and initiates transfer of the thus written data from the temporary storage to a permanent storage prior to the temporary storage file becoming filled with data. The transfer operation takes place on a time-shared basis with other ongoing operations of the processing apparatus.
The method employs pointers for identifying various locations in the temporary storage file. In particular, the storage file is organized to operate as a circular file and the transfer step provides a pointer for identifying the beginning of valid after-image data in the temporary storage file which have not yet been saved, a pointer identifying the location at which the next after-image data write operation is to occur, and a pointer identifying a temporary storage file location, related to the beginning of then valid data, at which location the transfer step can be initiated, either on an automatic or manual basis, for transferring the after-image data records from the temporary storage file to the permanent storage files~
In one aspect of the invention, the method further includes the steps o~ comparing the location at which a present after-image record is being written with the location of the pointer identifying when to begin saving the temporary file data and automatically initiating transPer, on a continuous ~2~`3~26 time-shared basis, of the after-image data records in response to the comparison step when a record would be written, at least in part, at a location past the start save pointer Over-write at or past the save pointer location is not permitted.
Brief Description of the Drawings Other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description of a preferred embodiment taken together with the drawings in which:
Figure 1 is an electrical block diagram showing a distributed data base system in which the invention is useful;
Figure 2 is an electrical block diagram of a continuous after-imaging system according to the invention; and Figure 3 is a flow chart describing operation of the apparatus in accordance with the invention.
Description of_a Preferred Embodiment Referring to Figure 1, the invention relates generally to data base systems such as a distributed transactional apparatus 10 having a plurality of user terminals 12, 14, 16,..., 18 at which a transaction can be initiated and completed. Each user terminal is connected to a communications bus 20 which can be for example a small area network, a telephone telecommunications bus, a hardwired computer bus, etc. The apparatus 10 further has connected to the bus, a main processor 22 at which data base management is controlled and through which all data flows. The processor 22 in addition to those computer peripherals typically associated with a processor such as an input console, display screens, special purpose computer peripherals, etc., further has connected 3~6 thereto a tape drive memory 24, a disk drive memory ~6, and a random access memory (RAM) 28. Typically there are a number of disk drives connected to the processor 22, the disk drives containing on their recording media at least one copy of the data base which is continually being updated by transactions occurring, for example, at terminals 12, 14, 16,..., 18.
As noted above, the apparatus lO provides for after-imaging of the transaction data so that if the data base I were destroyed, the data files could be recreated. Thus, a permanent record of the transactions is typically recorded for example on magnetic tape for permanent storage, or at least for storage as long as is necessary.
¦ Referring now to Figure 2, in the typical central ¦ processor, there is provided in a RAM 28, an after-image file 1 36. The after-image file has, in the preferred embodiment of j the invention, an organization which makes it circular so that both the reading and writing of after-images will wrap around to the beginning of the file when the end of file is reached~
In addition, the operating system of processor 22 maintains a plurality of pointers which indicate (a) where the next after-image is to be written, a NEXT pointer 38, ~b) the last position in the file that has been saved, that is, that has been transferred to permanent memory, a START pointer 40 (the operating system will not write beyond this marker) and (c) a ~5 position in the file which is a predetermined percentage of the extent of the file from the START pointer indicated position, and at which position, an automatic or manual save procedure ; should be initiated (an END pointer 42~. A typical percentage can be twenty percent of the file.
~ Z~13126 When it is desired to save the after-image file that has been written thus far, a process can be initiated either automatically or manually. The contents of the after-image I file 36 are stored, for example, on a tape system 24A which is S I dedicated to the continuous after-image storage program.
Importantly, once initiated, the operating system of processor 1 22 continuously stores data from the after-image file while ¦ other transactions in the system proceed. Thus, in this time-shared system, there is no down time during which other transactions cannot occur while the after-image file is being transferred to permanent storage. This time-shared system thus operates, according to a predetermined priority scheme, to write the after-image file continuously, when time is available, onto tape without interrupting the ongoing transactional business occurring along bus 20.
Referring now to Figure 3, in accordance with the invention, the system operates as follows. The end user, at 50, operating for example from the terminal 12, initiates a transaction. During the transaction, data in the files can be updated many times. The updated data can for example be stored on the data base at disk unit 26 and each data update causes an after-image record to be created and stored. Once a data update has been completed, at 52, the operating system determines, at 54, whether an after-image recovery has been enabled, and if enabled, proceeds to determine whether transfer of the after-image file is to be initiated after that data update time. If the after-image recovery is not enabled, control returns to the end user through a loop 56.
'I.Z43126 If the after-image recovery is enabled, the apparatus first checks whether the after-image END address pointer has been set. This is performed at 56. If it is not, the system generates the END address at 58, generates, at 60, the after-image record, and checks its length with the NEXT
after-image pointer designating where the end of tha~ record is. If the end of the record exceeds, at S2, the address of the beginning o~ the file, the STAR~ address pointer, the transaction is aborted and the user is advised that the 1~ after-image file is full and must be manually saved automatically. This is indicated at 64. ~hereafter the system can return to end user manual operation at 50, and the user manually initiates the procedure to save the after-image file at 66.
If the START address has not been exceeded, the apparatus writes the after-image record in the after-image file and updates, at 68, the NEXT after-image record pointer. The apparatus then checks whether the NEXT after-image record pointer exceeds the END pointer indicating the position of the ~0 after-image file at which, transfer of the file should be automatically initiated. This is indicated at 70. If the END
pointer is not exceeded, the apparatus loops back, through loop 72, to the end user control ~or the next transaction. If the END pointer position is exceeded by the NEXT pointer, the ~5 ap~aratus checks, at 74, whether an automatic save procedure ~as been enabled. If it has, the system not only returns control to the end user, but, operates in a time-share mode, to also store after-image data. In this mode, the system sets the after-image END time and initiates an automatic tape save mode ~ 3~Z6 of vperation (designated "tape phantom"). This is indicated at 76. If the automatic save procedure has not been enabled, the users are advised, at 77, to save the after-image file.
In accordance with the automatic tape save mode of operation, the after-image ~ile is saved, at 78, by storing the after-image record on a permanent storage device such as a magnetic tape medium on the tape drive 24a which is dedicated to that purpose. The save process includes processing each after-image record, starting at the START address, as indica~ed at 80, checking, at 82, whether the END address pointer has been reached, and if not, checking whether the transaction writing that particular after-image record has ended by the particular END time recorded above. This is indicated at 84.
If the END time has not been exceeded then the after-image is transferred to permanent storage at 86, and the process repeats. If the END time has been exceeded, the after-image is not transferred and the process transfers to the "no" path 88.
If the END address has been reached~ the save is complete (at 89) and the apparatus resets the file parameters. In particular, the START address is reset to the present starting address and the END address is cleared, as is the END time. If the apparatus were in the automatic save mode, the tape save procedure would be disabled. This is all indicated at 89.
In the instance that the entire AI file had been written, as indicated by the YES path from decision block 62, the file is saved (typically through a manual procedure), and afterwards the after-image END address and after-image END time are set, at 90. The save process starting at 80, designating either a disk or tape storage device, is initiated.
~ ~2~3~26 In this manner, the after-image recording and saving process takes place continuously in a time shared mode with the main processor transactional functionsO If the END address were exceeded, however, (as at 62) the apparatus would abort and otherwise terminate any ongoing transactions until the after-image file had been saved. Under this circumstance, the operation of other portions of the apparatus can be disabled.
Additions, subtractions, deletions, and other modifications of the disclosed preferred embodiment of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
What is claimed is:
I
Claims (8)
1. In a data base processing apparatus for executing transactions which cause a data base file to be updated, an after-image recovery storage apparatus comprising an after-image temporary storage file, an after-image permanent storage means, means for writing into said temporary storage file after-image update data, and means for initiating transfer of after-image data from said temporary storage file to said permanent storage means prior to said temporary file becoming filled with data, said transferring means operating on a time-shared basis with other ongoing operations of said processing apparatus.
2. The after-image storage apparatus of claim 1 further comprising means for operating said temporary storage file as a circular file, and wherein said transferring means includes pointer means for identifying the beginning of a then valid data record file location, and pointer means for identifying a temporary file location into which a next data record is to be written.
3. The after-image storage apparatus of claim 2 wherein said transferring means further includes write pointer means for identifying a temporary storage file location, at which location said transferring means shall initiate transfer of after-image data records from said storage file to said permanent storage means, means for comparing the location at which a present after-image record is being written and the location of a said write pointer, and means responsive to said comparing means for automatically initiating transfer on a continuous time-share basis of said after-image record data in said temporary storage file when the record is being written at least in part at a location past the write pointer indicated location.
4. The after-image storage apparatus of claim 3 further comprising means for terminating a transaction in an incomplete state when said temporary storage file lacks sufficient data storage to record an entire after-image record describing said transaction without overwriting a still valid after-image record.
5. In a data base processing method for executing transactions which cause a data base file to be updated, an after-image recovery storage method comprising the steps of writing after-image update record data into a temporary storage file, and initiating transfer said after-image data from said temporary storage file to a permanent storage means prior to said temporary storage file becoming filled with data, and operating on a time-shared basis with other ongoing operations of said processing apparatus, whereby an interruption of said ongoing operations of said processing apparatus does not occur.
6. The after-image storage method of claim 5 further comprising the steps of operating said temporary storage file in a circular file mode whereby storage automatically, at the end of the storage file, continues at the beginning of the file, identifying the beginning of a then valid data record file with a save pointer, and identifying a location for next writing a data record with a next pointer.
7. The after-image storage method of claim 6 further wherein the transfer step comprises the steps of identifying a temporary storage file location with an end pointer, said file location being the location at which said transfer step shall be initiated for transferring after-image data records from the temporary storage file to the permanent storage, comparing the location at which a present after-image record is being written with the location of the write pointer, and automatically initiating transfer on a continuous time-shared basis of the after-image record data in the temporary storage file when the record being written is being written at least in part in a location past the write pointer indicated location.
8. The after-image storage method of claim 7 further comprising the step of terminating a transaction in an incomplete state when the temporary storage file lacks sufficient data storage to record an entire after-image record describing said terminated transaction without overwriting an otherwise valid after-image data record.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US66648684A | 1984-10-30 | 1984-10-30 | |
| US666,486 | 1984-10-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1243126A true CA1243126A (en) | 1988-10-11 |
Family
ID=24674291
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000494234A Expired CA1243126A (en) | 1984-10-30 | 1985-10-30 | Method and apparatus for continuous after-imaging |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1243126A (en) |
-
1985
- 1985-10-30 CA CA000494234A patent/CA1243126A/en not_active Expired
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