CA1221908A - Method of preparing an inflatable packer for running - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF DISCLOSURE
Disclosed is a method of preparing an inflatable packer including a mandrel and a sleeve for insertion into a fluid filled well bore. The method includes pressure testing the sleeve and its connection with the mandrel with a gas without introducing any incompressible fluid between the area of contact be-tween the sleeve and mandrel. The method also includes the filling any pressure vulnerable areas in the packer not in the area of contact of the sleeve and mandrel with an incompressible fluid.

Description

~2~

METHOD OF PREPARING AN INFLATABLE PACKER_FOR_RUNNING
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A. Field of the Intention _ The present invention relates generally to ;nfla-table packers for use in o;l and gas wells for pro-viding annular seals between the outside of pipe and the surrounding surface of the borehole or casing, and more particularly to a method of preparing an infla-table packer having a long inflatable sleeve for inser-tion into A Eluid filled well bore. The method insuresthat the inflatable sleeve does not creep or expand with respect to the mandrel due to frictional or other forces during running.
B. Descri~tion of the Prior Art -Inflatable packers of the type disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 3,640,723, or U.S. Patent No. 3,837,947, have been used for many years. Such packers include a tubular mandrel that is covered by an inflatable sleeve secured to the mandrel by a pair of axially spaced apart end assemblies. Each end assembly includes a collar, which is adapted to be connected to the mandrel, and an annular head, which is connected at one end to the collar, and at: the other end to the sleeve. The sleeve is normally reinforced by a rein-forcing sheath, which comprises a plurality ofoverlapping ribs connected at each end to a head. The heads are spaced radially apart from the mandrel, 60B IPFRl thereby to form an annular cavity radial]y inside the heads. A passage with valve means is provided in one of the collars for allowing ~he passage of fluid from inside the pipe string to one of the annular cavities and thence ~etween the inflatable sleeve and the mandrel to infla~e the sleeve into sealing contact with the well bore or casing. Such inflatable packers func-tion to isolate the annulus above the packer from that below, and, accordlngly, need be only a length long enough to form an eE~ective seal.
More recently, there have been developed infla-table packers Eor use in well completion, which are adapted to be positioned adjacent the producing zone and inflated with cement. After the cement has set, the packer is perforated and the well is produced throu~h the packer. Examples of such inflatable packers are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No.
3,918,522, U.S. Patent No. Re. 30,711, and U.S. Patent No. 3,~0g,034. Such inflatable packers tend to be relatively long, i.e. from ten feet to forty feet in length, in order to seal against both the producing formation, which is perEorated, and the formations above and below the producing formation.
Since the completion type inflatable packers are of such length, the central portion of the inElatable sleeve is supported and, in efect, reinorced by the borehole. Accordingly, a reinforcing sheath in unne-cessary in the central part of the inflatable sleeve.

60B IP~R2 ~22 ~3--However, reinforcing is necessary adjacent the ends oE
the in1atable sleeve to prevent the inflatable sleeve from blowing out and/or extruding past the heads.
Therefore~ the inflatable sleeves of the completion type pac~ers are normally re-inforced only at the ends adiacent to the heads.
Inflatable packers are intended for use in high pressure environmentsO Since the well bores into which the packers are run are filled with drilling Eluid, or the like, during running and prior to inflation, the packers may be subjected to extreme hydrostatic pressures. Additionally, during inflation, the in-flating fluid or cement is injected into the packer at a pressure substantially higher than the local hydro-static pressure. Accordingly, inflatable packers mustbe constructed and prepared so as to be able to withstand both hydrostatic and inflation pressures.
The primary failure point due to hydrostatic pressures is at the heads. It will be recalled that the heads are spaced radially apart from the mandrel to define a cavity. If the cavity is maintained at a pressure substantially equal to atmospheric, then the extreme hydrostatic pressures in the well bore can apply collapsing forces to the heads. The primary failure points due to inElation pressures are a~ the connec-tions between the collars and heads, and heads and sleeves, and burstlng of the sleeve itself.
In order to prepare inflatable pac~ers for high pressure service, such pac~ers heretofore have been tested hydrostatically at pressures on the order o~ the differentials experienced during inflation. During such hydrostatic testing, the packers have been filled with a test Eluid) which is usually water, at an appropriate pressure. After hydrostatic testing, a portion, but not all, of the test fluid is drained out.
After such draining, the portion of the packer exterior of the mandrel, including the inflatable sleeve and heads, remains Eilled with fLuid. The hydrostatic for-ces within the well bore act on the retained fluid andsubstantially equalize the pressure within the cavity or chamber within the heads, thus preventing collapse of the heads.
The above described hydrostatic testing and fluid filling procedure has been effective in preventing or reducing the number of occurrences of pressure related ~ailures. However, such procedure has contributed to or exacerbated another failure point in inflatable packers. As inflatable packers are run into the well bore, there is sometimes contact between the inflatable sleeve and the borehole wall. Such contact is par-ticularly likely in deviated holes. Contact between the sleeve and the borehole wall during movement causes frictional forces to be applied to the sleeve. Such contact also causes frictional forces to be applied between the interior of the sleeve and the mandrel. If the frictional forces between the exterior of the sleeve and the borehole wall are greater than those ~2 between the interior of the sleeve and mandrel, the sleeve will tend to move with respect to the mandrel.
It is well known in general that the magnitude of the frictional orce between two surfaces may be e~pressed by the following equation:

where ~f is the frictional force;
~ is -the coefficient of friction between the surfaces; and ~ is the normal force between the surfaces.

In case of an inflatable packer being inserted into a well bore, the friction~l fo:rce between the sleeve and the well bore is expressed a's follows:
~ g~v ~ ~ 5~ ~ ~s ~
where F~s~ is the frictional force between the ~sleeve and well bore;
s~ is the coefficient of friction between the sleeve and the well bore; and ~5~ is the normal force between the sleeve and the well bore.
The frictional Eorce between the interior surface of the sleeve and the mandrel may be expressed by the following equation:
/~f ~ (F~s~
where ~ ~ is the frictional force between the sleeve and the mandrel;

~ 8 ~ m is the coefficient of friction between the sleeve and the mandrel;
is the normal force between the sleeve and the /VSin mandrel due to contact of the sleeve with the well bore; and /~/ is the force due to any hydrostatic pressure difEerential between the outside of the sleeve and the inside of the sleeve.
The equation expressing the frictional force be-tween the sleeve and mandrel may be rewritten asfollows:
Ft~ s~ -t ~ ~
The Erictional force between the sleeve and mandrelthus has two terms~ v^~ and ~ s~ ~ If t~le pressure within the sleeve is balanced to be equal to ~ha~ outside the sleeve, as when there is an incom-pressible fluid such as water between the sleeve and mandrel, the second term is zero. Thus, when hydrosta-tic Eorces are eliminated or balanced, the fric~ional force between the sleeve and the mandrel may be expressed as Eollows:

~'S~n ~g~ ~s~
It will be noted that with respect to both the frictional forces between the sleeve and wall bore and the mandrel and the sleeve, the normal forces, F~s~
and ~ S~ respectively, are equal. Thus, in order Eor the Erictional force between the sleeve and the mandrel to be greater than the frictional force between the ~B I~F~6 ~ 2 sleeve and the well bore the coefficient of friction oE
the sleeve with respect to the mandrel ~ ~ , must be greater than the coefficient o friction of the sleeve with respect ot the well bore~
The coeEficient oE friction for contact between dry steel and rubber is somewhat higher than that be-tween rubber and the wall of a fluid filled well bore;
however, the coefficient of Eriction for contact be-tween wet steel and rubber may be smaller. Thus, when there is water between the mandrel and the sleeve, the combined efEects oE lubrication by reducing the coef-ficient of friction and pressure balancing produce a frictional force between the sleeve and the mandrel that may be much less than that between the sleeve and well bore. In such instances, frictional forces applied to the sleeve by the well bore cause the sleeve to move with respect to the mandrel. Such movement can cause thickening of the sleeve at the upper end of the inflatable packer and can deform outwardly the upper reinforcing material. In so~e instances, the movement of the sleeve along the mandrel can cause the diameter of the packer to become greater than that of the bore-hole, in which case the packer becomes stuck.
A further failure mode due to the presence of fluid between the sleeve and mandrel has been noted and is believed to be due to the hydrodynamic forces acting on the packer as it is moved downwardly in the well bore. The movemen~ of the packer through the well ~0B IPFR7 ~ ~ 2 --8~

fluid within the well bore sets up regions of relati-vely higher and lower pressure axially along the length of the packer. Fluid between the sleeve and the mandrel flows from regions o higher pressure to those of lower pressure. These hydrodynamic -forces tend to squeeze or milk fluid axially upwardly. In some instances, the movement of fluid between the sleeve and mandrel partially inflates the upper end of the sleeve to a diameter ~reater than that oE the borehole, in which case, again, the packer becomes stuck.
It is therefore an object of the present inven-tion to provide a method of preparing an inflatable packer for running in a fluid filled well bore which protects the packer from damage due ~o hydrostatic well bore pressures, but which prevents movement of the sleeve with respect to the mandrel.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly stated, the foregoing and other objects are accomplished by filling only the vulnerable end assemblies with an incompressible fluid and eliminating any fluid between the area o~E contact between the sleeve and the mandrel. PreEerably, the packer is first pressure tes~ed by partially inElating the sleeve with a pressurized gas, as for example, air. After it has been determined that the packer does not leak, the air is relieved and a vacuum is drawn at both end assemblies. The end assemblies are then vacuum filled with an incompressible fluid. Preferably, the fluid is ~2~

a viscous grease or gel like mat~rial that flows under relatively high prPssure, but has sufEicient gel strength as not to flow under atmospheric pressures.
The vacuum filling insures that grease flows to fill substantially all of the voi~d spaces w;thin the end assemblies.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a sectional view of an inflatable packer to which the method of the present invention has application.
Fig. 2 is a detai]ed view of the valving arrangement of the inflatable packer oE Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a schematic view showing an arrange ment of apparatus for practicing the method oE the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring now to the drawing, and first to Fig.
l, an inflatable packer is designated generally by the numeral 11. Inflatable packer 11 includes a tubular mandrel 13, which in the preferred embodiment is a length of casing or the like having threaded portions 15 and 17 at its respective ends. Threaded portions 15 and 17 are adapted to receive and connect with, respec-tively, a valve collar 19 and a blank collar 21, which in turn are adapted to be connected between adjacent other tubular members 23 ancl 26, respectively, to form a string of pipe.
Valve collar 19 is of the type disclosed generally in U.S. Patent No~ 3,4~7,142, and includes a ~22~

passageway, designated generally by the numeral 27, having an inlet 29 and an outlet 31, for the flow of inflating fluid therethrough. Prior to inflation, inlet 29 is closed by a frangible knockoff plug 33 which is adapted ~o be broken off by a cemen~ing plug or the like, thereby to open inlet 29. Valve means, designated generally by the numeral 35, are provided for allowin~ the flow of inflating fluid through pas-sageway 27 when the differential inflatlng fluid 1~ pressure with respect to well bore pressure is within a certain preselected range and for preventing the flow of ~luid Erom outlet 31 to inlet 29.
Inflatable packer ll includes a pai.r of spaced apart heads 37 and 39, which are connected, as by welding, to collars 19 and 21, respectively, the com bination of the heads and collars some~imes being referred to as end assemblies. An inflatable sleeve 41 of a rubber-like elastomeric material is positioned about tubular mandrel 13 and connected between heads 37 and 39. The sleeve is preferably formed in place by wrapping mandrel 13 with strips of the rubber-like material, and then curing material to form a unitary sleeve. Heads 37 and 39 are radially spaced apart from mandrel 13 to form annular chambers 43 and 45, respec-tively. Head 37 includes a normally plugged accessport 47, which in the preferred embodiment is s~bstan-tially diametrically opposed to valve means 35, for allowing access to chamber 43. Upper head 39 includes 60B IPF~10 a pair of preferably ~iametrically opposed normally plugged access ports ~9 and 51, which allow access to chamber 45.
Heads 37 and 39 have connected thereto longitu-dinally extending reinforcing elements, designatecl generally by the numerals 53 and 55, respectively. In the preferred embodiment, reinforcing elements 53 and 55 each comprise a plurality of longitudlnally extend-ing overlapping ribs connected at one end to a head and extending into the material of inflatable sleevP 41.
As inflatable sleeve 41 is inflated, the ribs of rein-forcin~ elements 53 and 55 separate and expand, thereby to reinforce the ends of inflatable sleeve 41.
Referring now to Fig. 2, there is shown in detail a preferred arrangement of valve means 35 and passageway 27. Passageway 27 includes a first portion 27a, which is connected to inlet 29, a Eirst inter-mediate portion 27b, a second intermediate portion 27c, and a final portion 27d, which is connected to outlet 31. Valve means 35 includes a plurality of valve pockets which interrupt and separate the various por-~ions of passageway 27 and which are adapted to receive valves. ~ shear valve 59 is held normally closed by a shear pin 61, which is adapted to shear and allow shear valve 59 to open when the pressure differential between inflating fluid in first portion 27a of passageway 27 exceeds by a preselected amount the well bore pressure exterior of shear valve 59, thereby to communicate 60B IPFRll first portion 27a with first intermediate portion 27b.
Shear valve 59 may preferably be spring loaded, thereby to provide a check valve in valve means 35. Valve means 35 may also include an au~iliary or backup spring loaded check -valve 57 interposed between Eirst inter-mediate portion 27b and second intermediate portion 27c of passageway 27, which is adapted to permit the flow of inflating fluid in only one direction from first intermediate portion 27b to second intermediate portion 27c. Valve means 35 also preferably includes an infla-tion limit valve 63, which i~s positioned in a valve pocket between second intermediate portion 27c and final portion 27d of passageway 27. Inflation limit valve 63 includes surfaces 65 and 67 which are oE
substantial equal area and are normally spaced a~art so as to communicate second intermediate portion 27c with final portion 27d. Inflate limit valve is held in such normal position by a shear p:in 69. Since opposed sur-faces 65 and 67 are of substantially equal area, the pressure of inflating fluid therebe~ween does not pro-vide any net force tending to shift the position of inflation limit valve 63. An inflation pressure passa~
geway 71 is provided which communicates wi~h chamber 43 and, generally, with the area between inflatable sleeve 25 41 and mandrel 13. Inflation limit valve 63 includes a surface 73 to which is applied pressure between from inflation pressure passageway 71. When the inflation pressure passageway 71 exceeds the well bore pressure -13~

by a preselected amount, sheaLr pin 69 shears to allow inflation limi~ valve 63 to move to isolate inflation pressure passageway and f;nal portion 27d of passage-way 27 from second intermedia~te portion 27c, thereby to limit the inflation of inflatable sleeve 41.
The method of preparing inflatable packer 11 for rwnning snay be understood by referring to Fig. 3.
Packer 11 is placed in a safety tube 75, which is pre-ferably a piece of steel pipe having an inside diameter somewhat larger than the outside diameter of the uninflated sleeve 41. Safety tube 75 is substantially the same length as the external portion of sleeve 41 extending between heads 37 and 39 and is positioned so as to expose heads 37 and 39 and collars 19 and 21.
Backup check valve 57 is then removed from its asso-ciated va]ve pocket and is replaced by a pump adapter 77. Pump adapter 77, which is a conduit, is connected to a pump assembly, designated generally by the numeral 79. Pump assembly 79 includes a vacuum pump 81 and an 2G air pump 83. Vacuum pump 81 is chosen to have a capa city sufficient to pull a su~stantial vacuum, which in the preferred embodiment is on the order of 25 inches.
Air pump 83 is selec~ed to have a capacity sufficient to produce air pressure of at least 125 p.s.i.g. Pump assembly 74 also includes appropriate conduits for con-necting vacuum pump 81 and air pump 83 to pump adapter 79 and includes valves 85 and 87 and a pressure-vacuum gauge 89. A gel pump 91 is connected to lower head 37 60B IPFR]3 through access port 47. Gel pump 91 is preferably a grease gun oE the commercial type which is adapted to hold and pump a substantially incompressible fluid which is referred to as gel. Preferably, the gel is a viscous fluid having the properties o~ a high melting point grease. The gel :Elows like a fluid under pressure but will not flow substantially at atmospheric pressure. Examples of preferred gels are molybdenum disulfide grease and shell DARINA grease. Gel pump 91 is connected to access port 47 by a suitable conduit having a valve 93 therein.
A vacuum pump 95 having characteristics similar to those of vacuum pump 81 is connected to upper head 39 through access port 51 by a suitable conduit which includes valves 97 and 99. A vacuum gauge 101 is also provided. A gel pump 103 having characteristics simi-lar to those of gel pump 91 is connected to upper head 39 through access port 41 by a suitable conduit including a valve 105. Gel pump 103 contains a gel similar to that which fills gel pump 91.
After the various pumps have been connected, valves 85 and 87 are opened and air pump 83 is actuated to partially inflate sleeve 41 and expand it into con-tact with safety tube 75. Such partîal inflation separates sleeve 41, which was preferably formed in place on mandrel 13, from mandrel 13. Preferably, the pressure within packer 11 is raised to about 125 p.s.i.g., whereupon valve 85 is closed and air pump 83 60B IPFRl~

is deactuated. A test pressure of 125 p.s.i.g. is less than that conventionally used during hydrostatic testing of paclcers. However, since the test fluid is air, ra~her than water, leaks may be detected at lower pressure differentials. Pressure-vacuum gauge 89 may be monitored for a period, as for e~ample five minutes.
If the pressure remains constant for such period, then the system is leak free. If the pressure drops, ~hen there is a leak. The most common areas for leaks to occur are at the welded connection between the collars and the heads and at the connection of sleeve to the heads. Leaks may be readily located by applying a soapy solution to t'ne exposed parts of the pac~er. The presence of leaks will be indicated by bubbles.
lS ~fter pressure testing, the test air is bled off and sleeve 41 returns to contact mandrel 13. Then, valves 85 and 87 of pump assembly 79 and valves 97 and 99 associated with vacuum pump 95 are opened and vacuum pumps 81 and 95 are actuated to exhaust substantially all of the air in the end assemblies. After a s-ubstan-tial vacuum, as for example 25 inches, has been drawn, valves 85 and 99 are closed and vacuum pumps 81 and 95 are deactuated. Gauges ~9 and 101 should be monitored for a time to make sure the vacuum is retained. Any loss of vacuum most probably indica~es a leak in one of the pump assemblies or associated valves and conduitsO
After the integrity of the vacuum has been checked, valves 93 and 105 are opened and gel is pumped under 60B IPFRlS

~ 2 ~ ~ 8 pressure from gel pumps 91 and 103 into heads 37 and 39. Since substantially all gases have been removed from chambers 43 and 45 and passageway 27 the gel may be forced into substantially every void space in the end assemblies. The gel substantially completely fills chambers 43 and 45 and passageway 27. After the flow of gel under atmospheric pre,ssure ceases, a small addi-tional amount of gel is pumped into heads 37 and 39 to insure complete filling.
After the end assemblies have been gel filled, the pump assemblies are removed and check valve 57 and the various access port plugis are replaced. Then, packer 11 may be connected im-to a pipe string and inserted into a well bore. The subs~ant;ally incompressible gel in the end assemblies protects the heads against collapse. Since there is no Eluid be-tween inflatable sleeve 41 and mandrel 13, the co-efficient oE friction thereb,etween is always at least as great as the coefEicient of friction tha~ may deve-lop between the exterior oE the sleeve and the wellbore wall. Moreover, since there is no liquid between the sleeve and the mandrel, there is no balance of hydrostatic forces inside and outside the sleeve.
Therefore, the deeper the packer goes into the well bore, the greater will be the normal force due to hydrostatic well bore pressure, and, consequently, the greater the Erictional forces that will be developed between the mandrel and the sleeve.

60B IPFRl6 ~ 2 ~ ~ 0 From the foregoing it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all of the ends and objects hereinabove set forth, together with other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the apparatus.
It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed with reference to other Eeatures and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and îs within the scope oE the claims.
As many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompany drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

Claims (10)

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method of preparing an inflabatle packer for insertion into a fluid filled well bore, said inflatable packer including a tubular mandrel, a pair of spaced apart collars connected to the mandrel, each of said collars having connected thereto an annular head, said heads being radially spaced apart from said mandrel to define respective chambers, one of said collars including a passageway for conducting inflating fluid from inside said one collar into one of said chambers, and an inflatable sleeve connected to and extending between said heads about said mandrel, which comprises the steps of:
exhausting substantially all of the gas from each of said chamber and said passageway in said one collar to form substantial vacuums therein;
and filling said exhausted chambers and passage-way with a substantially incompressible fluid.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said substantially incompressible fluid is a viscous fluid that flows under pressure greater than atmospheric but will not flow out of said chambers when said packer is vertical and atmospheric pressure.

3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said substantially incompressible fluid has the proper-ties of grease.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1, including the steps of:
prior to said exhausting step, inflating said packer with gas to expand said sleeve radially away from said mandrel to check for leaks.

5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein said gas inflating step includes the steps of:
positioning a substantially rigid tube about said inflatable sleeve;
injecting gas between said sleeve and said mandrel to expand said sleeve against said tube and raise the pressure between said sleeve and mandrel substantially above atmospheric.

6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein said inflating step includes the step of applying the connections between said collars and heads and said heads and inflatable sleeve a solution that forms bubbles around any leak.

7. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein said inflating step includes the step of maintaining the pressure between said sleeve and mandrel for a preselected time and monitoring said pressure.

8. A method of preparing an inflatable packer for insertion into a fluid filled well bore, said inflatable packer including a tubular mandrel, a pair of spaced apart collars connected to the mandrel, each of said collars having connected thereto an annular head, said heads being radially spaced apart from said mandrel to define respective chambers, one of said collars including a passageway for conducting inflating fluid from inside said one collar into one of said chambers, and an inflatable sleeve connected to and extending between said heads and in contact with said mandrel intermediate said heads, which comprises the steps of:
filling said chambers and passageway with a sub-stantially incompressible fluid while introducing substantially no incompressible fluid between said mandrel and sleeve in the area of contact therebetween.

9. A method of employing an inflatable packer in a fluid filled well bore, said inflatable packers including a tubular mandrel, a pair of spaced apart collars connected to the mandrel, a sleeve positioned about the mandrel in intimate liquid free contact therewith and between the collars, and means for con-necting the sleeve between the collars, which compri-ses the steps of:
injecting gas between said mandrel and sleeve to separate said sleeve from said mandrel;

withdrawing the injected gas to return said sleeve to intimate liquid free contact with said mandrel;
and inserting said inflatable packer with said sleeve and mandrel in intimate liquid free contact into said fluid filled well bore.

10. A method of employing an inflatable packer in a fluid filled well bore, which comprises the steps of:
positioning an inflatable sleeve about and in intimate compressible fluid-free contact with a tubular mandrel;
sealingly connecting the ends of said inflatable sleeve to said tubular mandrel;
and inserting said tubular mandrel with said inflatable sleeve in intimate compressible fluid-free contact therewith into said fluid filled well bore.