CA1223458A - Versatile pressurized consistometer/rheometer/fluid loss apparatus - Google Patents
Versatile pressurized consistometer/rheometer/fluid loss apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- CA1223458A CA1223458A CA000456158A CA456158A CA1223458A CA 1223458 A CA1223458 A CA 1223458A CA 000456158 A CA000456158 A CA 000456158A CA 456158 A CA456158 A CA 456158A CA 1223458 A CA1223458 A CA 1223458A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- consistometer
- pressure vessel
- slurry
- high strength
- strength metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
- G01N11/10—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by moving a body within the material
- G01N11/14—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by moving a body within the material by using rotary bodies, e.g. vane
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The present invention relates to an apparatus primarily intended to serve as a pressurized consisto-meter suitable for determining the thickening time of cement slurries under temperature and pressure con-ditions similar to those encountered in the cementing operations involved in oil and gas well completions.
A slurry cup, which also serves as the pressure vessel, is held stationary in an externally heated jacket while a DC motor generator is used to rotate a mixing paddle.
The motor current drawn by the generator is used as a measure of slurry consistency and the speed of rotation of the mixing paddle is controlled by a gener-ator feedback signal. Modifications to the apparatus enable the apparatus to be used as a pressurized rheo-meter,as an on-line viscometer, as a fluid loss cell, or as an apparatus for conditioning a cement slurry before transferring this slurry under pressure to a standard high temperature, high pressure fluid loss apparatus.
The present invention relates to an apparatus primarily intended to serve as a pressurized consisto-meter suitable for determining the thickening time of cement slurries under temperature and pressure con-ditions similar to those encountered in the cementing operations involved in oil and gas well completions.
A slurry cup, which also serves as the pressure vessel, is held stationary in an externally heated jacket while a DC motor generator is used to rotate a mixing paddle.
The motor current drawn by the generator is used as a measure of slurry consistency and the speed of rotation of the mixing paddle is controlled by a gener-ator feedback signal. Modifications to the apparatus enable the apparatus to be used as a pressurized rheo-meter,as an on-line viscometer, as a fluid loss cell, or as an apparatus for conditioning a cement slurry before transferring this slurry under pressure to a standard high temperature, high pressure fluid loss apparatus.
Description
34S~
~` 1 ~
YERSATILE PRESSURIZED CONSlSTOMETER/RHEOMETERtFLUID LO~S APPAkA~US
Background of the Invention This invention relates to a design of an apparatus primarily inten-ded to serve as a pressurized consistometer suitable for determining the thickening tirne of cement slurries under simulated temperature and pressure conditions encountered in the cementing operations involved in oil and gas well completions. A modification is described however, which enables the apparatus to be used for determining the rheological properties of a wide variety of viscous fluids. A second modification is described whereby the apparatus can also be used as an in-line visco-meter. A third modification is also described whereby the apparatus can be used to determine dynamic or static fluid loss values for cement slurries or other fluids at elevated temperatures. A fourth modification is described which permits the apparatus to be used to condition cement slurries at high temperatures and then transfer to a standard fluid loss apparatus.
The thickening time of the cement slurry referred to in this des-cription is defined as 'the time required for cement slurry of the given composition to reach a consistency of 100 Bearden Units of Consistency (~c), determined by methods outline by API Specification 1o~.l API
Specification 102 describes a stirring apparatus used for consistency measurements and will be discussed in 'Description of Prior Art' section.
The thickening time of cement slurries is the most critical property invo1ved in cementing operations. Although it is desirable to check the thickening time of slurries prepared with the actual cement and mix water to be used on a particular well, the high cost of existing pressurized consistometers along with their large size makes this impractical in most cases. One of the objects ot the apparatus in this invention is to provide small field labs with the capability of performing these pressurized thickening time tests.
. _ 1. API ~ulletin lOC, "Well Cement Nomenclature", Second Edition, April 1979.
. API Spec 1~ aterial and Testing for Well Cements", Second Edition, June I~, 1984.
~ ~, ~2234S~
~` 1 ~
YERSATILE PRESSURIZED CONSlSTOMETER/RHEOMETERtFLUID LO~S APPAkA~US
Background of the Invention This invention relates to a design of an apparatus primarily inten-ded to serve as a pressurized consistometer suitable for determining the thickening tirne of cement slurries under simulated temperature and pressure conditions encountered in the cementing operations involved in oil and gas well completions. A modification is described however, which enables the apparatus to be used for determining the rheological properties of a wide variety of viscous fluids. A second modification is described whereby the apparatus can also be used as an in-line visco-meter. A third modification is also described whereby the apparatus can be used to determine dynamic or static fluid loss values for cement slurries or other fluids at elevated temperatures. A fourth modification is described which permits the apparatus to be used to condition cement slurries at high temperatures and then transfer to a standard fluid loss apparatus.
The thickening time of the cement slurry referred to in this des-cription is defined as 'the time required for cement slurry of the given composition to reach a consistency of 100 Bearden Units of Consistency (~c), determined by methods outline by API Specification 1o~.l API
Specification 102 describes a stirring apparatus used for consistency measurements and will be discussed in 'Description of Prior Art' section.
The thickening time of cement slurries is the most critical property invo1ved in cementing operations. Although it is desirable to check the thickening time of slurries prepared with the actual cement and mix water to be used on a particular well, the high cost of existing pressurized consistometers along with their large size makes this impractical in most cases. One of the objects ot the apparatus in this invention is to provide small field labs with the capability of performing these pressurized thickening time tests.
. _ 1. API ~ulletin lOC, "Well Cement Nomenclature", Second Edition, April 1979.
. API Spec 1~ aterial and Testing for Well Cements", Second Edition, June I~, 1984.
~ ~, ~2234S~
- 2 -In addition to its use for determining cement slurry thickening times, the apparatus can also be easily modified to permit its use in determining rheological properties of a wide variety of viscous fluids.
The determination of rheological prop?rties involves the rneasurement of the relationship between sheariny stress and shearing rate with time.
Such a study enables dilatancy or psuedo-plasticity characteristics to be determined as well as detecting thixotropic and rheopectic hehavior. As in the case of the thickening time tests, these studies can be carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures. Also, the apparatus can be used in determining the viscosity of visco-elastic fluids since the entire fluid sarnple is sheared uniformly and the opening around the driveshaft is very small.
While many applications for such measurement capabilities exist in the study of cement slurries, drilling fluids, and fracturing and acidizing fluids in use in oil and gas well drilling, completion, and stimulation, there are many fluids encountered in chemical processing, mining, etc., where these same properties are of great importance and can likewise be measured with the apparatus of this invention.
A second modification of this equipment would permit its use as a flow-through or inline viscometer. Again, while there are many uses for such an apparatus in oil and gas operations, it would find great utility in other areas as well.
A third rnodification of this equipment permits its use to determine the fluid loss of cement slurries. In the case of static fluid loss, the cement slurry is gently agitated while being heated to temperature and then unstirred during the fluid loss test. In the case of dynamic fluid 1OSSJ a high speed impeller assembly is used which permits cement slurry agitation during the duration of the fluid loss test.
A fourth moditication permits the apparatus to be used to condition a cement slurry and then transfer it under pressure to a standard high temperature, high pressure fluid loss apparatus.
The determination of rheological prop?rties involves the rneasurement of the relationship between sheariny stress and shearing rate with time.
Such a study enables dilatancy or psuedo-plasticity characteristics to be determined as well as detecting thixotropic and rheopectic hehavior. As in the case of the thickening time tests, these studies can be carried out at elevated temperatures and pressures. Also, the apparatus can be used in determining the viscosity of visco-elastic fluids since the entire fluid sarnple is sheared uniformly and the opening around the driveshaft is very small.
While many applications for such measurement capabilities exist in the study of cement slurries, drilling fluids, and fracturing and acidizing fluids in use in oil and gas well drilling, completion, and stimulation, there are many fluids encountered in chemical processing, mining, etc., where these same properties are of great importance and can likewise be measured with the apparatus of this invention.
A second modification of this equipment would permit its use as a flow-through or inline viscometer. Again, while there are many uses for such an apparatus in oil and gas operations, it would find great utility in other areas as well.
A third rnodification of this equipment permits its use to determine the fluid loss of cement slurries. In the case of static fluid loss, the cement slurry is gently agitated while being heated to temperature and then unstirred during the fluid loss test. In the case of dynamic fluid 1OSSJ a high speed impeller assembly is used which permits cement slurry agitation during the duration of the fluid loss test.
A fourth moditication permits the apparatus to be used to condition a cement slurry and then transfer it under pressure to a standard high temperature, high pressure fluid loss apparatus.
3~
DESCRIPTION OF DR~WINGS
. _ . .
Figure 1 depicts the general design of a conventional cement thickening time tester or pressurized consistometer;
Figure 2 depicts the general design of the Lmproved cement thickening time tester or pressurized consistometer of this invention;
Figure 3 depicts the electronic components of the motor generator control and measuring circuit;
~igure 4 depicts a modification of the apparatus for in-line or continuous flow ~iscometry;
Figure 5 depicts the equipment arrangement for application of the continuous flow viscometer in the hydraulic fracture stimulation of oil and gas wells;
Figure 6 depicts a modification of the apparatus for measurement of static fluid loss;
Figure 7 depicts a modification of the apparatus for measurement of dynamic fluid loss;
Figure 8 depicts an equipment arrangement for conditioning slurries for transer to a standard fluid loss apparatus.
BAC~GROUND OF THE INVENTION
The operating principle of the apparatus which today serves as the industry standard for determining thickening time of cement slurries is essentially the same as the instrument developed by the Pan American Oil Company in the 1~40s. The objecti~e o~ the pressurized consistometer or thickening time tester is to measure the consistency of the cement slurry which is gently agitated while being subjected to the temperature and pressure conditions that would be encountered in the cement operation involving an oil or gas well. Construction details of such a thickening ~ZZ3~S~3 tLme tester are shown in Figure 1.
During the test~ the cement slurry being tested is contained within cup 3 which is placed within high pressure chamber 5 of the pressure vessel shown generally as 1. Slurry cup 3 is rotated at a fixed 150 RPM and agitation of the slurry is accomplished by stirring paddle 7 within slurry cup 5. Paddle 7 is kept ~tationary by spring potentiometer mechanism 9 having tongue spring 10. Potentiometer mechanism 9 also serves to measure the torque being exerted on paddle 7.
Potentiometer mechanism 9 clicks into insulated electric connectors which are drilled through the pressure vessel wall of pressure vessel 1 and which serve to provide, through oontact pin 33, the electrical signal for recording the consistency of the cement slurry. Pressure is supplied by oil from an air-driven hydraulic pump (not shown). through oil-pressure connection 11. Oil is separated from the cement slurry in slurry cup 3 by flexible rubber diaphragm 13 and a Teflon O-ring assembly (~not shown). The temperature of the cement slurry is sensed by thermocouple 15 which enters pressure vessel 1 through top removable screw closure 17 and extends down into the holl~w shaft of paddle 7 in slurry cup 3.
Heat is supplied by electric tubular heater coils 19 surrounding slurry cup 3 within pressure vessel 1.
Pressure-cylinder thermocouple 35, going into the oil bath, can be used to proYide information about the rate of heating. Again, current is supplied through electrical connections made through contact pin 33.
Rotation of turntable 21 on which slurry cup 3 sits is provided by packed shaft 23 which extends through removabie packing caxtridge 24 and through the bottom of pressure vessel 1 to ~otorized gear drive assem~ly 25 which includes thrust bearing 26, miter gears 27 and gea.r reducer 28. Cooling jacket 29 is . *Trade Mark :~L2Z34ei~it wrapped around the exterior of the pressure vessel, and the entire assembly is then surrounded by glass wool insulation 31 (only partially depicted). Other components of the thickening time tester involve a complex arrange-ment of valving to provide for oil-pressure Gontrol and filling of the pressure Yessel (not shown in the drawing), air supply pressure connection 34 for forcing the oil from chamber 5 at the end of the test, and cylinder sealing O-ring 32 for providing a pressure seal.
Over the years, se~eral improvements have been made to this basic design in order to overcome some un-desirable features. A magnetic drive unit is now available which replaces packed shaft 23 and gear drive assembly 25 for providing rotation of slurry cup 3.
This has reduced the maintenance with the packing and eliminates the risk of fire due to leaks through the packing. Flexible diaphragm 13 and the O-ring assembly have now largely been replaced ~y a sLmple ~la~ high-temperature rubber diaphragm. This minimizes ~he problem of diaphragm 13 being compressed down against slurry cup paddle 7 when entrained air is present inthe cement slurry. A potentiometer lock-down mechanism has recently become available which overcomes ~he problem of potentiometer assembly 9 sliding up off the slurry paddle mechanical connection. Other improvements involve the use of digital temperature displays and temperature programmers which facilitate the control of the rate of temperature rise during the test to simulate the temperature rise which the cement slurry would experience 30- going down an oil or gas well.
Presently, there are several manufacturers of thickening time testers;howe~er, they all use the same ~asic design details described above. For a short period of time around l970, the Fann Instrument Company offered a portable cement thickening time teste~ however it was ~2~34ci8 not widely accepted by the industry. In that apparatus, cement agitation was accomplished by periodically magnetically lifting a heavy bo~ within the pressure chamber and allo~ing it to fall through the cement slurry. The time of rise and ~all of the bob was electronically monitored and resulted in a rough measure of the consistency of the slurry. It is suspected that one of the reasons why this instrument did not gain acceptance was the fact that the type of agitation is different than the agitation provided by a conventional thickening tLme tester. With some slurries the degree of agitation has a profound effect on the thickening time, so that results obtained with the Fann ins~rument would not directly correlate with a conventional thickening time tester.
It will be seen that in addition to use of the apparatus of this invention as a thickening time tester, a modi~ication will be described ~hich will permit its use as a rotational-type rheometer. In 1963, Van Wasser3 published a review of viscosity and flow measurement technology in which he outlines the operating principles of all commercially available viscometers and rheometers at that time. While many of the viscometers operate on the rotational bob and cylin~er concept, all the instruments rely upon either strain gauge or spring mechanisms to monitor the torque on either the bob or the cup. In the case of a pressurized rheometer, this method of torque measurement complicates the design o~
the instrument.
3. J.R. ~anWaser, J.W. Lyons, K.W. Kim, R.E. Cowell, "Viscosity and Flow Measurement, A Laboratory Hand-book of Rheology", Monsanto Chemical Company, Interscience Publishers, St. Louis, 1963.
-~Z3g5i8 -The two pressurized rheo~eters most widely used at present are the Model 50 Rheometer manufactured by the Fann Instrument Company and the BHC Rheometer manufactured by OBI-Hughes Incorporated. The operating principle and features of these instruments are described in reference 4. It will be seen that the apparatus of this invention is much less complex and simpler to operate than the two described in this reference.
A modification to the invention will also be described which will permit use of the apparatus ~or determining fluid loss values of cement slurries.
Appendix F of Reference 4 descxibes` the test procedures for determining fluid loss of cement slurries; however, it will be noted that this test procedure is limited to temperature below 194F. The problem with temperatures greater than 194F is that the cement slurry must remain unstirred in the ~luid loss cell while the temperature is increased to the test temperature. It will be seen that the apparatus of this invention oYercomes this limitation.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Pressurized Consistometer The design features of the apparatus when used to determine cement slurry thickening times or as a pressurized consistometer are shown in Figure 2. One essential feature of the apparatus is that slurry cup 100 which contains the cement slurry also serYes a$ the pressure vessel. Another essential feature is that the slurry cup/pressure vessel 100 is held stationary in externally heated jacket 102 and mixing paddle 104 is rotated. Studies carried out using clear acrylic plastic slurry cups show that the degree of agitation obtained by rotating the slurry paddle with a stationary cup is very similar to that obtained by having a stationary paddle and rotating the slurry cup.
DESCRIPTION OF DR~WINGS
. _ . .
Figure 1 depicts the general design of a conventional cement thickening time tester or pressurized consistometer;
Figure 2 depicts the general design of the Lmproved cement thickening time tester or pressurized consistometer of this invention;
Figure 3 depicts the electronic components of the motor generator control and measuring circuit;
~igure 4 depicts a modification of the apparatus for in-line or continuous flow ~iscometry;
Figure 5 depicts the equipment arrangement for application of the continuous flow viscometer in the hydraulic fracture stimulation of oil and gas wells;
Figure 6 depicts a modification of the apparatus for measurement of static fluid loss;
Figure 7 depicts a modification of the apparatus for measurement of dynamic fluid loss;
Figure 8 depicts an equipment arrangement for conditioning slurries for transer to a standard fluid loss apparatus.
BAC~GROUND OF THE INVENTION
The operating principle of the apparatus which today serves as the industry standard for determining thickening time of cement slurries is essentially the same as the instrument developed by the Pan American Oil Company in the 1~40s. The objecti~e o~ the pressurized consistometer or thickening time tester is to measure the consistency of the cement slurry which is gently agitated while being subjected to the temperature and pressure conditions that would be encountered in the cement operation involving an oil or gas well. Construction details of such a thickening ~ZZ3~S~3 tLme tester are shown in Figure 1.
During the test~ the cement slurry being tested is contained within cup 3 which is placed within high pressure chamber 5 of the pressure vessel shown generally as 1. Slurry cup 3 is rotated at a fixed 150 RPM and agitation of the slurry is accomplished by stirring paddle 7 within slurry cup 5. Paddle 7 is kept ~tationary by spring potentiometer mechanism 9 having tongue spring 10. Potentiometer mechanism 9 also serves to measure the torque being exerted on paddle 7.
Potentiometer mechanism 9 clicks into insulated electric connectors which are drilled through the pressure vessel wall of pressure vessel 1 and which serve to provide, through oontact pin 33, the electrical signal for recording the consistency of the cement slurry. Pressure is supplied by oil from an air-driven hydraulic pump (not shown). through oil-pressure connection 11. Oil is separated from the cement slurry in slurry cup 3 by flexible rubber diaphragm 13 and a Teflon O-ring assembly (~not shown). The temperature of the cement slurry is sensed by thermocouple 15 which enters pressure vessel 1 through top removable screw closure 17 and extends down into the holl~w shaft of paddle 7 in slurry cup 3.
Heat is supplied by electric tubular heater coils 19 surrounding slurry cup 3 within pressure vessel 1.
Pressure-cylinder thermocouple 35, going into the oil bath, can be used to proYide information about the rate of heating. Again, current is supplied through electrical connections made through contact pin 33.
Rotation of turntable 21 on which slurry cup 3 sits is provided by packed shaft 23 which extends through removabie packing caxtridge 24 and through the bottom of pressure vessel 1 to ~otorized gear drive assem~ly 25 which includes thrust bearing 26, miter gears 27 and gea.r reducer 28. Cooling jacket 29 is . *Trade Mark :~L2Z34ei~it wrapped around the exterior of the pressure vessel, and the entire assembly is then surrounded by glass wool insulation 31 (only partially depicted). Other components of the thickening time tester involve a complex arrange-ment of valving to provide for oil-pressure Gontrol and filling of the pressure Yessel (not shown in the drawing), air supply pressure connection 34 for forcing the oil from chamber 5 at the end of the test, and cylinder sealing O-ring 32 for providing a pressure seal.
Over the years, se~eral improvements have been made to this basic design in order to overcome some un-desirable features. A magnetic drive unit is now available which replaces packed shaft 23 and gear drive assembly 25 for providing rotation of slurry cup 3.
This has reduced the maintenance with the packing and eliminates the risk of fire due to leaks through the packing. Flexible diaphragm 13 and the O-ring assembly have now largely been replaced ~y a sLmple ~la~ high-temperature rubber diaphragm. This minimizes ~he problem of diaphragm 13 being compressed down against slurry cup paddle 7 when entrained air is present inthe cement slurry. A potentiometer lock-down mechanism has recently become available which overcomes ~he problem of potentiometer assembly 9 sliding up off the slurry paddle mechanical connection. Other improvements involve the use of digital temperature displays and temperature programmers which facilitate the control of the rate of temperature rise during the test to simulate the temperature rise which the cement slurry would experience 30- going down an oil or gas well.
Presently, there are several manufacturers of thickening time testers;howe~er, they all use the same ~asic design details described above. For a short period of time around l970, the Fann Instrument Company offered a portable cement thickening time teste~ however it was ~2~34ci8 not widely accepted by the industry. In that apparatus, cement agitation was accomplished by periodically magnetically lifting a heavy bo~ within the pressure chamber and allo~ing it to fall through the cement slurry. The time of rise and ~all of the bob was electronically monitored and resulted in a rough measure of the consistency of the slurry. It is suspected that one of the reasons why this instrument did not gain acceptance was the fact that the type of agitation is different than the agitation provided by a conventional thickening tLme tester. With some slurries the degree of agitation has a profound effect on the thickening time, so that results obtained with the Fann ins~rument would not directly correlate with a conventional thickening time tester.
It will be seen that in addition to use of the apparatus of this invention as a thickening time tester, a modi~ication will be described ~hich will permit its use as a rotational-type rheometer. In 1963, Van Wasser3 published a review of viscosity and flow measurement technology in which he outlines the operating principles of all commercially available viscometers and rheometers at that time. While many of the viscometers operate on the rotational bob and cylin~er concept, all the instruments rely upon either strain gauge or spring mechanisms to monitor the torque on either the bob or the cup. In the case of a pressurized rheometer, this method of torque measurement complicates the design o~
the instrument.
3. J.R. ~anWaser, J.W. Lyons, K.W. Kim, R.E. Cowell, "Viscosity and Flow Measurement, A Laboratory Hand-book of Rheology", Monsanto Chemical Company, Interscience Publishers, St. Louis, 1963.
-~Z3g5i8 -The two pressurized rheo~eters most widely used at present are the Model 50 Rheometer manufactured by the Fann Instrument Company and the BHC Rheometer manufactured by OBI-Hughes Incorporated. The operating principle and features of these instruments are described in reference 4. It will be seen that the apparatus of this invention is much less complex and simpler to operate than the two described in this reference.
A modification to the invention will also be described which will permit use of the apparatus ~or determining fluid loss values of cement slurries.
Appendix F of Reference 4 descxibes` the test procedures for determining fluid loss of cement slurries; however, it will be noted that this test procedure is limited to temperature below 194F. The problem with temperatures greater than 194F is that the cement slurry must remain unstirred in the ~luid loss cell while the temperature is increased to the test temperature. It will be seen that the apparatus of this invention oYercomes this limitation.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Pressurized Consistometer The design features of the apparatus when used to determine cement slurry thickening times or as a pressurized consistometer are shown in Figure 2. One essential feature of the apparatus is that slurry cup 100 which contains the cement slurry also serYes a$ the pressure vessel. Another essential feature is that the slurry cup/pressure vessel 100 is held stationary in externally heated jacket 102 and mixing paddle 104 is rotated. Studies carried out using clear acrylic plastic slurry cups show that the degree of agitation obtained by rotating the slurry paddle with a stationary cup is very similar to that obtained by having a stationary paddle and rotating the slurry cup.
4. API Bulletin 13D, 'The Theology of Oilwell Drilling Fluids', First Edition, August 1980.
~ .
~Z~34Si8 Another essential feature of the apparatus is DC motor generator 106, used to rotate paddle 104.
DC motor generator 106 has two sets of windings: the generator windings are used to provide a signal for measurement and control of rotational speed whereas the motor windings are used to supply torque to the unit and the motor current is used as a measurement of consistency.
The electronic components required for the measuring and control circuit are shown in Figure 3.
Clearly the accuracy and reliability of this apparatus is dependent upon the quality of DC motor generator 106.
For cement slurry thickening time applications, a model E650MG motor generator and speed control unit made by Electrocraft Corp., Hopkins, MA, serves this purpose very well. ~his drive system results in ~ery recisely controlled rotational speeds which can be set to a wide range of speeds. The current supply to the motor winding required to maintain speed is a direct measure of the load or torque on the motor and consequently this is easily scaled to read directly in consistency readings.
A desirable feature of the apparatus is the use of a magnetically coupled drive system having magnetic coupling 108 coupled to drive shaft 109. This reduces the background torque on paddle 104 which must be nulled out in order to obtain consistency readings. Pressure is imparted to the cement slurry by injection of oil from a high pressure, air-operated pump (not shown) through pressurizing port 110. The temperature can be sensed either by thermocouple112 entering from the top of the pressure vessel or by thermocouple 113 from the temperature of heating jacket 102 surrounding slurry cup/
pressure ~essel 100. Not shown in the diagrams is the possible use of ball bearing supports with the drive system and a separation seal, from magnetic coupling 108 to slurry cup 100, to prevent air from getting into the ~Z345~
g oil-filled magnetic dri~e section.
Another desirable feature of this apparatus is the lack of a separation diaphragm to prevent oil contamination. The height of the slurry sample in 6 slurry cup 100 is adjusted on filling so that the oil/
cement interface ~ill ~e within the unmixed, restricted area at the top of slurry cup 100. Also, because of the low volume of space remaining above the cement slurry, the use of high pressure ni~rogen as a pressurizing media is quite feasible. This feature is quite desirable when it is suspected that the oil would have an undesirable effect on the cement slurry additives.
By eliminating the diaphragm, an important source of frictional resistance which leads to errors in the measured consistency is eliminated. Another desirable feature of the apparatus is the fact that the slurry cup dimensions and the mixing paddle configuration is identical to that of the conventional thickening time testers and since the speed can also be adjusted to 150 RPM. The degree of agitation of the two instruments and the measured consistency should be in good agreement.
Weight reduction in the apparatus shown is maximized by restricting the pressure rating of the apparatus to appxoximately 15,000 PSI. While there will be a small percentage of wells being drilled which require a higher pressure for true simulation, it is felt that correlation factors can be determined using conventional thickening time testers. Weight reduction is also accomplished by the use of high strength metals such as titanium or high-strength iron-nickel alloys metals as the pressure barrier in the magnetic coupling suction.
Also, the weight of slurry cup 100 is reduced by using metals such as titanium or Series 400 stainless steel as the material of construction. The vertical spacing between 3S slurry cup lOQ and magnetic coupling 108 is preferably '~
345~
an easily machined stainless steel which reduces ~abrication costs. The material for heating jacket 102 is preferably solid brass or aluminum surrounded by a choice of heating elements. Because of the small volume of oil required to pressurize slurry cup 100 and the drive assembly, no valving is required for araining and transferring of oil, thereby simplifying piping and valving arrangements, this provides a further reduction in cost.
Pressurized Rheometer -When it is desirable to use the apparatus as a pressurized rheometer, illustrated qenerally as 107 in the embodiment depicted in Figure 4, mixing paddle 104 is replaced by hollow oil-filled corrosion resistant metal bob 105. The shape of bob lQ5 is designed so that at any rotational speed, the shear rate on the sample in the gap between rotating bob 105 and the inside ~alls of slurry cup lOO.,s essentially constant. Because of the length:diameter ratios, most of the measured torque will result from the shearing of the fluid at the vertical bob walls, so that end effects which are normally difficult to correct for in rotational viscometers, will be minimized. Also, when used as a rheometer, the electronic controller for motor generator 106 is provide~
with a speed xeadout and a torque readout scaled to give shear rate and shear stress in convenient units. The electronic controller meter can be modified to facilitate the determination of shear stress/shear rate relationships using a multi-position rotary switch designed to provide a range of fixed shear rates, each position having its own no-load zero adjusting potentiometers. Alternatively, the reference voltage used in speed control can be re-placed by a ramping voltage which will continuously cycle the shear rate upwards and downwards to investigate thixotropic or rheopectic phenomenon.
~2;~34S8 When a filling port is desirable, bottom high pressure plug 111 in the thickening time arrangement can be replaced by a valved fill-port. Since slurry cup 100 is not rotating, excess fluids can be vented through oil pressuring port 110. In some instances where it is desirable to measure the rheology of low viscosity fluids, a wide assor~ment of bob and cup designs can be used. In these cases, the cups could be inserted into slurry cup lOQ and the particular bob substituted for the cylindrical bob.
In the case where the apparatus is not to be used ~or cement slurry thickening times but rather, strictly as a pressurized rheometer, the dimensions of slurry cup or pressure vessel 100 can be greatly modified to achieve more suitable ranges of torque for measurement.
Figure 4 shows one 2mbodiment where the pressure vessel 100 is equipped with inlet ~01 and outlet 103 and rotational bob 105 is elongated to permit continuous flow or on-line measurements.
Figure 5 shows the details of the possible use of a pressurized rheometer on the high pressure lines of an oil or gas well hydraulic fracturing stimulation treatment. A sample line is taken from the high pressure lines which extend to the pumpers. Low pressure lines extend from the ~lender which is in fluid connection with the fracturing fluid tanks and a proppant tank.
The on-line viscometer 107 depicted in Figure 4 can be calibrated and placed near the wellhead, which is a hazardous area, and the electrical shear stress or viscosity signal run by cable to a recorder in an instrumentation van. This arrangement would avoid time delays in the monitoring of the viscosity during the fracturing treatment. In the use of the apparatus as an on-line viscometer during fracturing treatments, the gap between the rotor and the pressure vessel wall can be selected so that the influence of proppant ~2~3g~
particles will not result i~ erroneous readings.
In some rheological studies on thi~otropic or rheopectic fluids, it is desira~le to follo~ the shear rate at a constant shear stress with tLme. As indicated by the dash-line in Figure 3, the electronic control measuring circuit can be readily modified to accomplish this end. In the case where rh~ological studies are not re~uired to ~e conducted under pressurized conditions, magnetic coupling 108 is not required,so that motor generator 106 and the electronic control circuit can be used with a ~ide variety of slurry cups and bobs or with bar or impeller-type stirrers. The diameter and length geometry of these devices can be modified to cover an extremely wide range of shear stress and shear rate conditions.
In addition to the use of apparatus as a consistometer or rheometer, since slurry cup/pressure vessel 100 is not being rotated and has connection port 111 at the bottom, it is apparent that simple side-sealing ~ilter screen assembly 115 can be lowered into pressure vessel 1-00 so that Yessel 100 can he converted into a fluid loss cell. It is also apparent that, if retaining Teflon washer 117 is incorporated at the top of the slurry cup, the pivot point from the botto~ of paddle 104 can be eliminated so that a variety of paddle designs can be accommodated. Alternatively, paddle 104 can be threaded to drive shaft 109 and thereby could be suspended above filter screen 115. Figures 6 and 7 show two possible mixing paddle arrangements.
In Figure 6, standard slurry paddle 104 is used except that the bottom cross member and central shaft are eliminated. By so doing, the build-up of filtercake during the fluid loss test will not be interfered with by the presence of the paddle. This particular design is well suited to the performance of static fluid loss *Trade Mark ~Z~3458 tests above 194F, as described in Reference 2. In this case, the 1urry can be agitatecl a~ 15a RPM as the temperature is raised to temperatures in excess of 194F.
The slurry is maintained under pressure by nitrogen applied through oil-filling port 110. Once the final desired temperature is obtained, the stirring action can be discontinued and a static fluid loss test performed. Since the main application for this apparatus involves temperatures above 194F, the use of back-pressure receiver 117 pressured to 500 PSI with nitrogen gas through valve 118 is used to prevent the water filtrate from boiling. In order to compensate for the 5Q0 PSI back pressure, slurry cup/pressure vessel 100 is pressurized using 1500 PSI nitrogen. This gives the same lQ00 PSI pressure differential across 325-mesh screen 115 which is used in the fluid loss test below 194F. If fluid loss values are anticipated to be high, the tests can be carried out for a short period of time taPProximately 10 minutes) and after this period, isolation valve 119 can ~e closed and following a sufficient cool-down period, the water present in the back pressure receiver can be drained through valve 120 and measured. The filtrate volume measured must be adjusted to correlate to the area described in the high pressure, high temperature cell in Reference 2.
When it is desired to conduct dynamic fluid loss tests, an impeller design such as shown in Figure 7 is more desirable. In this case, impeller 121 is rotated at high speed (approximately 1000 to 2000 RPM) during the heat-up stage of the fluid and during the fluid loss test. With such an apparatus, the effect of slurry flow on on fluid loss should ~e evident.
In the case where dynamic or static fluid loss tests are to be performed on drilling fluid, it is desirable to use hardened filter paper in place of 325-mesh screen 115. In this case, an O-ring seal on the lZ2345~3 filter paper is required which necessitates the inclusion of a second threaded ring-type seal in the screen assembly.
Since most labs involved in oil and gas well ce~enting already have a fluid loss apparatus for static fluid loss testing, the arrangement shown in Figure 8 is presented. In this case, the consistometer is used to condition the slurry to the desired temperature and after a specified time, the slurry is transferred through flexible hose ~nd valve system 1~2 to the preheated cell of standard high-temperature high pressure fluid loss apparatus 123. The fluid loss is then measured immediately.
~ .
~Z~34Si8 Another essential feature of the apparatus is DC motor generator 106, used to rotate paddle 104.
DC motor generator 106 has two sets of windings: the generator windings are used to provide a signal for measurement and control of rotational speed whereas the motor windings are used to supply torque to the unit and the motor current is used as a measurement of consistency.
The electronic components required for the measuring and control circuit are shown in Figure 3.
Clearly the accuracy and reliability of this apparatus is dependent upon the quality of DC motor generator 106.
For cement slurry thickening time applications, a model E650MG motor generator and speed control unit made by Electrocraft Corp., Hopkins, MA, serves this purpose very well. ~his drive system results in ~ery recisely controlled rotational speeds which can be set to a wide range of speeds. The current supply to the motor winding required to maintain speed is a direct measure of the load or torque on the motor and consequently this is easily scaled to read directly in consistency readings.
A desirable feature of the apparatus is the use of a magnetically coupled drive system having magnetic coupling 108 coupled to drive shaft 109. This reduces the background torque on paddle 104 which must be nulled out in order to obtain consistency readings. Pressure is imparted to the cement slurry by injection of oil from a high pressure, air-operated pump (not shown) through pressurizing port 110. The temperature can be sensed either by thermocouple112 entering from the top of the pressure vessel or by thermocouple 113 from the temperature of heating jacket 102 surrounding slurry cup/
pressure ~essel 100. Not shown in the diagrams is the possible use of ball bearing supports with the drive system and a separation seal, from magnetic coupling 108 to slurry cup 100, to prevent air from getting into the ~Z345~
g oil-filled magnetic dri~e section.
Another desirable feature of this apparatus is the lack of a separation diaphragm to prevent oil contamination. The height of the slurry sample in 6 slurry cup 100 is adjusted on filling so that the oil/
cement interface ~ill ~e within the unmixed, restricted area at the top of slurry cup 100. Also, because of the low volume of space remaining above the cement slurry, the use of high pressure ni~rogen as a pressurizing media is quite feasible. This feature is quite desirable when it is suspected that the oil would have an undesirable effect on the cement slurry additives.
By eliminating the diaphragm, an important source of frictional resistance which leads to errors in the measured consistency is eliminated. Another desirable feature of the apparatus is the fact that the slurry cup dimensions and the mixing paddle configuration is identical to that of the conventional thickening time testers and since the speed can also be adjusted to 150 RPM. The degree of agitation of the two instruments and the measured consistency should be in good agreement.
Weight reduction in the apparatus shown is maximized by restricting the pressure rating of the apparatus to appxoximately 15,000 PSI. While there will be a small percentage of wells being drilled which require a higher pressure for true simulation, it is felt that correlation factors can be determined using conventional thickening time testers. Weight reduction is also accomplished by the use of high strength metals such as titanium or high-strength iron-nickel alloys metals as the pressure barrier in the magnetic coupling suction.
Also, the weight of slurry cup 100 is reduced by using metals such as titanium or Series 400 stainless steel as the material of construction. The vertical spacing between 3S slurry cup lOQ and magnetic coupling 108 is preferably '~
345~
an easily machined stainless steel which reduces ~abrication costs. The material for heating jacket 102 is preferably solid brass or aluminum surrounded by a choice of heating elements. Because of the small volume of oil required to pressurize slurry cup 100 and the drive assembly, no valving is required for araining and transferring of oil, thereby simplifying piping and valving arrangements, this provides a further reduction in cost.
Pressurized Rheometer -When it is desirable to use the apparatus as a pressurized rheometer, illustrated qenerally as 107 in the embodiment depicted in Figure 4, mixing paddle 104 is replaced by hollow oil-filled corrosion resistant metal bob 105. The shape of bob lQ5 is designed so that at any rotational speed, the shear rate on the sample in the gap between rotating bob 105 and the inside ~alls of slurry cup lOO.,s essentially constant. Because of the length:diameter ratios, most of the measured torque will result from the shearing of the fluid at the vertical bob walls, so that end effects which are normally difficult to correct for in rotational viscometers, will be minimized. Also, when used as a rheometer, the electronic controller for motor generator 106 is provide~
with a speed xeadout and a torque readout scaled to give shear rate and shear stress in convenient units. The electronic controller meter can be modified to facilitate the determination of shear stress/shear rate relationships using a multi-position rotary switch designed to provide a range of fixed shear rates, each position having its own no-load zero adjusting potentiometers. Alternatively, the reference voltage used in speed control can be re-placed by a ramping voltage which will continuously cycle the shear rate upwards and downwards to investigate thixotropic or rheopectic phenomenon.
~2;~34S8 When a filling port is desirable, bottom high pressure plug 111 in the thickening time arrangement can be replaced by a valved fill-port. Since slurry cup 100 is not rotating, excess fluids can be vented through oil pressuring port 110. In some instances where it is desirable to measure the rheology of low viscosity fluids, a wide assor~ment of bob and cup designs can be used. In these cases, the cups could be inserted into slurry cup lOQ and the particular bob substituted for the cylindrical bob.
In the case where the apparatus is not to be used ~or cement slurry thickening times but rather, strictly as a pressurized rheometer, the dimensions of slurry cup or pressure vessel 100 can be greatly modified to achieve more suitable ranges of torque for measurement.
Figure 4 shows one 2mbodiment where the pressure vessel 100 is equipped with inlet ~01 and outlet 103 and rotational bob 105 is elongated to permit continuous flow or on-line measurements.
Figure 5 shows the details of the possible use of a pressurized rheometer on the high pressure lines of an oil or gas well hydraulic fracturing stimulation treatment. A sample line is taken from the high pressure lines which extend to the pumpers. Low pressure lines extend from the ~lender which is in fluid connection with the fracturing fluid tanks and a proppant tank.
The on-line viscometer 107 depicted in Figure 4 can be calibrated and placed near the wellhead, which is a hazardous area, and the electrical shear stress or viscosity signal run by cable to a recorder in an instrumentation van. This arrangement would avoid time delays in the monitoring of the viscosity during the fracturing treatment. In the use of the apparatus as an on-line viscometer during fracturing treatments, the gap between the rotor and the pressure vessel wall can be selected so that the influence of proppant ~2~3g~
particles will not result i~ erroneous readings.
In some rheological studies on thi~otropic or rheopectic fluids, it is desira~le to follo~ the shear rate at a constant shear stress with tLme. As indicated by the dash-line in Figure 3, the electronic control measuring circuit can be readily modified to accomplish this end. In the case where rh~ological studies are not re~uired to ~e conducted under pressurized conditions, magnetic coupling 108 is not required,so that motor generator 106 and the electronic control circuit can be used with a ~ide variety of slurry cups and bobs or with bar or impeller-type stirrers. The diameter and length geometry of these devices can be modified to cover an extremely wide range of shear stress and shear rate conditions.
In addition to the use of apparatus as a consistometer or rheometer, since slurry cup/pressure vessel 100 is not being rotated and has connection port 111 at the bottom, it is apparent that simple side-sealing ~ilter screen assembly 115 can be lowered into pressure vessel 1-00 so that Yessel 100 can he converted into a fluid loss cell. It is also apparent that, if retaining Teflon washer 117 is incorporated at the top of the slurry cup, the pivot point from the botto~ of paddle 104 can be eliminated so that a variety of paddle designs can be accommodated. Alternatively, paddle 104 can be threaded to drive shaft 109 and thereby could be suspended above filter screen 115. Figures 6 and 7 show two possible mixing paddle arrangements.
In Figure 6, standard slurry paddle 104 is used except that the bottom cross member and central shaft are eliminated. By so doing, the build-up of filtercake during the fluid loss test will not be interfered with by the presence of the paddle. This particular design is well suited to the performance of static fluid loss *Trade Mark ~Z~3458 tests above 194F, as described in Reference 2. In this case, the 1urry can be agitatecl a~ 15a RPM as the temperature is raised to temperatures in excess of 194F.
The slurry is maintained under pressure by nitrogen applied through oil-filling port 110. Once the final desired temperature is obtained, the stirring action can be discontinued and a static fluid loss test performed. Since the main application for this apparatus involves temperatures above 194F, the use of back-pressure receiver 117 pressured to 500 PSI with nitrogen gas through valve 118 is used to prevent the water filtrate from boiling. In order to compensate for the 5Q0 PSI back pressure, slurry cup/pressure vessel 100 is pressurized using 1500 PSI nitrogen. This gives the same lQ00 PSI pressure differential across 325-mesh screen 115 which is used in the fluid loss test below 194F. If fluid loss values are anticipated to be high, the tests can be carried out for a short period of time taPProximately 10 minutes) and after this period, isolation valve 119 can ~e closed and following a sufficient cool-down period, the water present in the back pressure receiver can be drained through valve 120 and measured. The filtrate volume measured must be adjusted to correlate to the area described in the high pressure, high temperature cell in Reference 2.
When it is desired to conduct dynamic fluid loss tests, an impeller design such as shown in Figure 7 is more desirable. In this case, impeller 121 is rotated at high speed (approximately 1000 to 2000 RPM) during the heat-up stage of the fluid and during the fluid loss test. With such an apparatus, the effect of slurry flow on on fluid loss should ~e evident.
In the case where dynamic or static fluid loss tests are to be performed on drilling fluid, it is desirable to use hardened filter paper in place of 325-mesh screen 115. In this case, an O-ring seal on the lZ2345~3 filter paper is required which necessitates the inclusion of a second threaded ring-type seal in the screen assembly.
Since most labs involved in oil and gas well ce~enting already have a fluid loss apparatus for static fluid loss testing, the arrangement shown in Figure 8 is presented. In this case, the consistometer is used to condition the slurry to the desired temperature and after a specified time, the slurry is transferred through flexible hose ~nd valve system 1~2 to the preheated cell of standard high-temperature high pressure fluid loss apparatus 123. The fluid loss is then measured immediately.
Claims (20)
1. A pressurized cement consistometer or thickening time tester design wherein a cement slurry is placed directly into a pressure vessel of similar dimension to a slurry cup of the standard commercial pressurized consistometers.
2. The consistometer of claim 1, wherein the slurry cup/pressure vessel is held stationary and a mixing paddle is rotated within said slurry cup.
3. The consistometer of claim 2, wherein the mixing paddle is driven by a DC motor generator and electronic feedback controller in which case the motor current is used as a measure of consistency and the speed is controlled by a generature feedback signal.
4. A pressurized cement consistometer or thickening time tester, comprising a pressure vessel used as a slurry cup for directly containing cement slurry, said pressure vessel being held stationary while a slurry mixing paddle is rotated and driven by means of a magnetically coupled, torque indicating, controlled speed motor.
5. The consistometer of claim 1, wherein said pressure vessel is removable from said consistometer for cleaning and replacement.
6. The consistometer of claim 2, wherein said pressure vessel is removable from said consistometer for cleaning and replacement.
7. The consistometer of claim 3, wherein said pressure vessel is removable from said consistometer for cleaning and replacement.
8. The consistometer of claim 4, wherein said pressure vessel is removable from said consistometer for cleaning and replacement.
9. The consistometer of claim 1, wherein said pressure vessel is made of a high strength metal.
10. The consistometer of claim 2, wherein said pressure vessel is made of a high strength metal.
11. The consistometer of claim 3, wherein said pressure vessel is made of a high strength metal.
12. The consistometer of claim 4, wherein said pressure vessel is made of a high strength metal.
13. The consistometer of claim 5, wherein said pressure vessel is made of a high strength metal.
14. The consistometer of claim 6, wherein said pressure vessel is made of a high strength metal.
15. The consistometer of claim 7, wherein said pressure vessel is made of a high strength metal.
16. The consistometer of claim 8, wherein said pressure vessel is made of a high strength metal.
17. The consistometer of claims 9, 10 or 11, wherein the high strength metal is selected from high nickel chromium alloy, titanium, or 400 Series stainless steel.
18. The consistometer of claims 12, 13 or 14, wherein the high strength metal is selected from high nickel chromium alloy, titanium, or 400 Series stainless steel.
19. The consistometer of claims 15 or 16, wherein the high strength metal is selected from high nickel chromium alloy, titanium, or 400 Series stainless steel.
20. A pressurized cement consistometer or thickening time tester, comprising a pressure vessel used as a slurry cup for directly containing cement slurry, said pressure vessel being held stationary while a slurry mixing paddle is rotated and driven by means of a magnetic coupled torque indicating, controlled speed motor, and said pressure vessel being removable from said consistometer for cleaning and replacement and being made of a high strength metal selected from high nickel chromium alloy, titanium, or 400 Series stainless steel.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000456158A CA1223458A (en) | 1984-06-08 | 1984-06-08 | Versatile pressurized consistometer/rheometer/fluid loss apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000456158A CA1223458A (en) | 1984-06-08 | 1984-06-08 | Versatile pressurized consistometer/rheometer/fluid loss apparatus |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1223458A true CA1223458A (en) | 1987-06-30 |
Family
ID=4128059
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000456158A Expired CA1223458A (en) | 1984-06-08 | 1984-06-08 | Versatile pressurized consistometer/rheometer/fluid loss apparatus |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1223458A (en) |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2687223A1 (en) * | 1992-02-12 | 1993-08-13 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Device and method for monitoring the variations in consistency of a mixture |
| US20120024046A1 (en) * | 2010-07-30 | 2012-02-02 | Yuwei Luo | Measuring device for measuring consistency of cement slurry for a consistometer |
| US9528974B2 (en) | 2013-10-11 | 2016-12-27 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Friction apparatus and method for measuring lubricity of downhole fluids |
| CN106596343A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-04-26 | 重庆大学 | High-pressure rotational viscosity meter |
| US10053935B2 (en) | 2013-07-03 | 2018-08-21 | Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc | Lubricating compositions for use with downhole fluids |
| CN111796079A (en) * | 2019-04-09 | 2020-10-20 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Low-temperature water loss instrument for well cementation cement slurry |
| CN112710586A (en) * | 2020-12-17 | 2021-04-27 | 沈阳金欧科石油仪器技术开发有限公司 | Cement gelatinizing instrument and control method thereof |
| US11067490B2 (en) * | 2016-04-29 | 2021-07-20 | Neotek Bioscience Co., Ltd. | Bracket, support system, and thrombelastography device and use method thereof |
| AT525776A1 (en) * | 2021-12-23 | 2023-07-15 | Anton Paar Gmbh | Procedure for filling and/or cleaning the measuring cell of a rotational viscometer |
-
1984
- 1984-06-08 CA CA000456158A patent/CA1223458A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2687223A1 (en) * | 1992-02-12 | 1993-08-13 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Device and method for monitoring the variations in consistency of a mixture |
| US20120024046A1 (en) * | 2010-07-30 | 2012-02-02 | Yuwei Luo | Measuring device for measuring consistency of cement slurry for a consistometer |
| AU2011203092B2 (en) * | 2010-07-30 | 2012-05-24 | China Oilfield Services Limited | Measuring device for measuring consistency of cement slurry for a consistometer |
| US8820145B2 (en) * | 2010-07-30 | 2014-09-02 | China Oilfield Services Limited | Measuring device for measuring consistency of cement slurry for a consistometer |
| US10053935B2 (en) | 2013-07-03 | 2018-08-21 | Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc | Lubricating compositions for use with downhole fluids |
| US9528974B2 (en) | 2013-10-11 | 2016-12-27 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Friction apparatus and method for measuring lubricity of downhole fluids |
| US11067490B2 (en) * | 2016-04-29 | 2021-07-20 | Neotek Bioscience Co., Ltd. | Bracket, support system, and thrombelastography device and use method thereof |
| CN106596343A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-04-26 | 重庆大学 | High-pressure rotational viscosity meter |
| CN106596343B (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2019-08-02 | 重庆大学 | High-voltage rotary viscosimeter |
| CN111796079A (en) * | 2019-04-09 | 2020-10-20 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Low-temperature water loss instrument for well cementation cement slurry |
| CN112710586A (en) * | 2020-12-17 | 2021-04-27 | 沈阳金欧科石油仪器技术开发有限公司 | Cement gelatinizing instrument and control method thereof |
| CN112710586B (en) * | 2020-12-17 | 2024-01-30 | 沈阳金欧科石油仪器技术开发有限公司 | Cement gelatinizing instrument and control method thereof |
| AT525776A1 (en) * | 2021-12-23 | 2023-07-15 | Anton Paar Gmbh | Procedure for filling and/or cleaning the measuring cell of a rotational viscometer |
| AT525776B1 (en) * | 2021-12-23 | 2023-09-15 | Anton Paar Gmbh | Method for filling and/or cleaning the measuring cell of a rotational viscometer |
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