CA1196200A - Method of launching long pipelines and retrieving support means therefore - Google Patents
Method of launching long pipelines and retrieving support means thereforeInfo
- Publication number
- CA1196200A CA1196200A CA000408492A CA408492A CA1196200A CA 1196200 A CA1196200 A CA 1196200A CA 000408492 A CA000408492 A CA 000408492A CA 408492 A CA408492 A CA 408492A CA 1196200 A CA1196200 A CA 1196200A
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- pipeline
- line
- water
- support means
- support
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- Electric Cable Installation (AREA)
- Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
- Orthopedics, Nursing, And Contraception (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure A long pipeline is constructed at an on-shore site and is supported by floatable ground engaging supports. The pipeline is launched into a body of water while maintaining a tension load on the pipeline to hold it above the floor of the body of water. The floatable supports are retrieved after the pipeline is launched.
Description
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This invention relates generally to methods of launching pipelines from an on-shore site into a body of water and of retrieving support means used in ]aunching the pipeline. The pipeline is maintained above a floor of the body of water during the launching procedure.
The construction of off-shore oil or gas production facilities often requires the placement of a long pipeline on or near the ocean floor~ for example, to connect a satellite well to a central producing platform.
The most common way of manufacturing the pipe-lines and placing them on the ocean floor is to constrl~ct the pipeline on a lay barge and to lower the constructed pipeline frorn the lay barge onto the ocean floor as the pipeline is constructed.
In some situations, however, it i5 not possible to construct the pipeline on a lay barge and simultaneously lower it onto the ocean floor because of the severe environmental conditions present. This is often the case when production facilities are being constructed in the North Sea area. ~lso, some flowline bundles are too complex to construct on a lay barge.
It has been proposed that an entire pipeline be constructed at an on~shore construction site and subsequently be launched from the on-shore construc-tion site and into a body of water and then towed through the body of water to the installation site.
This invention relates generally to methods of launching pipelines from an on-shore site into a body of water and of retrieving support means used in ]aunching the pipeline. The pipeline is maintained above a floor of the body of water during the launching procedure.
The construction of off-shore oil or gas production facilities often requires the placement of a long pipeline on or near the ocean floor~ for example, to connect a satellite well to a central producing platform.
The most common way of manufacturing the pipe-lines and placing them on the ocean floor is to constrl~ct the pipeline on a lay barge and to lower the constructed pipeline frorn the lay barge onto the ocean floor as the pipeline is constructed.
In some situations, however, it i5 not possible to construct the pipeline on a lay barge and simultaneously lower it onto the ocean floor because of the severe environmental conditions present. This is often the case when production facilities are being constructed in the North Sea area. ~lso, some flowline bundles are too complex to construct on a lay barge.
It has been proposed that an entire pipeline be constructed at an on~shore construction site and subsequently be launched from the on-shore construc-tion site and into a body of water and then towed through the body of water to the installation site.
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Summary of the Invention -In some geographic locations particular problems are presented to the launching of a pipeline from an on shore site due to of-shore shallow water depths, sandy bottom conditions which create a very high drag on any tow cable which is allowed to engage the bottom of the ocean floor, and large boulders located off-shore in the launching area.
The present invention provides a very much improved method of launching long pipelines which holds the pipeline above the ocean floor during the launching procedure and allows it to be immediately towed away rom the launch site in a catenary configuration, and which provides for retrieval of support means after launching.
This method includes the supporting of the pipeline at the on-shore site with a plurality of floatable ground en-gaging movable support means spaced along a length of the pipeline, said means of said plurality of support means being connected together by a support connecting line.
A shallow draft barge is positioned off-shore from the launching site. A main launching line is deployed seaward from a seaward end of the barge to a main buoy located at a posi-tion in the body of water where the body of water has a depth sufficient to allow a launch vessel to approach the main buoy. The main launching line is pro~ided with suffi-cient buoyancy means to hold the launching line abo~e thefloor o~ the body of water.
A pipeline launch line is connected between a landward end of the barge and a seaward end of the pipeline. A sup-port means launch line is connected between the landward end of the barge and a seaward end of the support connecting line.
The seaward end of the main launching line is discon-nected from the main buoy and connected to the launch ves-sel. When the body of water is at substantially its high tide mark, the launch vessel then steams seaward and tows -the pipeline and support connecting line into the body of water. This towing is done at a speed sufficient to tow the entire length of the pipeline into the body of water 6;~
while the ~ody of water is at substantially its high tide mark. As the~ pipeline is towed into the body of water, a retarding force is applied to the pipeline to thereby main-tain a tension force on the pipeline sufficient to hold the pipeline above the floor of the body of water. This retard-ing force is preferably supplied by a known frictional force between the ground engaging support means and the ground ~ ~, between sled runners and a pair of rails), or it may be supplied by a retarding line attached to a landward end of the pipeline and/or the support connectirlg ~ine.
Once the landward end of the pipeline reaches a posi-tion in the body of water sufficient that a trailing tow vessel may approach the landward end of the pipeline, a trailing tow line is connected to the trailing tow vessel and a tensional retarding force is applied to the trailing tow line and the pipeline by means of the trailing tow ves-sel to hold the pipeline above the floor o~ the body of water. Then the retarding line means is dlsconnected from the landward end of the pipeline. A leading tow line is then connected between a leading tow vessel and the seaward end of the pipeline and the pipeline launch line is discon-nected from the pipPline.
The floating support means and support connecting line are then retrieved.
At this point the pipeline is suspended in a catenary fashion between the leading tow vessel and the trailing tow vessel an~ may be immediately towed to the installation site. This entire launching pxocedure is accomplished with-out the pipeline engaging the ocean floor so as to avoid the problems previously mentioned.
It is therefore a general object of the present inven-tion to provide an improved method of launching a pipeline from an on-shoxe site.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for launching a pipeline from an on-shore site while holding the pipeline above the ocean floor.
Yet another object of the present invention is the pro-vision of a method for launching a long pipeline from an 1~962~DO
on-shore site where shallow off-shore conditions prevent a leading tow vessel from connecting a tow line directly to a seaward end of the pipeline to launch the same.
Still another object of the present inven-tion is the provision of a method for launching pipelines wherein all tow cables are kept above the ocean floor so as to prevent problems created by the drag of tow cables on the ocean floor.
Yet another object of the present invention is the pro-vision of methods for launching long pipelines wherein thepipeline will be launched at relatively high speeds to take advantage of tide changes.
And another object of the present invention is the pro-vision of methods for launching pipelines at high launching speeds wherein the launching speeds are controllable through a braking system.
A further object of the present invention is the provi-sion of a method for launching pipelines, wherein support means for the pipeline are floatable and may be easily re trieved after the pipeline is launched.
Other and further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following disclo-sure when taking in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Br1ef Description of the Drawings FIGS. 1-5 comprise a sequential series of schematic plan drawings illustratiny the method of -the present inven-tion.
FIG. 6 is a schematic elevation view of a pipeline being towed in a ca-tenary fashion between a leading tow ves-sel and a trailing tow vessel.
FIG. 7 is a side elevation view of a pipeline system supported by a plurality of ground engaging movable support means.
FIG. 8 is a front elevation view of the system of FIG.
7 taken alony line 8-8 of FIG. 7.
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FIG. 9 is an exploded view of an alternative form of ground engaging support means which includes a floatation means so that the support means will float once it is dis-engaged from the pipeline.
FIG. 10 iS a graph describing the buoyancy of the sys-tem of FIG. 9 in relation to the depth of submergence of the float.
FIG. 11 is a schematic plan view illustra-ting several alternative methods of retrie~ing the floating support means of FIG. 9 after they are disengaged from the pipeline.
Detailed Description of the ~referred Embodim nt mhe methods of the present in~ention are particularly adapted for use with a pipeline system such as is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,363,566 of Arthur W. Morton, dated December 14, 1982, and for use with subsequent methods of towing such a pipeline as also disclosed in said prior application, which application is assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
Referring now to FIGS. 7 and 8, a pipeline system 10 includes a pipeline 12 ha~ing a plurality of chain weights 14 attached thereto. As can be seen in FIGo 6 I the pipe-line system 10 also includes a leading pipeline sled assembly 16 defining a seaward end of pipeline 12~ and includes a trailing pipeline sled assembly 18 defining a landward end of pipeline 12. Pipeline system 10 is constructed in accordance with the teachings of Application Serial No. 048,316. Pipeline 12 itself has a positive buoyancy. Chain weights 14 give the entire system 10 a negative buoyancy~ so that in the absence of any lifting forces from outside sources pipeline system 10 will assume a position with pipeline 12 floating off bottom and chain weights 1~ engaging the bottom of body of water 30.
As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the pipeline system 10 is supported at an on-shore construction site by a plurality of ground engaging support means 20 which are spaced along a length of the pipeline system 10. The support means 20 are ~:~9~
connected together by a support connecting llne 22 which may be a steel cable. The connecting line 2~ may be a continu-ous cable being attached at intermediate points to the vari-ous support means 20, or it may be comprised of a plurality of cable segments having their ends attached to adjacent support means 20.
The support means 20 are movable relative to the ground surface so that when the pipeline system 10 is -towed into the ocean, support means 20 will move with the pipeline sys-tem 10.
One manner of construction of the support means 20 isshown in FIGS~ 7 and 8, and includes a plurality of sleds having runners 24 slidably engaging a pair of parallel rails 26 and 28 extending into a body o~ water 30. Thus, sleds having runners engaginy rails, which rails are mounted on the ground, may be generally referred to as ground engaging support means.
The support means 20 of FIGS. 7 and 8 each includes a frame 31 supported from runners 24. Attached to frame 31 are a pair of spaced parallel cylindrical buoyancy tanks 33.
The pipeline 12 rests on cushions 35 attached to the tanks 33, and the ohain weights 14 are supported in a chaImel 37 attached to frame 31 between tanks 33. The tanks 33 have a buoyancy less than the weight of support means 20 including tanks 33, therefore support means 20 will not float when it is disengaged from pipeline system 10.
Each of the runners 24 includes a wooden skid 25. The skids 25 are attached to runners 24 by bolts (not shown) which are countersunk into the bottom of the skids so that 30 they will not engage the rails 26 or 28 as the skids 25 wear down.
The rails 26 and 28 are covered with tallow so that a wood on tallowed steel friction factor is provided between the sleds 20 and the rails 26 and 28. The wooden skids 25 preferably are oak, and this friction factor for tallowed oak on steel rails has been determined to be in the range of about 0.12 to 0.18. Since the weight of the sleds and the loads carried thereby may be determined this provides a predetermined ~rictional force between the sleds and the rails based upon this friction factor.
Other advantages are also pxovided by the use of sup-port means 20 with runners as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 as com-pared to support means 86 with wheels as shown ln FIG. 9.
If the rails 26 and 28 are worn, or for other reasonsare not uniformly and accurately positioned, support means 86 with wheels 92 can sometimes "jump" the rails at high speed. The inverted channel shape design of runners 24 with downwardly depending flanges 23 allows some lateral movement of runners 24 xelative to rails 26 and 2~ thus al lowing the sled to function satisfactorily on rails which would not provide a satisfactory track for a wheeled appa-ratus.
Also, the combination of properly sized runners 24 and buoyancy tanks 33 provides a support means 20 which can be pulled across the ocean floor without digging into the ocean floor. This is generally not provided by a wheeled appara-tus because the ~heels dig into the ocean floorO To pro-vide this proper combination it is necessary to know the bearing pressure which can be supported by the ocean floor.
The bearing area of the runners 24 is dependent on their size. The submerged weight of the support means 20 can be controlled by modifying the volume of water displaced by buoyancy tanks 33.
Referring now to the sequential series of FIGS. 1-5, and heginning with FIG. 1, the method of the present inven-tion is described below.
FIG. 1 illustrates a portion of an on-shore site 32.
The rails 26 and 28 have their seaward ends extending into the body of water 30 to a point 34 defining the low tide markof the body of water 30. Sand dunes 27 and 29 are shown.
The rails 26 and 28 extend landward through a construc-tion facility 39 and then further landward for a distance of approximately one mile. The pipeline system 10 is construc-ted in the construction facility 39 and is stored on the rails 26 and 28 prior to launching.
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Located near the rails 26 and 28 are an on-shore winch 36 and first a~d second turning blocks 38 and 40.
In E'IG. l, a shallow draft barge 42 has been positioned off-shore from the site 32 and is anchored by means of an-chor lines 44 and 46. Barge 42 may also be referred to as an intermediate floating vessel 42.
A main launching line 48 is deployed seaward from a seaward end 50 of barge 42 to a main buoy 52.
The floor 54 (see FIG. 6) of body of water 30 is at such a shallow depth at the location of barge ~2 that it would not by possible for a typical launch ves~el to reach that location because there is insufficient draft to float the launch vessel. The main buoy 52 is located at a posi-tion in body of water 30 sufficient to allow a launch ves-sel to approach main buoy 52.
The main launching line 48 is provided with sufficientbuoyancy means 56 to hold main launching line 48 above the floor 54 of body of water 30. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the buoyancy means 50 may either be separate detachable elements attached to an other-wise non-buoyant line 48, or the line 48 may be constructed in such a manner and of such materials that the line 48 has an inherent buoyancy.
Also illustrated in FIGo 1 is the high tide mark 58 of body of water 30. The present invention is particularly adapted for launching the pipeline system 10 at high tide, and is adapted for launching at high speeds so that the en-tire launching procedure can be accomplished while the body of water 30 is at or substantially near its high tide mark 58.
Preferably, support means 20 with runners 24 having wooden skids 25 running on tallowed rails 26 and 28 are utilized so that a known friction force is provided between the support means 20 and the rails 26 and 28 to apply a re-tarding force on pipeline 12 sufficient to hold it in ten-sion and hold it above the ocean floor as the pipeline 12 is towed into the body of water. When that system is used ` - 9 -there is no need to initially attach a retarding line to the landward end of the pipeline 12.
If, however, a wheeled support means 86 like that shown in FIG. 9 is used, it may be necessary to attach a retard-ing line 60 (see FIG. 1) to the landward end 18 of pipelinesystem 10 and to the landward end of the support comlecting line 22. Retarding line 60 is mounted upon a retarding winch 62. This retarding line 60 is then used to hold pipe-line system 10 in tension as it is towed into the body of water.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the pipeline system 10 has been moved seaward from the position shown in FIG. 1 to a position wherein the seaward end 16 is located near the high tide mark 58. This movement is preferably accomplished by used of the win~h 36 and a pulling line (not shown) extended from winch 36 around turning block 38 and connected to sea~
ward end 16 of pipeline system 10.
When the pipeline system 10 is in approximately the position shown in FIG. 2, a pipeline launch line 64 is con-nected between a landward end 66 of barge 42 and the seaward end 16 of pipeline system 10. A support means launch line 68 is similarly connected between barge 42 and a seaward end of support connecting line 22.
Referring now to FIG. 3, a launch vessel 70 approaches main buoy 52 and a seaward end 72 of main launching line 4a is disconnected from main buoy 52 ~nd is connected to the launch vessel 70 as shown in FIG. 3. Next, as illustrated in FIG. 4, the launch vessel 70 moves seaward and thereby tows the pipeline system 10 and the support connecting line 22, with attached support means 20, into the body of water 30. In FIG. 4, only the pipeline system 10 is shown to sim-plify the illustration. The support connecting line 22 and support means 20 are generally still located below the pipe-line system 10 and are submerged in the body of water 30.
As the pipeline system 10 and support connecting line 22 are towed into the body of water 30, a retarding Eorce is applied thereto to maintain a tension on the pipeline system 62~3~
~10--10 sufficient to hold the pipeline system 10 above the floor 54 of body of water 30.
This retarding force is preferably applied by provid ing a known friction force between support means 20 and rails 26 and 28 through the use of wooden skids 25 engaging tallowed rails 26 and ~8~ This frictional force should be of a magnitude such that it is greater than any gravita-tional forces present due to inclines in rails 26 and 28.
In that manner the known frictional orces also provide a braking force sufficient to hold the pipeline system 10 in place if the towing operation is terminated.
With the arrangement just described the launching force which must be provided by launch vessel 70 is determined by the frictional forces between skids 25 and rails 26 and 28. As the pipeline system 10 is towed int~ the body o water the total of the frictional forces continually de-creases so that a contlnually decreasing towing fo~ce is required. The pipeline system 10 is preferably towed at a substantially constant speed in the range of about 250~300 feet per minute, which is approximately the fastest speed at which a man can walk beside the moving pipeline and per-form manual operations thereon. Preferably contact is main-tained by radio between an observer monitoring the speed of the pipeline and the operator of the launch vessel 70.
~5 If the retarding line 60 is used the retarding force is applied to retarding line 60 by means of retarding winch 62 which retarding force is sufficient to maintain a tension on the pipeline system 10 suf~icient to hold the pipeline sys-tem 10 above the floor S4 of body of water 30. ~lso the retarding line 60 and retarding winch 62 provide a bxaking system for controlling the high launching speed of pipeline system 10.
With either method of applying the initial retarding force, when the landward end 18 of pipeline system 10 reaches approximately the position illustrated in FIG. 4 a polypropylene seagoing retarding line 74 is connected to the landward ends of both pipeline system 10 and support ~6~.3~
connecting line 22, and the first retarding line 60 (if used) is disconnected. The tensional force on pipeline system 10 and support connecting line 22 is maintained by seagoing retarding line 74.
Referring now to FIG. 5, the launch vessel 70 has con-tinued to tow the pipeline system 10 into the body of water 30 until the landward end 18 of pipeline system 10 has reached a position in the body of water 30 wherein the body of water 30 has a depth sufficient to float a trailing tow vessel 76.
~ pennant buoy 78 is then picked up by trailing tow vessel 76 and a trailing tow line 80 (see FIG. 6~ is con-nected between the landward end 18 of pipeline system 10 and the trailing tow vessel 76.
Then, trailing tow vessel 76 applies a tensional re-tarding force to trailing tow line 80 to hold pipeline sys-tem 10 above the floor 54 of body of water 30, and the sea going retarding line means 74 is disconnected from the pipe-line system 10.
A leading ~ow vessel 82 is then connected to seaward end 16 of pipeline syst~m 10 by a leading tow line 8~ and the pipeline launch line 64 is then disconnected from the pipeline system 10. At that point, the pipeline system 10 has the appearance shown in FIG. 6 where it is suspended in 2S a catenary fashion between leading tow vessel 82 and trail-ing tow vessel 76.
FIG. 9 illustrates an alternative manner of construc-tion of the support means. The support means of FIG. 9 is designated by the numeral 86, and is a floating support means 86. The floating support means 86 includes a struc-tural frame 88 having a saddle member 90 extending upwardly therefrom for engagement with pipeline 12. Attached to the frame 88 are a plurality of wheels 92 for engagement with the rails 26 and 28. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that skids or runners such as runners 22 could be substituted for the wheels 92.
Attached to the support means 86 is a float 94. The float 9~ is preferably a toroidal shaped inflatable elasto-6;~
meric member. The ~loat 94 may be an innertube from a pneu-matic tire or the like, and thus is relatively inexpensive.
The float 94 is attached to -the frame 88 by an annular wooden support piece 96. Float 94 is attached to support piece 96 by a plurality of straps 98. The support piece 96 is itself attached to frame 88 by a plurality of brackets 100 the lower ends of which are welded to Erame 88 and the upper ends of which are bolted to wooden support piece 96.
As can be seen in ~'IG. 9, the toroidal float 94 fits around the saddle member 90.
Referring again to FIGS. 7 and 8, it is seen that each of the support me~ns thereshown, supports a portion of the weight of the pipeline 12 and also supports one of the chain weights 14 which is piled up on top of the support means 20.
Similarly, the chain weight 14 is layed on top of the wooden support piece 96 of support means 86.
Each of the floats 94 has a buoyancy greater than a combined weight of the float 94 plus the support means 86 to which it is attached, and less than a comkined weight of the float 94, plus the support means 86 to which it is at-tached, plus the portion of the total weight of the pipeline system 10 supported by the support means 86, so that when the portion of the total weight of pipeline system 10 car-ried initially by support means 86 is removed from the sup-port means 86, the support means 86 will float to the surfaceof body of water 30.
As can be understood by viewing FIGS. 7 and 8, once the pipeline system 10 is in the body of water 30, the support means 86 will begin to submerge. As soon as support means 86 has moved slightly downward away from the pipeline 12, the only portion of pipeline system 10 then being supported by the support means 86 will be the weight of chain weight 14. As the depth of submergence of support means 86 below pipeline 12 increases, the portion of chain weight 14 being supported by the support means 85 will also decrease.
Thus, the float 94 preferably has a buoyancy less than a combined weight of the float 94, plus the support means 86, plus the chain weight 14, so that so long as the sup-port means 86 is supporting a substantial portion of the chain weight 14, the support means ~6 wilL be held under water.
When using an inflatable elastomeric float like the float 94, the overall design of the system must take into account the fact that as the inflatable elastomeric float 94 is submerged to deeper depths within the body of water, the external pressures acting upon the inflatable float in-crease thus decreasing the volume of water displaced by the ~loat and thus decreasing the buoyancy of the floatO For any given inflatable elastomeric float attached to a support means having a fixed submerged weight, it is possible to submerge the assembled float and support means to a depth such that the buoyancy of the float is decreased to a value less than the total weight of the float and the support means, so that the float is no longer capable of buoying the support means and at that point the entire assembly will sink to the bottom of the body of water. Thus, the design of the system must be such that the float 94 will not be submerged to this critical depth during the proces~ of launching the pipeline.
An example o~ such a design is illustrated in FIG. 10, which is a graph plotting the weight supported by float 94, and the buoyancy of the float 94, as a function of the depth to which the float is submerged.
In FIG. 10, the horizontal axis represents the submer-gence depth of the float 94 and the vextical axis is scaled in pounds and both weight and buoyancy are plotted on the vertical axis.
The curve 102 on FIG. 10 represents the buoyancy of float 94 as a function of depth of submergence. The posi tion of curve 102 may be moved, fox example, to the position shown in dotted lines, by varying the inflation pressure of float g4. It can be seen that for the particular example plotted in FIG. 10, the buoyancy of the float at the surface is equal to 334 pounds. A second curve 10~ of FIG. 10 is a i62~
_14W
plot of the total of the weight of the support ~eans 86, the float 94, and the portion of weight chain 14, if any, supported by support means 86 for a given submergence depth of float 94.
For a pipeline system 10 like that disclosed in the present application, the chain weight 14 has a length of 6.8 feet and a weight of about 18.4 pounds per foot in salt water, so that the chain welght 14 has a total weight of approximately 125 pounds. The combined weight of the sup-port means 86 and the float 94 attached thereto is approxi-mately 220 pounds. It will be understood that in the embo-diment disclosed herein the weight of the float 9~ itself is negligible so it can be said that the support means 86 weighs approximately 220 pounds. It is, however, possible that otner ~ypes of float means might be attached to the support mean~ 86 wherein the 1Oat itself would have a substantial weight, so it will be understood that in order for the float to support the entire apparatus to which it is attached after it is disengaged from the pipeline system 10, the float must have a buoyancy sufficient to overcome th~ weight of the support means and any weight of the float itself.
The combined weight of the support means 86 and the chain weight 14 is thus approximately 345 pounds as is re-presented by the left-most end of second curve 104.
It can be observed for a pipeline system 10 like that disclosed in the present applicationt that the pipeline 12 will float off the support means 86 when the float 94 is submerged to a depth of approximately three feet. Thus, the left-hand flat portion 106 of second curve 104 represents the first three feet of submergence of float 94 wherein the support means 86 s-till is supporting the entire 345 pound combined weight of chain 14 plus the support means 86. From a submergence depth of three feet to a submergence dep-th of 9O8 feet, the support means 86 will support a linea.rly de-creasing portion of the weight of the chain weigh-t 14. Thus, the combined weight of the support means 86 plus the portion of the weight of chain weight 14 being supported thereby for depths of sub~ergence between three feet and 9.8 feet is represented by the downwardly sloped portion 108 of curve 104.
At any submergen~e depth of greater than 9.8 feet, the chain weight 14 is no longer supported by the support means 86 so that the right-hand horizontal portion 110 of second curve 104 represents the weight of support means 86 of 220 pounds.
It can be seen in FIG. 10 that the second curve 104 first crosses the first curve 102 at a point 112 represent-ing a submergence depth of approximately 7 feet for the float 94. Thus, at a submergence depth o~ 7 feet the buoy-ancy of float 94 is equal to the weight of support means 86 plus the portion of the weight of chain weight 14 being sup-ported thereby, and the support means 86 will thus not sink ar.y further. At this depth of about 7 fee~ any sideways thrust exerted on the float 94 will cause it to move side~
ways from under the chain weight 14 and the float 94, thus disengaging pipeline system 10, and the support means 86 will pop to the surface of the body of water 30. It will be understood that some of the support means 86 may disengage themselves from pipeline system 10 before the entire pipe-line 12 is towed into the body of water 30.
Thus, it is seen that it is important that the overall system design be such that the float 94 will never be sub-merged to a depth below the depth at which its buoyancy is greater than the weight of the support means. In the ex-ample shown in FIG. 10 this means that the float 94 should never be submerged to a depth greater than approximately 17 feet Eor if it is, then it will continue to sink due to de-creasing buoyancy.
The summation of the forces acting upon the support means 86 due to its weight, supported weight, and buoyancy of float 94, may generally be described by looking at the relationship between the two curves 102 and 104. At the left-hand side of FIG. 10, the second curve 104 is above the first curve 102 thus representing the sinking of float 94 from a depth of zero ~eet to a depth of approximately 7 feet. This is a zone 114 of negative buoyancy wherein the weight exerted downward is greatex than the upward buoyant force. At depths of submergence for float 94 between appro-ximately 7 feet and 17 feet, the float 94 has a buoyancygreater than the weight being supported by support means 86 and thus there is a zone 116 of positive buoyancy. For depths of submergence greater than 17 feet, the buoyancy once again becomes less than the weight which is exerted downward upon support m~ans 86 thus there is a second zone 118 of negative buoyancy.
Preferably the entire system is designed such that the chain weight 14 has a length such that when pipeline 12 is located substantially at the surface of ~ody of water 30 and the chain weight 14 is extended downward substantially its entire length with the support means 86 located below and engaging the lawer end of the chain weight, the float 94 attached to support means 86 has a buoyancy greater than the combined weight of the float 94 and the support means 86.
This eliminates any possibility of the float 94 being suh-merged into the second negative buoyancy 20ne 118~
Referring now to FIG. 11, several methods are there schematically illustrated for retrieving the floating sup-port means 86 after the pipeline system 10 has been launched.
As previously described, one of the final steps in the launching of the pipeline system 10 is the disconnection of pipeline launch line 64 from the seaward end of pipeline system 10. At the same time the support means launch line 68 is disconnected from support connecting line 22. If a non-floating type of support means such as support means 20 is utilized, then when it is disconnected from barge 42, the support connecting line 22 and all of the attached support means 20 will sink to the ocean floor. If, however, float-ing support means such as support means 86 are utilized, then the support connecting line 22 and all of the support means 86 will float to the surface of the body of water 30.
The floating support means 86 and support connecting ;2~
line 22 may then be retrieved in any one of several manners.
FIG. 11 simultaneously illustrates these various methods.
A first manner of retrieving the ~loating support means 86 is to connect the support connecting line 22 to a retriev-ing winch 120 located on shore. Then the support connecting line 22 may be reeled into shore by the winch 120 thus also pulling the floaking support means ~6 onto shore.
A second method of retrieving the floatin~ support means 86 is to connect small boats, such as boats 122 and 124, to the support connecting line 22 and the floa-ting sup-port means 86 and to tow the support connecting line 22 and floating support means g6 to shore.
A third method of retrieving is illustrated on the up-per portion of FIG. 11 wherein a boat 126 is anchored in the body of water 30 by anchor lines 128 and the support connecting line 22 is connected to a retrieving winch 130 on the boat 126. Then the support connecting line 22 is reeled into the boat 126 by means of winch 130 thus pulling the support connecting line 22 and floating support means 86 into the boat 126.
Thus it is seen that the present invention readily achieves the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those inherent therein. While certain specific arrangements of parts and steps have been illustrated for the purposes of the present disclosure, numerous changes in the construc-tion and arrangement of steps and parts may be made by those skilled in the art, which chan~es are encompassed with~
in the scope and spirit of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Summary of the Invention -In some geographic locations particular problems are presented to the launching of a pipeline from an on shore site due to of-shore shallow water depths, sandy bottom conditions which create a very high drag on any tow cable which is allowed to engage the bottom of the ocean floor, and large boulders located off-shore in the launching area.
The present invention provides a very much improved method of launching long pipelines which holds the pipeline above the ocean floor during the launching procedure and allows it to be immediately towed away rom the launch site in a catenary configuration, and which provides for retrieval of support means after launching.
This method includes the supporting of the pipeline at the on-shore site with a plurality of floatable ground en-gaging movable support means spaced along a length of the pipeline, said means of said plurality of support means being connected together by a support connecting line.
A shallow draft barge is positioned off-shore from the launching site. A main launching line is deployed seaward from a seaward end of the barge to a main buoy located at a posi-tion in the body of water where the body of water has a depth sufficient to allow a launch vessel to approach the main buoy. The main launching line is pro~ided with suffi-cient buoyancy means to hold the launching line abo~e thefloor o~ the body of water.
A pipeline launch line is connected between a landward end of the barge and a seaward end of the pipeline. A sup-port means launch line is connected between the landward end of the barge and a seaward end of the support connecting line.
The seaward end of the main launching line is discon-nected from the main buoy and connected to the launch ves-sel. When the body of water is at substantially its high tide mark, the launch vessel then steams seaward and tows -the pipeline and support connecting line into the body of water. This towing is done at a speed sufficient to tow the entire length of the pipeline into the body of water 6;~
while the ~ody of water is at substantially its high tide mark. As the~ pipeline is towed into the body of water, a retarding force is applied to the pipeline to thereby main-tain a tension force on the pipeline sufficient to hold the pipeline above the floor of the body of water. This retard-ing force is preferably supplied by a known frictional force between the ground engaging support means and the ground ~ ~, between sled runners and a pair of rails), or it may be supplied by a retarding line attached to a landward end of the pipeline and/or the support connectirlg ~ine.
Once the landward end of the pipeline reaches a posi-tion in the body of water sufficient that a trailing tow vessel may approach the landward end of the pipeline, a trailing tow line is connected to the trailing tow vessel and a tensional retarding force is applied to the trailing tow line and the pipeline by means of the trailing tow ves-sel to hold the pipeline above the floor o~ the body of water. Then the retarding line means is dlsconnected from the landward end of the pipeline. A leading tow line is then connected between a leading tow vessel and the seaward end of the pipeline and the pipeline launch line is discon-nected from the pipPline.
The floating support means and support connecting line are then retrieved.
At this point the pipeline is suspended in a catenary fashion between the leading tow vessel and the trailing tow vessel an~ may be immediately towed to the installation site. This entire launching pxocedure is accomplished with-out the pipeline engaging the ocean floor so as to avoid the problems previously mentioned.
It is therefore a general object of the present inven-tion to provide an improved method of launching a pipeline from an on-shoxe site.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for launching a pipeline from an on-shore site while holding the pipeline above the ocean floor.
Yet another object of the present invention is the pro-vision of a method for launching a long pipeline from an 1~962~DO
on-shore site where shallow off-shore conditions prevent a leading tow vessel from connecting a tow line directly to a seaward end of the pipeline to launch the same.
Still another object of the present inven-tion is the provision of a method for launching pipelines wherein all tow cables are kept above the ocean floor so as to prevent problems created by the drag of tow cables on the ocean floor.
Yet another object of the present invention is the pro-vision of methods for launching long pipelines wherein thepipeline will be launched at relatively high speeds to take advantage of tide changes.
And another object of the present invention is the pro-vision of methods for launching pipelines at high launching speeds wherein the launching speeds are controllable through a braking system.
A further object of the present invention is the provi-sion of a method for launching pipelines, wherein support means for the pipeline are floatable and may be easily re trieved after the pipeline is launched.
Other and further objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following disclo-sure when taking in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Br1ef Description of the Drawings FIGS. 1-5 comprise a sequential series of schematic plan drawings illustratiny the method of -the present inven-tion.
FIG. 6 is a schematic elevation view of a pipeline being towed in a ca-tenary fashion between a leading tow ves-sel and a trailing tow vessel.
FIG. 7 is a side elevation view of a pipeline system supported by a plurality of ground engaging movable support means.
FIG. 8 is a front elevation view of the system of FIG.
7 taken alony line 8-8 of FIG. 7.
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FIG. 9 is an exploded view of an alternative form of ground engaging support means which includes a floatation means so that the support means will float once it is dis-engaged from the pipeline.
FIG. 10 iS a graph describing the buoyancy of the sys-tem of FIG. 9 in relation to the depth of submergence of the float.
FIG. 11 is a schematic plan view illustra-ting several alternative methods of retrie~ing the floating support means of FIG. 9 after they are disengaged from the pipeline.
Detailed Description of the ~referred Embodim nt mhe methods of the present in~ention are particularly adapted for use with a pipeline system such as is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,363,566 of Arthur W. Morton, dated December 14, 1982, and for use with subsequent methods of towing such a pipeline as also disclosed in said prior application, which application is assigned to the assignee of the present invention.
Referring now to FIGS. 7 and 8, a pipeline system 10 includes a pipeline 12 ha~ing a plurality of chain weights 14 attached thereto. As can be seen in FIGo 6 I the pipe-line system 10 also includes a leading pipeline sled assembly 16 defining a seaward end of pipeline 12~ and includes a trailing pipeline sled assembly 18 defining a landward end of pipeline 12. Pipeline system 10 is constructed in accordance with the teachings of Application Serial No. 048,316. Pipeline 12 itself has a positive buoyancy. Chain weights 14 give the entire system 10 a negative buoyancy~ so that in the absence of any lifting forces from outside sources pipeline system 10 will assume a position with pipeline 12 floating off bottom and chain weights 1~ engaging the bottom of body of water 30.
As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the pipeline system 10 is supported at an on-shore construction site by a plurality of ground engaging support means 20 which are spaced along a length of the pipeline system 10. The support means 20 are ~:~9~
connected together by a support connecting llne 22 which may be a steel cable. The connecting line 2~ may be a continu-ous cable being attached at intermediate points to the vari-ous support means 20, or it may be comprised of a plurality of cable segments having their ends attached to adjacent support means 20.
The support means 20 are movable relative to the ground surface so that when the pipeline system 10 is -towed into the ocean, support means 20 will move with the pipeline sys-tem 10.
One manner of construction of the support means 20 isshown in FIGS~ 7 and 8, and includes a plurality of sleds having runners 24 slidably engaging a pair of parallel rails 26 and 28 extending into a body o~ water 30. Thus, sleds having runners engaginy rails, which rails are mounted on the ground, may be generally referred to as ground engaging support means.
The support means 20 of FIGS. 7 and 8 each includes a frame 31 supported from runners 24. Attached to frame 31 are a pair of spaced parallel cylindrical buoyancy tanks 33.
The pipeline 12 rests on cushions 35 attached to the tanks 33, and the ohain weights 14 are supported in a chaImel 37 attached to frame 31 between tanks 33. The tanks 33 have a buoyancy less than the weight of support means 20 including tanks 33, therefore support means 20 will not float when it is disengaged from pipeline system 10.
Each of the runners 24 includes a wooden skid 25. The skids 25 are attached to runners 24 by bolts (not shown) which are countersunk into the bottom of the skids so that 30 they will not engage the rails 26 or 28 as the skids 25 wear down.
The rails 26 and 28 are covered with tallow so that a wood on tallowed steel friction factor is provided between the sleds 20 and the rails 26 and 28. The wooden skids 25 preferably are oak, and this friction factor for tallowed oak on steel rails has been determined to be in the range of about 0.12 to 0.18. Since the weight of the sleds and the loads carried thereby may be determined this provides a predetermined ~rictional force between the sleds and the rails based upon this friction factor.
Other advantages are also pxovided by the use of sup-port means 20 with runners as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 as com-pared to support means 86 with wheels as shown ln FIG. 9.
If the rails 26 and 28 are worn, or for other reasonsare not uniformly and accurately positioned, support means 86 with wheels 92 can sometimes "jump" the rails at high speed. The inverted channel shape design of runners 24 with downwardly depending flanges 23 allows some lateral movement of runners 24 xelative to rails 26 and 2~ thus al lowing the sled to function satisfactorily on rails which would not provide a satisfactory track for a wheeled appa-ratus.
Also, the combination of properly sized runners 24 and buoyancy tanks 33 provides a support means 20 which can be pulled across the ocean floor without digging into the ocean floor. This is generally not provided by a wheeled appara-tus because the ~heels dig into the ocean floorO To pro-vide this proper combination it is necessary to know the bearing pressure which can be supported by the ocean floor.
The bearing area of the runners 24 is dependent on their size. The submerged weight of the support means 20 can be controlled by modifying the volume of water displaced by buoyancy tanks 33.
Referring now to the sequential series of FIGS. 1-5, and heginning with FIG. 1, the method of the present inven-tion is described below.
FIG. 1 illustrates a portion of an on-shore site 32.
The rails 26 and 28 have their seaward ends extending into the body of water 30 to a point 34 defining the low tide markof the body of water 30. Sand dunes 27 and 29 are shown.
The rails 26 and 28 extend landward through a construc-tion facility 39 and then further landward for a distance of approximately one mile. The pipeline system 10 is construc-ted in the construction facility 39 and is stored on the rails 26 and 28 prior to launching.
z~
Located near the rails 26 and 28 are an on-shore winch 36 and first a~d second turning blocks 38 and 40.
In E'IG. l, a shallow draft barge 42 has been positioned off-shore from the site 32 and is anchored by means of an-chor lines 44 and 46. Barge 42 may also be referred to as an intermediate floating vessel 42.
A main launching line 48 is deployed seaward from a seaward end 50 of barge 42 to a main buoy 52.
The floor 54 (see FIG. 6) of body of water 30 is at such a shallow depth at the location of barge ~2 that it would not by possible for a typical launch ves~el to reach that location because there is insufficient draft to float the launch vessel. The main buoy 52 is located at a posi-tion in body of water 30 sufficient to allow a launch ves-sel to approach main buoy 52.
The main launching line 48 is provided with sufficientbuoyancy means 56 to hold main launching line 48 above the floor 54 of body of water 30. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the buoyancy means 50 may either be separate detachable elements attached to an other-wise non-buoyant line 48, or the line 48 may be constructed in such a manner and of such materials that the line 48 has an inherent buoyancy.
Also illustrated in FIGo 1 is the high tide mark 58 of body of water 30. The present invention is particularly adapted for launching the pipeline system 10 at high tide, and is adapted for launching at high speeds so that the en-tire launching procedure can be accomplished while the body of water 30 is at or substantially near its high tide mark 58.
Preferably, support means 20 with runners 24 having wooden skids 25 running on tallowed rails 26 and 28 are utilized so that a known friction force is provided between the support means 20 and the rails 26 and 28 to apply a re-tarding force on pipeline 12 sufficient to hold it in ten-sion and hold it above the ocean floor as the pipeline 12 is towed into the body of water. When that system is used ` - 9 -there is no need to initially attach a retarding line to the landward end of the pipeline 12.
If, however, a wheeled support means 86 like that shown in FIG. 9 is used, it may be necessary to attach a retard-ing line 60 (see FIG. 1) to the landward end 18 of pipelinesystem 10 and to the landward end of the support comlecting line 22. Retarding line 60 is mounted upon a retarding winch 62. This retarding line 60 is then used to hold pipe-line system 10 in tension as it is towed into the body of water.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the pipeline system 10 has been moved seaward from the position shown in FIG. 1 to a position wherein the seaward end 16 is located near the high tide mark 58. This movement is preferably accomplished by used of the win~h 36 and a pulling line (not shown) extended from winch 36 around turning block 38 and connected to sea~
ward end 16 of pipeline system 10.
When the pipeline system 10 is in approximately the position shown in FIG. 2, a pipeline launch line 64 is con-nected between a landward end 66 of barge 42 and the seaward end 16 of pipeline system 10. A support means launch line 68 is similarly connected between barge 42 and a seaward end of support connecting line 22.
Referring now to FIG. 3, a launch vessel 70 approaches main buoy 52 and a seaward end 72 of main launching line 4a is disconnected from main buoy 52 ~nd is connected to the launch vessel 70 as shown in FIG. 3. Next, as illustrated in FIG. 4, the launch vessel 70 moves seaward and thereby tows the pipeline system 10 and the support connecting line 22, with attached support means 20, into the body of water 30. In FIG. 4, only the pipeline system 10 is shown to sim-plify the illustration. The support connecting line 22 and support means 20 are generally still located below the pipe-line system 10 and are submerged in the body of water 30.
As the pipeline system 10 and support connecting line 22 are towed into the body of water 30, a retarding Eorce is applied thereto to maintain a tension on the pipeline system 62~3~
~10--10 sufficient to hold the pipeline system 10 above the floor 54 of body of water 30.
This retarding force is preferably applied by provid ing a known friction force between support means 20 and rails 26 and 28 through the use of wooden skids 25 engaging tallowed rails 26 and ~8~ This frictional force should be of a magnitude such that it is greater than any gravita-tional forces present due to inclines in rails 26 and 28.
In that manner the known frictional orces also provide a braking force sufficient to hold the pipeline system 10 in place if the towing operation is terminated.
With the arrangement just described the launching force which must be provided by launch vessel 70 is determined by the frictional forces between skids 25 and rails 26 and 28. As the pipeline system 10 is towed int~ the body o water the total of the frictional forces continually de-creases so that a contlnually decreasing towing fo~ce is required. The pipeline system 10 is preferably towed at a substantially constant speed in the range of about 250~300 feet per minute, which is approximately the fastest speed at which a man can walk beside the moving pipeline and per-form manual operations thereon. Preferably contact is main-tained by radio between an observer monitoring the speed of the pipeline and the operator of the launch vessel 70.
~5 If the retarding line 60 is used the retarding force is applied to retarding line 60 by means of retarding winch 62 which retarding force is sufficient to maintain a tension on the pipeline system 10 suf~icient to hold the pipeline sys-tem 10 above the floor S4 of body of water 30. ~lso the retarding line 60 and retarding winch 62 provide a bxaking system for controlling the high launching speed of pipeline system 10.
With either method of applying the initial retarding force, when the landward end 18 of pipeline system 10 reaches approximately the position illustrated in FIG. 4 a polypropylene seagoing retarding line 74 is connected to the landward ends of both pipeline system 10 and support ~6~.3~
connecting line 22, and the first retarding line 60 (if used) is disconnected. The tensional force on pipeline system 10 and support connecting line 22 is maintained by seagoing retarding line 74.
Referring now to FIG. 5, the launch vessel 70 has con-tinued to tow the pipeline system 10 into the body of water 30 until the landward end 18 of pipeline system 10 has reached a position in the body of water 30 wherein the body of water 30 has a depth sufficient to float a trailing tow vessel 76.
~ pennant buoy 78 is then picked up by trailing tow vessel 76 and a trailing tow line 80 (see FIG. 6~ is con-nected between the landward end 18 of pipeline system 10 and the trailing tow vessel 76.
Then, trailing tow vessel 76 applies a tensional re-tarding force to trailing tow line 80 to hold pipeline sys-tem 10 above the floor 54 of body of water 30, and the sea going retarding line means 74 is disconnected from the pipe-line system 10.
A leading ~ow vessel 82 is then connected to seaward end 16 of pipeline syst~m 10 by a leading tow line 8~ and the pipeline launch line 64 is then disconnected from the pipeline system 10. At that point, the pipeline system 10 has the appearance shown in FIG. 6 where it is suspended in 2S a catenary fashion between leading tow vessel 82 and trail-ing tow vessel 76.
FIG. 9 illustrates an alternative manner of construc-tion of the support means. The support means of FIG. 9 is designated by the numeral 86, and is a floating support means 86. The floating support means 86 includes a struc-tural frame 88 having a saddle member 90 extending upwardly therefrom for engagement with pipeline 12. Attached to the frame 88 are a plurality of wheels 92 for engagement with the rails 26 and 28. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that skids or runners such as runners 22 could be substituted for the wheels 92.
Attached to the support means 86 is a float 94. The float 9~ is preferably a toroidal shaped inflatable elasto-6;~
meric member. The ~loat 94 may be an innertube from a pneu-matic tire or the like, and thus is relatively inexpensive.
The float 94 is attached to -the frame 88 by an annular wooden support piece 96. Float 94 is attached to support piece 96 by a plurality of straps 98. The support piece 96 is itself attached to frame 88 by a plurality of brackets 100 the lower ends of which are welded to Erame 88 and the upper ends of which are bolted to wooden support piece 96.
As can be seen in ~'IG. 9, the toroidal float 94 fits around the saddle member 90.
Referring again to FIGS. 7 and 8, it is seen that each of the support me~ns thereshown, supports a portion of the weight of the pipeline 12 and also supports one of the chain weights 14 which is piled up on top of the support means 20.
Similarly, the chain weight 14 is layed on top of the wooden support piece 96 of support means 86.
Each of the floats 94 has a buoyancy greater than a combined weight of the float 94 plus the support means 86 to which it is attached, and less than a comkined weight of the float 94, plus the support means 86 to which it is at-tached, plus the portion of the total weight of the pipeline system 10 supported by the support means 86, so that when the portion of the total weight of pipeline system 10 car-ried initially by support means 86 is removed from the sup-port means 86, the support means 86 will float to the surfaceof body of water 30.
As can be understood by viewing FIGS. 7 and 8, once the pipeline system 10 is in the body of water 30, the support means 86 will begin to submerge. As soon as support means 86 has moved slightly downward away from the pipeline 12, the only portion of pipeline system 10 then being supported by the support means 86 will be the weight of chain weight 14. As the depth of submergence of support means 86 below pipeline 12 increases, the portion of chain weight 14 being supported by the support means 85 will also decrease.
Thus, the float 94 preferably has a buoyancy less than a combined weight of the float 94, plus the support means 86, plus the chain weight 14, so that so long as the sup-port means 86 is supporting a substantial portion of the chain weight 14, the support means ~6 wilL be held under water.
When using an inflatable elastomeric float like the float 94, the overall design of the system must take into account the fact that as the inflatable elastomeric float 94 is submerged to deeper depths within the body of water, the external pressures acting upon the inflatable float in-crease thus decreasing the volume of water displaced by the ~loat and thus decreasing the buoyancy of the floatO For any given inflatable elastomeric float attached to a support means having a fixed submerged weight, it is possible to submerge the assembled float and support means to a depth such that the buoyancy of the float is decreased to a value less than the total weight of the float and the support means, so that the float is no longer capable of buoying the support means and at that point the entire assembly will sink to the bottom of the body of water. Thus, the design of the system must be such that the float 94 will not be submerged to this critical depth during the proces~ of launching the pipeline.
An example o~ such a design is illustrated in FIG. 10, which is a graph plotting the weight supported by float 94, and the buoyancy of the float 94, as a function of the depth to which the float is submerged.
In FIG. 10, the horizontal axis represents the submer-gence depth of the float 94 and the vextical axis is scaled in pounds and both weight and buoyancy are plotted on the vertical axis.
The curve 102 on FIG. 10 represents the buoyancy of float 94 as a function of depth of submergence. The posi tion of curve 102 may be moved, fox example, to the position shown in dotted lines, by varying the inflation pressure of float g4. It can be seen that for the particular example plotted in FIG. 10, the buoyancy of the float at the surface is equal to 334 pounds. A second curve 10~ of FIG. 10 is a i62~
_14W
plot of the total of the weight of the support ~eans 86, the float 94, and the portion of weight chain 14, if any, supported by support means 86 for a given submergence depth of float 94.
For a pipeline system 10 like that disclosed in the present application, the chain weight 14 has a length of 6.8 feet and a weight of about 18.4 pounds per foot in salt water, so that the chain welght 14 has a total weight of approximately 125 pounds. The combined weight of the sup-port means 86 and the float 94 attached thereto is approxi-mately 220 pounds. It will be understood that in the embo-diment disclosed herein the weight of the float 9~ itself is negligible so it can be said that the support means 86 weighs approximately 220 pounds. It is, however, possible that otner ~ypes of float means might be attached to the support mean~ 86 wherein the 1Oat itself would have a substantial weight, so it will be understood that in order for the float to support the entire apparatus to which it is attached after it is disengaged from the pipeline system 10, the float must have a buoyancy sufficient to overcome th~ weight of the support means and any weight of the float itself.
The combined weight of the support means 86 and the chain weight 14 is thus approximately 345 pounds as is re-presented by the left-most end of second curve 104.
It can be observed for a pipeline system 10 like that disclosed in the present applicationt that the pipeline 12 will float off the support means 86 when the float 94 is submerged to a depth of approximately three feet. Thus, the left-hand flat portion 106 of second curve 104 represents the first three feet of submergence of float 94 wherein the support means 86 s-till is supporting the entire 345 pound combined weight of chain 14 plus the support means 86. From a submergence depth of three feet to a submergence dep-th of 9O8 feet, the support means 86 will support a linea.rly de-creasing portion of the weight of the chain weigh-t 14. Thus, the combined weight of the support means 86 plus the portion of the weight of chain weight 14 being supported thereby for depths of sub~ergence between three feet and 9.8 feet is represented by the downwardly sloped portion 108 of curve 104.
At any submergen~e depth of greater than 9.8 feet, the chain weight 14 is no longer supported by the support means 86 so that the right-hand horizontal portion 110 of second curve 104 represents the weight of support means 86 of 220 pounds.
It can be seen in FIG. 10 that the second curve 104 first crosses the first curve 102 at a point 112 represent-ing a submergence depth of approximately 7 feet for the float 94. Thus, at a submergence depth o~ 7 feet the buoy-ancy of float 94 is equal to the weight of support means 86 plus the portion of the weight of chain weight 14 being sup-ported thereby, and the support means 86 will thus not sink ar.y further. At this depth of about 7 fee~ any sideways thrust exerted on the float 94 will cause it to move side~
ways from under the chain weight 14 and the float 94, thus disengaging pipeline system 10, and the support means 86 will pop to the surface of the body of water 30. It will be understood that some of the support means 86 may disengage themselves from pipeline system 10 before the entire pipe-line 12 is towed into the body of water 30.
Thus, it is seen that it is important that the overall system design be such that the float 94 will never be sub-merged to a depth below the depth at which its buoyancy is greater than the weight of the support means. In the ex-ample shown in FIG. 10 this means that the float 94 should never be submerged to a depth greater than approximately 17 feet Eor if it is, then it will continue to sink due to de-creasing buoyancy.
The summation of the forces acting upon the support means 86 due to its weight, supported weight, and buoyancy of float 94, may generally be described by looking at the relationship between the two curves 102 and 104. At the left-hand side of FIG. 10, the second curve 104 is above the first curve 102 thus representing the sinking of float 94 from a depth of zero ~eet to a depth of approximately 7 feet. This is a zone 114 of negative buoyancy wherein the weight exerted downward is greatex than the upward buoyant force. At depths of submergence for float 94 between appro-ximately 7 feet and 17 feet, the float 94 has a buoyancygreater than the weight being supported by support means 86 and thus there is a zone 116 of positive buoyancy. For depths of submergence greater than 17 feet, the buoyancy once again becomes less than the weight which is exerted downward upon support m~ans 86 thus there is a second zone 118 of negative buoyancy.
Preferably the entire system is designed such that the chain weight 14 has a length such that when pipeline 12 is located substantially at the surface of ~ody of water 30 and the chain weight 14 is extended downward substantially its entire length with the support means 86 located below and engaging the lawer end of the chain weight, the float 94 attached to support means 86 has a buoyancy greater than the combined weight of the float 94 and the support means 86.
This eliminates any possibility of the float 94 being suh-merged into the second negative buoyancy 20ne 118~
Referring now to FIG. 11, several methods are there schematically illustrated for retrieving the floating sup-port means 86 after the pipeline system 10 has been launched.
As previously described, one of the final steps in the launching of the pipeline system 10 is the disconnection of pipeline launch line 64 from the seaward end of pipeline system 10. At the same time the support means launch line 68 is disconnected from support connecting line 22. If a non-floating type of support means such as support means 20 is utilized, then when it is disconnected from barge 42, the support connecting line 22 and all of the attached support means 20 will sink to the ocean floor. If, however, float-ing support means such as support means 86 are utilized, then the support connecting line 22 and all of the support means 86 will float to the surface of the body of water 30.
The floating support means 86 and support connecting ;2~
line 22 may then be retrieved in any one of several manners.
FIG. 11 simultaneously illustrates these various methods.
A first manner of retrieving the ~loating support means 86 is to connect the support connecting line 22 to a retriev-ing winch 120 located on shore. Then the support connecting line 22 may be reeled into shore by the winch 120 thus also pulling the floaking support means ~6 onto shore.
A second method of retrieving the floatin~ support means 86 is to connect small boats, such as boats 122 and 124, to the support connecting line 22 and the floa-ting sup-port means 86 and to tow the support connecting line 22 and floating support means g6 to shore.
A third method of retrieving is illustrated on the up-per portion of FIG. 11 wherein a boat 126 is anchored in the body of water 30 by anchor lines 128 and the support connecting line 22 is connected to a retrieving winch 130 on the boat 126. Then the support connecting line 22 is reeled into the boat 126 by means of winch 130 thus pulling the support connecting line 22 and floating support means 86 into the boat 126.
Thus it is seen that the present invention readily achieves the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those inherent therein. While certain specific arrangements of parts and steps have been illustrated for the purposes of the present disclosure, numerous changes in the construc-tion and arrangement of steps and parts may be made by those skilled in the art, which chan~es are encompassed with~
in the scope and spirit of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (19)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method of launching a pipeline from an on-shore site into a body of water, said method comprising the steps of:
supporting said pipeline at said on-shore site with a plurality of ground engaging movable support means spaced along a length of said pipeline, said support means being connected together by a support connecting line;
providing a plurality of floats, one of said floats being attached to each of said support means, each of said floats having a buoyancy greater than a combined weight of the float plus the support means to which it is attached, so that said support means will float after it is disengaged from said pipeline;
connecting a launch vessel to seaward ends of said pipeline and said support connecting line;
moving said launch vessel seaward and thereby towing said pipeline and said support connecting line into said body of water;
applying a retarding force to said pipeline and thereby maintaining a tension force in said pipeline, as said pipeline is towed into said body of water, sufficient to hold the entirety of said pipeline above a floor of said body of water;
and disengaging said support means from said pipeline thereby allowing said support means to float to the surface of said body of water:
supporting said pipeline at said on-shore site with a plurality of ground engaging movable support means spaced along a length of said pipeline, said support means being connected together by a support connecting line;
providing a plurality of floats, one of said floats being attached to each of said support means, each of said floats having a buoyancy greater than a combined weight of the float plus the support means to which it is attached, so that said support means will float after it is disengaged from said pipeline;
connecting a launch vessel to seaward ends of said pipeline and said support connecting line;
moving said launch vessel seaward and thereby towing said pipeline and said support connecting line into said body of water;
applying a retarding force to said pipeline and thereby maintaining a tension force in said pipeline, as said pipeline is towed into said body of water, sufficient to hold the entirety of said pipeline above a floor of said body of water;
and disengaging said support means from said pipeline thereby allowing said support means to float to the surface of said body of water:
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of:
retrieving said floating support means.
retrieving said floating support means.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein:
said retrieving step includes steps of connecting said support connecting line to an on-shore winch and reel-ing said support connecting line and said floating support means in to shore.
said retrieving step includes steps of connecting said support connecting line to an on-shore winch and reel-ing said support connecting line and said floating support means in to shore.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein:
said retrieving step includes steps of connecting said support connecting line and support means to a boat and towing said support connecting line and said floating support means to shore.
said retrieving step includes steps of connecting said support connecting line and support means to a boat and towing said support connecting line and said floating support means to shore.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein:
said retrieving step includes steps of connecting said support connecting line to a winch mounted on a boat and reeling said support connecting line and said floating support means in to said boat.
said retrieving step includes steps of connecting said support connecting line to a winch mounted on a boat and reeling said support connecting line and said floating support means in to said boat.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein:
said supporting step is further characterized as supporting said pipeline at said on-shore site with a plu-rality of sleds having runners slidably engaging a pair of parallel rails extending into said body of water, said sleds being said ground engaging support means.
said supporting step is further characterized as supporting said pipeline at said on-shore site with a plu-rality of sleds having runners slidably engaging a pair of parallel rails extending into said body of water, said sleds being said ground engaging support means.
7. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
prior to said connecting step, positioning an intermediate floating vessel off-shore from said site, de-ploying a main launching line seaward from a seaward end of said intermediate floating vessel, and providing sufficient buoyancy means to hold said main launching line above said floor of said body of water;
wherein said connecting step includes the steps of:
connecting a pipeline launch line between a landward end of said intermediate floating vessel and said seaward end of said pipeline;
connecting a support means launch line be-tween said landward end of said intermediate floating vessel and said seaward end of said support connecting line; and connecting a seaward end of said main launch-ing line to said launch vessel.
prior to said connecting step, positioning an intermediate floating vessel off-shore from said site, de-ploying a main launching line seaward from a seaward end of said intermediate floating vessel, and providing sufficient buoyancy means to hold said main launching line above said floor of said body of water;
wherein said connecting step includes the steps of:
connecting a pipeline launch line between a landward end of said intermediate floating vessel and said seaward end of said pipeline;
connecting a support means launch line be-tween said landward end of said intermediate floating vessel and said seaward end of said support connecting line; and connecting a seaward end of said main launch-ing line to said launch vessel.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein:
said step of applying a retarding force to said pipeline includes a step of providing a predetermined fric-tional force between said support means and the ground suf-ficient to maintain said tension force in said pipeline.
said step of applying a retarding force to said pipeline includes a step of providing a predetermined fric-tional force between said support means and the ground suf-ficient to maintain said tension force in said pipeline.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein:
said step of applying a retarding force to said pipeline further includes the steps of:
connecting a retarding line means to a land-ward end of said pipeline before said landward end of said pipeline enters said body of water; and applying a retarding force to said retarding line means, thereby maintaining said tension force in said pipeline.
said step of applying a retarding force to said pipeline further includes the steps of:
connecting a retarding line means to a land-ward end of said pipeline before said landward end of said pipeline enters said body of water; and applying a retarding force to said retarding line means, thereby maintaining said tension force in said pipeline.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein:
said step of applying a retarding force to said pipeline includes the steps of:
connecting a retarding line means to landward ends of said pipeline and said support connecting line;
and applying a retarding force to said retarding line, thereby maintaining a tension force in said pipe-line and said support connecting line as said pipeline and support connecting line are towed into said body of water.
said step of applying a retarding force to said pipeline includes the steps of:
connecting a retarding line means to landward ends of said pipeline and said support connecting line;
and applying a retarding force to said retarding line, thereby maintaining a tension force in said pipe-line and said support connecting line as said pipeline and support connecting line are towed into said body of water.
11. The method of claim 7, further comprising:
connecting a trailing tow line between a trailing tow vessel and a landward end of said pipeline after said landward end of said pipeline is towed into said body of water; and applying a tensional retarding force of said trailing tow line and said pipeline by means of said trail-ing tow vessel to hold said pipeline above said floor of said body of water.
connecting a trailing tow line between a trailing tow vessel and a landward end of said pipeline after said landward end of said pipeline is towed into said body of water; and applying a tensional retarding force of said trailing tow line and said pipeline by means of said trail-ing tow vessel to hold said pipeline above said floor of said body of water.
12. The method of claim 11, further comprising-connecting a leading tow line between a leading tow vessel and said seaward end of said pipeline after said pipeline is towed into said body of water; and disconnecting said pipeline launch line from said pipeline.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein:
said step of moving said launch vessel seaward is further characterized as moving said launch vessel seaward, when said body of water is at substantially its high tide mark, with a speed sufficient to tow said pipeline entirely into said body of water while said body of water is at sub-stantially its high tide mark.
said step of moving said launch vessel seaward is further characterized as moving said launch vessel seaward, when said body of water is at substantially its high tide mark, with a speed sufficient to tow said pipeline entirely into said body of water while said body of water is at sub-stantially its high tide mark.
14. A method of launching a pipeline from an on-shore site into a body of water, said method comprising the steps of:
supporting said pipeline at said on-shore site with a plurality of ground engaging movable support means spaced along a length of said pipeline, said means of said plurality of support means being connected together by a support connecting line;
providing a plurality of floats, one of said floats being attached to each of said support means, each of said floats having a buoyancy greater than a combined weight of the float plus the support means to which it is attached, so that said support means will float after it is disengaged from said pipeline;
positioning a shallow draft barge off-shore from said site;
deploying a main launching line seaward from a seaward end of said barge to a main buoy located at a posi-tion in said body of water where said body of water has a depth sufficient to allow a launch vessel to approach said main buoy, said main launching line being provided with suf-ficient buoyancy means to hold said main launching line above a floor of said body of water;
connecting a pipeline launch line between a land-ward end of said barge and a seaward end of said pipeline;
connecting a support means launch line between said landward end of said barge and a seaward end of said support connecting line;
connecting a seaward end of said main launching line to said launch vessel;
moving said launch vessel seaward and thereby tow-ing said pipeline and said support connecting line into said body of water;
applying a retarding force to said pipeline and thereby maintaining a tension force on said pipeline, as said pipeline is towed, sufficient to hold said pipeline above said floor of said body of water;
connecting a trailing tow line between a trailing tow vessel and said landward end of said pipeline after said landward end of said pipeline is towed into said body of water a distance such that said landward end of said pipe-line is at a position on said body of water having a depth sufficient to float said trailing tow vessel;
applying a tensional retarding force to said trailing tow line and said pipeline by means of said trail-ing tow vessel to hold said pipeline above said floor of said body of water;
connecting a leading tow line between a leading tow vessel and said seaward end of said pipeline;
disconnecting said pipeline launch line and said support means launch line from said pipeline and said sup-port connecting line, respectively; and disengaging said support means from said pipeline thereby allowing said support means to float to the surface of said body of water.
supporting said pipeline at said on-shore site with a plurality of ground engaging movable support means spaced along a length of said pipeline, said means of said plurality of support means being connected together by a support connecting line;
providing a plurality of floats, one of said floats being attached to each of said support means, each of said floats having a buoyancy greater than a combined weight of the float plus the support means to which it is attached, so that said support means will float after it is disengaged from said pipeline;
positioning a shallow draft barge off-shore from said site;
deploying a main launching line seaward from a seaward end of said barge to a main buoy located at a posi-tion in said body of water where said body of water has a depth sufficient to allow a launch vessel to approach said main buoy, said main launching line being provided with suf-ficient buoyancy means to hold said main launching line above a floor of said body of water;
connecting a pipeline launch line between a land-ward end of said barge and a seaward end of said pipeline;
connecting a support means launch line between said landward end of said barge and a seaward end of said support connecting line;
connecting a seaward end of said main launching line to said launch vessel;
moving said launch vessel seaward and thereby tow-ing said pipeline and said support connecting line into said body of water;
applying a retarding force to said pipeline and thereby maintaining a tension force on said pipeline, as said pipeline is towed, sufficient to hold said pipeline above said floor of said body of water;
connecting a trailing tow line between a trailing tow vessel and said landward end of said pipeline after said landward end of said pipeline is towed into said body of water a distance such that said landward end of said pipe-line is at a position on said body of water having a depth sufficient to float said trailing tow vessel;
applying a tensional retarding force to said trailing tow line and said pipeline by means of said trail-ing tow vessel to hold said pipeline above said floor of said body of water;
connecting a leading tow line between a leading tow vessel and said seaward end of said pipeline;
disconnecting said pipeline launch line and said support means launch line from said pipeline and said sup-port connecting line, respectively; and disengaging said support means from said pipeline thereby allowing said support means to float to the surface of said body of water.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising the step of:
retrieving said floating support means.
retrieving said floating support means.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein:
said retrieving step includes steps of connecting said support connecting line to an on-shore winch and reel-ing said support connecting line and said floating support means in to shore.
said retrieving step includes steps of connecting said support connecting line to an on-shore winch and reel-ing said support connecting line and said floating support means in to shore.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein:
said retrieving step includes steps of connecting said support connecting line and support means to a boat and towing said support connecting line and said floating sup-port means to shore.
said retrieving step includes steps of connecting said support connecting line and support means to a boat and towing said support connecting line and said floating sup-port means to shore.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein:
said retrieving step includes steps of connecting said support connecting line to a winch mounted on a boat and reeling said support connecting line and said floating support means in to said boat.
said retrieving step includes steps of connecting said support connecting line to a winch mounted on a boat and reeling said support connecting line and said floating support means in to said boat.
19. The method of claim 14, wherein:
said step of moving said launch vessel seaward is further characterized as moving said launch vessel seaward when said body of water is at substantially its high tide mark, with a speed sufficient to tow said pipeline and said support connecting line entirely into said body of water while said body of water is at substantially its high tide mark.
said step of moving said launch vessel seaward is further characterized as moving said launch vessel seaward when said body of water is at substantially its high tide mark, with a speed sufficient to tow said pipeline and said support connecting line entirely into said body of water while said body of water is at substantially its high tide mark.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US30603481A | 1981-09-28 | 1981-09-28 | |
| US306,034 | 1981-09-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1196200A true CA1196200A (en) | 1985-11-05 |
Family
ID=23183457
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000408492A Expired CA1196200A (en) | 1981-09-28 | 1982-07-30 | Method of launching long pipelines and retrieving support means therefore |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS58131488A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1196200A (en) |
| DK (1) | DK425982A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO163381C (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7862891B2 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2011-01-04 | Conocophillips Company | Composite tether and methods for manufacturing, transporting, and installing same |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1173258A (en) * | 1981-04-30 | 1984-08-28 | Henry A. Bourne, Jr. | Retrievable support system for launching of long pipelines |
-
1982
- 1982-07-30 CA CA000408492A patent/CA1196200A/en not_active Expired
- 1982-09-24 NO NO823236A patent/NO163381C/en unknown
- 1982-09-24 DK DK425982A patent/DK425982A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1982-09-27 JP JP57168234A patent/JPS58131488A/en active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7862891B2 (en) | 2001-04-27 | 2011-01-04 | Conocophillips Company | Composite tether and methods for manufacturing, transporting, and installing same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DK425982A (en) | 1983-03-29 |
| NO163381C (en) | 1990-05-16 |
| NO163381B (en) | 1990-02-05 |
| JPS58131488A (en) | 1983-08-05 |
| NO823236L (en) | 1983-03-29 |
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