CA1217763A - Fluid handling apparatus - Google Patents
Fluid handling apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- CA1217763A CA1217763A CA000439906A CA439906A CA1217763A CA 1217763 A CA1217763 A CA 1217763A CA 000439906 A CA000439906 A CA 000439906A CA 439906 A CA439906 A CA 439906A CA 1217763 A CA1217763 A CA 1217763A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- interrupter
- fluid
- blade
- boundary layer
- elements
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/06—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
- F28F13/12—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media by creating turbulence, e.g. by stirring, by increasing the force of circulation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/02—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by influencing fluid boundary
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
- Compression-Type Refrigeration Machines With Reversible Cycles (AREA)
- Devices And Processes Conducted In The Presence Of Fluids And Solid Particles (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The invention provides fluid handling apparatus which may be heat exchange apparatus or fluid reaction apparatus. The apparatus is provided with an interrupter structure for disrupting the fluid boundary layers at the walls of the apparatus and promoting mixing of the separated boundary layers with the adjacent core layers. One interrupter structure comprises a plurality of longitudinally-spaced interrupter elements mounted on a core rod, each element comprising a plurality of blade-like members each of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation, the members extending mutually radially outward relative to one another to touch or nearly touch the said surface or surfaces adjacent the elements. The elements are spaced longitudinally from one another the distance required to provide wake interference flow of the fluid, wherein the vortex upstream of one element cooperates with the vortex downstream of the next element in the fluid path. In a shell and tube type exchanger the bladed type of structure may be provided in the tubes interiors, while a spherical type of interrupter structure is provided in the shell contacting the tube exteriors.
The invention provides fluid handling apparatus which may be heat exchange apparatus or fluid reaction apparatus. The apparatus is provided with an interrupter structure for disrupting the fluid boundary layers at the walls of the apparatus and promoting mixing of the separated boundary layers with the adjacent core layers. One interrupter structure comprises a plurality of longitudinally-spaced interrupter elements mounted on a core rod, each element comprising a plurality of blade-like members each of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation, the members extending mutually radially outward relative to one another to touch or nearly touch the said surface or surfaces adjacent the elements. The elements are spaced longitudinally from one another the distance required to provide wake interference flow of the fluid, wherein the vortex upstream of one element cooperates with the vortex downstream of the next element in the fluid path. In a shell and tube type exchanger the bladed type of structure may be provided in the tubes interiors, while a spherical type of interrupter structure is provided in the shell contacting the tube exteriors.
Description
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IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO FLUID HANDLING APPARATUS
_ Field of the Invention This invention is concerned with improvements in or relating to fluid handling apparatus, such as heat exchanger apparatus and fluid reactor apparatus.
Review of the Prior Art It is of course a constant aim in all fields of manufacture to lower costs both of the apparatus itself and of its cost of operation and maintenance. In the case of heat exchange apparatus there is therefore a constant endeavour to improve efficiency, so that the cost of operation is reduced directly and so that the apparatus is smaller in size, which in itself is usually a desirable characteristic, such size reduction resulting in a requirement for less material in its fabrication. This reduction in material requirement is especially important in apparatus employed with corrosive fluids and in difficult environments when expensive corrosion-resistant materials must be used. It is also an endeavour to provide as great a freedom as possible from fouling, together with ease of assembly and disassembly, so as to give accompanying consequent economy in maintenance. There are similar advantages to be obtained in the case of fluid reaction apparatus, resulting from increases in efficiency of the fluid mixing and efficiency of contact with catalytic material, and also in the case of fluid reaction apparatus that has heat exchange capability to take account of the exothermic or endothermic nature of the reactions involved.
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An improved heat exchange process and apparatus are disclosed in my European Patent Application Serial No.
81104809.9 (Publication No. 0 042 613) published 30th December 1981. In this process and apparatus the fluid flow takes the form of a non-turbulent boundary layer or layers immediately adjacent to the heat transfer surface and a non-turbulent core layer interfacing with the boundary layer or layers. An interrupter structure is provided within the flow passage to interrupt in as non-turbulent a manner as possible the said boundary layer or layers at a plurality of spaced interruption spots, whereby parts of the interrupted boundary layer separate from the heat transfer surface and mix with the core layer to effect heat transfer between the surface and the core layer.
This structure consists of densely-packed convex sphere segments each arranged with a part of its convex surface touching or almost touching the heat transfer surface. Such a structure provides a very high coefficient of heat transfer without a disproportionate increase in the pumping power required to move the fluid through the apparatus, Definition of the Invention It is an object of the invention to provide a new fluid boundary layer interrupter structure for fluid handling apparatus.
In accordance with the present invention there is provided in a fluid handling apparatus an interrupter structure ; adapted for pointwise interruption of the boundary layer of a fluid flow at an apparatus surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the interrupter structure, the said structure comprising:
IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO FLUID HANDLING APPARATUS
_ Field of the Invention This invention is concerned with improvements in or relating to fluid handling apparatus, such as heat exchanger apparatus and fluid reactor apparatus.
Review of the Prior Art It is of course a constant aim in all fields of manufacture to lower costs both of the apparatus itself and of its cost of operation and maintenance. In the case of heat exchange apparatus there is therefore a constant endeavour to improve efficiency, so that the cost of operation is reduced directly and so that the apparatus is smaller in size, which in itself is usually a desirable characteristic, such size reduction resulting in a requirement for less material in its fabrication. This reduction in material requirement is especially important in apparatus employed with corrosive fluids and in difficult environments when expensive corrosion-resistant materials must be used. It is also an endeavour to provide as great a freedom as possible from fouling, together with ease of assembly and disassembly, so as to give accompanying consequent economy in maintenance. There are similar advantages to be obtained in the case of fluid reaction apparatus, resulting from increases in efficiency of the fluid mixing and efficiency of contact with catalytic material, and also in the case of fluid reaction apparatus that has heat exchange capability to take account of the exothermic or endothermic nature of the reactions involved.
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An improved heat exchange process and apparatus are disclosed in my European Patent Application Serial No.
81104809.9 (Publication No. 0 042 613) published 30th December 1981. In this process and apparatus the fluid flow takes the form of a non-turbulent boundary layer or layers immediately adjacent to the heat transfer surface and a non-turbulent core layer interfacing with the boundary layer or layers. An interrupter structure is provided within the flow passage to interrupt in as non-turbulent a manner as possible the said boundary layer or layers at a plurality of spaced interruption spots, whereby parts of the interrupted boundary layer separate from the heat transfer surface and mix with the core layer to effect heat transfer between the surface and the core layer.
This structure consists of densely-packed convex sphere segments each arranged with a part of its convex surface touching or almost touching the heat transfer surface. Such a structure provides a very high coefficient of heat transfer without a disproportionate increase in the pumping power required to move the fluid through the apparatus, Definition of the Invention It is an object of the invention to provide a new fluid boundary layer interrupter structure for fluid handling apparatus.
In accordance with the present invention there is provided in a fluid handling apparatus an interrupter structure ; adapted for pointwise interruption of the boundary layer of a fluid flow at an apparatus surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the interrupter structure, the said structure comprising:
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a multiplicity of interrupter elements disposed longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of f low of the fluid, each interrupter element comprising a common core and at least three blade-like members extending mutually outwardly from the common core so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element, each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective apparatus surface protrudes in~o the said fluid flow boundary layer for effective pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided in a fluid handling apparatus an interrupter structure adapted ~or pointwise interruption of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure coMprising:
a multiplicity of closely spaced interrupter elements extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
2S each interrupter element comprising a common core of small dia~eter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and from three to ten blade-like members extending radially outwards from the common core, so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or ~ 3 -"~`~ , surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation, so that the portion thereof most closely ad~acent to the respective apparatus surface protrudes into the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided in a fluid handling apparatus an interrupter structure providing multiple interruptions of the ~oundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element each blade-like member in side elevation being radially ; outwardly tapered to a tip which touches or nearly touches the respective surface, and so that the tip protrudes into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for ~- 3a -corresponding interruption thereof.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided in a fluid handling apparatus an interrupter structure providing multiple interruptions of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which touches or nearly touches the respective surface, and so that the tip protrudes into the respective æone of the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding interruption thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent boundary layer interruptions in respective zones of the boundary layer corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof;
the said multiplicity of successive elements providing within each element between the blade-like members a volume of increased fluid velocity and between immediately successive elements a volume of decreased fluid velocity so as to provide a ~ - 3b -7~g3 correspondin~ multiplicity of changes in fluid velocity, the said multiplicity of successive elements each providing greater friction drag adjacent to its core than to its tip portion such as to produce a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid flow direction through the structure, the said multiplicity of successive changes in fluid velocity and flow direction promoting fluid mixing between the separated fluid boundary layer and the corresponding fluid core.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided an interrupter structure for use in a fluid handling apparatus and adapted for pointwise interruption of the boundary layer of a fluid flow at an apparatus surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the interrupter structure, the said structure comprising:
a multiplicity of interrupter elements disposed longitudinally relative to one another, each interrupter element comprising a common core and at least three blade-like members extending mutually outwardly from the common core so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element, each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective ap~aratus surface will protrude into the said fluid flow boundary layer for effective pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the ~- 3c -,~-~; ,~
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number of blade-like members thereof.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided an interrupter structure for use in a fluid handling apparatus and adapted for pointwise interruption of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of closely spaced interrupter elements extending longitudinally relative to one another;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and from three to ten blade-like members extending radially outwards from the common core, so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
lS each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation, so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective apparatus ¦ surface will protrude into the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided an interrupter structure for use in a fluid handling apparatus and providing multiple interruptions of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements ~ 3d -'. ~
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disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, s~ as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which will touch or nearly touch the respective surface, and so that the tip will protrude into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding interruption thereof.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided an interrupter structure for use in a fluid handling apparatus and providing multiple interruptions of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the ~5 respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element .,., ~
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each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which will touch or nearly touch the respective surface, and so that the tip will protrude into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for S corresponding interruption thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent boundary layer interruptions in respective zones of the boundary layer corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof;
the said multiplicity of successive elements providing within each element between the blade-like members a volume of increased fluid velocity and between immediately successive elements a volume of decreased fluid velocity so as to provide a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid velocity in fluid passing therethrough, the said multiplicity of successive elements each providing greater friction drag adjacent to its core than to its tip portion such as to produce a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid flow direction through the structure, the said multiplicity of successive changes in fluid velocity and flow direction promoting fluid mixing between the separated fluid boundary layer and the corresponding fluid core.
Also preferably the spacing between immediately successive interrupter elements is such as to produce wake interference flow in the fluid.
The fluid handling apparatus may comprise heat exchange apparatus in which the interrupter elements are disposed adjacent the surface of a wall through which heat exchange takes place.
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The fluid handling apparatus may comprise a fluid reactor in which the interrupter structure is coated with a material exhibiting reactive and/or catalytic properties toward the fluid.
Description of the Drawinqs Fluid handling apparatus constituting preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a longitudinal section through a heat exchanger embodying the invention, taken on the line 1-1 of Figure 2, parts only of some of the tube thereof being shown broken away and parts of structures being shown in phantom to avoid excessive detail;
FIGURE 2 is a part transverse section through the apparatus of Figure 1, taken on the line 2-2 of Figure 1, only the lower right quadrant being shown in full to avoid excessive detail;
FIGURE 3 is a transverse cross-section to an enlarged scale of an interrupter element of the apparatus of Figures 1 and 2;
FIGURES 4a, 4b and 4c are respective side elevations to an enlarged scale, and showing interrupter elements of different profiles;
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FIGURE 5 is a longitudinal cross-section through a single tube illu~trating the fluid flow therethrough past an interrupter element; and FIGURE 6 is a plot of ranking of different heat s exchanger surfaces, including a surface/structure combination of the invention.
DescriPtion of the Preferred Embodiments The heat exchanger of Figures 1 and 2 is of shell-and-tube type comprising a central shell member lO having inlet 12 and outlet 14 for the fluid that is to pass in the shell around the outside of the tubes. The two ends of the shell member 10 are closed by two respective tube sheet assemblies, each consisting of two spaced tube sheets 16 and 18 through which pass the ends of a plurality of parallel tubes 20 so as to be supported by the tube sheets. The joints between the tubes and the apertures in the tube sheets through which they pass, and also the joints between the tube sheet assemblies and the adjacent shell members, are sealed by specially shaped unitary gaskets 22 and 24. Any of the two fluids that leak through the gaskets enters the space between the tube sheets and can be vented to atmosphere without cross-contamination of the fluids.
Two subsidiary like end members 26 and 28 are mounted on the respective ends of the central shell member 10 abutting the respective tube sheet assemblies to form respective plenums for the fluid that enters and discharges from the interiors of the tubes 20, and are provided respectively with inlet 30 and outlet 32 for such fluid. The ends of the shell end members 26 ~ - 5 -' ~
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i and 28 are closed by respective end plates 34 held to the members by respective encircling removable split rings 36 and tensioned band clamps 38. The tube sheet assemblies and the subsidiary members are held assembled with the central shell 10 in similar manner by means of encircling split rings 40 and tensioned band clamps 42, the split rings having radially inwardly extending projections that engage in respective circumferenctial grooves in the shell members.
Each tube 20 has mounted therein a respective fluid flow interrupter structure 44 of the invention comprising a multiplicity of longitudinally spaced interrupter elements 46, which in this embodiment are mounted longitudinally spaced from one another along the length of the tube on an elongated axial core element rod 48 of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the elements. The ends of this rod are free of the interrupter elements and extend out of the tubes 20 through the reæpective plenums into contact with the adjacent faces of the removable end plates 34, so that the interrupter structures are maintained in fixed longitudinal positions in the tubes.
As is seen most clearly in Figures 2 and 3, each interrupter element 46 consists of a plurality of equal length blade like members 50 extending mutually radially outwards from the core rod 48 until they touch, or at least almost touch, the inside cylindrical wall of the respective tube. As is seen most clearly in Figures 1, 4, and 5 each blade like member is of convex curvilinear profile as seen in side elevation, so that it has only effectively a point 52 of its circumference in contact with the tube inner wall, or immediately adjacent thereto.
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It is known to those skilled in the art that a fluid flowing within a passage, such as a tube 20, has a very thin virtually stationary boundary layer at the tube inner wall which insulates the wall surface from the main body of the fluid flowing in a core layer int4rfacing with the boundary layer, the boundary layer therefore reducing the heat transfer between the tube inner surface and the core layer. It is also known that an unobstructed boundary layer increases progressively in thickness in the direction of fluid flow, which will increase its insulating effect. Proposals have therefore been made hitherto to disrupt such boundary layers by roughening or ridging the surfaces over which they flow, but such proposals have the effect of also increasing to a disp~oportionately greater extent the pumping power re~uired to move the fluid through the passage because of the turbulence that is generataed in the fluid.
In apparatus of the invention the boundary layer at the tube inner faces is interrupted in a ~spot-wise~ manner at circumferentially and longitudinally spaced spots by means of the fluid flow interrupter structure of the invention, while maintaining a non-turbulent fluid flow in the main body of the fluid constituted by the core layer. In tbe apparatus of the invention not only are the heat transfer surfaces not roughened, etc., but on the contrary they are made as smooth as is economically possible, to the extent that in some embodiments both the inner and the outer surfaces of the tubes 20 may be polished to the desired degree of smoothness. It will be seen that the blade-like members of each element intercept the boundary layer at a number of circumferentially-spaced spots ~ - 7 -surrounding the element corresponding to the number of members, and this occurs for each element of the structure along its length. The disruption of the boundary layer at the multitude of longitudinally and circumferentially spaced spots ensures that it stays thin, while the manner of its disruption ensures that turbulence is avoided that would cause unduly high friction drag.
It will be noted that the blade-like members of the interrupter elements are relatively thick at their root connections with the axial core rod and taper smoothly and progressively radially outwa~ds until they terminate in a thin but smoothly rounded tip at or very closely adjacent to the tube inner surface. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, because of usual manufacturing tolerances in the manufacture of the tubes and the interrupter structures, and also because of the need to be able easily to insert the structures into and remove them from the tubes, there may not always be positive contact at a particular interruption spot between the blade member and the tube interior wall, but the required effect will be obtained as long as the blade edge intrudes into the boundary layer. In a typical example of a small heat exchanger e.g. of capacity 20 litres/minute, and in which the tubes are of 1.25 cm internal diameter the tolerance required in the manufacture of the tube and interrupter structure is 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm, which is readily realisable.
At the radially inner part of each interrupter element, i.e. where the roots of the blades meet the core rod, there is a maximum of the ratio of blade surface area relative to the path cross-sectional area for fluid flow through the element, so that the friction drag is at a maximum. On the other hand, at the radially outer parts of the element blades the amount of blade material has become substantially zero, so that the friction drag is reduced in relation to the crcss sectional area.
Because of these differentials in friction and cross sectional area a change of momentum is produced in the fluid as it passes through the element that induces the development of smooth, non turbulent vortices producing rapid and effective mixing of the separated boundary layer and its adjacent core layer for increase in heat exchange efficiency. There is also highly effective contact of the fluid with the surface of the interrupter element and with any material such as a catalytic material thereon. The fluid in these momentum induced vortices moves from element to element longitudinally of the structure, and the spacing between the elements can be made such that what is known as wake interference flow is established by the coincidence between a vortex upstream of an interruption point with a vortex downstream of a subsequent interruption point;
such wake interference flow is believed to provide the highest mixing and heat transfer efficiency with lowest required pumping power.
Another of the results of this particular blade configuration is that the fluid flow is predominantly in the radially outer portion of the tube interior with increased fluid velocities particularly at the tube inner wall surface. This type of flow has a number of beneficial effects on the heat transfer efficiency, in that the rate of heat transfer is 9 _ ~'77'~3~
fundamentally increased because of the rapid flow past the heat transfer surface, while the boundary layer is kept thin and more easily disrupted by the shearing effect of the high velocity fluid.
The general direction of flow of the fluid in a tube is indicated in Figure 5 by arrows 54 and it will be seen that the flow interrupter structure causes the production of flow eddies of shape and rotational frequency that, as described above, depend upon the ~eometry of the structure. Wake eddies will be produced around the spots 52 of interruption downstream of the flow, while advance eddies will be produced upstream of the flow. If the spacing of the interruption spots 52 is made such that the advance and wake eddies of immediately successive spots coincide, then the desired wake interference flow is obtained with its very efficient non turbulent mixing between the interrupted boundary layers and the adjacent core layer. A
turbulent flow may be distinguished from a vortex or eddy in that the former is irregular and there is no observable pattern as with a vortex. Vortices, eddies and swirls therefore do not constitute turbulence. The conditions for maintenance of non turbulent flow with a particular structure can be observed for example by providing suitable windows in an experimental structure and adding visible fluids to the fluid flow if required.
The interrupter structure may readily be produced relatively inexpensively as a cast or moulded integral element of required diame~er, element spacing and element free end length. A variety of different materials can be used, such as r~ 7 ~
metals, non-metallic materials such as plastics materials, and refractory materials such as alumina and cements. Because of its relatively large surface area and its efficient surface contact with the mixing flowing fluid the interruption structure is particularly suited as a support for material with which the fluid is to be contacted, such as a catalytic material. In other embodiments comprising reactor apparatus the interrupter structure itself can be made of the contact and/or catalytic material, and alumina is a specific example of such a material 10 having this dual property.
The nu~ber of the blade l~ke members to be provided with each interrupter element is a matter of design for each heat exchanger. A practical minimum is three, while for small exchangers (e.g. using tubes of 1.25 cm and less) more than ten 15 would usually result in too great a loss of flow capacity.
Figure 4a shows in side elevation part of a structure in which the profile of the element is spherical; the profile is of course a circle. Other profiles can be used and should be such as to present smoothly contoured edges to the fluid flow, 20 so as to reduce friction losses to a minimum and also to ensure the maintenance of non turbulent flow. Figure 4b shows for example elements of an ellipsoidal profile, while Figure 4c shows elements of an egg or drop shaped profile.; in the latter two profiles the edge of largest radius faces upstream.
Special situations arise for example when the fluid is very viscous, such as a viscous oil that is to be heated. Such a fluid is usually of low thermal conductivity and a thermal boundary layer will be established immediately adjacent ~o the ~Lt~
heat transfer surface that is much thinner than the flow boundary layer. The interrupting structure must be arranged to interrupt this thinner thermal boundary layer irrespective of the thickness of the flow boundary layer. The principal factor in the determination of the thickness of the thermal boundary layer is the Prandtl number, which is high when the viscosity is high and the thermal conductivity is low.
One of the principal parameters to be considered in determining whether a particular fluid flow will be non turbulent is the Reynolds number which is obtained by the relation:
R = Fluid Maæs Velocity x Passage_Equivalent Diameter Classically it was believed that with a Reynolds number less than about 4,000 the flow must be non turbulent, while if it was greater than about 6,00G it would become turbulent. An indication that the flow will be non-turbulent is to plot a fri~tion-factor curve, beginning at low Reynolds numbers, say R=100, which will show an abrupt change in slope at the onset of turbulence. The existence of a friction-factor curve of constant slope can therefore be an indication that essentially non-turbulent flow is occuring.
The evaluation of the performance of heat exchanger surfaces is a difficult subject because of the large number of ¦ variables involved, but one method that has gained acceptance is described in the Transactions of the Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 100, August 1978 in a paper by J.G. Soland, ~ - 12 -7~
W.M. Mack, Jr. and W.M. Rohsenow entitled ~Performance Ranking of Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger Surfaces~. This method involves the plotting of the number of heat transfer units (NTU) per unit volume of the heat exchanger core (V), against the pumping power (E) required to move the fluid through the core per unit volume of the heat exchanger core (V).
Figure 7 is a plot of the ranking of surfaces in accordance with this method, comparing surfaces provided with an interrupter structure of the invention with a surface constituted by a tube of 1.2 cm diameter and a plate heat exchanger of 0.5 cm plate pitch. Thus the vertical plot indicates the number of heat transfer units (NTU) per unit volume of the heat exchanger core (V), while the horizontal plot indicates the pumping power (E) required to move the fluid through the core per unit volume of the heat exchanger core (V).
The test fluid was water and the lowest line A is for heat transfer in a plain tube of 1.2 cm diameter, using data obtained from the above-mentioned paper of Soland, Mack and Rohsenow. The line B is for an ~APV~ plate heat exchanger of 0.5 cm plate pitch, using data obtained from the ~APV Heat Transfer Handbook, 2nd Edition, published by APV Inc. of Tonawanda, New York, U.S.A.~. ~t will be seen that line B
represents an improvement of 28% in performance over line A. A
lower line C plots the performance of a shell and tube heat exchanger of the invention employing seven tubes of 1.25 cm diameter and equipped internally with radially bladed interrupter structures and externally with sphere rods on the shell side with a sphere diameter of 1 cm. The higher line D
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a multiplicity of interrupter elements disposed longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of f low of the fluid, each interrupter element comprising a common core and at least three blade-like members extending mutually outwardly from the common core so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element, each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective apparatus surface protrudes in~o the said fluid flow boundary layer for effective pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided in a fluid handling apparatus an interrupter structure adapted ~or pointwise interruption of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure coMprising:
a multiplicity of closely spaced interrupter elements extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
2S each interrupter element comprising a common core of small dia~eter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and from three to ten blade-like members extending radially outwards from the common core, so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or ~ 3 -"~`~ , surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation, so that the portion thereof most closely ad~acent to the respective apparatus surface protrudes into the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided in a fluid handling apparatus an interrupter structure providing multiple interruptions of the ~oundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element each blade-like member in side elevation being radially ; outwardly tapered to a tip which touches or nearly touches the respective surface, and so that the tip protrudes into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for ~- 3a -corresponding interruption thereof.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided in a fluid handling apparatus an interrupter structure providing multiple interruptions of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which touches or nearly touches the respective surface, and so that the tip protrudes into the respective æone of the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding interruption thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent boundary layer interruptions in respective zones of the boundary layer corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof;
the said multiplicity of successive elements providing within each element between the blade-like members a volume of increased fluid velocity and between immediately successive elements a volume of decreased fluid velocity so as to provide a ~ - 3b -7~g3 correspondin~ multiplicity of changes in fluid velocity, the said multiplicity of successive elements each providing greater friction drag adjacent to its core than to its tip portion such as to produce a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid flow direction through the structure, the said multiplicity of successive changes in fluid velocity and flow direction promoting fluid mixing between the separated fluid boundary layer and the corresponding fluid core.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided an interrupter structure for use in a fluid handling apparatus and adapted for pointwise interruption of the boundary layer of a fluid flow at an apparatus surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the interrupter structure, the said structure comprising:
a multiplicity of interrupter elements disposed longitudinally relative to one another, each interrupter element comprising a common core and at least three blade-like members extending mutually outwardly from the common core so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element, each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective ap~aratus surface will protrude into the said fluid flow boundary layer for effective pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the ~- 3c -,~-~; ,~
'77;3~
number of blade-like members thereof.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided an interrupter structure for use in a fluid handling apparatus and adapted for pointwise interruption of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of closely spaced interrupter elements extending longitudinally relative to one another;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and from three to ten blade-like members extending radially outwards from the common core, so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
lS each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation, so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective apparatus ¦ surface will protrude into the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided an interrupter structure for use in a fluid handling apparatus and providing multiple interruptions of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements ~ 3d -'. ~
~776~
disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, s~ as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which will touch or nearly touch the respective surface, and so that the tip will protrude into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding interruption thereof.
Also in accordance with the invention there is provided an interrupter structure for use in a fluid handling apparatus and providing multiple interruptions of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the ~5 respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element .,., ~
7~
each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which will touch or nearly touch the respective surface, and so that the tip will protrude into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for S corresponding interruption thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent boundary layer interruptions in respective zones of the boundary layer corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof;
the said multiplicity of successive elements providing within each element between the blade-like members a volume of increased fluid velocity and between immediately successive elements a volume of decreased fluid velocity so as to provide a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid velocity in fluid passing therethrough, the said multiplicity of successive elements each providing greater friction drag adjacent to its core than to its tip portion such as to produce a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid flow direction through the structure, the said multiplicity of successive changes in fluid velocity and flow direction promoting fluid mixing between the separated fluid boundary layer and the corresponding fluid core.
Also preferably the spacing between immediately successive interrupter elements is such as to produce wake interference flow in the fluid.
The fluid handling apparatus may comprise heat exchange apparatus in which the interrupter elements are disposed adjacent the surface of a wall through which heat exchange takes place.
~- 4 -~, :3L2~7~
The fluid handling apparatus may comprise a fluid reactor in which the interrupter structure is coated with a material exhibiting reactive and/or catalytic properties toward the fluid.
Description of the Drawinqs Fluid handling apparatus constituting preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a longitudinal section through a heat exchanger embodying the invention, taken on the line 1-1 of Figure 2, parts only of some of the tube thereof being shown broken away and parts of structures being shown in phantom to avoid excessive detail;
FIGURE 2 is a part transverse section through the apparatus of Figure 1, taken on the line 2-2 of Figure 1, only the lower right quadrant being shown in full to avoid excessive detail;
FIGURE 3 is a transverse cross-section to an enlarged scale of an interrupter element of the apparatus of Figures 1 and 2;
FIGURES 4a, 4b and 4c are respective side elevations to an enlarged scale, and showing interrupter elements of different profiles;
- 4a -~J
~Z~ 7~
FIGURE 5 is a longitudinal cross-section through a single tube illu~trating the fluid flow therethrough past an interrupter element; and FIGURE 6 is a plot of ranking of different heat s exchanger surfaces, including a surface/structure combination of the invention.
DescriPtion of the Preferred Embodiments The heat exchanger of Figures 1 and 2 is of shell-and-tube type comprising a central shell member lO having inlet 12 and outlet 14 for the fluid that is to pass in the shell around the outside of the tubes. The two ends of the shell member 10 are closed by two respective tube sheet assemblies, each consisting of two spaced tube sheets 16 and 18 through which pass the ends of a plurality of parallel tubes 20 so as to be supported by the tube sheets. The joints between the tubes and the apertures in the tube sheets through which they pass, and also the joints between the tube sheet assemblies and the adjacent shell members, are sealed by specially shaped unitary gaskets 22 and 24. Any of the two fluids that leak through the gaskets enters the space between the tube sheets and can be vented to atmosphere without cross-contamination of the fluids.
Two subsidiary like end members 26 and 28 are mounted on the respective ends of the central shell member 10 abutting the respective tube sheet assemblies to form respective plenums for the fluid that enters and discharges from the interiors of the tubes 20, and are provided respectively with inlet 30 and outlet 32 for such fluid. The ends of the shell end members 26 ~ - 5 -' ~
~21~'7~
i and 28 are closed by respective end plates 34 held to the members by respective encircling removable split rings 36 and tensioned band clamps 38. The tube sheet assemblies and the subsidiary members are held assembled with the central shell 10 in similar manner by means of encircling split rings 40 and tensioned band clamps 42, the split rings having radially inwardly extending projections that engage in respective circumferenctial grooves in the shell members.
Each tube 20 has mounted therein a respective fluid flow interrupter structure 44 of the invention comprising a multiplicity of longitudinally spaced interrupter elements 46, which in this embodiment are mounted longitudinally spaced from one another along the length of the tube on an elongated axial core element rod 48 of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the elements. The ends of this rod are free of the interrupter elements and extend out of the tubes 20 through the reæpective plenums into contact with the adjacent faces of the removable end plates 34, so that the interrupter structures are maintained in fixed longitudinal positions in the tubes.
As is seen most clearly in Figures 2 and 3, each interrupter element 46 consists of a plurality of equal length blade like members 50 extending mutually radially outwards from the core rod 48 until they touch, or at least almost touch, the inside cylindrical wall of the respective tube. As is seen most clearly in Figures 1, 4, and 5 each blade like member is of convex curvilinear profile as seen in side elevation, so that it has only effectively a point 52 of its circumference in contact with the tube inner wall, or immediately adjacent thereto.
7~
It is known to those skilled in the art that a fluid flowing within a passage, such as a tube 20, has a very thin virtually stationary boundary layer at the tube inner wall which insulates the wall surface from the main body of the fluid flowing in a core layer int4rfacing with the boundary layer, the boundary layer therefore reducing the heat transfer between the tube inner surface and the core layer. It is also known that an unobstructed boundary layer increases progressively in thickness in the direction of fluid flow, which will increase its insulating effect. Proposals have therefore been made hitherto to disrupt such boundary layers by roughening or ridging the surfaces over which they flow, but such proposals have the effect of also increasing to a disp~oportionately greater extent the pumping power re~uired to move the fluid through the passage because of the turbulence that is generataed in the fluid.
In apparatus of the invention the boundary layer at the tube inner faces is interrupted in a ~spot-wise~ manner at circumferentially and longitudinally spaced spots by means of the fluid flow interrupter structure of the invention, while maintaining a non-turbulent fluid flow in the main body of the fluid constituted by the core layer. In tbe apparatus of the invention not only are the heat transfer surfaces not roughened, etc., but on the contrary they are made as smooth as is economically possible, to the extent that in some embodiments both the inner and the outer surfaces of the tubes 20 may be polished to the desired degree of smoothness. It will be seen that the blade-like members of each element intercept the boundary layer at a number of circumferentially-spaced spots ~ - 7 -surrounding the element corresponding to the number of members, and this occurs for each element of the structure along its length. The disruption of the boundary layer at the multitude of longitudinally and circumferentially spaced spots ensures that it stays thin, while the manner of its disruption ensures that turbulence is avoided that would cause unduly high friction drag.
It will be noted that the blade-like members of the interrupter elements are relatively thick at their root connections with the axial core rod and taper smoothly and progressively radially outwa~ds until they terminate in a thin but smoothly rounded tip at or very closely adjacent to the tube inner surface. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, because of usual manufacturing tolerances in the manufacture of the tubes and the interrupter structures, and also because of the need to be able easily to insert the structures into and remove them from the tubes, there may not always be positive contact at a particular interruption spot between the blade member and the tube interior wall, but the required effect will be obtained as long as the blade edge intrudes into the boundary layer. In a typical example of a small heat exchanger e.g. of capacity 20 litres/minute, and in which the tubes are of 1.25 cm internal diameter the tolerance required in the manufacture of the tube and interrupter structure is 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm, which is readily realisable.
At the radially inner part of each interrupter element, i.e. where the roots of the blades meet the core rod, there is a maximum of the ratio of blade surface area relative to the path cross-sectional area for fluid flow through the element, so that the friction drag is at a maximum. On the other hand, at the radially outer parts of the element blades the amount of blade material has become substantially zero, so that the friction drag is reduced in relation to the crcss sectional area.
Because of these differentials in friction and cross sectional area a change of momentum is produced in the fluid as it passes through the element that induces the development of smooth, non turbulent vortices producing rapid and effective mixing of the separated boundary layer and its adjacent core layer for increase in heat exchange efficiency. There is also highly effective contact of the fluid with the surface of the interrupter element and with any material such as a catalytic material thereon. The fluid in these momentum induced vortices moves from element to element longitudinally of the structure, and the spacing between the elements can be made such that what is known as wake interference flow is established by the coincidence between a vortex upstream of an interruption point with a vortex downstream of a subsequent interruption point;
such wake interference flow is believed to provide the highest mixing and heat transfer efficiency with lowest required pumping power.
Another of the results of this particular blade configuration is that the fluid flow is predominantly in the radially outer portion of the tube interior with increased fluid velocities particularly at the tube inner wall surface. This type of flow has a number of beneficial effects on the heat transfer efficiency, in that the rate of heat transfer is 9 _ ~'77'~3~
fundamentally increased because of the rapid flow past the heat transfer surface, while the boundary layer is kept thin and more easily disrupted by the shearing effect of the high velocity fluid.
The general direction of flow of the fluid in a tube is indicated in Figure 5 by arrows 54 and it will be seen that the flow interrupter structure causes the production of flow eddies of shape and rotational frequency that, as described above, depend upon the ~eometry of the structure. Wake eddies will be produced around the spots 52 of interruption downstream of the flow, while advance eddies will be produced upstream of the flow. If the spacing of the interruption spots 52 is made such that the advance and wake eddies of immediately successive spots coincide, then the desired wake interference flow is obtained with its very efficient non turbulent mixing between the interrupted boundary layers and the adjacent core layer. A
turbulent flow may be distinguished from a vortex or eddy in that the former is irregular and there is no observable pattern as with a vortex. Vortices, eddies and swirls therefore do not constitute turbulence. The conditions for maintenance of non turbulent flow with a particular structure can be observed for example by providing suitable windows in an experimental structure and adding visible fluids to the fluid flow if required.
The interrupter structure may readily be produced relatively inexpensively as a cast or moulded integral element of required diame~er, element spacing and element free end length. A variety of different materials can be used, such as r~ 7 ~
metals, non-metallic materials such as plastics materials, and refractory materials such as alumina and cements. Because of its relatively large surface area and its efficient surface contact with the mixing flowing fluid the interruption structure is particularly suited as a support for material with which the fluid is to be contacted, such as a catalytic material. In other embodiments comprising reactor apparatus the interrupter structure itself can be made of the contact and/or catalytic material, and alumina is a specific example of such a material 10 having this dual property.
The nu~ber of the blade l~ke members to be provided with each interrupter element is a matter of design for each heat exchanger. A practical minimum is three, while for small exchangers (e.g. using tubes of 1.25 cm and less) more than ten 15 would usually result in too great a loss of flow capacity.
Figure 4a shows in side elevation part of a structure in which the profile of the element is spherical; the profile is of course a circle. Other profiles can be used and should be such as to present smoothly contoured edges to the fluid flow, 20 so as to reduce friction losses to a minimum and also to ensure the maintenance of non turbulent flow. Figure 4b shows for example elements of an ellipsoidal profile, while Figure 4c shows elements of an egg or drop shaped profile.; in the latter two profiles the edge of largest radius faces upstream.
Special situations arise for example when the fluid is very viscous, such as a viscous oil that is to be heated. Such a fluid is usually of low thermal conductivity and a thermal boundary layer will be established immediately adjacent ~o the ~Lt~
heat transfer surface that is much thinner than the flow boundary layer. The interrupting structure must be arranged to interrupt this thinner thermal boundary layer irrespective of the thickness of the flow boundary layer. The principal factor in the determination of the thickness of the thermal boundary layer is the Prandtl number, which is high when the viscosity is high and the thermal conductivity is low.
One of the principal parameters to be considered in determining whether a particular fluid flow will be non turbulent is the Reynolds number which is obtained by the relation:
R = Fluid Maæs Velocity x Passage_Equivalent Diameter Classically it was believed that with a Reynolds number less than about 4,000 the flow must be non turbulent, while if it was greater than about 6,00G it would become turbulent. An indication that the flow will be non-turbulent is to plot a fri~tion-factor curve, beginning at low Reynolds numbers, say R=100, which will show an abrupt change in slope at the onset of turbulence. The existence of a friction-factor curve of constant slope can therefore be an indication that essentially non-turbulent flow is occuring.
The evaluation of the performance of heat exchanger surfaces is a difficult subject because of the large number of ¦ variables involved, but one method that has gained acceptance is described in the Transactions of the Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 100, August 1978 in a paper by J.G. Soland, ~ - 12 -7~
W.M. Mack, Jr. and W.M. Rohsenow entitled ~Performance Ranking of Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger Surfaces~. This method involves the plotting of the number of heat transfer units (NTU) per unit volume of the heat exchanger core (V), against the pumping power (E) required to move the fluid through the core per unit volume of the heat exchanger core (V).
Figure 7 is a plot of the ranking of surfaces in accordance with this method, comparing surfaces provided with an interrupter structure of the invention with a surface constituted by a tube of 1.2 cm diameter and a plate heat exchanger of 0.5 cm plate pitch. Thus the vertical plot indicates the number of heat transfer units (NTU) per unit volume of the heat exchanger core (V), while the horizontal plot indicates the pumping power (E) required to move the fluid through the core per unit volume of the heat exchanger core (V).
The test fluid was water and the lowest line A is for heat transfer in a plain tube of 1.2 cm diameter, using data obtained from the above-mentioned paper of Soland, Mack and Rohsenow. The line B is for an ~APV~ plate heat exchanger of 0.5 cm plate pitch, using data obtained from the ~APV Heat Transfer Handbook, 2nd Edition, published by APV Inc. of Tonawanda, New York, U.S.A.~. ~t will be seen that line B
represents an improvement of 28% in performance over line A. A
lower line C plots the performance of a shell and tube heat exchanger of the invention employing seven tubes of 1.25 cm diameter and equipped internally with radially bladed interrupter structures and externally with sphere rods on the shell side with a sphere diameter of 1 cm. The higher line D
3.~-3 plots the maximum performance so far obtained with a heat exchanger of the invention. It will be seen that line C
represents an improvement of respectively 250~ and 200g of lines A and B, while line D represents an improvement of respectively 515% and 400~.
The embodiment of Figures 1 to 3 employs a different form of interrupter structure in the fluid path constituted by the space between the shell interior and the tube exteriors, although the above described bladed structure can of course be used. This different structure also consists of a core rod 54, but the longitudinally spaced interrupter elements consist of solid spheres 56 mounted on the rod at the spacing required to provide wake interference fluid flow. These sphere carrying rods, for convenience called sphere rods, are disposed around the tube exteriors with their longitudinal axes parallel to the tube axes and with their spherical surfaces in psint contact with the adjacent tube surfaces; at some locations the spheres may also touch one another. The spheres have the same effect of point interruption of the boundary layers and production of mixing vortices that increase the heat transfer from the exterior tube surfaces to the fluid. It will be noted that the ends of the sphere rod cores are free of spheres and are in end engagement with the tube sheets 16, so that they can be located accurately longitudinally by changing the length of the sphere free ends the spheres of one rod can therefore be arranged to be opposite to the spaces between the spheres on the lmmediately adjacent rods to ensure the maximum fluid flow capacity in the path, and minimize the pressure drop of the fluid through the - - 14 - ~
~d R ~
shell. The rod ends are also made free of spheres to provide fluid flow plenum spaces of adequate flow capacity in the shell adjacent the inlet and outlet to the shell. The radially outer sides of the radially outermost sphere rods are surrounded by a f iller material 58 to block the non heat exchanging flow of fluid that would otherwise take place between the inner wall of the shell and the adjacent outer parts of the tube walls.
It will be seen that the entire heat exchanger is readily disassembled by removal of the encircling band clamps 38 and 42 and split rings 36 and 40, when the tube sheet assemblies can be removed and the interrupter assemblies of both types slid out from inside and between the tubes for replacement or cleaning, as may be required. It will be seen that this disassembly and subsequent reassembly can be effected extremely lS rapidly by unskilled labour using simple tools. The resulting separate parts can easily be cleaned with simple apparatus.
. .
~ 15 -
represents an improvement of respectively 250~ and 200g of lines A and B, while line D represents an improvement of respectively 515% and 400~.
The embodiment of Figures 1 to 3 employs a different form of interrupter structure in the fluid path constituted by the space between the shell interior and the tube exteriors, although the above described bladed structure can of course be used. This different structure also consists of a core rod 54, but the longitudinally spaced interrupter elements consist of solid spheres 56 mounted on the rod at the spacing required to provide wake interference fluid flow. These sphere carrying rods, for convenience called sphere rods, are disposed around the tube exteriors with their longitudinal axes parallel to the tube axes and with their spherical surfaces in psint contact with the adjacent tube surfaces; at some locations the spheres may also touch one another. The spheres have the same effect of point interruption of the boundary layers and production of mixing vortices that increase the heat transfer from the exterior tube surfaces to the fluid. It will be noted that the ends of the sphere rod cores are free of spheres and are in end engagement with the tube sheets 16, so that they can be located accurately longitudinally by changing the length of the sphere free ends the spheres of one rod can therefore be arranged to be opposite to the spaces between the spheres on the lmmediately adjacent rods to ensure the maximum fluid flow capacity in the path, and minimize the pressure drop of the fluid through the - - 14 - ~
~d R ~
shell. The rod ends are also made free of spheres to provide fluid flow plenum spaces of adequate flow capacity in the shell adjacent the inlet and outlet to the shell. The radially outer sides of the radially outermost sphere rods are surrounded by a f iller material 58 to block the non heat exchanging flow of fluid that would otherwise take place between the inner wall of the shell and the adjacent outer parts of the tube walls.
It will be seen that the entire heat exchanger is readily disassembled by removal of the encircling band clamps 38 and 42 and split rings 36 and 40, when the tube sheet assemblies can be removed and the interrupter assemblies of both types slid out from inside and between the tubes for replacement or cleaning, as may be required. It will be seen that this disassembly and subsequent reassembly can be effected extremely lS rapidly by unskilled labour using simple tools. The resulting separate parts can easily be cleaned with simple apparatus.
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Claims (35)
OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. In a fluid handling apparatus an interrupter structure adapted for pointwise interruption of the boundary layer of a fluid flow at an apparatus surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the interrupter structure, the said structure comprising:
a multiplicity of interrupter elements disposed longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of flow of the fluid, each interrupter element comprising a common core and at least three blade-like members extending mutually outwardly from the common core so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element, each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective apparatus surface protrudes into the said fluid flow boundary layer for effective pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
a multiplicity of interrupter elements disposed longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of flow of the fluid, each interrupter element comprising a common core and at least three blade-like members extending mutually outwardly from the common core so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element, each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective apparatus surface protrudes into the said fluid flow boundary layer for effective pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
2. The invention as claimed in claim 1, wherein the spacing between immediately successive interrupter elements is such as to produce wake interference flow in the fluid.
3. The invention as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said interrupter structure comprises an axial core member constituted by the respective element common cores connected to one another and along which the interrupter elements are longitudinally spaced from one another.
4. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the fluid handling apparatus comprises heat exchange apparatus in which the interrupter elements are disposed adjacent the surface of a wall through which heat exchange takes place.
5. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the fluid handling apparatus comprises heat exchange apparatus of the shell and tube type wherein each tube has therein an interrupter structure.
6. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the fluid handling apparatus comprises heat exchange apparatus of the shell and tube type, wherein each tube has therein an interrupter structure, and wherein each tube has at least one interrupter structure in contact with its external surface through which heat exchange takes place to fluid in the shell thereof.
7. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the fluid handling apparatus comprises heat exchange apparatus of the shell and tube type, wherein each tube has therein an interrupter structure, and wherein each tube has at least one interrupter structure in contact with its external surface through which heat exchange takes place to fluid in the shell thereof, each last-mentioned interrupter structure comprising:
an elongated axial core element extending in the direction of fluid flow of the fluid, and a plurality of spaced spherical interrupter elements extending along the said core element.
an elongated axial core element extending in the direction of fluid flow of the fluid, and a plurality of spaced spherical interrupter elements extending along the said core element.
8. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the fluid handling apparatus comprises heat exchange apparatus of the shell and tube type wherein each tube has therein an interrupter structure, the interrupter structure being free of interrupter elements at its ends.
9. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the fluid handling apparatus comprises heat exchange apparatus of the shell and tube type, wherein each tube has therein an interrupter structure, and wherein each tube has at least one interrupter structure in contact with its external surface through which heat exchange takes place to fluid in the shell thereof, each last-mentioned interrupter structure comprising:
an elongated axial core element extending in the direction of fluid flow of the fluid, and a plurality of spaced spherical interrupter elements extending along the said core element, the core element being free of interrupter elements at its ends.
an elongated axial core element extending in the direction of fluid flow of the fluid, and a plurality of spaced spherical interrupter elements extending along the said core element, the core element being free of interrupter elements at its ends.
10. The invention as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the fluid handling apparatus comprises a fluid reactor in which the interrupter structure is coated with a material exhibiting reactive and/or catalytic properties toward the fluid.
11. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the blade-like members decrease progressively in thickness radially outwards from the respective common core.
12. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the roots of the blade-like members meet together and define the respective common core.
13. In a fluid handling apparatus an interrupter structure adapted for pointwise interruption of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of closely spaced interrupter elements extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and from three to ten blade-like members extending radially outwards from the common core, so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation, so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective apparatus surface protrudes into the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
a multiplicity of closely spaced interrupter elements extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and from three to ten blade-like members extending radially outwards from the common core, so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation, so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective apparatus surface protrudes into the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
14. In a fluid handling apparatus an interrupter structure providing multiple interruptions of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which touches or nearly touches the respective surface, and so that the tip protrudes into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding interruption thereof.
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which touches or nearly touches the respective surface, and so that the tip protrudes into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding interruption thereof.
15. In a fluid handling apparatus an interrupter structure providing multiple interruptions of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which touches or nearly touches the respective surface, and so that the tip protrudes into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding interruption thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent boundary layer interruptions in respective zones of the boundary layer corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof;
the said multiplicity of successive elements providing within each element between the blade-like members a volume of increased fluid velocity and between immediately successive elements a volume of decreased fluid velocity so as to provide a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid velocity, the said multiplicity of successive elements each providing greater friction drag adjacent to its core than to its tip portion such as to produce a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid flow direction through the structure, the said multiplicity of successive changes in fluid velocity and flow direction promoting fluid mixing between the separated fluid boundary layer and the corresponding fluid core.
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which touches or nearly touches the respective surface, and so that the tip protrudes into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding interruption thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent boundary layer interruptions in respective zones of the boundary layer corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof;
the said multiplicity of successive elements providing within each element between the blade-like members a volume of increased fluid velocity and between immediately successive elements a volume of decreased fluid velocity so as to provide a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid velocity, the said multiplicity of successive elements each providing greater friction drag adjacent to its core than to its tip portion such as to produce a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid flow direction through the structure, the said multiplicity of successive changes in fluid velocity and flow direction promoting fluid mixing between the separated fluid boundary layer and the corresponding fluid core.
16. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the spacing between immediately successive interrupter elements of an interrupter structure is such as to produce wake interference flow in the fluid.
17. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the said bladed interrupter structure comprises an axial core member constituted by the respective element common cores connected to one another and along which the bladed interrupter elements are longitudinally spaced from one another.
18. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the fluid handling apparatus comprises a fluid reactor in which the interrupter structure is coated with a material exhibiting reactive and/or catalytic properties toward the fluid.
19. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the blade-like members decrease progressively in thickness radially outwards from the respective common core.
20. An interrupter structure for use in a fluid handling apparatus and adapted for pointwise interruption of the boundary layer of a fluid flow at an apparatus surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the interrupter structure, the said structure comprising:
a multiplicity of interrupter elements disposed longitudinally relative to one another, each interrupter element comprising a common core and at least three blade-like members extending mutually outwardly from the common core so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element, each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective apparatus surface will protrude into the said fluid flow boundary layer for effective pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
a multiplicity of interrupter elements disposed longitudinally relative to one another, each interrupter element comprising a common core and at least three blade-like members extending mutually outwardly from the common core so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element, each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective apparatus surface will protrude into the said fluid flow boundary layer for effective pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
21. The invention as claimed in claim 20, wherein the spacing between immediately successive interrupter elements is such as to produce wake interference flow in the fluid.
22. The invention as claimed in claim 20, wherein the said interrupter structure comprises an axial core member constituted by the respective element common cores connected to one another and along which the interrupter elements are longitudinally spaced from one another.
23. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 20 to 22, wherein the fluid handling apparatus comprises heat exchange apparatus of the shell and tube type, in combination with an interrupter structure for contact with the external surface of a respective tube through which heat exchange takes place to fluid in the shell thereof, each last-mentioned interrupter structure comprising:
an elongated axial core element, and a plurality of spaced spherical interrupter elements extending along the said core element.
an elongated axial core element, and a plurality of spaced spherical interrupter elements extending along the said core element.
24. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 20 to 22, wherein the interrupter structure is free of interrupter elements at its ends.
25. The invention as claimed in any of claims 20 to 22, wherein the interrupter structure is coated with a material exhibiting reactive and/or catalytic properties toward the fluid with which it is to be employed.
26. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 20 to 22, wherein the blade-like members decrease progressively in thickness radially outwards from the respective common core.
27. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 20 to 22, wherein the roots of the blade-like members meet together and define the respective common core.
28. An interrupter structure for use in a fluid handling apparatus and adapted for pointwise interruption of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of closely spaced interrupter elements extending longitudinally relative to one another;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and from three to ten blade like members extending radially outwards from the common core, so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation, so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective apparatus surface will protrude into the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
a multiplicity of closely spaced interrupter elements extending longitudinally relative to one another;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and from three to ten blade like members extending radially outwards from the common core, so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member being of at least approximately spherical segment profile in side elevation, so that the portion thereof most closely adjacent to the respective apparatus surface will protrude into the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding pointwise interruption in a zone thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent pointwise boundary layer interruption zones corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof.
29. An interrupter structure for use in a fluid handling apparatus and providing multiple interruptions of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which will touch or nearly touch the respective surface, and so that the tip will protrude into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding interruption thereof.
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which will touch or nearly touch the respective surface, and so that the tip will protrude into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding interruption thereof.
30. An interrupter structure for use in a fluid handling apparatus and providing multiple interruptions of the boundary layer of a fluid flow over a surface or surfaces of the apparatus immediately adjacent to the structure, the structure comprising:
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which will touch or nearly touch the respective surface, and so that the tip will protrude into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding interruption thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent boundary layer interruptions in respective zones of the boundary layer corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof;
the said multiplicity of successive elements providing within each element between the blade-like members a volume of increased fluid velocity and between immediately successive elements a volume of decreased fluid velocity so as to provide a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid velocity in fluid passing therethrough, the said multiplicity of successive elements each providing greater friction drag adjacent to its core than to its tip portion such as to produce a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid flow direction through the structure, the said multiplicity of successive changes in fluid velocity and flow direction promoting fluid mixing between the separated fluid boundary layer and the corresponding fluid core.
a multiplicity of individual interrupter elements disposed sequentially at predetermined distances so as not to be contiguous and extending longitudinally relative to one another in the direction of the said fluid flow;
each interrupter element comprising a common core of small diameter relative to the overall diameter of the respective element and at least three elongated blade-like members extending outwards from the common core, so as to be able to separately touch or nearly touch the said apparatus surface or surfaces adjacent to the respective element;
each blade-like member in side elevation being radially outwardly tapered to a tip which will touch or nearly touch the respective surface, and so that the tip will protrude into the respective zone of the fluid flow boundary layer for corresponding interruption thereof;
each element thereby providing a number of adjacent boundary layer interruptions in respective zones of the boundary layer corresponding to the number of blade-like members thereof;
the said multiplicity of successive elements providing within each element between the blade-like members a volume of increased fluid velocity and between immediately successive elements a volume of decreased fluid velocity so as to provide a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid velocity in fluid passing therethrough, the said multiplicity of successive elements each providing greater friction drag adjacent to its core than to its tip portion such as to produce a corresponding multiplicity of changes in fluid flow direction through the structure, the said multiplicity of successive changes in fluid velocity and flow direction promoting fluid mixing between the separated fluid boundary layer and the corresponding fluid core.
31. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 29 to 30, wherein the spacing between immediately successive interrupter elements of an interrupter structure is such as to produce wake interference flow in the fluid.
32. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 29 to 30, wherein the said bladed interrupter structure comprises an axial core member constituted by the respective element common cores connected to one another and along which the bladed interrupter elements are longitudinally spaced from one another.
33. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 29 to 30, wherein the said bladed interrupter structure comprises an axial core member constituted by the respective element common cores connected to one another and along which the bladed interrupter elements are longitudinally spaced from one another, the structure being free of elements at its ends.
34. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 29 to 30, wherein the interrupter structure is coated with a material exhibiting reactive and/or catalytic properties toward the fluid with which it is to be used.
35. The invention as claimed in any one of claims 29 to 30, wherein the blade-like members decrease progressively in thickness radially outwards from the respective common core.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US43830082A | 1982-11-01 | 1982-11-01 | |
US06/438,300 | 1982-11-01 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CA1217763A true CA1217763A (en) | 1987-02-10 |
Family
ID=23740091
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA000439906A Expired CA1217763A (en) | 1982-11-01 | 1983-10-28 | Fluid handling apparatus |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0124584B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS59501991A (en) |
AU (1) | AU574339B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA1217763A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3376449D1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK318684A (en) |
IN (1) | IN160888B (en) |
IT (1) | IT1203715B (en) |
MX (1) | MX159117A (en) |
NO (1) | NO842342L (en) |
WO (1) | WO1984001818A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA838057B (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4545426A (en) * | 1984-08-31 | 1985-10-08 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Reversing turbulators for heat exchangers |
FR2740210B1 (en) * | 1995-10-20 | 1997-12-12 | Peugeot | ASSEMBLY FOR TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER COMPRISING TURBULENCE CREATION ELEMENTS AND URS HEAT EXCHANGE INSTALLATION COMPRISING THIS ASSEMBLY |
DE29516927U1 (en) * | 1995-10-26 | 1996-02-01 | SGL Technik GmbH, 86405 Meitingen | Pipe for heat exchangers with vortex-generating current disturbance elements |
CN102798300A (en) * | 2011-05-24 | 2012-11-28 | 哈尔滨工大金涛科技股份有限公司 | Waist drum runner type sewage heat exchanger |
US9605913B2 (en) | 2011-05-25 | 2017-03-28 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Turbulence-inducing devices for tubular heat exchangers |
CN104567523B (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2016-06-08 | 湘潭大学 | A kind of pipe interpolation spheroid strengthening circulating particle descaling and antiscaling and heat transfer unit (HTU) |
CN112728990A (en) * | 2020-12-30 | 2021-04-30 | 佛山科学技术学院 | Heat exchange tube with ball inserted inside |
CN112710170B (en) * | 2020-12-30 | 2022-07-15 | 佛山科学技术学院 | Shell-and-tube heat exchanger |
CN112815762B (en) * | 2021-01-19 | 2022-12-09 | 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 | Heat exchange tube structure, heat exchange tube assembly and heat exchanger |
Family Cites Families (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US155936A (en) * | 1874-10-13 | Improvement in tubes for underground-telegraph lines | ||
US1313624A (en) * | 1919-08-19 | Planoqrapii co | ||
FR367584A (en) * | 1905-07-01 | 1906-11-05 | Arthur Wilfred Brewtnall | Improvements to devices for cooling or heating liquids, vapors and other fluids |
GB191116948A (en) * | 1911-07-24 | 1912-07-18 | Charles Algernon Parsons | Improvements in and relating to Means for the Heating or Cooling of Fluids. |
US1283550A (en) * | 1918-04-23 | 1918-11-05 | Thomas T Parker | Steam-superheater. |
US2034822A (en) * | 1935-05-13 | 1936-03-24 | Hotstream Heater Co | Heat transfer means |
US2070427A (en) * | 1935-05-22 | 1937-02-09 | Faunce Benjamin Rice | Heat extractor |
GB730375A (en) * | 1949-06-07 | 1955-05-25 | Hoechst Ag | Improved heat exchange apparatus |
US2709128A (en) * | 1952-10-09 | 1955-05-24 | Gas Machinery Co | Packing or filling element |
FR1249001A (en) * | 1959-02-24 | 1960-12-23 | Maschf Augsburg Nuernberg Ag | tube heat exchanger for expensive heat carriers |
DE2808854C2 (en) * | 1977-05-31 | 1986-05-28 | Gebrüder Sulzer AG, 8401 Winterthur | Flow channel provided with internals for a medium involved in an indirect exchange, in particular heat exchange |
DE3005751A1 (en) * | 1980-02-15 | 1981-08-20 | Küba Kühlerfabrik Baierbrunn H.W.Schmitz GmbH & Co KG, 8021 Baierbrunn | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR INCREASING THE HEATING OUTPUT OF EVAPORATORS |
EP0042613A3 (en) * | 1980-06-24 | 1982-08-11 | Richard Adolf Holl | Apparatus and process for heat transfer |
-
1983
- 1983-10-18 WO PCT/US1983/001635 patent/WO1984001818A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1983-10-18 JP JP83503520A patent/JPS59501991A/en active Pending
- 1983-10-18 AU AU22008/83A patent/AU574339B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1983-10-18 EP EP83903701A patent/EP0124584B1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-10-18 DE DE8383903701T patent/DE3376449D1/en not_active Expired
- 1983-10-28 ZA ZA838057A patent/ZA838057B/en unknown
- 1983-10-28 CA CA000439906A patent/CA1217763A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-11-01 MX MX199278A patent/MX159117A/en unknown
- 1983-11-02 IT IT8323565A patent/IT1203715B/en active
-
1984
- 1984-03-19 IN IN243/DEL/84A patent/IN160888B/en unknown
- 1984-06-12 NO NO842342A patent/NO842342L/en unknown
- 1984-06-28 DK DK318684A patent/DK318684A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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NO842342L (en) | 1984-06-12 |
EP0124584A1 (en) | 1984-11-14 |
ZA838057B (en) | 1984-06-27 |
IT8323565A0 (en) | 1983-11-02 |
DK318684D0 (en) | 1984-06-28 |
EP0124584A4 (en) | 1985-04-25 |
JPS59501991A (en) | 1984-11-29 |
IN160888B (en) | 1987-08-15 |
MX159117A (en) | 1989-04-21 |
AU2200883A (en) | 1984-05-22 |
AU574339B2 (en) | 1988-07-07 |
IT1203715B (en) | 1989-02-23 |
EP0124584B1 (en) | 1988-04-27 |
DK318684A (en) | 1984-06-28 |
DE3376449D1 (en) | 1988-06-01 |
WO1984001818A1 (en) | 1984-05-10 |
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