CA1212044A - Composition for attracting, and methods of combating mountain pine beetles - Google Patents
Composition for attracting, and methods of combating mountain pine beetlesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1212044A CA1212044A CA000475044A CA475044A CA1212044A CA 1212044 A CA1212044 A CA 1212044A CA 000475044 A CA000475044 A CA 000475044A CA 475044 A CA475044 A CA 475044A CA 1212044 A CA1212044 A CA 1212044A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- beetles
- effective
- trees
- trans
- verbenol
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N31/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic oxygen or sulfur compounds
- A01N31/06—Oxygen or sulfur directly attached to a cycloaliphatic ring system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N35/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical
- A01N35/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical containing keto or thioketo groups as part of a ring, e.g. cyclohexanone, quinone; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ketals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N49/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing compounds containing the group, wherein m+n>=1, both X together may also mean —Y— or a direct carbon-to-carbon bond, and the carbon atoms marked with an asterisk are not part of any ring system other than that which may be formed by the atoms X, the carbon atoms in square brackets being part of any acyclic or cyclic structure, or the group, wherein A means a carbon atom or Y, n>=0, and not more than one of these carbon atoms being a member of the same ring system, e.g. juvenile insect hormones or mimics thereof
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A combination of trans-verbenol, myrcene and exo-brevicomin and optionally other naturally occuring components in mountain pine beetles and in trees which are normally attacked by mountain pine beetles, comprises an effective attractant composition for use against the mountain pine beetle. Furthermore, this composition or modifications thereof can be used to move, contain, and concentrate infestations of the mountain pine beetle.
A combination of trans-verbenol, myrcene and exo-brevicomin and optionally other naturally occuring components in mountain pine beetles and in trees which are normally attacked by mountain pine beetles, comprises an effective attractant composition for use against the mountain pine beetle. Furthermore, this composition or modifications thereof can be used to move, contain, and concentrate infestations of the mountain pine beetle.
Description
SPECIFICATION
This invention relates to a composition for combating the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ~onderosae Hopkins, which does serious harm in the forest by killing pine trees.
One way of controlling the mountain pine beetle is to harvest the infested trees. The beetles which are resident in the inner bark are killed during the manufacturing process. however, it is often not feasible to harvest the trees in time to control the beetles before they di6perse to new trees. Pesticides have limited use in controlling the beetle. Fîrstly, individual tree trunks, rather than the whole forest must be sprayed at great cost.
Secondly, it is difficult to obtain a good effect since the beetles live hidden under the bark most of the time.
One promising potential method for use in integrated control of bark beetles is to use semiochemicals (message-bearing chemicals) against them. In attacking a new tree, bark beetles characteristically use two types of semiochemicals to signal the acceptability of the host. One type of semiochemical is an aggregation pheromone which is produced by the beetles to induce other beetles of the same species to aggregate on that host tree. The other type is a tree-produced volatile that acts synergistically with one or more aggregation pheromones to intensify the chemical message. If the natural semiochemicals are known, they can be synthesized and used to attract populations of bark beetles. Thus they may be used in traps to monitor or suppress a beetle population. They can also be used to attract beetles to designated trap-trees which may be harvested or treated with insecticides.
It is known that the pheromone, trans-verbenol -- ~2~L~
(trans-4,6,6~trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-oll) is a female-produced aggregation pheromone of the mountain pine beetle. The host tree volatile, pinene (2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene) is reported to act synergistically with trans-verbenol. Inconsistent results have been obtained with other monoterpenes and beetle-produced compounds, including a male-produced compound, exo-brevicomin (exo-7-ethyl-5-methyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane).
We have been unable to attract significant numbers of mountain pine beetles to traps baited with trans-verbenol and alpha-pinene. We assumed that this failure was caused by the omizsion from the test bait of semiochemicals which the beetle uses in nature. These difficulties therefore have prevented se~iochemicals from being used a8 a tool to combat mountain pine beetles.
We have discovered that in combination with the host tree monoterpene, myrcene (7-methyl-3-methylene-lJ6-octadiene) trans-verbenol synergistically attracts mainly male mountain pine beetles to baited traps. When the male-produced compound exo-brevicomin is added to the trans-verbenol and myrcene bait, the attraction to female beetles is increased so that approximately equal numbers of male and female beetles are attracted. This same mixture of semiochemicals i8 highly effective in inducing attack by natural populations of mountain pine beetles on baited lodgepole pine trees.
Thus, this invention provides a synergistic composition, composed of myrcene and trans-verbenol in a combined amount which i8 an effective bait for mountain pine beetles.
In a second aspect, this invention provides for a synergistic composition, composed of myrcene, trans-verbenol ~Z~ 4~
and further comprising exo-brevicomin in a combined amount which is an effective bait for mountain pine beetles.
In a third aspect, this invention provides a method o attracting mountain pine beetles by exposing them to a synergistic composition composed of myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin in a combined amount which comprises an effective attractant for the beetles.
In a fourth aspect this invention provides a method of attracting mountain pine beetles to traps for the purpose of monitoring or suppressing beetle populations. The method entails exposing the beetles to traps baited with a synergistic composition composed o myrcene, trans-verbenol, and exo-brevicomin in an amount which is effective in causing the beetles to be captured in or on the traps.
In a fifth aspect this invention provides a method of attracting mountain pine beetles to living pine trees and inducing the beetles to mass attack (infest) the tree. The method entails exposing the beetles to trees baited with a synergistic composition composed of myrcene, trans-verbenol, and exo-brevicomin in an amount which is efective in causing the beetles to mass attack the baited trees and nearby trees.
In a sixth aspect, this invention provides a method of concentrating mountain pine beetle inestations in selected areas of a forest. This method entails exposing the beetles to a synergistic composition composed of myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin in a combined amount which is effective in concentrating the beetles.
In a seventh aspect, this invention provides a method of moving the locus of mountain pine beetle infestations within a forest. This method entailæ exposing the beetles to a synergistic composition composed of myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin in a combined amount which ~2~
is effective in moving the beetle3.
In an eighth aspect, this invention provides a method of containing mountain p;ne beetle infestations within previously attacked areas of a forestO This method entails exposing the beetles to a synergistic composition comprised of myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin in a combined amount which is effective in containing the beetles.
A selection of host volatiles and insect-produced compounds were screened for attractiveness to mountain pine beetles using a simple laboratory bioassay. Compounds found to be attractive were trans-verbenol ~trans-4J6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]-nept-3-en-
This invention relates to a composition for combating the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ~onderosae Hopkins, which does serious harm in the forest by killing pine trees.
One way of controlling the mountain pine beetle is to harvest the infested trees. The beetles which are resident in the inner bark are killed during the manufacturing process. however, it is often not feasible to harvest the trees in time to control the beetles before they di6perse to new trees. Pesticides have limited use in controlling the beetle. Fîrstly, individual tree trunks, rather than the whole forest must be sprayed at great cost.
Secondly, it is difficult to obtain a good effect since the beetles live hidden under the bark most of the time.
One promising potential method for use in integrated control of bark beetles is to use semiochemicals (message-bearing chemicals) against them. In attacking a new tree, bark beetles characteristically use two types of semiochemicals to signal the acceptability of the host. One type of semiochemical is an aggregation pheromone which is produced by the beetles to induce other beetles of the same species to aggregate on that host tree. The other type is a tree-produced volatile that acts synergistically with one or more aggregation pheromones to intensify the chemical message. If the natural semiochemicals are known, they can be synthesized and used to attract populations of bark beetles. Thus they may be used in traps to monitor or suppress a beetle population. They can also be used to attract beetles to designated trap-trees which may be harvested or treated with insecticides.
It is known that the pheromone, trans-verbenol -- ~2~L~
(trans-4,6,6~trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-oll) is a female-produced aggregation pheromone of the mountain pine beetle. The host tree volatile, pinene (2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene) is reported to act synergistically with trans-verbenol. Inconsistent results have been obtained with other monoterpenes and beetle-produced compounds, including a male-produced compound, exo-brevicomin (exo-7-ethyl-5-methyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane).
We have been unable to attract significant numbers of mountain pine beetles to traps baited with trans-verbenol and alpha-pinene. We assumed that this failure was caused by the omizsion from the test bait of semiochemicals which the beetle uses in nature. These difficulties therefore have prevented se~iochemicals from being used a8 a tool to combat mountain pine beetles.
We have discovered that in combination with the host tree monoterpene, myrcene (7-methyl-3-methylene-lJ6-octadiene) trans-verbenol synergistically attracts mainly male mountain pine beetles to baited traps. When the male-produced compound exo-brevicomin is added to the trans-verbenol and myrcene bait, the attraction to female beetles is increased so that approximately equal numbers of male and female beetles are attracted. This same mixture of semiochemicals i8 highly effective in inducing attack by natural populations of mountain pine beetles on baited lodgepole pine trees.
Thus, this invention provides a synergistic composition, composed of myrcene and trans-verbenol in a combined amount which i8 an effective bait for mountain pine beetles.
In a second aspect, this invention provides for a synergistic composition, composed of myrcene, trans-verbenol ~Z~ 4~
and further comprising exo-brevicomin in a combined amount which is an effective bait for mountain pine beetles.
In a third aspect, this invention provides a method o attracting mountain pine beetles by exposing them to a synergistic composition composed of myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin in a combined amount which comprises an effective attractant for the beetles.
In a fourth aspect this invention provides a method of attracting mountain pine beetles to traps for the purpose of monitoring or suppressing beetle populations. The method entails exposing the beetles to traps baited with a synergistic composition composed o myrcene, trans-verbenol, and exo-brevicomin in an amount which is effective in causing the beetles to be captured in or on the traps.
In a fifth aspect this invention provides a method of attracting mountain pine beetles to living pine trees and inducing the beetles to mass attack (infest) the tree. The method entails exposing the beetles to trees baited with a synergistic composition composed of myrcene, trans-verbenol, and exo-brevicomin in an amount which is efective in causing the beetles to mass attack the baited trees and nearby trees.
In a sixth aspect, this invention provides a method of concentrating mountain pine beetle inestations in selected areas of a forest. This method entails exposing the beetles to a synergistic composition composed of myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin in a combined amount which is effective in concentrating the beetles.
In a seventh aspect, this invention provides a method of moving the locus of mountain pine beetle infestations within a forest. This method entailæ exposing the beetles to a synergistic composition composed of myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin in a combined amount which ~2~
is effective in moving the beetle3.
In an eighth aspect, this invention provides a method of containing mountain p;ne beetle infestations within previously attacked areas of a forestO This method entails exposing the beetles to a synergistic composition comprised of myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin in a combined amount which is effective in containing the beetles.
A selection of host volatiles and insect-produced compounds were screened for attractiveness to mountain pine beetles using a simple laboratory bioassay. Compounds found to be attractive were trans-verbenol ~trans-4J6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]-nept-3-en-
2-ol), 3-carene-10-ol (4-hydroxymethyl-7,7-dimethyl-3-bicyclo[4.1.0]heptene), acetophenone (phenylmethyl ketone), 2-p-menthen-7-ol (4-isopropyl-2-cyclohexenyl methanol), exo-brevicomin (exo-7-ethyl-5-methyl-6,8-dioxabicyclol3.2.1]octane), myrcenol ((E)-2-methyl-6-methylene-octa-2,7-dienol), ipsdienol (2-methyl-6-methylene-20 2,7-octadien-4-ol), 3~carene (3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[0.1.4]-
3-heptene), alpha-pinene (2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene), beta-pinene (7,7-dimethyl-2(10)-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptene), beta-phellandrene (3-isopropyl-6-methylene-cyclohexene), terpinolene ((~-mentha-2,4(8)-diene), and myrcene (7-methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene).
Two experiments were conducted in the month of August in mixed lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine forests near Princeton, British Columbia.
In the first, seven-replicate experiment, trans-verbenol was tested with each of six monoterpenes as a bait in Lindgren funnel traps. A mixture composed of trans-verbenol and myrcene was very attractive to mountain pine beetles, but was more attractive to male than female beetles (Table 1).
~Z~
Table 1. Ranked responses of De~dro~tonu~ ~ondero~ae to funnel traps baited with various monoterpenes and the aggregation pheromone trans-verbenol, near Princeton, British Columbia, August 7-15. ~=7 replicates.
Number of Beetles Captured Stimulus* Males Females Total ==========_==========================_=============================
No Bait (controlj beta-Pinene + trans-Verbenol8 3 11 ~p~-Pinene + trans-Verbenol21 6 27 3-Carene trans-Verbenol 35 11 46 beta-Phellandrene trans-Verbenol 47 11 58 Terpinolene + trans-Verbenol 87 31 118 Myrcene trans-Verbenol 263 47 310 *Release rates determined at room temperature as follows:
monoterpenes, 14 mg/24 h; trans-verbenol, 0.4 mg/24 h.
~2~
The second, six-replicate experiment tested three baits in which myrcene was combined with trans-verbenol J exo-brevicomin or both. As in the first experiment, myrcene combined with trans-verbenol was highly attractive to male mountain pine beetles and less so to females (Table 2).
however 9 the addit iOII of exo-brevicomin to the other two volatiles raised the catch of femzles to a level comparable to the catch of males.
Thus a three-part, semiochemical mixture consisting of a host-tree compound, myrcene, 8 female-produced aggregation pheromone, trans-verbenol, and a male-produced aggregation pheromone, exo-brevicomin is required to reproduce the attractive response by both sexes of mountain pine beetles in nature.
Several experiments were conducted in which a semiochemical stimulus composed of myrcene, trans verbenol and exo-brevicomin was tested as a bait on pine trees to induce attack by the mountain pine beetle.
Fifty uninfested lodgepole pine trees were baited with the above composition in June in a lodgepole pine forest in Manning Park, British Columbia. Many mountain pine beetle infested trees had been removed from the forest prior to the experiment in an attempt to control the beetle population.
Forty-eight of the baited trees were subsequently attacked by the mountain pine beetle (Table 3). In addition 80 trees were attacked within a 12 meter radius of the ~8 trees (a total area of 2.2 hectares) while only 86 trees were attacked in the entire 62.8 hectares oE remaining forest which was examined by an intensive search.
Thus the bait was very effective in concentrating attack of beetles on baited trees and trees closely surrounding them. This result clearly demonstrates that the bait can be used in post-logging mop-up of residual beetle able 2. Ranked responses of Dendroctonus ~erosae to funnel traps baited with myrcene, trans-verbenol and/or exo-brevicomin, near Princeton, British Columbia, August 15-26, ~=6 replicates.
umber of Beetles Captured Stimulus*
Males Females Total Female ======================================_=============================
No Bait (control) 3 2 5 nos. too low Myrcene + exo~Brevicomin2 3 5 nos. too low Myrcene + trans-Verbenol108 3~ 140 22.9 Myrcene + trans-Verbenol +
exo-Brevicomin141 125 266 47,0 . _ _ .. .. .. . .. . _ _ . _ . _ . _ - *Release rates determined at room temperature as follows:
myrcene, 14 mg/24 h; trans-verbenol 0.40 mg/24 h; exo-brevicomin, 0.05 mg/24 ~,2~2~gLgt able 3. Distribution of attack by ~e~L~ ponderosae on and around 50 lodgepole pine trees baited with ~yrcene, trans-verbenol and e~o-brevicomin*, Manning Park, British Columbia.
No. of % of Total Area of Attacked Attacked Land Category of Tree Trees Trees Covered (ha) =========================8=========================================
Baited 48 22.4 Within 12 m of baited trees 80 37.4 2.2 Beyond 12 m of baited trees 86 40.1 62.8 *Release rates determined at room temperature as follows:
myrcene, 17 mg/24 h; trans-verbenol, 1 mg/24 h; exo-brevicomin, 0.50 mg/24 h.
- ~z~
populations. These insects can be removed by harvesting infested trees in which attack has been induced.
n isolated infestation of 41 trees (12 ponderosa and 29 lodgepole pine trees) on private land was inaccessible to logging because of objections by the owner. An accessible forest was separated by a 50 meter space Erom the inaccessible infestation. In this latter forest, 16 uninfested pines (12 ponderosa and 4 lodgepole pine trees) were baited with myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin in èarly July. An intensive search in September-October disclosed that all 16 baited trees were attacked by the mountain pine beetle. In addition, 45 trees ~27 ponderosa and 18 lodgepole pines) were newly-attacked within approximately Z0 meters of the nearest baited tree. Only one attacked tree was found near the previous year's infested trees in the inaccessible forest, and no additional newly-attacked trees were located within 50 meters of either infestation. Therefore, it is concluded that the locus of the infestation was shifted over 50 meters by the baiting program.
Five isolated blocks of mountain pine beetle-infeæted forests were treated in June by baiting one lodgepole or ponderosa pine tree every 50 meters on a 50 meter grid with myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin.
Five equivalent control blocks were left unbaitedO In the fall every tree in each block was assessed for attack by the mountain pine beetle. In the experimental blocks (Table 4) 58.9% of the baited trees were newly-attacked. The surrounding attacked trees were closer to the baited trees than to equivalent, marked trees in the control blocks. Most significantly, the ratio of newly-infested to previous year's infested trees was 2.5:1 in the baited blocks and 1.8:1 in the control blocks. Because the blocks were chosen for their able 4~ Containment of E~s~us ponderosae infestations in isolated forests by baiting trees on a 50 m grid with myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin*. Summary for 5 replicates in various locations through-out British Columbia.
Criterion Control Forests Experimental Forest ===================================================================
Total Area 106.3 ha 91.6 ha No. Baited Trees (experimental) or Equivalent Marked, but not Baited Trees tcontrol) 373 280 % of Baited or Marked Trees Attacked 2.7% 58.9%
No. of Surrounding Trees Attacked 560 458 Mean Distance of Surrounding Trees from Baited or Marked Trees 18.5 m 12.5 m No. Infested Trees in Previous Year 312 250 Ratio of Newly Infested Trees to Previous Year Infested Trees 1.8 2.5 *Release rates as in Table 3.
isolated infestations, it ;8 unlikely that there were significant numbers of beetles attracted from the surrounding forest into the baited blocks, Rather the emergent beetles were inhibited from leaving the baited blocks. Thus the baiting program caused the infestations to be contained within the baited area.
Two experiments were conducted in the month of August in mixed lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine forests near Princeton, British Columbia.
In the first, seven-replicate experiment, trans-verbenol was tested with each of six monoterpenes as a bait in Lindgren funnel traps. A mixture composed of trans-verbenol and myrcene was very attractive to mountain pine beetles, but was more attractive to male than female beetles (Table 1).
~Z~
Table 1. Ranked responses of De~dro~tonu~ ~ondero~ae to funnel traps baited with various monoterpenes and the aggregation pheromone trans-verbenol, near Princeton, British Columbia, August 7-15. ~=7 replicates.
Number of Beetles Captured Stimulus* Males Females Total ==========_==========================_=============================
No Bait (controlj beta-Pinene + trans-Verbenol8 3 11 ~p~-Pinene + trans-Verbenol21 6 27 3-Carene trans-Verbenol 35 11 46 beta-Phellandrene trans-Verbenol 47 11 58 Terpinolene + trans-Verbenol 87 31 118 Myrcene trans-Verbenol 263 47 310 *Release rates determined at room temperature as follows:
monoterpenes, 14 mg/24 h; trans-verbenol, 0.4 mg/24 h.
~2~
The second, six-replicate experiment tested three baits in which myrcene was combined with trans-verbenol J exo-brevicomin or both. As in the first experiment, myrcene combined with trans-verbenol was highly attractive to male mountain pine beetles and less so to females (Table 2).
however 9 the addit iOII of exo-brevicomin to the other two volatiles raised the catch of femzles to a level comparable to the catch of males.
Thus a three-part, semiochemical mixture consisting of a host-tree compound, myrcene, 8 female-produced aggregation pheromone, trans-verbenol, and a male-produced aggregation pheromone, exo-brevicomin is required to reproduce the attractive response by both sexes of mountain pine beetles in nature.
Several experiments were conducted in which a semiochemical stimulus composed of myrcene, trans verbenol and exo-brevicomin was tested as a bait on pine trees to induce attack by the mountain pine beetle.
Fifty uninfested lodgepole pine trees were baited with the above composition in June in a lodgepole pine forest in Manning Park, British Columbia. Many mountain pine beetle infested trees had been removed from the forest prior to the experiment in an attempt to control the beetle population.
Forty-eight of the baited trees were subsequently attacked by the mountain pine beetle (Table 3). In addition 80 trees were attacked within a 12 meter radius of the ~8 trees (a total area of 2.2 hectares) while only 86 trees were attacked in the entire 62.8 hectares oE remaining forest which was examined by an intensive search.
Thus the bait was very effective in concentrating attack of beetles on baited trees and trees closely surrounding them. This result clearly demonstrates that the bait can be used in post-logging mop-up of residual beetle able 2. Ranked responses of Dendroctonus ~erosae to funnel traps baited with myrcene, trans-verbenol and/or exo-brevicomin, near Princeton, British Columbia, August 15-26, ~=6 replicates.
umber of Beetles Captured Stimulus*
Males Females Total Female ======================================_=============================
No Bait (control) 3 2 5 nos. too low Myrcene + exo~Brevicomin2 3 5 nos. too low Myrcene + trans-Verbenol108 3~ 140 22.9 Myrcene + trans-Verbenol +
exo-Brevicomin141 125 266 47,0 . _ _ .. .. .. . .. . _ _ . _ . _ . _ - *Release rates determined at room temperature as follows:
myrcene, 14 mg/24 h; trans-verbenol 0.40 mg/24 h; exo-brevicomin, 0.05 mg/24 ~,2~2~gLgt able 3. Distribution of attack by ~e~L~ ponderosae on and around 50 lodgepole pine trees baited with ~yrcene, trans-verbenol and e~o-brevicomin*, Manning Park, British Columbia.
No. of % of Total Area of Attacked Attacked Land Category of Tree Trees Trees Covered (ha) =========================8=========================================
Baited 48 22.4 Within 12 m of baited trees 80 37.4 2.2 Beyond 12 m of baited trees 86 40.1 62.8 *Release rates determined at room temperature as follows:
myrcene, 17 mg/24 h; trans-verbenol, 1 mg/24 h; exo-brevicomin, 0.50 mg/24 h.
- ~z~
populations. These insects can be removed by harvesting infested trees in which attack has been induced.
n isolated infestation of 41 trees (12 ponderosa and 29 lodgepole pine trees) on private land was inaccessible to logging because of objections by the owner. An accessible forest was separated by a 50 meter space Erom the inaccessible infestation. In this latter forest, 16 uninfested pines (12 ponderosa and 4 lodgepole pine trees) were baited with myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin in èarly July. An intensive search in September-October disclosed that all 16 baited trees were attacked by the mountain pine beetle. In addition, 45 trees ~27 ponderosa and 18 lodgepole pines) were newly-attacked within approximately Z0 meters of the nearest baited tree. Only one attacked tree was found near the previous year's infested trees in the inaccessible forest, and no additional newly-attacked trees were located within 50 meters of either infestation. Therefore, it is concluded that the locus of the infestation was shifted over 50 meters by the baiting program.
Five isolated blocks of mountain pine beetle-infeæted forests were treated in June by baiting one lodgepole or ponderosa pine tree every 50 meters on a 50 meter grid with myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin.
Five equivalent control blocks were left unbaitedO In the fall every tree in each block was assessed for attack by the mountain pine beetle. In the experimental blocks (Table 4) 58.9% of the baited trees were newly-attacked. The surrounding attacked trees were closer to the baited trees than to equivalent, marked trees in the control blocks. Most significantly, the ratio of newly-infested to previous year's infested trees was 2.5:1 in the baited blocks and 1.8:1 in the control blocks. Because the blocks were chosen for their able 4~ Containment of E~s~us ponderosae infestations in isolated forests by baiting trees on a 50 m grid with myrcene, trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin*. Summary for 5 replicates in various locations through-out British Columbia.
Criterion Control Forests Experimental Forest ===================================================================
Total Area 106.3 ha 91.6 ha No. Baited Trees (experimental) or Equivalent Marked, but not Baited Trees tcontrol) 373 280 % of Baited or Marked Trees Attacked 2.7% 58.9%
No. of Surrounding Trees Attacked 560 458 Mean Distance of Surrounding Trees from Baited or Marked Trees 18.5 m 12.5 m No. Infested Trees in Previous Year 312 250 Ratio of Newly Infested Trees to Previous Year Infested Trees 1.8 2.5 *Release rates as in Table 3.
isolated infestations, it ;8 unlikely that there were significant numbers of beetles attracted from the surrounding forest into the baited blocks, Rather the emergent beetles were inhibited from leaving the baited blocks. Thus the baiting program caused the infestations to be contained within the baited area.
Claims (21)
1. A composition for attracting mountain pine beetles composed of trans-verbenol and myrcene in a combined amount which is effective to attract the beetles.
2. A composition according to claim 1, further comprising exo-brevicomin in a combined amount which is effective to attract the beetles.
3. A composition according to claim 1, further comprising an attractant or attractants selected from the group consisting of acetophenone, 2-p-menthen-7-ol, myrcenol, ipsdienol, 3-carene-10-ol, beta-pinene, beta-phellandrene or terpinolene, the combined amount of trans-verbenol, myrcene and additional attractant or attractants being effective to attract the beetles.
4. A composition according to claim 2, further comprising an attractant or attractants selected from the group consisting of acetophenone, 2-p-menthen-7-ol, myrcenol, ipsdienol, 3-carene-10-ol, beta-pinene, beta-phellandrene or terpinolene, the combined amounts of trans-verbenol, myrcene, exo-brevicomin and additional attractant or attractants being effective to attract the beetles.
5. A method of application wherein the components of the composition, according to claim 1, are released in relative proportions of trans-verbenol and myrcene which attract the mountain pine beetle to traps.
6. A method of application wherein the components of the composition, according to claim 1, are released in relative proportions of trans-verbenol and myrcene which attract the mountain pine beetle to trees and induce them to mass attack the baited trees and nearby trees.
7. A method of application wherein the components of the composition, according to claim 2, are released in relative proportions of trans-verbenol, myrcene and exo-brevicomin which are effective to attract the mountain pine beetle to traps.
8. A method of application wherein the components of the composition, according to claim 2, are released in relative proportions of trans-verbenol, myrcene, and exo-brevicomin which are effective to attract the mountain pine beetle to trees and to induce them to mass attack the baited trees and nearby trees.
9. A method of application wherein the components of the composition, according to claim 3, are released in relative proportions of trans-verbenol, myrcene, and additional attractant or attractanes which are effective to attract the mountain pine beetle to traps.
10. A method of application wherein the components of the composition, according to claim 3, are released in relative proportions of trans-verbenol, myrcene, and additional attractant or attractants which are effective to attract the mountain pine beetle to trees and to induce them to mass attack the baited trees and nearby trees.
11. A method of application wherein the components of the composition, according to claim 4, are released in relative proportions of trans-verbenol, myrcene, exo-brevicomin and additional attractant or attractants which are effective to attract the mountain pine beetle to traps.
12. A method of application wherein the components of the composition, according to claim 4, are released in relative proportions of trans-verbenol, myrcene, exo-brevicomin and additional attractant or attractants which are effective to attract the mountain pine beetle to trees and to induce them to mass attack the baited trees and nearby trees.
13. A method of application according to claims 5, 6, 7, wherein the compositions are released in a manner being effective in concentrating mountain pine beetles in a specified area of a forest.
14. A method of application according to claims 8, 9, 10, wherein the compositions are released in a manner being effective in concentrating mountain pine beetles in a specified area of forest.
15. A method of application according to claims 11, or 12 wherein the compositions are released in a manner being effective in concentrating mountain pine beetles in a specified area of a forest.
16. A method of application according to claims 5; 6, 7, wherein the compositions are released in a manner being effective in moving the beetles from one location in a forest to another location.
17. A method of application according to claims 8, 9, 10 wherein the compositions are released in a manner being effective in moving the beetles from one location in a forest to another location.
18. A method of application according to claims 11, or 12 wherein the compositions are released in a manner being effective in moving the beetles from one location in a forest to another location.
19. A method of application according to claims 5, 6, 7, wherein the compositions are released in a manner being effective in containing the beetles within a specified area of a forest.
20. A method of application according to claims 8, 9, 10 wherein the compositions are released in a manner being effective in containing the beetles within a specified area of a forest.
21. A method of application according to claims 11, or 12 wherein the compositions are released in a manner being effective in containing the beetles within a specified area of a forest.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000475044A CA1212044A (en) | 1985-02-25 | 1985-02-25 | Composition for attracting, and methods of combating mountain pine beetles |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000475044A CA1212044A (en) | 1985-02-25 | 1985-02-25 | Composition for attracting, and methods of combating mountain pine beetles |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1212044A true CA1212044A (en) | 1986-09-30 |
Family
ID=4129898
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000475044A Expired CA1212044A (en) | 1985-02-25 | 1985-02-25 | Composition for attracting, and methods of combating mountain pine beetles |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1212044A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2446644A (en) * | 2007-02-15 | 2008-08-20 | William Anthony Jonfia-Essien | Antifeedant compositions for control of insect pests comprising volatile flavour chemicals |
| CN100425138C (en) * | 2006-05-11 | 2008-10-15 | 中国科学院动物研究所 | Luring agent for luring and collecting Dendroctonus valens |
| CN100438759C (en) * | 2006-05-11 | 2008-12-03 | 中国科学院动物研究所 | Use of verbenote repellent |
-
1985
- 1985-02-25 CA CA000475044A patent/CA1212044A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100425138C (en) * | 2006-05-11 | 2008-10-15 | 中国科学院动物研究所 | Luring agent for luring and collecting Dendroctonus valens |
| CN100438759C (en) * | 2006-05-11 | 2008-12-03 | 中国科学院动物研究所 | Use of verbenote repellent |
| GB2446644A (en) * | 2007-02-15 | 2008-08-20 | William Anthony Jonfia-Essien | Antifeedant compositions for control of insect pests comprising volatile flavour chemicals |
| GB2446644B (en) * | 2007-02-15 | 2009-03-04 | William Anthony Jonfia-Essien | An antifeedant agent with insecticidal effect |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Rochat et al. | Male aggregation pheromone of date palm fruit stalk borer Oryctes elegans | |
| Rudinsky | Multiple Functions of the Douglas Fir Beetle Pheromone 3-Methyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-0ne | |
| US20040157935A1 (en) | Extracts of vetiver oil as a repellent and toxicant to ticks and cockroaches | |
| Sullivan et al. | Semiochemicals for management of the southern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): successes, failures, and obstacles to progress | |
| US20040005343A1 (en) | Dihydronootkatone and tetrahydronootkatone as repellents to arthropods | |
| Amman et al. | Semiochemicals for management of mountain pine beetle: Status of research and application | |
| Lyons et al. | Effects of azadirachtin-based insecticides on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) | |
| CA1212044A (en) | Composition for attracting, and methods of combating mountain pine beetles | |
| Roelofs | Manipulating sex pheromones for insect suppression | |
| US5281418A (en) | Method and composition for controlling mountain pine beetles | |
| Flint et al. | Understanding semiochemicals with emphasis on insect sex pheromones in integrated pest management programs | |
| US4575458A (en) | Multicomponent attractant for armyworm moths | |
| Bostanian et al. | The toxicity of three pyrethroids to Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) Acari. Phytoseiidae and their residues on apple foliage | |
| US6740319B2 (en) | Chemical attractants for yellowjacket wasps | |
| Doolittle et al. | Trapping carpenterworms and aspen carpenterworms with sex attractants in North Dakota | |
| Werner | Research on the use of semiochemicals to manage spruce beetles in Alaska | |
| Bedard et al. | Using behavior modifying chemicals to reduce western pine beetle-caused tree mortality and protect trees | |
| Arafa | Field evaluation of synthetic pheromone, allomone, palm kairomone and ester in capturing adult red palm weevils, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) by aggregation pheromone traps in date palm plantations | |
| Pearson | Sesiid pheromone increases squash vine borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) infestation | |
| EP0820226B1 (en) | Combatting pest insects | |
| Tilden et al. | Interruption of response of Dendroctonus brevicomis to its attractive pheromone by components of the pheromone | |
| DE2933749A1 (en) | INSECT LURE | |
| Kydonieus et al. | The Hercon dispenser formulation and recent test results | |
| Snow et al. | Behavior and control of the peachtree borer and lesser peachtree borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in peach orchards permeated with (Z, Z)-3, 13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate | |
| EP0233164B1 (en) | A method and composition for observation and control of pityogenes chalcographus |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |