CA1218824A - Truss assembly and bracing clip and attachment member for use with trusses - Google Patents
Truss assembly and bracing clip and attachment member for use with trussesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1218824A CA1218824A CA000501135A CA501135A CA1218824A CA 1218824 A CA1218824 A CA 1218824A CA 000501135 A CA000501135 A CA 000501135A CA 501135 A CA501135 A CA 501135A CA 1218824 A CA1218824 A CA 1218824A
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- Prior art keywords
- connecting plates
- projection
- intermediate section
- plane
- truss
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Abstract
TRUSS ASSEMBLY AND BRACING CLIP
AND ATTACHMENT MEMBER FOR USE WITH TRUSSES
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A truss assembly and truss hanger, bracing clip and attachment member for use with trusses is disclosed. The bracing clip is used for supporting a beam running transverse to a plurality of wooden trusses and includes a connector plate disposed within a first plane having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular from the plane of the plate for use in fixedly attaching the connector plate to the top wooden member of the truss, a first surface attached to and extending from the connector plate generally within the first plane, a second surface disposed within a second plane which is attached to the first surface and forming approximately a 90° angle with the first surface, the second surface being parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam when the second surface is in contact with the beam, a third surface disposed within a third plane which is joined to the second surface and forming approximately a 90° angle with the second plane, the third surface being substantially perpendicular to the first plane, and the third surface being adapted for attachment to said beam underneath and across its thickness. A truss hanger in accordance with the invention comprises a bracket having a first leg with first and second ends, the first leg having a side which is adapted to engage the width of a beam, a base disposed in a first plane having first and second ends, the first end of the base being attached to the first end of the leg at approximately a 90° angle, the base being adapted to engage the top of the beam and a second leg disposed in a second plane which is parallel to the first plane and is attached to the second end of the base at an approximate 90°
angle, the second leg being adapted to engage a second side of the beam across its width; and an attachment member having upper and lower connecting plates disposed at opposite ends of an intermediate member, said attachment member being joined to the first leg to form a substantially 90° angle therewith and projecting away from the opposite side of the first leg which is adapted to engage the beam, said connecting plates having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular from the plane of the connecting plate for use in fixedly attaching the connecting plate of each truss hanger to wooden members within the trusses. An attachment member in accordance with the invention comprises first and second connecting plates disposed at opposite ends of an intermediate section, said connecting plates each having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular from the connecting plates, said connecting plates being disposed in the same plane, and said intermediate section having at least one projection extending from the same side as the sharp projections of the connecting plates and extending substantially the entire length of the intermediate section between the connecting plates, said projection being higher in proximity to the connecting plates than in the center of the intermediate section midway between the connecting plates and a pair of side flanges attached to and projecting upward from both outside edges of the intermediate section and extending in the same direction as the projection, the height of the projection of the side flanges varying throughout their length with the highest projection being in proximity to the connecting plates and the lowest projection being in proximity to the midpoint of the flanges located between the connecting plates.
AND ATTACHMENT MEMBER FOR USE WITH TRUSSES
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A truss assembly and truss hanger, bracing clip and attachment member for use with trusses is disclosed. The bracing clip is used for supporting a beam running transverse to a plurality of wooden trusses and includes a connector plate disposed within a first plane having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular from the plane of the plate for use in fixedly attaching the connector plate to the top wooden member of the truss, a first surface attached to and extending from the connector plate generally within the first plane, a second surface disposed within a second plane which is attached to the first surface and forming approximately a 90° angle with the first surface, the second surface being parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam when the second surface is in contact with the beam, a third surface disposed within a third plane which is joined to the second surface and forming approximately a 90° angle with the second plane, the third surface being substantially perpendicular to the first plane, and the third surface being adapted for attachment to said beam underneath and across its thickness. A truss hanger in accordance with the invention comprises a bracket having a first leg with first and second ends, the first leg having a side which is adapted to engage the width of a beam, a base disposed in a first plane having first and second ends, the first end of the base being attached to the first end of the leg at approximately a 90° angle, the base being adapted to engage the top of the beam and a second leg disposed in a second plane which is parallel to the first plane and is attached to the second end of the base at an approximate 90°
angle, the second leg being adapted to engage a second side of the beam across its width; and an attachment member having upper and lower connecting plates disposed at opposite ends of an intermediate member, said attachment member being joined to the first leg to form a substantially 90° angle therewith and projecting away from the opposite side of the first leg which is adapted to engage the beam, said connecting plates having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular from the plane of the connecting plate for use in fixedly attaching the connecting plate of each truss hanger to wooden members within the trusses. An attachment member in accordance with the invention comprises first and second connecting plates disposed at opposite ends of an intermediate section, said connecting plates each having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular from the connecting plates, said connecting plates being disposed in the same plane, and said intermediate section having at least one projection extending from the same side as the sharp projections of the connecting plates and extending substantially the entire length of the intermediate section between the connecting plates, said projection being higher in proximity to the connecting plates than in the center of the intermediate section midway between the connecting plates and a pair of side flanges attached to and projecting upward from both outside edges of the intermediate section and extending in the same direction as the projection, the height of the projection of the side flanges varying throughout their length with the highest projection being in proximity to the connecting plates and the lowest projection being in proximity to the midpoint of the flanges located between the connecting plates.
Description
12J~32~ ' }I
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
United States Patent No. 4,485,606 entitled TRUSS STRUCTURES
CONSTRUCTED WITH METAL WEB ME,VIBERS which names Robert Gottlieb as the inventor and which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention, discloses trusses and metal brackets which may be used for constructing trusses in accordance with the present invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
-Field of the Invention The present invention relates to wooden trusses used for supporting structural loads and to hardware used in constructing wooden trusses which enhances the ease of installation and increases the resultant structural rigidity of the installed trusses for bearing structural loads.
Description of the Prior Art In constructing various types of wooden truss assemblies, including both roof trusses and floor joists, it has been common to use large wooden structural members such as 2" x 10"s. Such large wooden members, however, are becoming increasinglydifficult to obtain and have increased in cost substantially. Consequently various alternatives have been sought for enabling the construction of trusses which are able to bear the structural loads of full dimension lumber but which are constructed from smaller pieces of dimension lumber such as 2" x 4" members which are spaced apart by metal connectors. Substitutes for full dimension lumber roof trusses and floor joists must satisfy two primary criteria. First, the trusses must be able to withstand large compressive loads so that they may be used for bearing substantial structural loads.
Secondly, it is desirable that the trusses be prefabricated at a manufacturing plant at a low labor cost and shipped to a building site without a high degree of risk of incurring damage to the trusses.
Various types of hardware have been developed for making prefabricated trusses.
United States Patents 3,025,577 to Gyrate, 3,298,151 to Gyrate and 4,078,352 to Knowles 3 0 and the aforementioned I, 485,606 are representative of metal connector which have been used for manufacturing trusses from dimension lumber such as 2" x us The aforementioned United States Patent No. 4,485,606 entitled TRUSS STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTED WITH METAL WEB MEMBERS
~2113~
discloses a metal web member which has a reinforced leg having a projection t which runs substantially the entire length of the leg and which projects in the direction of the sharp projections of connecting plates disposed at the ends of the leg. The height of the projection varies from a maximum in proximity to the connecting plates to a minimum in proximity to the midpoint between the connecting plates. f\ pair offlanges are joined to the outside edges of the leg along the length of the leg which flanges project in the direction of the sharp projections of the connecting plates. The height of the projection of the flanges varies from a minimum in proximity to the connecting plates to a maximum in proximity to the midpoint between the connecting plates. A pair of projections at each end of the legs may be used in place of the single projection which extends the length of the leg.
Attachment members have been marketed for connecting together the spaced apart wooden members which are used for constructing trusses. These attachment members have first and second connecting plates disposed at opposite ends of an intermediate section which extends transversely between the ends of of the spaced apart first and second wooden member of the truss. The intermediate section Go the aforementioned attachment members contains a plurality of ridges which project outward away from the direction that the sharp projections in the connecting plates project when engaging the spaced apart first and second wooden members of the truss.
Trusses have been installed at the building site in a number of ways. If the trusses are being used to construct a floor, they may be laid on top of the foundation walls and nailed into a beam which extends perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the trusses. The trusses have been nailed in place by tunneling through various surfaces of the wood at the end of the truss.
It has been found that trusses of long length have the property of flexing to anundesirable extent if the center between the ends of the truss is not r raced with a transverse beam when heavy structural loads are placed near the center. Thus, while it is the case that trusses manufactured at factory sites have eliminated the need for using expensive full dimension lumber, it is nevertheless the case that to some extent they have the property of undesirable fluctuation when they are used for long spends in supporting heavy structural loads.
- - -12~88;~4 Solver OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide an improved truss assembly which hasincreased rigidity in proximity to unsupported sections which are sub jet to large amounts of fluctuation.
It is a further object of the invention in providing increased rigidity in proximity to the unsupported section of the truss assembly to provide a mechanism for attaching a beam running transverse to the longitudinal axis of the trusses for supporting the unsupported sections of the truss assembly.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an attachment memoir which may be secured transverse to the longitudinal axis of the spaced apart upper and lower wooden members to provide increased rigidity and resistance to twisting and compression.
The invention includes a bracing clip for use in supporting a beam running transverse to a plurality of spaced apart wooden members such as those found in trusses, and an attachment member for connecting together the spaced apart wooden membersof the truss and truss assembly using the aforementioned bracing clips and attachment members.
The bracing clip is a mechanism for rigidly attaching a supporting beam running transverse to a wooden member such as the wooden members found in trusses. When the bracing clip is used in conjunction with a plurality of spaced apart trusses which
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
United States Patent No. 4,485,606 entitled TRUSS STRUCTURES
CONSTRUCTED WITH METAL WEB ME,VIBERS which names Robert Gottlieb as the inventor and which is assigned to the assignee of the present invention, discloses trusses and metal brackets which may be used for constructing trusses in accordance with the present invention.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
-Field of the Invention The present invention relates to wooden trusses used for supporting structural loads and to hardware used in constructing wooden trusses which enhances the ease of installation and increases the resultant structural rigidity of the installed trusses for bearing structural loads.
Description of the Prior Art In constructing various types of wooden truss assemblies, including both roof trusses and floor joists, it has been common to use large wooden structural members such as 2" x 10"s. Such large wooden members, however, are becoming increasinglydifficult to obtain and have increased in cost substantially. Consequently various alternatives have been sought for enabling the construction of trusses which are able to bear the structural loads of full dimension lumber but which are constructed from smaller pieces of dimension lumber such as 2" x 4" members which are spaced apart by metal connectors. Substitutes for full dimension lumber roof trusses and floor joists must satisfy two primary criteria. First, the trusses must be able to withstand large compressive loads so that they may be used for bearing substantial structural loads.
Secondly, it is desirable that the trusses be prefabricated at a manufacturing plant at a low labor cost and shipped to a building site without a high degree of risk of incurring damage to the trusses.
Various types of hardware have been developed for making prefabricated trusses.
United States Patents 3,025,577 to Gyrate, 3,298,151 to Gyrate and 4,078,352 to Knowles 3 0 and the aforementioned I, 485,606 are representative of metal connector which have been used for manufacturing trusses from dimension lumber such as 2" x us The aforementioned United States Patent No. 4,485,606 entitled TRUSS STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTED WITH METAL WEB MEMBERS
~2113~
discloses a metal web member which has a reinforced leg having a projection t which runs substantially the entire length of the leg and which projects in the direction of the sharp projections of connecting plates disposed at the ends of the leg. The height of the projection varies from a maximum in proximity to the connecting plates to a minimum in proximity to the midpoint between the connecting plates. f\ pair offlanges are joined to the outside edges of the leg along the length of the leg which flanges project in the direction of the sharp projections of the connecting plates. The height of the projection of the flanges varies from a minimum in proximity to the connecting plates to a maximum in proximity to the midpoint between the connecting plates. A pair of projections at each end of the legs may be used in place of the single projection which extends the length of the leg.
Attachment members have been marketed for connecting together the spaced apart wooden members which are used for constructing trusses. These attachment members have first and second connecting plates disposed at opposite ends of an intermediate section which extends transversely between the ends of of the spaced apart first and second wooden member of the truss. The intermediate section Go the aforementioned attachment members contains a plurality of ridges which project outward away from the direction that the sharp projections in the connecting plates project when engaging the spaced apart first and second wooden members of the truss.
Trusses have been installed at the building site in a number of ways. If the trusses are being used to construct a floor, they may be laid on top of the foundation walls and nailed into a beam which extends perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the trusses. The trusses have been nailed in place by tunneling through various surfaces of the wood at the end of the truss.
It has been found that trusses of long length have the property of flexing to anundesirable extent if the center between the ends of the truss is not r raced with a transverse beam when heavy structural loads are placed near the center. Thus, while it is the case that trusses manufactured at factory sites have eliminated the need for using expensive full dimension lumber, it is nevertheless the case that to some extent they have the property of undesirable fluctuation when they are used for long spends in supporting heavy structural loads.
- - -12~88;~4 Solver OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide an improved truss assembly which hasincreased rigidity in proximity to unsupported sections which are sub jet to large amounts of fluctuation.
It is a further object of the invention in providing increased rigidity in proximity to the unsupported section of the truss assembly to provide a mechanism for attaching a beam running transverse to the longitudinal axis of the trusses for supporting the unsupported sections of the truss assembly.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an attachment memoir which may be secured transverse to the longitudinal axis of the spaced apart upper and lower wooden members to provide increased rigidity and resistance to twisting and compression.
The invention includes a bracing clip for use in supporting a beam running transverse to a plurality of spaced apart wooden members such as those found in trusses, and an attachment member for connecting together the spaced apart wooden membersof the truss and truss assembly using the aforementioned bracing clips and attachment members.
The bracing clip is a mechanism for rigidly attaching a supporting beam running transverse to a wooden member such as the wooden members found in trusses. When the bracing clip is used in conjunction with a plurality of spaced apart trusses which
2 0 are supporting a heavy structural load, it is attached to a beam running transverse to the longitudinal axis of the trusses disposed between the spaced apart wooden members of each truss to provide increased structural support to minimize undesirable fluctuation consequent from the bearing of the heavy structural load.
An attachment member in accordance with the invention provides a mechanism for connecting together the ends of the wooden members within individual trusses to provide increased rigidity and resistance to compression and torsional loading which could cause the upper and lower wooden members within the truss to twist with respect to each other. The attachment member may also be used to couple together other types of spaced apart wooden members other than those found in trusses.
An attachment member in accordance with the invention provides a mechanism for connecting together the ends of the wooden members within individual trusses to provide increased rigidity and resistance to compression and torsional loading which could cause the upper and lower wooden members within the truss to twist with respect to each other. The attachment member may also be used to couple together other types of spaced apart wooden members other than those found in trusses.
3 o A bracing clip for use in supporting a beam running transverse to a wooden member in accordance with the invention includes a connector plate disposed within a first plane having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular from the plane of the plate for use in fixedly attaching the connector plate to the top wooden member of the truss; a first surface attached to and extending from the connector ` I
plate within the first plane; a second surface disposed within a second plane which is attached to the first surface and forming approximately a 90 angle with the first surface, the second surface being parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam when the second surface is in contact with the beam; a third surface disposed within a third plane which is joined to the second surface and forming approximately a 90 angle with the second plane, the third surface being substantially perpendicular to the first plane;
and the third surface being adapted for attachment to the beam underneath and across its thickness.
The bracing clip may also include a forth surface disposed in a fourth plane which is joined to the third surface at approximately a 90 angle; the fourth plane being substantially parallel to the second plane and projecting in the same direction as the second surface toward the connector plate.
The second and third surfaces may have a plurality of apertures adapted for receiving nails to secure the second and third surfaces respectively into engagement to the width and bottom of the beam.
In its preferred form, a bracing clip in accordance with the invention is tapered in width from a maximum width to a minimum width, the point of attachment of thefirst surface to the connector plate being the maximum width of the first surface and the end of the first surface farthest from the point of attachment being the minimum width; and the second surface is tapered in width from a maximum width to a minimum width, the maximum width of the second surface being located in proximity to theminimum width of the first surface and the minimum width of the second surface being located in proximity to the maximum width of the first surface.
An attachment member in accordance with the invention which is adapted for connecting two pieces of spaced apart wood together includes first and second connecting plates disposed at opposite ends of an intermediate section, the connecting plates each having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular from the plane of the connecting plates, the connecting plates being disposed in the same general plane; the intermediate section having at least one projection projecting from the same side as the sharp projections of the connecting plates and extending substantially the entire length of the intermediate section between the connecting plates, the projection being highest in proximity to the connecting plates and lowest at its center located midway between the connecting plates and a pair of side flanges attached to and ; r ~882~
projecting upward from the outside edges of the intermediate section and extending in the same direction as the projection, the height of the projection of the side flanges varying throughout their length with the lowest projection being in proximity to the connecting plates and the highest projection being in proximity to the mid-point of the flanges located between the connecting plates. In the preferred form of the invention, the maximum projection of each of the flanges is at least approximately 1/3 of the width of the intermediate section.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a end view of a truss assembly in accordance with the invention which illustrates the use of the truss hanger, bracing clip and attachment member;
Figure 2 is an isometric view of a bracing clip in accordance with the invention;
Figure I is an isometric view of a truss hanger in accordance with the invention;
Figure I is an isometric view of a modification of the truss hanger of Figure I.Figure 4 is a top view of an attachment member in accordance with the invention;Figure I is a sectional view of the top view of Figure 4 taken along section line 1- 1 and;
Figure I is a sectional view of the attachment member of Figure 4 taken along section line 2-2.
DESCRIPTIOl~l OF Tiff PREFERRED E~!BODII~!E~TS
Figure 1 illustrates an end view of a truss 10 in accordance with the present invention which is supported at both its ends and carries a structural load of sufficient magnitude to cause an undesirable amount of flexing in the middle of the truss between the points of attachment of its end. The truss 10 is manufactured from an upper wooden member it and a lower wooden member 14 which may be made from standard dimension lumber such as a 2" x 4" which is turned on its side so that the width of each 2" x 4" within a truss is parallel to the horizontal. The upper wooden member 12 and the lower wooden member 14 are fixedly attached to a plurality of metal web members 16 which may be of any known construction but which preferably are those which are described in the aforementioned Spat 4,485,606. Each of the metal web members 16has three connecting plates 18 from which have a plurality of sharp teeth-like projections which are pressed into the wood members 12 and 14 to completely embed the projections into the wood to securely attach the metal web member to the upper and lower wooden members. While the design of the sharp teeth like projections is not part of the present invention, preferably they are manufactured in accordance with the teachings of United States Patent 4,343,580 which is owned by the assignee of the present invention. A
pair of intermediate sections 20 connects the connecting plate 18 at the vertex with the connecting plates at the ends. The cross-section of the intermediate section has been specifically designed to provide increased structural rigidity against compression and twisting consequent from the application of high structural loads to the truss and is described in the aforementioned Spat 4,4859606. Each intermediate section 20 has one or more projections extending substantially along its entire length which project in the direction of the sharp teeth like projections of the connecting plates 18. Each projection is higher and wider in proximity to the connecting plates 18 than at the midpoint located between the connecting plates. Each intermediate section has a pair of side flanges 24 located on the outside edges which project in the same direction as the sharp teeth like projections of the connecting plates 18. The lowest projection of the side flanges 24 occurs in proximity to the connecting plates 18 and the highest projection occurs in proximity to the mid-point between the connecting plates. Each truss is supported at its ends 26 by a pair of truss end supporting beams US which run transverse to the longitudinal axis of the trusses. While it is common practice to support trusses with wooden beams in modern construction, it should be clearly understood that the invention is not limited to the use of wooden truss end supporting beams 28 and in fact may be used with any truss end supporting structure having a rectilinear cross-section. The truss 10 is connected to the truss end supporting beams 28 by means of a truss hanger 30 which is described in detail in Figures I and I infer. The ends of the upper wooden member 12 and the lower wooden member 14 are braced with an attachment member 32 which is attached adjacent to the point of attachment of the truss hanger 30. The attachment member is described in detail infer in conjunction with Figures 4, Rand I. One or more intermediate beams 34 provide further structural support for the truss 10 against large structural loads. Each of the beams extends transverse to the longitudinal axis of the individual upper and lower wooden members 12 and 14. The intermediate beams 34 are located between the upper and lower wooden members 12 and 14 and are fixedly attached to the upper member by means of a bracing clip 36 which is described infer in detail in Figure 2. The function of the bracing clip 36 is to securely attach the intermediate beams 34 to the truss 10.
It should be understood that the other side of the truss of Figure I has a corresponding truss hanker 30, attachment member 32, and bracing clip 36 so that in actuality each truss has left and right hand versions of each of these elements for providing the maximum degree of performance.
Figure 2 is an isometric view of a bracing clip in accordance with the present S invention. The bracing clip 36 has a connecting plate 38 which has a plurality of sharp projections 40 projecting generally perpendicularly from the plane of the connecting plate. The projections may be made in accordance with the teachings of the aforementioned ITS Patent 4,343,580. The projections 40 are adapted to attach the connecting plate 38 to the upper wooden member 12 of the truss illustrated in Figure 1 but may be used alternatively to connect a beam to any wooden member from which it is desired to support the beam transverse to the longitudinal axis of the wooden member.
A first surface 42 is disposed in a first plane and is attached to the connecting plate 38 and extends in the same plane of the connecting plate. The first surface 42 has its maximum width 44 adjacent to the point of attachment with the connecting plate 38 and its minimum width 46 located at the other end farthest from the keynotingplate. Preferably, the first surface is a tetrahedron having an side 48 which extends along the entire length of the first surface and which forms the point of attachment with a second surface 50 to be described In . The second and third sides 52 and 54 ofthe tetrahedron, respectively, correspond to the maximum width 44 and the mix mum width 46. The sides 52 and 54 are parallel to each other. The fourth side 56 extends between the second and third sides 52 and 54. The first and fourth sides subtend an acute angle. The second surface is disposed in a second plane and is attached to the first surface along the first side 48 to form an approximate 90 angle therewith. The second surface is a tetrahedron and has a shape similar to the first surface. A plurality of apertures are contained in the second surface 50 for facilitating the attachment of nails to the width of the beam 34 which is supported by the bracing clip 36. The plane of the second surface extends parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam which is supported by the bracing clip 36 and extends in the same direction as the projections 40. A third surface 60 which is disposed in a third plane is joined to the second surface 50 and forms an approximate 90 angle with the second plane. The third surface 60 is substantially perpendicular to the first plane and is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the intermediate beam 34. A plurality of apertures are provided in the third surface to facilitate the connection of the bracing clip to the intermediate beam which is being supported. A fourth surface 64, which is disposed in a fourth plane, is attached to the third surface 60 and forms approximately a 90 angle with the third surface and is substantially parallel to the second surface 50. The fourth surface 64 projects from its point of attachment to the third surface 60 toward the connecting plate 38. The fourth surface 64 is displaced from the second surface 50 by a distance which ispreferably equal to the thickness of two inch standard dimension lumber used in construction (1.5 inches). The length of the second and third surfaces is substantially equal to the width of the lumber the bracing clip is designed to support. While the preferred use of the bracing clip is in conjunction with the attachment of intermediate support beams 34 to trusses 10 as described in conjunction with Figure 1 swooper it should be clearly understood that the bracing clip may be used for supporting other wooden members.
The method of manufacturing the bracing clip 36 does not form part of the invention. It should be understood that any acceptable manufacturing process forstamping out the bracing clip as previously described may be used. A single blare of metal may be used as the starting point for fabricating of the bracing clip. Thereafter the clip is folded to form the previously described right angles, punched to form the apertures for providing nail holes, and further formed to produce the sharp projections 40.
Figures I and I are isometric views of truss hangers in accordance with the present invention. The truss hanger has a bracket 70 having a first leg 72 which is adapted to engage the side of the truss 10 and truss end supporting beam 28 across its width. A base 74 is joined at its first end 76 to the first leg 72 of the bracket 70.
A second leg 78 is joined to the second end 80 of the base 74 at an approximate 90 angle. The second leg extends parallel to the first leg 72 and runs in the same direction I as the first leg to form a three sided structure in conjunction with the first leg 72 and the base 74 which functions as a bracket 70 for securely attaching the truss to the truss end supporting beams 28. The second end 82 of the first leg 72 of bracket 70 has a support shelf 84 joined thereto at an approximate 90 angle which functions as a support for the lower wooden member 14 of the truss 10 of Figure 1. An attachment 3 o member 86 is joined to the edge 87 of the first leg 72 of the bracket 70 along i is length. The attachment member 86 has a pair of connecting plates 88 located at the ends of the attachment member. The sharp projections of the connecting plates 88 are preferably manufactured in accordance with the aforementioned United States Patent
plate within the first plane; a second surface disposed within a second plane which is attached to the first surface and forming approximately a 90 angle with the first surface, the second surface being parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam when the second surface is in contact with the beam; a third surface disposed within a third plane which is joined to the second surface and forming approximately a 90 angle with the second plane, the third surface being substantially perpendicular to the first plane;
and the third surface being adapted for attachment to the beam underneath and across its thickness.
The bracing clip may also include a forth surface disposed in a fourth plane which is joined to the third surface at approximately a 90 angle; the fourth plane being substantially parallel to the second plane and projecting in the same direction as the second surface toward the connector plate.
The second and third surfaces may have a plurality of apertures adapted for receiving nails to secure the second and third surfaces respectively into engagement to the width and bottom of the beam.
In its preferred form, a bracing clip in accordance with the invention is tapered in width from a maximum width to a minimum width, the point of attachment of thefirst surface to the connector plate being the maximum width of the first surface and the end of the first surface farthest from the point of attachment being the minimum width; and the second surface is tapered in width from a maximum width to a minimum width, the maximum width of the second surface being located in proximity to theminimum width of the first surface and the minimum width of the second surface being located in proximity to the maximum width of the first surface.
An attachment member in accordance with the invention which is adapted for connecting two pieces of spaced apart wood together includes first and second connecting plates disposed at opposite ends of an intermediate section, the connecting plates each having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular from the plane of the connecting plates, the connecting plates being disposed in the same general plane; the intermediate section having at least one projection projecting from the same side as the sharp projections of the connecting plates and extending substantially the entire length of the intermediate section between the connecting plates, the projection being highest in proximity to the connecting plates and lowest at its center located midway between the connecting plates and a pair of side flanges attached to and ; r ~882~
projecting upward from the outside edges of the intermediate section and extending in the same direction as the projection, the height of the projection of the side flanges varying throughout their length with the lowest projection being in proximity to the connecting plates and the highest projection being in proximity to the mid-point of the flanges located between the connecting plates. In the preferred form of the invention, the maximum projection of each of the flanges is at least approximately 1/3 of the width of the intermediate section.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a end view of a truss assembly in accordance with the invention which illustrates the use of the truss hanger, bracing clip and attachment member;
Figure 2 is an isometric view of a bracing clip in accordance with the invention;
Figure I is an isometric view of a truss hanger in accordance with the invention;
Figure I is an isometric view of a modification of the truss hanger of Figure I.Figure 4 is a top view of an attachment member in accordance with the invention;Figure I is a sectional view of the top view of Figure 4 taken along section line 1- 1 and;
Figure I is a sectional view of the attachment member of Figure 4 taken along section line 2-2.
DESCRIPTIOl~l OF Tiff PREFERRED E~!BODII~!E~TS
Figure 1 illustrates an end view of a truss 10 in accordance with the present invention which is supported at both its ends and carries a structural load of sufficient magnitude to cause an undesirable amount of flexing in the middle of the truss between the points of attachment of its end. The truss 10 is manufactured from an upper wooden member it and a lower wooden member 14 which may be made from standard dimension lumber such as a 2" x 4" which is turned on its side so that the width of each 2" x 4" within a truss is parallel to the horizontal. The upper wooden member 12 and the lower wooden member 14 are fixedly attached to a plurality of metal web members 16 which may be of any known construction but which preferably are those which are described in the aforementioned Spat 4,485,606. Each of the metal web members 16has three connecting plates 18 from which have a plurality of sharp teeth-like projections which are pressed into the wood members 12 and 14 to completely embed the projections into the wood to securely attach the metal web member to the upper and lower wooden members. While the design of the sharp teeth like projections is not part of the present invention, preferably they are manufactured in accordance with the teachings of United States Patent 4,343,580 which is owned by the assignee of the present invention. A
pair of intermediate sections 20 connects the connecting plate 18 at the vertex with the connecting plates at the ends. The cross-section of the intermediate section has been specifically designed to provide increased structural rigidity against compression and twisting consequent from the application of high structural loads to the truss and is described in the aforementioned Spat 4,4859606. Each intermediate section 20 has one or more projections extending substantially along its entire length which project in the direction of the sharp teeth like projections of the connecting plates 18. Each projection is higher and wider in proximity to the connecting plates 18 than at the midpoint located between the connecting plates. Each intermediate section has a pair of side flanges 24 located on the outside edges which project in the same direction as the sharp teeth like projections of the connecting plates 18. The lowest projection of the side flanges 24 occurs in proximity to the connecting plates 18 and the highest projection occurs in proximity to the mid-point between the connecting plates. Each truss is supported at its ends 26 by a pair of truss end supporting beams US which run transverse to the longitudinal axis of the trusses. While it is common practice to support trusses with wooden beams in modern construction, it should be clearly understood that the invention is not limited to the use of wooden truss end supporting beams 28 and in fact may be used with any truss end supporting structure having a rectilinear cross-section. The truss 10 is connected to the truss end supporting beams 28 by means of a truss hanger 30 which is described in detail in Figures I and I infer. The ends of the upper wooden member 12 and the lower wooden member 14 are braced with an attachment member 32 which is attached adjacent to the point of attachment of the truss hanger 30. The attachment member is described in detail infer in conjunction with Figures 4, Rand I. One or more intermediate beams 34 provide further structural support for the truss 10 against large structural loads. Each of the beams extends transverse to the longitudinal axis of the individual upper and lower wooden members 12 and 14. The intermediate beams 34 are located between the upper and lower wooden members 12 and 14 and are fixedly attached to the upper member by means of a bracing clip 36 which is described infer in detail in Figure 2. The function of the bracing clip 36 is to securely attach the intermediate beams 34 to the truss 10.
It should be understood that the other side of the truss of Figure I has a corresponding truss hanker 30, attachment member 32, and bracing clip 36 so that in actuality each truss has left and right hand versions of each of these elements for providing the maximum degree of performance.
Figure 2 is an isometric view of a bracing clip in accordance with the present S invention. The bracing clip 36 has a connecting plate 38 which has a plurality of sharp projections 40 projecting generally perpendicularly from the plane of the connecting plate. The projections may be made in accordance with the teachings of the aforementioned ITS Patent 4,343,580. The projections 40 are adapted to attach the connecting plate 38 to the upper wooden member 12 of the truss illustrated in Figure 1 but may be used alternatively to connect a beam to any wooden member from which it is desired to support the beam transverse to the longitudinal axis of the wooden member.
A first surface 42 is disposed in a first plane and is attached to the connecting plate 38 and extends in the same plane of the connecting plate. The first surface 42 has its maximum width 44 adjacent to the point of attachment with the connecting plate 38 and its minimum width 46 located at the other end farthest from the keynotingplate. Preferably, the first surface is a tetrahedron having an side 48 which extends along the entire length of the first surface and which forms the point of attachment with a second surface 50 to be described In . The second and third sides 52 and 54 ofthe tetrahedron, respectively, correspond to the maximum width 44 and the mix mum width 46. The sides 52 and 54 are parallel to each other. The fourth side 56 extends between the second and third sides 52 and 54. The first and fourth sides subtend an acute angle. The second surface is disposed in a second plane and is attached to the first surface along the first side 48 to form an approximate 90 angle therewith. The second surface is a tetrahedron and has a shape similar to the first surface. A plurality of apertures are contained in the second surface 50 for facilitating the attachment of nails to the width of the beam 34 which is supported by the bracing clip 36. The plane of the second surface extends parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam which is supported by the bracing clip 36 and extends in the same direction as the projections 40. A third surface 60 which is disposed in a third plane is joined to the second surface 50 and forms an approximate 90 angle with the second plane. The third surface 60 is substantially perpendicular to the first plane and is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the intermediate beam 34. A plurality of apertures are provided in the third surface to facilitate the connection of the bracing clip to the intermediate beam which is being supported. A fourth surface 64, which is disposed in a fourth plane, is attached to the third surface 60 and forms approximately a 90 angle with the third surface and is substantially parallel to the second surface 50. The fourth surface 64 projects from its point of attachment to the third surface 60 toward the connecting plate 38. The fourth surface 64 is displaced from the second surface 50 by a distance which ispreferably equal to the thickness of two inch standard dimension lumber used in construction (1.5 inches). The length of the second and third surfaces is substantially equal to the width of the lumber the bracing clip is designed to support. While the preferred use of the bracing clip is in conjunction with the attachment of intermediate support beams 34 to trusses 10 as described in conjunction with Figure 1 swooper it should be clearly understood that the bracing clip may be used for supporting other wooden members.
The method of manufacturing the bracing clip 36 does not form part of the invention. It should be understood that any acceptable manufacturing process forstamping out the bracing clip as previously described may be used. A single blare of metal may be used as the starting point for fabricating of the bracing clip. Thereafter the clip is folded to form the previously described right angles, punched to form the apertures for providing nail holes, and further formed to produce the sharp projections 40.
Figures I and I are isometric views of truss hangers in accordance with the present invention. The truss hanger has a bracket 70 having a first leg 72 which is adapted to engage the side of the truss 10 and truss end supporting beam 28 across its width. A base 74 is joined at its first end 76 to the first leg 72 of the bracket 70.
A second leg 78 is joined to the second end 80 of the base 74 at an approximate 90 angle. The second leg extends parallel to the first leg 72 and runs in the same direction I as the first leg to form a three sided structure in conjunction with the first leg 72 and the base 74 which functions as a bracket 70 for securely attaching the truss to the truss end supporting beams 28. The second end 82 of the first leg 72 of bracket 70 has a support shelf 84 joined thereto at an approximate 90 angle which functions as a support for the lower wooden member 14 of the truss 10 of Figure 1. An attachment 3 o member 86 is joined to the edge 87 of the first leg 72 of the bracket 70 along i is length. The attachment member 86 has a pair of connecting plates 88 located at the ends of the attachment member. The sharp projections of the connecting plates 88 are preferably manufactured in accordance with the aforementioned United States Patent
4,343,580. The sharp projections 89 of the connecting plates are pressed into the sides of the upper and lower wooden members 12 and 14 to securely attach the hanger tothe end 26 of the truss 10. The attachment member 86 has an intermediate section90 which extends between the connecting plates 88. The intermediate section 90 may be either a flat piece of sheet metal (Figure 3(b3) which has not been reinforced to increase its rigidity or it may have structural reinforcing elements incorporated therein (Figure I). The preferred form of structural reinforcing elements are like thosedescribed in the aforementioned Spat 4,485,606 for reinforcing the legs extending between the connecting plates described therein. When reinforcing elements are incorporated, one or more projections 92 are formed in the intermediate section 90 which project in the same direction as the sharp projections 89 of the connecting plates 88. The height of the aforementioned projection 92 varies such that it reaches its maximum height in proximity to the connecting plates 88 and reaches its minimum height in proximity to the mid-point located between the connecting plates. The cross-section of the projection 90 is identical to that illustrated infer in Figures I and I and therefore will not be described in detail in conjunction with Figure 3. A single side flange 93 is formed in the intermediate section 90 on the outside edge thereof vouch is opposed to the first leg 72 of the bracket 70. The side flange 93 projects from the plane of the intermediate section 90 in the same direction as the projections 89 of the connecting plates 88. The height of the projection of the side flange 93 varies such that it reaches its maximum height at the mid-point between the connecting plates 88 and reaches its minimunl height in proximity to the connecting plate 88. The variation in the height of the projection 92 and the side flange 93 is such that the width of the intermediate section is substantially constant along its length. Preferably, the maximum height of the flange is at least approximately 1/3 of the width of the intermediate section. The side flange 93 has a design like that illustrated in Figures I and I
In . The vower connecting plate 88 has a support shelf 94 attached thereto at anapproximate 90 angle therewith. The support shelf 94 projects in the same direction as the projections 89 of the lower connecting plate 88 and functions to support the lower wooden member 14 of the truss 10. Preferably, a matched pair of left and right hand hangers 30 are used at each end 26 of a truss 10. The only difference between the left and right hand hangers is that the attachment member 86 is connected to the opposite longitudinal side of the first leg 72 of the bracket 70 so that the projections 8~4 of the upper and lower connecting plates I face in opposite directions in the left and right hand hanger 30.
An attachment member 32 in accordance with the invention is illustrated in Figure 4 and Figures I and I. The attachment member 32 has a pair of spaced apart connecting plates 96 which are separated by an intermediate section 98. Each connecting plate has a plurality of sharp teeth like projections 100 which extend generally perpendicularly from the plane of the connecting plates 96. The projections 100 are preferably made in accordance with the teachings of United States Patent4,343,580. The intermediate section 98 has a cross sectional design which is similar to the cross sectional design of the Jogs which space apart the connecting plates in the aforementioned IJ.S.Pat. 4,485,~06. A projection 102 extends substantially the entire length of the intermediate section 98. The projection 102 extends in the same direction as the projections 100 of the connecting plates 96.
Figures I and I which are respectively sectional views taken along section lines 1-1 and 2-2 of Figures 4 illustrate the variation in the height of the projection 100 along its length. Specifically, the maximum height of the projection is obtained in proximity to the point of attachment of the intermediate section 98 to the respective connecting plates 96. The minimum height of the projection is reached in proximity to the mid-point of the intermediate section 98 located between the connecting plates 96.
The height of the projection 100 varies uniformly along the length of the intermediate section 98 between the highest and lowest points.
A pair of side flanges 104 are located at the outside edges of the intermediate section 98 and extend substantially the entire length of the intermediate section 98.
The side flanges 104 project in the same direction as the projections 100 of theconnecting plates 96. Figures I and I illustrate the variation in the height of the side flanges 104 along the length of the intermediate section 98. The lowestprojection of the side flanges 104 is reached in proximity to the point of attachment of the ends of the intermediate section 98 to the connecting plates 96. The highest of the side flanges 104 is reached in proximity to the mid-point of the intermediate section 3 0 98 located between the connecting plates 96. The variation in the height of the pro section 102 between the minimum and maximum height varies uniformly along the length of the intermediate section 98. The width of the intermediate section 98 is uniform along its length. The projection 102 and the side flanges 104 function as a ` 121~824 means for stiffening the attachment member to sufficiently increase the rigidity of the member for avoiding any bending under compressive loads.
As an alternative to a single projection 100 extending the entire length of the intermediate section, two small projections can be used with one projection being located at each end of the intermediate section 98. When two small projections are used, the extra metal that is not taken up in forming the projections in proximity to the midpoint can be used for forming deeper side flange 104 in the central portion of the intermediate section 98. Preferably, the depth of the side flange 104 is at least approximately 1/3 of the width of the intermediate section 98.
Chile the preferred use of the attachment member is to connect the upper and lower wooden members 12 and 14 within a truss 10, it should be clearly understood that the invention may be used to connect together spaced apart pieces of wood for any use.
While the invention has been described in terms of its preferred embodiments, itshould be clearly understood that numerous modifications may be made thereto within departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
In . The vower connecting plate 88 has a support shelf 94 attached thereto at anapproximate 90 angle therewith. The support shelf 94 projects in the same direction as the projections 89 of the lower connecting plate 88 and functions to support the lower wooden member 14 of the truss 10. Preferably, a matched pair of left and right hand hangers 30 are used at each end 26 of a truss 10. The only difference between the left and right hand hangers is that the attachment member 86 is connected to the opposite longitudinal side of the first leg 72 of the bracket 70 so that the projections 8~4 of the upper and lower connecting plates I face in opposite directions in the left and right hand hanger 30.
An attachment member 32 in accordance with the invention is illustrated in Figure 4 and Figures I and I. The attachment member 32 has a pair of spaced apart connecting plates 96 which are separated by an intermediate section 98. Each connecting plate has a plurality of sharp teeth like projections 100 which extend generally perpendicularly from the plane of the connecting plates 96. The projections 100 are preferably made in accordance with the teachings of United States Patent4,343,580. The intermediate section 98 has a cross sectional design which is similar to the cross sectional design of the Jogs which space apart the connecting plates in the aforementioned IJ.S.Pat. 4,485,~06. A projection 102 extends substantially the entire length of the intermediate section 98. The projection 102 extends in the same direction as the projections 100 of the connecting plates 96.
Figures I and I which are respectively sectional views taken along section lines 1-1 and 2-2 of Figures 4 illustrate the variation in the height of the projection 100 along its length. Specifically, the maximum height of the projection is obtained in proximity to the point of attachment of the intermediate section 98 to the respective connecting plates 96. The minimum height of the projection is reached in proximity to the mid-point of the intermediate section 98 located between the connecting plates 96.
The height of the projection 100 varies uniformly along the length of the intermediate section 98 between the highest and lowest points.
A pair of side flanges 104 are located at the outside edges of the intermediate section 98 and extend substantially the entire length of the intermediate section 98.
The side flanges 104 project in the same direction as the projections 100 of theconnecting plates 96. Figures I and I illustrate the variation in the height of the side flanges 104 along the length of the intermediate section 98. The lowestprojection of the side flanges 104 is reached in proximity to the point of attachment of the ends of the intermediate section 98 to the connecting plates 96. The highest of the side flanges 104 is reached in proximity to the mid-point of the intermediate section 3 0 98 located between the connecting plates 96. The variation in the height of the pro section 102 between the minimum and maximum height varies uniformly along the length of the intermediate section 98. The width of the intermediate section 98 is uniform along its length. The projection 102 and the side flanges 104 function as a ` 121~824 means for stiffening the attachment member to sufficiently increase the rigidity of the member for avoiding any bending under compressive loads.
As an alternative to a single projection 100 extending the entire length of the intermediate section, two small projections can be used with one projection being located at each end of the intermediate section 98. When two small projections are used, the extra metal that is not taken up in forming the projections in proximity to the midpoint can be used for forming deeper side flange 104 in the central portion of the intermediate section 98. Preferably, the depth of the side flange 104 is at least approximately 1/3 of the width of the intermediate section 98.
Chile the preferred use of the attachment member is to connect the upper and lower wooden members 12 and 14 within a truss 10, it should be clearly understood that the invention may be used to connect together spaced apart pieces of wood for any use.
While the invention has been described in terms of its preferred embodiments, itshould be clearly understood that numerous modifications may be made thereto within departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (4)
1. An attachment member adapted for connection of two pieces. of spaced apart wood comprising:
(a) first and second connecting plates disposed at opposite ends of an intermediate section, said connecting plates each having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular to the connecting plates, said connecting plates being disposed in the same plane; and (b) said intermediate section having at least one projection extending from the same side as the sharp pro-jections, of the connecting plates and extending substantially the entire length of the intermediate section between the connecting plates, said projection being highest in proximity to the connecting plates and lowest in the center of the intermediate section between the connecting plates and a pair of side flanges attached to and projecting from intermediate section on the outside edges of the intermediate section and extending in the same direction as the projection, the height of the projection of the side flanges varying throughout their length with lowest projection being in proximity to the con-necting plates and the highest projection being in proximity to the midpoint of the flanges located between the connecting plates.
(a) first and second connecting plates disposed at opposite ends of an intermediate section, said connecting plates each having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular to the connecting plates, said connecting plates being disposed in the same plane; and (b) said intermediate section having at least one projection extending from the same side as the sharp pro-jections, of the connecting plates and extending substantially the entire length of the intermediate section between the connecting plates, said projection being highest in proximity to the connecting plates and lowest in the center of the intermediate section between the connecting plates and a pair of side flanges attached to and projecting from intermediate section on the outside edges of the intermediate section and extending in the same direction as the projection, the height of the projection of the side flanges varying throughout their length with lowest projection being in proximity to the con-necting plates and the highest projection being in proximity to the midpoint of the flanges located between the connecting plates.
2. An attachment member in accordance with claim 1 wherein the maximum projection of each of said flanges is at least approximately 1/3 of the width of the intermediate section.
3. A wooden truss comprising:
(a) a pair of spaced apart wooden members which are fixedly attached to a plurality of metal web members which are disposed along the length of the wooden members, the wooden members. each having a first and a second end, the first end of the spaced apart first and second wooden members being the first end of the truss and the second end of the spaced apart first and second wooden members being the second end of the truss, the first end and the second end of the truss having at least one attachment member attached there-to between the first and second wooden members; and (b) said attachment member comprising:
(i) first and second connecting plates disposed at opposite ends of an intermediate section, said connecting plates each having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular to the connecting plates, said connecting plates being disposed in the same plane; and (ii) said intermediate section having at least one projection extending from the same side as the sharp projections. of the connecting plates and extending substantially the entire length of the inter-mediate section between the connecting plates, said projection being higher in proximity to the connecting plates than in the center of the intermediate section between the connecting plates and a pair of side flanges attached to and projecting from the intermediate section on the outside edges of the intermediate section and projecting in the same direction as the projection, the height of the side flanges varying throughout their length with lowest projection being in proximity to the connecting plates and the highest projection being in proximity to the midpoint of the flanges located between the connecting plates.
(a) a pair of spaced apart wooden members which are fixedly attached to a plurality of metal web members which are disposed along the length of the wooden members, the wooden members. each having a first and a second end, the first end of the spaced apart first and second wooden members being the first end of the truss and the second end of the spaced apart first and second wooden members being the second end of the truss, the first end and the second end of the truss having at least one attachment member attached there-to between the first and second wooden members; and (b) said attachment member comprising:
(i) first and second connecting plates disposed at opposite ends of an intermediate section, said connecting plates each having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular to the connecting plates, said connecting plates being disposed in the same plane; and (ii) said intermediate section having at least one projection extending from the same side as the sharp projections. of the connecting plates and extending substantially the entire length of the inter-mediate section between the connecting plates, said projection being higher in proximity to the connecting plates than in the center of the intermediate section between the connecting plates and a pair of side flanges attached to and projecting from the intermediate section on the outside edges of the intermediate section and projecting in the same direction as the projection, the height of the side flanges varying throughout their length with lowest projection being in proximity to the connecting plates and the highest projection being in proximity to the midpoint of the flanges located between the connecting plates.
4. A wooden truss in accordance with claim 3 wherein the maximum projection of each of said flanges is at least approximately 1/3 of the width of the intermediate section.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000501135A CA1218824A (en) | 1982-09-24 | 1986-02-05 | Truss assembly and bracing clip and attachment member for use with trusses |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US423,252 | 1982-09-24 | ||
| US06/423,252 US4525972A (en) | 1982-09-24 | 1982-09-24 | Truss assembly and bracing clip and attachment member for use with trusses |
| CA000432662A CA1211271A (en) | 1982-09-24 | 1983-07-18 | Truss assembly and bracing clip and attachment member for use with trusses |
| CA000501135A CA1218824A (en) | 1982-09-24 | 1986-02-05 | Truss assembly and bracing clip and attachment member for use with trusses |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000432662A Division CA1211271A (en) | 1982-09-24 | 1983-07-18 | Truss assembly and bracing clip and attachment member for use with trusses |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1218824A true CA1218824A (en) | 1987-03-10 |
Family
ID=25670096
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000501135A Expired CA1218824A (en) | 1982-09-24 | 1986-02-05 | Truss assembly and bracing clip and attachment member for use with trusses |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1218824A (en) |
-
1986
- 1986-02-05 CA CA000501135A patent/CA1218824A/en not_active Expired
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