CA1223025A - Electrical heating device, especially for mirrors - Google Patents
Electrical heating device, especially for mirrorsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1223025A CA1223025A CA000457906A CA457906A CA1223025A CA 1223025 A CA1223025 A CA 1223025A CA 000457906 A CA000457906 A CA 000457906A CA 457906 A CA457906 A CA 457906A CA 1223025 A CA1223025 A CA 1223025A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- plates
- insulating layer
- heating
- mirror
- pair
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
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- Mirrors, Picture Frames, Photograph Stands, And Related Fastening Devices (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
An electrical heating device for sheets of glass, especially mirror-glass, with a multipartite, preferably metallic lining used to distribute heat, cold-conductor resistances in the form of platelets being arranged between overlapping sections of the said heating lining electrically insulated from each other and provided with electrical connections, the tops and bottoms of the said platelets being contacted directly to the said sections, a layer of insulation provided with recesses for the cold-conduct-or platelets being arranged upon a first one-piece heating lining corresponding to the surface to be heated, and a large second heating lining, substantially covering the said first heating lining, being arranged upon the said layer of insulation.
An electrical heating device for sheets of glass, especially mirror-glass, with a multipartite, preferably metallic lining used to distribute heat, cold-conductor resistances in the form of platelets being arranged between overlapping sections of the said heating lining electrically insulated from each other and provided with electrical connections, the tops and bottoms of the said platelets being contacted directly to the said sections, a layer of insulation provided with recesses for the cold-conduct-or platelets being arranged upon a first one-piece heating lining corresponding to the surface to be heated, and a large second heating lining, substantially covering the said first heating lining, being arranged upon the said layer of insulation.
Description
lZ230Z5 The invention relates to an electrical heating device for sheets of glass, especially mirror-glass, with a multi par-tile, preferably metallic lining used to distribute heat, POT
resistances in the form of platelets being arranged between overlapping sections of the said heating lining electrically insulated from each other and provided with electrical con-sections, the tops and bottoms of the said platelets being con-tatted directly to the said sections.
A heating device of this kind disclosed in Federal Republic of German Patent 29 19 968 dated Sept. 2,1982 and issued to Hove KEG., for the mirror-glass of motor-vehicle outside mirrors is provided with a two-part lining made of aluminum sheet. The two parts of the lining overlap partly, the cold-conductor resistances in the form of platelets being arranged in the overlapping part of the lining. Power is supplied through the two metal plates, each of which is provided with a moulded-on flat plug. In this design, the mechanical connection between the heater resistances and the two plates is effected by means of a conductive adhesive. Furthermore, the two plates - with the heater resistances between them - are glued side-by-side to the back of a piece of mirror-glass. However, this type of assembly has the disadvantage that the actual heating cannot be handled independently, as is necessary during manufacture or upon dispatch, i.e. before it is glued to the mirror-glass. In addition to this poor mechanical retention of the heating assembly, there is the basic disadvantage that different potentials are applied to the back of the mirror-coating which lead to equalizing currents in the said coating and to the mirror becoming tarnished. This danger is greater now that mirrors of this kind are no longer provided with a covering layer of lacquer, so that the layer of chromium forming the actual mirror is now separated only by the adhesive foil from the metal foils of the heating device which are subjected to different potentials.
. .
1~23(:)25 In order to eliminate these difficulties it has already been proposed in Federal Republic of German Utility Model 81 25 567 dated Nov. 2, 1982 issued to Kabelwerke Reinshagen GmbH, to provide a large-area one-piece metal foil and to form the second overlapping lining with a current-bridge which is arranged separately by means of a layer of insulation on the back of the large-area metal lining. However, this design involves retaining and contacting straps, which are difficult to produce and are not very satisfactory in operation, in order to achieve electrical contacting of the cold-conductor platelets. This arrangement results in a very complex structure, especially if a riveted connection is used between the current connecting straps and the metal lining.
A mechanically simpler design is provided in the mirror heating according to Federal Republic of German Utility Model 82 21 422 dated Dec. 2, 1982 and issued to Fleabag GmbH, in which recesses are arranged in the heating lining in which a strap contacting the POT platelets arranged directly upon the heating lining can run in an insulating manner. This arrangement, however, again has the basic disadvantage of producing potential differences on the back of the mirror causing gradual tarnishing as a result of galvanic processes arising from equalizing currents.
It is, therefore, the purpose of the invention to pro-vise an electrical heating device for sheets of glass, especially for mirrors, which is easy to produce, rugged, adapts flexibly to irregularities and bends in the surface of the glass, and which finally avoids quantitatively problems with equalizing currents and the danger of the mirror becoming tarnished.
In the case of an electrical heating device of the type mentioned at the beginning hereof, this purpose is achieved, act cording to the present invention, in that a layer of insulation provided with recesses for the POT platelets is arranged upon a ~Z~3~)ZS
first heating lining corresponding to the surface to be heated, a large-area second heating lining, substantially covering the said first heating lining, being arranged upon the said layer of insulation.
The elimination of large connecting bridges for contact-in the tops and bottoms of the POT platelets, any number of which may be used arranged in any desired configuration, provides extremely simple production and a design which is flexible and very rugged mechanically For example, production may be greatly simplified by using a layer of insulation in the form of an insulating foil having an adhesive layer on both sides which is glued to the back of the first heating lining, POT platelets, carrying a contact-adhesive on both sides being pressed into recesses in the said insulating foil, and the second large-area metal lining being applied in the form of copper or aluminum foil or the like. The provision of a corner recess in the upper heating lining makes it a simple matter to solder the electrical connecting wires to the heating linings. Since large areas of the two metal linings are glued together, the electrical contact locations between the end-faces of the POT platelets and the heating linings need not assume mechanical retaining functions, since overall mechanical retention is achieved by this large-area gluing. Thus, in the case of the arrangement according to the invention, there is no problem in using a contact-adhesive between the POT platelets and the heating linings, without causing any of the problems described at the beginning hereof in connection with Federal Republic of German Patent 29 19 968. The upper heating lining, to be connected to the second terminal of the power source is nowhere connected to the surface of the glass to be heated, so that when the heating arrangement according to the invention is used for heating mirrors, no equalizing currents can arise and the danger of tarnishing is quantitatively avoided.
~Z23(~ZS
Adaptation to any desired number and arrangement of POT
resistances merely requires the provisions of corresponding protrusions in the insulating foil which involves no appreciable expenditure. In contrast to this, in the arrangement according to Federal Republic of German Patent 29 19 968, the lining must be divided into sections and a multipartite lining of this kind, held together merely by the POT platelets, can no longer be handled. In the case of the arrangement according to Federal Republic of German Utility Model 81 25 567, the structure is highly complex even from the mechanical point of view alone.
Furthermore, the POT platelets cannot be distributed as required in the heating lining in order to influence the defrosting pattern on the mirror accordingly Again in the arrangement according to Federal Republic of German Utility Model 82 21 422, the Puts can be distributed, in a mechanically reasonable arrangement, only in certain patterns and again there is the basic difficulty of equalizing currents in the mirror coating.
The very simple method mentioned herein before of product in a device according to the invention for heating sheets of glass, especially mirrors, by using contact-adhesives for connect-in the POT platelets conductively to the heating linings has considerable production advantages over soldering. It also permits, for the first time, the use of the special arrangement of two large-area heating linings which, in conjunction with the already mentioned mechanical advantages, also provide optimal heat-distribution and largely avoids the so-called "dog-bone-effect" in the defrosting pattern of a mirror. Further, this absence of soldering makes it easy subsequently to solder the con-netting wires to the heating linings and there is no need 'o use complicated flat-plug arrangements.
12Z3~)Zs In the case of battery-operated heating for the outside mirrors of motor vehicles, in which only relatively low voltages are used, so that the insulating foil between the two heating fin-ins can also be made relatively thin, it is desirable to provide the upper heating lining with protrusions for the POT platelets, since these protrusions compensate for the difference in thickness between the said POT platelets and the insulating foil.
This also provides separate embedding and thus additional mechanical retention.
In addition to this - and this configuration is to be preferred for mains-operated heating devices for aquaria or bath-room mirrors - it would also be possible to make the layer of insulation as thick as the POT platelets, in which case the two heating linings could be in the form of completely flat metal sheets. This thick layer of insulation, preferably in the form of thick plastic foil with an adhesive coating on both sides, ensures an adequate insulating space between the heating linings which are at different potentials.
Finally, according to a further configuration of the invention, it is particularly advantageous for the heating device to be embedded, more particularly welded, between two insulating foils having good thermal conductivity. This produces a mat-like heating device which is fully insulated on all sides. When this is operated from the mains, as is necessary in the case of heating devices for large bathroom mirrors, this not only permits extremely simple assembly behind the mirror, but also eliminates the need for a safety isolating transformer since, even if the mirror falls and breaks, there is no danger of current-carrying metals parts being exposed.
Further advantages, characteristics and details of the invention may be gathered from the following description of a few examples of embodiment, in conjunction with the drawing attached hereto, wherein:
1~23~25 `
Figure 1 is a view of a heating device according to the invention mainly for heating the outside mirrors of motor vehicles;
Figure 2 is a partial cross-section along the line II-II in Figure l;
Figure 3 is a rear view of an electrical device for heating large sheets of glass, more particularly bathroom mire rows, using a large number of Pair platelets;
Figure 4 is a cross-section along the line IV-IV in Figure 3, to an enlarged scale; and Figure 5 is a cross-section along the line V-V in Figure 3.
The motor vehicle mirror heating device illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 comprises a first heating lining 1, in the form of copper or aluminum foil, for example, and second, only slightly smaller, heating lining 2 which is glued to the said first heating lining, over its whole area, by means of an insulating foil 3 coated with an adhesive on both sides. At two locations spaced from each other, insulating foil 3 is provided with recesses into which are inserted POT platelets Lowry surfaces 5 of these platelets are contacted electrically directly with heating lining 1, while upper surfaces 6 thereof are contacted electrically directly with upper heating lining 2, preferably by means of a contact adhesive. Protrusions 7 from the upper heating lining serve to compensate for the difference in thickness between insulating foil 3 and POT platelets 4. A
recess 8 exposing the surface of lower heating lining 1 is provided in the corner of upper heating lining 2 and insulating foil 3. This allows connecting wires 9 to be soldered to linings 1 and 2 quite simply, in the manner shown. 10 indicates diagrammatically the glass to be heated, preferably mirror-glass.
Heating lining 1, of the heating device illustrated, is glued to the rear of the glass which carries the mirror coating.
~223025 In the example OX embodiment illustrated in Figures 3 to 5 of a heating device according to the invention, use is made, in contrast to the example of embodiment illustrated in Figure 1, of a plurality of POT platelets 4 which, in the case of motor vehicle outside mirror heating would be needed only in exceptional cases. Such mirrors normally require only two cold-conductors to provide the heat necessary for defrosting and deice in the mirrors. In the case of aquaria and bathroom mirrors, however, it is necessary to use a plurality of POT platelets, and the basic design of the heating device according to the invention permits these Puts to be distributed as desired over the surface of the heating lining. As may be seen in Figure 4, insulating foil 3 is of the same thickness as POT platelets 4 and protrusions 7 are, therefore, no longer needed. Instead, the two heating linings 1 and 2 may be completely flat metal sheets.
Where insulating foil 3 is several millimeters in thickness, this provides ample insulation between linings 1 and 2 for mains operation, as required for bathroom mirror heating. The entire heating device according to Figures 3 to 5 is embedded between insulating foils 11 and 12, the projecting edges of which are welded together. This provides a heating mat which, because of its flexibility and complete insulation, is easily handled and can be mounted independently upon the backs of mirrors. The design shown makes it a simple matter to solder contact wires 9 to linings 1 and 2. These linings are also held mechanically by the welded edges of insulating foils 11 and 12 and are provided with a kind of tensile protection.
resistances in the form of platelets being arranged between overlapping sections of the said heating lining electrically insulated from each other and provided with electrical con-sections, the tops and bottoms of the said platelets being con-tatted directly to the said sections.
A heating device of this kind disclosed in Federal Republic of German Patent 29 19 968 dated Sept. 2,1982 and issued to Hove KEG., for the mirror-glass of motor-vehicle outside mirrors is provided with a two-part lining made of aluminum sheet. The two parts of the lining overlap partly, the cold-conductor resistances in the form of platelets being arranged in the overlapping part of the lining. Power is supplied through the two metal plates, each of which is provided with a moulded-on flat plug. In this design, the mechanical connection between the heater resistances and the two plates is effected by means of a conductive adhesive. Furthermore, the two plates - with the heater resistances between them - are glued side-by-side to the back of a piece of mirror-glass. However, this type of assembly has the disadvantage that the actual heating cannot be handled independently, as is necessary during manufacture or upon dispatch, i.e. before it is glued to the mirror-glass. In addition to this poor mechanical retention of the heating assembly, there is the basic disadvantage that different potentials are applied to the back of the mirror-coating which lead to equalizing currents in the said coating and to the mirror becoming tarnished. This danger is greater now that mirrors of this kind are no longer provided with a covering layer of lacquer, so that the layer of chromium forming the actual mirror is now separated only by the adhesive foil from the metal foils of the heating device which are subjected to different potentials.
. .
1~23(:)25 In order to eliminate these difficulties it has already been proposed in Federal Republic of German Utility Model 81 25 567 dated Nov. 2, 1982 issued to Kabelwerke Reinshagen GmbH, to provide a large-area one-piece metal foil and to form the second overlapping lining with a current-bridge which is arranged separately by means of a layer of insulation on the back of the large-area metal lining. However, this design involves retaining and contacting straps, which are difficult to produce and are not very satisfactory in operation, in order to achieve electrical contacting of the cold-conductor platelets. This arrangement results in a very complex structure, especially if a riveted connection is used between the current connecting straps and the metal lining.
A mechanically simpler design is provided in the mirror heating according to Federal Republic of German Utility Model 82 21 422 dated Dec. 2, 1982 and issued to Fleabag GmbH, in which recesses are arranged in the heating lining in which a strap contacting the POT platelets arranged directly upon the heating lining can run in an insulating manner. This arrangement, however, again has the basic disadvantage of producing potential differences on the back of the mirror causing gradual tarnishing as a result of galvanic processes arising from equalizing currents.
It is, therefore, the purpose of the invention to pro-vise an electrical heating device for sheets of glass, especially for mirrors, which is easy to produce, rugged, adapts flexibly to irregularities and bends in the surface of the glass, and which finally avoids quantitatively problems with equalizing currents and the danger of the mirror becoming tarnished.
In the case of an electrical heating device of the type mentioned at the beginning hereof, this purpose is achieved, act cording to the present invention, in that a layer of insulation provided with recesses for the POT platelets is arranged upon a ~Z~3~)ZS
first heating lining corresponding to the surface to be heated, a large-area second heating lining, substantially covering the said first heating lining, being arranged upon the said layer of insulation.
The elimination of large connecting bridges for contact-in the tops and bottoms of the POT platelets, any number of which may be used arranged in any desired configuration, provides extremely simple production and a design which is flexible and very rugged mechanically For example, production may be greatly simplified by using a layer of insulation in the form of an insulating foil having an adhesive layer on both sides which is glued to the back of the first heating lining, POT platelets, carrying a contact-adhesive on both sides being pressed into recesses in the said insulating foil, and the second large-area metal lining being applied in the form of copper or aluminum foil or the like. The provision of a corner recess in the upper heating lining makes it a simple matter to solder the electrical connecting wires to the heating linings. Since large areas of the two metal linings are glued together, the electrical contact locations between the end-faces of the POT platelets and the heating linings need not assume mechanical retaining functions, since overall mechanical retention is achieved by this large-area gluing. Thus, in the case of the arrangement according to the invention, there is no problem in using a contact-adhesive between the POT platelets and the heating linings, without causing any of the problems described at the beginning hereof in connection with Federal Republic of German Patent 29 19 968. The upper heating lining, to be connected to the second terminal of the power source is nowhere connected to the surface of the glass to be heated, so that when the heating arrangement according to the invention is used for heating mirrors, no equalizing currents can arise and the danger of tarnishing is quantitatively avoided.
~Z23(~ZS
Adaptation to any desired number and arrangement of POT
resistances merely requires the provisions of corresponding protrusions in the insulating foil which involves no appreciable expenditure. In contrast to this, in the arrangement according to Federal Republic of German Patent 29 19 968, the lining must be divided into sections and a multipartite lining of this kind, held together merely by the POT platelets, can no longer be handled. In the case of the arrangement according to Federal Republic of German Utility Model 81 25 567, the structure is highly complex even from the mechanical point of view alone.
Furthermore, the POT platelets cannot be distributed as required in the heating lining in order to influence the defrosting pattern on the mirror accordingly Again in the arrangement according to Federal Republic of German Utility Model 82 21 422, the Puts can be distributed, in a mechanically reasonable arrangement, only in certain patterns and again there is the basic difficulty of equalizing currents in the mirror coating.
The very simple method mentioned herein before of product in a device according to the invention for heating sheets of glass, especially mirrors, by using contact-adhesives for connect-in the POT platelets conductively to the heating linings has considerable production advantages over soldering. It also permits, for the first time, the use of the special arrangement of two large-area heating linings which, in conjunction with the already mentioned mechanical advantages, also provide optimal heat-distribution and largely avoids the so-called "dog-bone-effect" in the defrosting pattern of a mirror. Further, this absence of soldering makes it easy subsequently to solder the con-netting wires to the heating linings and there is no need 'o use complicated flat-plug arrangements.
12Z3~)Zs In the case of battery-operated heating for the outside mirrors of motor vehicles, in which only relatively low voltages are used, so that the insulating foil between the two heating fin-ins can also be made relatively thin, it is desirable to provide the upper heating lining with protrusions for the POT platelets, since these protrusions compensate for the difference in thickness between the said POT platelets and the insulating foil.
This also provides separate embedding and thus additional mechanical retention.
In addition to this - and this configuration is to be preferred for mains-operated heating devices for aquaria or bath-room mirrors - it would also be possible to make the layer of insulation as thick as the POT platelets, in which case the two heating linings could be in the form of completely flat metal sheets. This thick layer of insulation, preferably in the form of thick plastic foil with an adhesive coating on both sides, ensures an adequate insulating space between the heating linings which are at different potentials.
Finally, according to a further configuration of the invention, it is particularly advantageous for the heating device to be embedded, more particularly welded, between two insulating foils having good thermal conductivity. This produces a mat-like heating device which is fully insulated on all sides. When this is operated from the mains, as is necessary in the case of heating devices for large bathroom mirrors, this not only permits extremely simple assembly behind the mirror, but also eliminates the need for a safety isolating transformer since, even if the mirror falls and breaks, there is no danger of current-carrying metals parts being exposed.
Further advantages, characteristics and details of the invention may be gathered from the following description of a few examples of embodiment, in conjunction with the drawing attached hereto, wherein:
1~23~25 `
Figure 1 is a view of a heating device according to the invention mainly for heating the outside mirrors of motor vehicles;
Figure 2 is a partial cross-section along the line II-II in Figure l;
Figure 3 is a rear view of an electrical device for heating large sheets of glass, more particularly bathroom mire rows, using a large number of Pair platelets;
Figure 4 is a cross-section along the line IV-IV in Figure 3, to an enlarged scale; and Figure 5 is a cross-section along the line V-V in Figure 3.
The motor vehicle mirror heating device illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 comprises a first heating lining 1, in the form of copper or aluminum foil, for example, and second, only slightly smaller, heating lining 2 which is glued to the said first heating lining, over its whole area, by means of an insulating foil 3 coated with an adhesive on both sides. At two locations spaced from each other, insulating foil 3 is provided with recesses into which are inserted POT platelets Lowry surfaces 5 of these platelets are contacted electrically directly with heating lining 1, while upper surfaces 6 thereof are contacted electrically directly with upper heating lining 2, preferably by means of a contact adhesive. Protrusions 7 from the upper heating lining serve to compensate for the difference in thickness between insulating foil 3 and POT platelets 4. A
recess 8 exposing the surface of lower heating lining 1 is provided in the corner of upper heating lining 2 and insulating foil 3. This allows connecting wires 9 to be soldered to linings 1 and 2 quite simply, in the manner shown. 10 indicates diagrammatically the glass to be heated, preferably mirror-glass.
Heating lining 1, of the heating device illustrated, is glued to the rear of the glass which carries the mirror coating.
~223025 In the example OX embodiment illustrated in Figures 3 to 5 of a heating device according to the invention, use is made, in contrast to the example of embodiment illustrated in Figure 1, of a plurality of POT platelets 4 which, in the case of motor vehicle outside mirror heating would be needed only in exceptional cases. Such mirrors normally require only two cold-conductors to provide the heat necessary for defrosting and deice in the mirrors. In the case of aquaria and bathroom mirrors, however, it is necessary to use a plurality of POT platelets, and the basic design of the heating device according to the invention permits these Puts to be distributed as desired over the surface of the heating lining. As may be seen in Figure 4, insulating foil 3 is of the same thickness as POT platelets 4 and protrusions 7 are, therefore, no longer needed. Instead, the two heating linings 1 and 2 may be completely flat metal sheets.
Where insulating foil 3 is several millimeters in thickness, this provides ample insulation between linings 1 and 2 for mains operation, as required for bathroom mirror heating. The entire heating device according to Figures 3 to 5 is embedded between insulating foils 11 and 12, the projecting edges of which are welded together. This provides a heating mat which, because of its flexibility and complete insulation, is easily handled and can be mounted independently upon the backs of mirrors. The design shown makes it a simple matter to solder contact wires 9 to linings 1 and 2. These linings are also held mechanically by the welded edges of insulating foils 11 and 12 and are provided with a kind of tensile protection.
Claims (5)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An electrical heating device for a mirror com-prising a pair of electrically conductive heating lining plates providing for heat distribution on a mirror, elec-trical conductors connected to said plates for connecting said plates to a source of power, an insulating layer dis-posed between said plates, said insulating layer having openings, and PTC resistor platelettes disposed in said openings and in electrical contact with said pair of plates, one of said plates having a larger area than said insulating layer such that the entire outer peripheral edge portion of said one plate is spaced outwardly of the outer peripheral edge of said insulating layer, the other of said pair of plates not being larger in area than said insulating layer.
2. An electrical heating device according to claim 1, wherein each of said pair of plates is made of a single piece of material.
3. An electrical heating device according to claim 1, wherein one of said plates is provided with embossments for receiving said PTC resistor platelettes.
4. An electrical heating device for a mirror com-prising a pair of electrically conductive heating lining plates providing for heat distribution on a mirror, elec-trical conductors connected to said plates for connecting said plates to a source of power, an insulating layer dis-posed between said plates, said insulating layer having openings, and PTC resistor platelets disposed in said openings and in electrical contact with said pair of plates, said insulating layer having a larger area than one of said plates such that the entire outer peripheral edge portion of said one plate is spaced inwardly of the outer edge of said insulating layer, said other plate having a larger area than said insulating layer such that the entire peripheral edge portion of said other plate is spaced outwardly of the outer edge of said insulating layer such that the outer peripheral edge portions of said one plate, said insulating layer and said other plate are progressively staggered.
5. An electrical heating device for a mirror comprising a pair of electrically conductive heating lining plates providing for heat distribution, one of said plates being adapted to be adhered to the back side of a mirror, electrical conductors connected to said plates for connecting said heater to a source of power, an insulating layer disposed between said plates, said insulating layer having openings, and PTC resistor platelets disposed in said openings and in electrical contact with said pair of plates, said one plate having a larger area than said insulating layer such that the entire outer peripheral edge portion of said one plate is spaced outwardly of the outer peripheral edge of said insulating layer, the other of said pair of plates not being any larger in area than said insulating layer.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000457906A CA1223025A (en) | 1984-06-29 | 1984-06-29 | Electrical heating device, especially for mirrors |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000457906A CA1223025A (en) | 1984-06-29 | 1984-06-29 | Electrical heating device, especially for mirrors |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1223025A true CA1223025A (en) | 1987-06-16 |
Family
ID=4128212
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000457906A Expired CA1223025A (en) | 1984-06-29 | 1984-06-29 | Electrical heating device, especially for mirrors |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1223025A (en) |
-
1984
- 1984-06-29 CA CA000457906A patent/CA1223025A/en not_active Expired
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |