CA1241153A - Method of increasing the volume yield of exfoliated vermiculite - Google Patents
Method of increasing the volume yield of exfoliated vermiculiteInfo
- Publication number
- CA1241153A CA1241153A CA000484718A CA484718A CA1241153A CA 1241153 A CA1241153 A CA 1241153A CA 000484718 A CA000484718 A CA 000484718A CA 484718 A CA484718 A CA 484718A CA 1241153 A CA1241153 A CA 1241153A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- particles
- ore
- vermiculite
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B20/00—Use of materials as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone according to more than one of groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 and characterised by shape or grain distribution; Treatment of materials according to more than one of the groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Expanding or defibrillating materials
- C04B20/02—Treatment
- C04B20/04—Heat treatment
- C04B20/06—Expanding clay, perlite, vermiculite or like granular materials
- C04B20/068—Selection of ingredients added before or during the thermal treatment, e.g. expansion promoting agents or particle-coating materials
Abstract
ase 2776 ABSTRACT
A method is disclosed for increasing the volume yield of expanded vermiculite obtained by exfoliation of vermiculite ore particles. The method comprises the sequential steps of applying vegetable oil to the vermiculite ore particles and thermally exfoliating the vermiculite ore particles.
A method is disclosed for increasing the volume yield of expanded vermiculite obtained by exfoliation of vermiculite ore particles. The method comprises the sequential steps of applying vegetable oil to the vermiculite ore particles and thermally exfoliating the vermiculite ore particles.
Description
:~2~ 3 The present invention relates to the ex-foliation of vermiculite ore and more particularly to a method whereby the volume increase upon exEoliatlon of the vermiculite ore can be increased.
Vermiculite ore is well known for its capacity to undergo expansion to several times its original volume when subjected to elevated temperatures. The process of expanding vermiculite ore by heating is reEerred to as thermal exfoliation.
This process is generall.y a continuous proceclure in which vermi-culite ore particles are fed into an expansion kiln or oven,heated rapidly to temperatures in the range of 1100F to 1900F, ana the resultant expanded vermiculite proauct removed from the heating zone as additional unexpanded material is introduced.
The expanded vermiculite has a wide variety of well known uses, including use as an aggregate in plaster and concrete formulations, a thermal insulator, an extender in fertilizers and soil mixes, an inert carrier for chemlcals, a packaging material, and as roughage or filler in animal feeds.
In reference to thermal exfoliation of vermiculite, it is common in the art to refer to the "yield" obtained by exfoliation, this being the volume of expanded vermiculite, when loosely accumulated without compression of the expanded particules, obtained Erom an lnitial weight of unexpanded ore.
Since expanded vermiculi-te is generally sold on a volume basis, it proves economically advantageous to the producer to maximize the yield.
The present invention provides a method Eor increasing the volume yield of expanded vermiculite obtained from exfo:Lia-tion of unexpanded vermiculite ore particles comprising the ~V;i f~`',~ - 1 -sequential steps of applying a vegetable oil to said particles at a temperature below that at which said ore particles undergo exfoliation, and thermally exfoliating said ore particles in an expansion oven or an expansion furnace.
la -The present invention is directed toward a method for significantly increasing the yield of expanded vermiculite obtained by exfoliation of vermiculite ore. The method o~ this invention comprises the steps of applying a vegetable oil to unexpanded vermiculite ore particles and thermally exfoliating the ore to which the oil has been applied. It has been discovered that volume yield increases of up to about 9% can be attained with the present method. Vol~1me yield increases in the range of about 4% to 7~ are normally attained, although this range may vary as a function of the particular oil, water content of the vermiculite, and the origin of the vermiculite ore. As specified hereinafter, the yield increases are obtained with the application of relatively small quantities of vegetable oil, thus making -the present method economically attractive.
In accordance with the present method, the vegetable oil should be uniformly applied to the vermiculite ore so as to provide an approximately equal amount of oil on each particle.
This can be conveniently and accurately controlled by spraying the oil onto the ore particles and agitating or tu~bling the particles as the oil is applied. Spraying a fine mist of the oil onto the particles as they are tumbled in a rotating mixer such as a cannister, drum or paddle blender is the preferred method. Spray application also facilitakes modulation of the quantity of oil applied, so as to provide the desired uniform application using a minimal quantity of oil.
The oil is normally applied at ambient temperature, although it may be applied at elevated temperatures, e.g., bv pre-heating the oil or by applying the oil to the vermiculite in a heated environment. Elevated temperatures may be advantageous, .7 _2_ for example, for purposes of lowering the viscosity of the oil and thereby facilitating the -2a-.~
-~se 2 /76 spraying process or the distribution of the oil on the ore particles.
The elevated temperature should, however, be substantially below that at which the vermiculite undergoes exfoliation, inasmuch as the oil or, more specifically, the oil temperature is not used to expand or promote expansion of the vermiculite.
The vegetable oil can be applied to the vermiculite in any amount which affords a volume yield increase. In the general, the oil is applied in a weight percentage amount of at least about 0.196, based on the weight of vermiculite ore. Typically, the oil is applied in a weight percentage range of about 0.196 to about 1%, based on the weight of vermiculite ore. This relatively small quantity of oil helps minimize any additional cost incurred by use of the present method and, t~us, contributes significantly to the economic feasibility of employing the present method.
Vegetable oils constitute a well known and widely used class of materials. As used herein, the term "vegetable oil" includes all oils derived from vegetable seeds, fruits, and other vegetable matter. The vegetable oil can be refined or unrefined, unsaturated, or partially or completely hydrogenated. Examples of vegetable oils which can be used herein are soybean oil, castor oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, and olive oil. Vegetable oils contain substantial levels of fatty acids and the present invention includes the use of fatty acids, per se, derived from or extracted out of ve~3etable oils. The term "vegetable oil", as used herein, thus also includes fatty acids, per se, derived from vegetable oil, examples of which are oleic acid, linoleic acid, lauric acid, ricinoleic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid .
~2~ 66925-295 The vermiculite ore to which the oil is applied should be dry to the touch and free flowing. Most preferably, the ore should be dried to remove essentially all of the ~mbound or surface water which is initially present on the ore sample.
The ore should, however, retain its bound interlayer water, generally constituting 5% to 10~ by weight of the ore, this water being generally recognized in the art as necessary for optimal thermal expansion of the ore.
The vegetable oil is believed to form a coating on at least the exterior major surfaces of the vermiculite ore particles. Although notwishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is speculated that this coating, due primarily toits hydrophobicity, inhibits the liberation of the interlayer water from the particles during exfoliation and thereby provides a greater degree of expansion of the individual particles and an overall increase in volume yield.
The ore particles used in the present process can be of any convenient dimension or size. As a general rule, vermiculite ore particles are obtained, either by milling or as naturally occuring materials, in particle sizes measuring from a~out 0.005 in. up to a~out 0.4 in. across their maior surfaces.
These particles can be seg~egated according to size by screening, with arbitrary maximum and minimum sizes being set to define a given size range or grade of ore particles. After being separated into the various size grades, the ore particles are thermally exfoliated to yleld an expanded product of substant-ially uniform particle size. In accordance with the practice in the art, the present method is also normally conducted employing ore particles which fall within a relatively narrow size range, as opposed to a mixture of particles which vary widely in size.
As illustrated in the following Example, volume yield increases were obtained in the ~;~
~2~ 3..~3 exEoliation of all of the various commercial grades of vermiculite ore which were expanded in accordance with the present method.
The oil treatment step of the present method provides an additional advantage in that it substantially reduces the dust which is often generated in the -transport and handling of vermiculite ore, i.e., the oil which is applied to the ore is able to bind substantially the dust and fibrous particles present in the ore and thus suppress the liberation of same during the handling of the ore. It has been found that the application of as little as 0.1% of oil can provide substantial decreases in dust and fiber liberation and that the effecti~e-ness of the oil in this respect increases with increasing dosage. From the standpoint of health and safety, this dust suppression aspect of the invention can be particularly advan-tageous and beneficial.
The oil treated vermiculite ore particles of this invention can be thermally exfoliated utilizing any of those procedures heretofore known in the art. Any suitable vermiculite expansion oven or furnace may be used. Thermal exfoliation procedures generally involve the continuous introduction of vermiculate ore particles into the upper end of a high temperature oven or furnace, at which point the ore is exposed to tempexatures in the range oE about llOO~ to 1900F
and undergoes rapid expansion. The expanded ore is allowed to fall to a lower zone within the oven under the action of gravity, at which point the particles may continue to expand due, at least in part, to residual heat acquired in the upper zone and retained in the particle. The particles are withdrawn from the lower end of the furnace at a rate approximately equal ~, - 5 -to the introduction of new particles into the furnace.
Vermiculite exfoliation procedures and furnace apparatus for use in exfoliation are disclosed in United States Patent Nos.
Vermiculite ore is well known for its capacity to undergo expansion to several times its original volume when subjected to elevated temperatures. The process of expanding vermiculite ore by heating is reEerred to as thermal exfoliation.
This process is generall.y a continuous proceclure in which vermi-culite ore particles are fed into an expansion kiln or oven,heated rapidly to temperatures in the range of 1100F to 1900F, ana the resultant expanded vermiculite proauct removed from the heating zone as additional unexpanded material is introduced.
The expanded vermiculite has a wide variety of well known uses, including use as an aggregate in plaster and concrete formulations, a thermal insulator, an extender in fertilizers and soil mixes, an inert carrier for chemlcals, a packaging material, and as roughage or filler in animal feeds.
In reference to thermal exfoliation of vermiculite, it is common in the art to refer to the "yield" obtained by exfoliation, this being the volume of expanded vermiculite, when loosely accumulated without compression of the expanded particules, obtained Erom an lnitial weight of unexpanded ore.
Since expanded vermiculi-te is generally sold on a volume basis, it proves economically advantageous to the producer to maximize the yield.
The present invention provides a method Eor increasing the volume yield of expanded vermiculite obtained from exfo:Lia-tion of unexpanded vermiculite ore particles comprising the ~V;i f~`',~ - 1 -sequential steps of applying a vegetable oil to said particles at a temperature below that at which said ore particles undergo exfoliation, and thermally exfoliating said ore particles in an expansion oven or an expansion furnace.
la -The present invention is directed toward a method for significantly increasing the yield of expanded vermiculite obtained by exfoliation of vermiculite ore. The method o~ this invention comprises the steps of applying a vegetable oil to unexpanded vermiculite ore particles and thermally exfoliating the ore to which the oil has been applied. It has been discovered that volume yield increases of up to about 9% can be attained with the present method. Vol~1me yield increases in the range of about 4% to 7~ are normally attained, although this range may vary as a function of the particular oil, water content of the vermiculite, and the origin of the vermiculite ore. As specified hereinafter, the yield increases are obtained with the application of relatively small quantities of vegetable oil, thus making -the present method economically attractive.
In accordance with the present method, the vegetable oil should be uniformly applied to the vermiculite ore so as to provide an approximately equal amount of oil on each particle.
This can be conveniently and accurately controlled by spraying the oil onto the ore particles and agitating or tu~bling the particles as the oil is applied. Spraying a fine mist of the oil onto the particles as they are tumbled in a rotating mixer such as a cannister, drum or paddle blender is the preferred method. Spray application also facilitakes modulation of the quantity of oil applied, so as to provide the desired uniform application using a minimal quantity of oil.
The oil is normally applied at ambient temperature, although it may be applied at elevated temperatures, e.g., bv pre-heating the oil or by applying the oil to the vermiculite in a heated environment. Elevated temperatures may be advantageous, .7 _2_ for example, for purposes of lowering the viscosity of the oil and thereby facilitating the -2a-.~
-~se 2 /76 spraying process or the distribution of the oil on the ore particles.
The elevated temperature should, however, be substantially below that at which the vermiculite undergoes exfoliation, inasmuch as the oil or, more specifically, the oil temperature is not used to expand or promote expansion of the vermiculite.
The vegetable oil can be applied to the vermiculite in any amount which affords a volume yield increase. In the general, the oil is applied in a weight percentage amount of at least about 0.196, based on the weight of vermiculite ore. Typically, the oil is applied in a weight percentage range of about 0.196 to about 1%, based on the weight of vermiculite ore. This relatively small quantity of oil helps minimize any additional cost incurred by use of the present method and, t~us, contributes significantly to the economic feasibility of employing the present method.
Vegetable oils constitute a well known and widely used class of materials. As used herein, the term "vegetable oil" includes all oils derived from vegetable seeds, fruits, and other vegetable matter. The vegetable oil can be refined or unrefined, unsaturated, or partially or completely hydrogenated. Examples of vegetable oils which can be used herein are soybean oil, castor oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, and olive oil. Vegetable oils contain substantial levels of fatty acids and the present invention includes the use of fatty acids, per se, derived from or extracted out of ve~3etable oils. The term "vegetable oil", as used herein, thus also includes fatty acids, per se, derived from vegetable oil, examples of which are oleic acid, linoleic acid, lauric acid, ricinoleic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid .
~2~ 66925-295 The vermiculite ore to which the oil is applied should be dry to the touch and free flowing. Most preferably, the ore should be dried to remove essentially all of the ~mbound or surface water which is initially present on the ore sample.
The ore should, however, retain its bound interlayer water, generally constituting 5% to 10~ by weight of the ore, this water being generally recognized in the art as necessary for optimal thermal expansion of the ore.
The vegetable oil is believed to form a coating on at least the exterior major surfaces of the vermiculite ore particles. Although notwishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is speculated that this coating, due primarily toits hydrophobicity, inhibits the liberation of the interlayer water from the particles during exfoliation and thereby provides a greater degree of expansion of the individual particles and an overall increase in volume yield.
The ore particles used in the present process can be of any convenient dimension or size. As a general rule, vermiculite ore particles are obtained, either by milling or as naturally occuring materials, in particle sizes measuring from a~out 0.005 in. up to a~out 0.4 in. across their maior surfaces.
These particles can be seg~egated according to size by screening, with arbitrary maximum and minimum sizes being set to define a given size range or grade of ore particles. After being separated into the various size grades, the ore particles are thermally exfoliated to yleld an expanded product of substant-ially uniform particle size. In accordance with the practice in the art, the present method is also normally conducted employing ore particles which fall within a relatively narrow size range, as opposed to a mixture of particles which vary widely in size.
As illustrated in the following Example, volume yield increases were obtained in the ~;~
~2~ 3..~3 exEoliation of all of the various commercial grades of vermiculite ore which were expanded in accordance with the present method.
The oil treatment step of the present method provides an additional advantage in that it substantially reduces the dust which is often generated in the -transport and handling of vermiculite ore, i.e., the oil which is applied to the ore is able to bind substantially the dust and fibrous particles present in the ore and thus suppress the liberation of same during the handling of the ore. It has been found that the application of as little as 0.1% of oil can provide substantial decreases in dust and fiber liberation and that the effecti~e-ness of the oil in this respect increases with increasing dosage. From the standpoint of health and safety, this dust suppression aspect of the invention can be particularly advan-tageous and beneficial.
The oil treated vermiculite ore particles of this invention can be thermally exfoliated utilizing any of those procedures heretofore known in the art. Any suitable vermiculite expansion oven or furnace may be used. Thermal exfoliation procedures generally involve the continuous introduction of vermiculate ore particles into the upper end of a high temperature oven or furnace, at which point the ore is exposed to tempexatures in the range oE about llOO~ to 1900F
and undergoes rapid expansion. The expanded ore is allowed to fall to a lower zone within the oven under the action of gravity, at which point the particles may continue to expand due, at least in part, to residual heat acquired in the upper zone and retained in the particle. The particles are withdrawn from the lower end of the furnace at a rate approximately equal ~, - 5 -to the introduction of new particles into the furnace.
Vermiculite exfoliation procedures and furnace apparatus for use in exfoliation are disclosed in United States Patent Nos.
2,203,821; 3,010,911 and 3,533,610.
5a -~ 3 66925-295 The present invention is further illustrated ln the following Example which is intended as illustrative only and not in any limiting sense.
EXAMPLE
Five different size commercial grades of vermiculite ore were each divided into fifty pound batches and each batch was treated with a predetermined amount of partially hydrogenated refined soyabean oil. Each oil application was conducted at ambient temperature by spraying a fine mist of the oil onto the ore particles as the particles were tumbled in a rotating drum mixer. The oil was dispensed at a rate of about 300 cc./min.
over a period of 10 to 40 seconds, depending on the total amount of oil to be applied. After the spray application was completed, tumbling of the ore was continued for approximately 10 minutes.
The five different grades of vermiculite ore used in this example, designated herein as Ore Grades A through E, were all commercial grade ores obtained from a mine in Libby, Montana.
Previous analyses of samples of these commercial grades indicated the following bulk density and particle size distribution ranges:
~re Grade A:
BUlk density; 45-60 lbs./ft3 Sieve_size Weight Percent Retained (U.S. Series) Max. Min.
5a -~ 3 66925-295 The present invention is further illustrated ln the following Example which is intended as illustrative only and not in any limiting sense.
EXAMPLE
Five different size commercial grades of vermiculite ore were each divided into fifty pound batches and each batch was treated with a predetermined amount of partially hydrogenated refined soyabean oil. Each oil application was conducted at ambient temperature by spraying a fine mist of the oil onto the ore particles as the particles were tumbled in a rotating drum mixer. The oil was dispensed at a rate of about 300 cc./min.
over a period of 10 to 40 seconds, depending on the total amount of oil to be applied. After the spray application was completed, tumbling of the ore was continued for approximately 10 minutes.
The five different grades of vermiculite ore used in this example, designated herein as Ore Grades A through E, were all commercial grade ores obtained from a mine in Libby, Montana.
Previous analyses of samples of these commercial grades indicated the following bulk density and particle size distribution ranges:
~re Grade A:
BUlk density; 45-60 lbs./ft3 Sieve_size Weight Percent Retained (U.S. Series) Max. Min.
3/8 10 0
4 35 10 ~ 2~ 3 ase 2776 Ore Grade B:
Bulk density: 55-65 Ibs. /ft.3 Sieve size Wei~ht Percent Retained ~ U . S. Series) Max.hlTn .
O re G race C:
- 10~ulk density: 55-65 Ibs./ft.3 Sieve size Weight Percent Retained (U. ~. Series) Max. Min. ~~ ~
,100 9 0 O re G rade D:
2~Bulk density:55-65 Ibs./ft.3 Sieve Size ~Veight Percent Retained (U. S. Series) l~x. Min.
L~0 ~ 100 10 0 ?.`' a se 2 7 7 6 ~2~ 3 O re G rade E:
Bulk density 60 - 70 Ibs. /ft.3 Sieve size Weight Percent Retained ( U . S . Series ) Max .Min .
1 o ,1 00 70 24 Two hundred and fifty grams of each oil treated sample were expanded in an electrically heated laboratory assay furnace at a temperature of approximately 1800F. The furnace comprised a four foot long column equipped with internal baff)es. The vermiculite ore was introduced at the top of the column and allowed to fall under gravity through the baffle system, this requiring approximately 10-15 1 5 second5.
The expanded ore was collected at the bottom of the column, allowed to cool, and poured into a 5 liter graduated cylinder to determine the final volume. This volume was extrapolated to a "bag yield" corresponding to the number of 4 cubic foot bags which would be obtained from one ton of the oil-heated ore sample. For compa~ison purposes, a "Control" sample of 250 grams of each ore grade, which was not treated with the oil, was expanded in an identical manner and the resultant volume or extrapolated bag yield used as a basis for determining yielcl increases clue to oil application. Table 1 provides the results for all test and control samples. In Table 1, the "Oil Dosage"
is the amount of oil in ounces applied to each 50 pound ore sample.
se 2776 Yield % Yield Ore Grade Oil Dosage(oz. ) Bags/Ton) Increase A Control 95.5 A 0.8 95.5 0 A 1.6 98.2 2.8 A 2.4 98.2 2.8 A 3.2 100.9 5.6 B Control 84.5 B 0.8 87.3 3.3 B 1.6 87.3 3.3 B 2.4 87.3 3.3 B 3.2 88.7 4.9 C Control 75.8 C 0.8 83.7 10.4 C 1.6 82.3 8.5 C 2.4 82.3 8.
C 3.2 82.3 8.5 D Control 60.5 D 0.8 63.3 4.6 Q 1.6 63.3 4.6 D 2.4 63.3 4.6 E Control 44.9 E 3.2 47.6 6 E 4.0 47.6 6 E 4.8 47.6 6 ~' 9 '.~`i ',~ ~;``.
se 2776 Each of the above oil-treated samples was observed to generate substant;ally less dust during handling than did the control samples.
It should be appreciated that the results providèd in Table 1 are illustrative and that the volume yield increases may vary depending on, for example, the oil applied to the ore, ore content and origin, and expansion temperatures and procedures. In addition, since certain changes, modifications, and substitutions can be made in the above-described method without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description shall be interpretecl as illustrative and not limitative.
" 10
Bulk density: 55-65 Ibs. /ft.3 Sieve size Wei~ht Percent Retained ~ U . S. Series) Max.hlTn .
O re G race C:
- 10~ulk density: 55-65 Ibs./ft.3 Sieve size Weight Percent Retained (U. ~. Series) Max. Min. ~~ ~
,100 9 0 O re G rade D:
2~Bulk density:55-65 Ibs./ft.3 Sieve Size ~Veight Percent Retained (U. S. Series) l~x. Min.
L~0 ~ 100 10 0 ?.`' a se 2 7 7 6 ~2~ 3 O re G rade E:
Bulk density 60 - 70 Ibs. /ft.3 Sieve size Weight Percent Retained ( U . S . Series ) Max .Min .
1 o ,1 00 70 24 Two hundred and fifty grams of each oil treated sample were expanded in an electrically heated laboratory assay furnace at a temperature of approximately 1800F. The furnace comprised a four foot long column equipped with internal baff)es. The vermiculite ore was introduced at the top of the column and allowed to fall under gravity through the baffle system, this requiring approximately 10-15 1 5 second5.
The expanded ore was collected at the bottom of the column, allowed to cool, and poured into a 5 liter graduated cylinder to determine the final volume. This volume was extrapolated to a "bag yield" corresponding to the number of 4 cubic foot bags which would be obtained from one ton of the oil-heated ore sample. For compa~ison purposes, a "Control" sample of 250 grams of each ore grade, which was not treated with the oil, was expanded in an identical manner and the resultant volume or extrapolated bag yield used as a basis for determining yielcl increases clue to oil application. Table 1 provides the results for all test and control samples. In Table 1, the "Oil Dosage"
is the amount of oil in ounces applied to each 50 pound ore sample.
se 2776 Yield % Yield Ore Grade Oil Dosage(oz. ) Bags/Ton) Increase A Control 95.5 A 0.8 95.5 0 A 1.6 98.2 2.8 A 2.4 98.2 2.8 A 3.2 100.9 5.6 B Control 84.5 B 0.8 87.3 3.3 B 1.6 87.3 3.3 B 2.4 87.3 3.3 B 3.2 88.7 4.9 C Control 75.8 C 0.8 83.7 10.4 C 1.6 82.3 8.5 C 2.4 82.3 8.
C 3.2 82.3 8.5 D Control 60.5 D 0.8 63.3 4.6 Q 1.6 63.3 4.6 D 2.4 63.3 4.6 E Control 44.9 E 3.2 47.6 6 E 4.0 47.6 6 E 4.8 47.6 6 ~' 9 '.~`i ',~ ~;``.
se 2776 Each of the above oil-treated samples was observed to generate substant;ally less dust during handling than did the control samples.
It should be appreciated that the results providèd in Table 1 are illustrative and that the volume yield increases may vary depending on, for example, the oil applied to the ore, ore content and origin, and expansion temperatures and procedures. In addition, since certain changes, modifications, and substitutions can be made in the above-described method without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description shall be interpretecl as illustrative and not limitative.
" 10
Claims (7)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method for increasing the volume yield of expanded vermiculite obtained from exfoliation of unexpanded vermiculite ore particles comprising the sequential steps of applying a vegetable oil to said particles at a temperature below that at which said ore particles undergo exfoliation, and thermally exfoliating said ore particles in an expansion oven or an expansion furnace.
2. A method of claim 1 wherein at least 0.1% by weight of said vegetable oil is applied to said particles, based on the weight of said particles.
3. A method of claim 1 wherein from about 0.1% by weight to about 1% by weight of said vegetable oil is applied to said particles, based on the weight of said particles.
4. A method of claim 1 wherein said vegetable oil is selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, castor oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, olive oil, and fatty acids derived therefrom.
5. A method of claim 4 wherein said vegetable oil is soybean oil.
6. A method of claim 1 wherein said vegetable oil is sprayed onto said particles as said particles are tumbled in a rotating mixer.
7. A method of claim 1 wherein said particles are ther-mally exfoliated at a temperature in the range of about 1100°F
to 1900°F.
to 1900°F.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/632,575 USH254H (en) | 1984-07-19 | 1984-07-19 | Method of increasing the volume yield of exfoliated vermiculite |
| US632,575 | 1990-12-24 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1241153A true CA1241153A (en) | 1988-08-30 |
Family
ID=24536074
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000484718A Expired CA1241153A (en) | 1984-07-19 | 1985-06-21 | Method of increasing the volume yield of exfoliated vermiculite |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | USH254H (en) |
| AU (1) | AU584102B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1241153A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109757150A (en) * | 2019-03-21 | 2019-05-17 | 广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院 | A method of improving Germination of Chinese fir Seeds rate |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5137656A (en) * | 1987-08-21 | 1992-08-11 | Hercules Incorporated | Water resistant mineral products |
| US4885330A (en) | 1987-11-20 | 1989-12-05 | Hercules Incorporated | Non-dispersible vermiculite products |
| US5254410A (en) * | 1991-04-18 | 1993-10-19 | Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company | Partially dehydrated vermiculite flakes and method of making same |
| CN106494571A (en) * | 2016-12-27 | 2017-03-15 | 中国人民解放军镇江船艇学院 | A kind of multi-functional unmanned operation system of boat-carrying |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1972390A (en) | 1931-11-02 | 1934-09-04 | Nat Vermiculite Products Corp | Production of expanded vermiculite |
| US2282479A (en) | 1936-09-25 | 1942-05-12 | Bakelite Corp | Roofing granule and the like |
| US3010911A (en) * | 1958-08-29 | 1961-11-28 | Zonolite Company | Method of and apparatus for heat processing particulate solids |
| US3686134A (en) | 1971-02-25 | 1972-08-22 | Grace W R & Co | Thermally expanding vermiculite and other thermally expandable materials,utilizing said materials as carrier and the products thereof |
| AU467547B2 (en) * | 1972-12-28 | 1975-12-04 | Sandoval Vermiculite (Proprietary) Limited | Improvements in and relating to vermiculite products and their uses |
| US4034120A (en) | 1975-10-28 | 1977-07-05 | W. R. Grace & Co. | Pelleting aid for agricultural products |
| DE2739375B2 (en) | 1977-09-01 | 1980-06-04 | Ekoperl Gmbh, 4600 Dortmund | Process for binding dust in expanded perlite |
-
1984
- 1984-07-19 US US06/632,575 patent/USH254H/en not_active Abandoned
-
1985
- 1985-06-21 CA CA000484718A patent/CA1241153A/en not_active Expired
- 1985-07-04 AU AU44584/85A patent/AU584102B2/en not_active Ceased
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109757150A (en) * | 2019-03-21 | 2019-05-17 | 广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院 | A method of improving Germination of Chinese fir Seeds rate |
| CN109757150B (en) * | 2019-03-21 | 2022-04-12 | 广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院 | Method for improving germination rate of Chinese fir seeds |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU584102B2 (en) | 1989-05-18 |
| USH254H (en) | 1987-04-07 |
| AU4458485A (en) | 1986-01-23 |
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