CA1190744A - Packaged kiln dried firewood - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A process for kiln drying firewood comprises splitting essentially uniform lengths of green tree logs to form firewood pieces. The green firewood pieces are placed in a kiln drying oven and dried at temperatures in excess of 150°F by moving heated air over the pieces until they have an overall moisture content ranging from 15% up to 30% by weight. The firewood pieces are removed for subsequent distribution and use. The kiln dried firewood pieces have an outer layer of a moisture content which is sufficiently low to permit igniting of the firewood with ignited paper or the like without requiring the use of kindling wood.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to firewood and more particularly the technique of kiln drying firewood split from logs of felled trees.

The art of seasoning firewvod is a long and involved process where existing procedures of ~elling the trees allow them to lie in the field and are then sawed up into uniform lengths which can be split into firewood pieces. When the logs are split, the pieces are stacked usually in a covered area to complete the seasoning process~ To provide proper firewoodr this process can take anywhere from one to three years depending upon the type of firewood. Since the use of firewood is based on a seasonal demand, it is difficult for firewood suppliers to estimate in advance the amount of firewood they would need one to three years in the future. As a result, firewood suppliers find themselves in very much a cyclic situation where they may have an oversupply in one season and a shortage in another season.
In the norma] seasoning process, firewood pieces can collect mold and mildew and can collect dirt over time. Thus the firewood pieces become unattractive, particularly to the consumer who may only use firewood on an occasional basis. E'or the occasional firewood user, packaged firewood has been provided in the form as disclosed in Canadian patent 1,116,134 and corresponding United States patent 4,289,237. However, the packaging of the firewood in that manner still requires a lengthy seasoning technique.
It has been discovered that a very acceptabl~
firewood product can be provided by kiln drying firewood pieces split from green firewood tree logs. Although kiln drying is used to dry and cure building lumber, the lumber is dried over extended lengths of time to avoid checking or cracking on the wood surface as caused by too rapid removal of moisture from the lumber. Normally lumber kilns operate at temperature ranges of 110 to :r~

150F where initial drying commences at the lower temperature. United States patent 4,196,526 exemplifies the use of higher temperatures at the later stage of the drying, but requires a complex unit to accomplish drying at these higher temperatures in the range of 140 to 145F. Under very special circumstances during the latter part of the drying of dressed lumber, it is suggested that the kiln temperature may be raised to around 175F, but this requires the use of special refrigeration units to allow drying at these temperatures which would not induce cracking in the wood surfaceO ~nother procedure is disclosed in United States patent 3,~39,573 where lower drying temperatures are used. The principal drying temperature is in the range of 70F up to 85F and during the latter stages of the drying, the temperature of the ambien~ drying air may range from 90F up to 100F.
It has been discovered that kiln drying freshly cut firewood logs at temperatures in excess of 150F to commence a rapid removal of moisture from the firewood pieces provides many unexpected advantages which become apparent in the following description of the invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Firewood, which has been kiln dried according to this invention, consists of essentially uniform lengths o~ split firewood pieces with a surface moisture content sufficiently dry to permit ignition of two or more adjacent firewood pieces with ignited paper. The split firewood pieces have a higher moisture content internally of each piece to control burning of each piece once ignited. ~he overall moisture content of each piece is in the range of 15~ up to 30~ by weight.
The split firewood pieces are formed by splitting green tree logs of essentially uniform length. Several split pieces are provided which are kiln dried to an extent to provide the moisture content range.
According to an aspect of the invention, the process for kiln drying firewood comprises splitting the essentially uni~orm lengths of green tree logs to form )7~

firewood pieces. The green firewood pieces are placed in a kiln ~rying oven. The pieces are kiln driecl at temperatures in excess of 150F by moving the heated air at these temperatures over the pieces until the pieces have an overall mois~ure content ranging from 15% up to 30% by weight. The kiln dried firewood is removed from the kiln for distribution and use. According to a preferred aspect of the invention in facilitating the handling of the firewood, the firewood pieces are placed in open mesh bags prior to placement in the kiln drying oven. ~he kiln is operated at a temperature in excess of 150F and below a level which would destroy the matexial of the open mesh bag.
According to another aspect of the invention, the freshly split firewood pieces may be placed in an open mesh bag. The bag may be made of a thermoplastic which shrinks with the shrinking green firewood pieces as they are kiln dried to an overall moisture content of less than 30% by weight.
BRIEF ~ESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawings wherein:
Figure 1 is a perspective view o~ an e~emplary felled tree log which is cut into approximately equal lengths;
Figure 2 is a perspective view of a log splitter for splitting the lengths of green firewood tree logs of Figure l;
Figure 3 is an end view of a firewood piece which has been kiln dried;
Figure 4 shows the conveying of the freshly split green firewood pieces which are placed in a bag prior to kiln drying;
Figure 5 shows the stacking on a pallet of the bagged green firewood pieces where the stack is wrapped with an open mesh netting to secure the stack on the pallet;
Figure 6 is a section through a kiln drying unit for kiln drying the pallets placed in the oven;

~3~

Figure 7 is a side elevation of a thermoplastic bag which shrin]cs with the firewood pieces during drying; and Figure 8 demonstrates the vertical settling and shrinking of the stack of bagged, green firewood pieces as they are kiln dried.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A felled tree ]og 10 is schematically shown in Figure 1 where the tree may have been freshly cut. The branches and scrub material have been trimmed off in preparation for sawing the log into firewood log lengths 12. These may be the standard firewood log lengths o~
twelve inch, fourteen inch and sixteen inch. In the past, the tree log 10 was allowed to lie in the field for six months or moxe during the initial seasoning process. Should there be rot present in the log, then the rotting is expedited while the log is lying in the field.
According to a preferred embodiment of this ~0 invention, the fre~hly felled tree is immediately sawed up into the lengths 12 and passed on to a log splitter 14. The log lengths 12 are placed on a platform 16 in front of a wedge 18 which is fixed by post 20. ~ ram 22 advances the log in the direction of arrow 24 against the wedge 18 to split the log into firewood pieces 26.
This technique is well understood by those skilled in the art, where depending upon the size of the log, the pieces formed during each splitting operation may be resplit until all pieces 26 are of a hand held size.
Ideally the pieces should be roughly the same cxoss~sectional dimension so that a majority of pieces in each batch being dried in a kiln are dried to essentialy the same extent.
The freshly split green firewood pieces are then placed onto a conveyor 28 as they are removed from the splitter device 1~. As is understood by those skilled in the art, the use of the term "green" defines the state of the wood in that it has not been cured to any exteIIt and has a high moisture content. For example, green wood may be wood that has been felled no more than a month. According to an aspect of this invention, wood ~hich has been felled within the day may be processed into split green pieces 26 which, as they progress along conveyor 28 r are removed therefrom and hand placed into bags 30 in a stacked form as shown at 32 to form a square shape to the bag where the bag volume determines the number of pieces that each bag will ho~d. The bag includes a plastic drawstring 34 at its upper portion which is drawn closed when the bag is suf~iciently ~ull.
Various materials may be used in forming the bags, such as reinforced plastics which are woven to form an open mesh bag or a burlap bag.
The bag may be of any open mesh construction or other wall construction which is perforated in a manner to allow the drying air in the kiln drying process to circulate about the pieces within the bag to remove the moisture therefrom. It is appreciated that in stacking the pieces 26 in the bag 30, spaces will normally form between the pieces so that air may circulate through the spaces amongst the wood in kiln drying all of the pieces within each bag.
The bags of wood 30 are stacked on a pallet 36 in the interlocking manner as demonstrated in Figure 5, where the stack 35 is approximately five bags high. To secure -the stacked bags in a vertical manner on the pallet, an open mesh netting 38 is wrapped around the vertical sides of the stack 35 and pallet 36. The open mesh 38 may be of a plastic material which can be 0 wrapped one or more times around the stack to secure the stack in a vertical manner on the pallet. Due to the loose placement of the firewood pieces 26 in the bags 30, as they are stacked on the pallet 36 and due to the open mesh of netting 38, the circulating air may pass through the netting 38 and the open mesh of the bags 30 in travelling over the pieces 2~ in removing moisture therefrom during the kiln drying process.
Several of the pallets 36 may be placed in a kiln ~0 through door opening 4~. A furnace or heater 07~

arrangeme~t 4~ withdraws air from its oven chamber ~6 through vent 48. The air is heated in the furnace 4~
and direc~ed back into the chamber 46 ~ia flue 50 in the direction of arrows 52. As is appreciated by those skilled in the art in kiln drying, deflectors and the like may be used for directing the air about the chamber 46 to effect proper air circulation in drying the stacks 35 in the chambe~ ~6. Depending upon the moisture content of the air 54 exhausting through ven-t 48, some L0 Of the air may be removed and exhausted in the direction of arrows 56 to the atmosphere. This portion of the technique is conducted in accordance with standard wood kiln drying systems~ The furnace 44, however, is set at a temperature in excess of normal kiln drying temperatures for dressed lumber. The air in the chamber 46 is initially in excess of 150F and is preferably greater than 175F and may range upwards of 200F or more depending upon the material used for the open mesh or perforated walls of the bag 30.
Depending upon the size of the kiln oven 40, it is appreciated that several pallets of stacks 35 may be placed in the kiln, for example, in some installations up to 200 pallets of stacked, baggea firewood pieces may be kiln dried at one time. During the kiln drying process, the firewood pieces as they loose moisture tend to shrink resulting in a loss in vertical hei~ht of the stack of firewood. As shown in Figure 8, the stack 35 had an initial height as shown in dark outline. During the kiln drying process, the vertical height was decreased to a level 35a as shown in dot and as represent~d by an arrow 58. By way of wrapping the ex*erior with open mesh netting 38, the bags of firewood may settle and re~ain on the pallet 36 without disturbing the stacks. The mesh 38, as it is wrapped around the vertical sides, retains tension on -the stack so that when picked up by a fork lift truck, the stacks of bags remain secur on the pallet.
In comparing Figures 6 and 8, it can be seen that initially the stacks of bags 30 on the pallet were o~

slightly above the outer mesh wrapping 38. After the kiln drying process is complete, the fixewood stack, as is show at line 35a, is below the upper edge 60 of the open mesh netting 38 which will simply fall over and lie on the upper surfaces of the bags 30 of the stack 35.
In instances where the firewood to be dried results in considerable shrinkage due to moisture removal, then a filling of a bag 30, as shown in Figure 4, can result in a very loose fitting bag of wood after the wood has been kiln dried. As shown in Figure 7, a special bag 62 may be used having material 64 which is an oriented thermoplastic netting. By orienting the thermoplastic of the netting, when it is exposed to heat, it tends to shrink. Thus as the wood within the bag 62 shrinks, the bag walls 64 will shrink with the wood providing a snug fitting bag for the finished kiln dried wood, thereby providing a moxe marketable product.
As demonstrated in Figure 7, initially the bag 62 has ~he solid outline and after kiln drying of the contents, the ba~ has shrunk to the dotted outline at 64a to the extent indicated by arrows 66. Thus the dried firewood as it is displayed in the bag 62 still has the fullness appearance as when originally filled. It is appreciated that there are many forms of thermoplastic netting available which has been oriented so as to shrink when heated. An example of such netting may be that used in packaging loose consumer items, which are not affected by heat where the thermoplastic material is normally polyethylene or polypropylene.
0 The kiln drying operation, as exemplified in Figure 6, is continued until the moisture content of the firewood pieces is in the range of 15% to 30% by weight.
That is the ovexall moisture content of a firewood piece 26 may have 15% to 30% by weight of water and the weight of wood would correspondingly make up 85% down to 70% by weight of each piece. It has been discovered that in kiln drying the individual pieces, first of all due to the rapid removal of the moisture from the pieces of wood, checking or cracking 68 is induced into the ~g~

section of the wood as shown in Figure 3. Secondly, it has been ~ound that in rapidly drying -the wood, there is a moisture gradient developed across the section of the wood. An outer portion of each piece 26 which is suf~iciently dry to permit ignition thereof by use of ignited paper or the like, does not require the use of smaller pieces of wood ]sindling which is not always available to the consumer. However, internally of each piece, the moisture content is considerably higher which is necessary to control the rate at which each piece burns. Thus the moisture gradient across the section of the wood r as produced by the kiln drying process, provides a significant advantage in igniting the wood and then providing sufficient moisture within the interior core o~ the wood to control the burn rate at that poin-t and prolong its usefulness within the fireplace. Thus the moisture content of the outer layer may be in the range of 2% to 10~, whereas the interior portion of each piece of wood may be in the range of 20%
to 30% and hence provide an overall moisture content in the range of 15~ to 30%.
The technique of bagging the green firewood pieces, stacking the bags on a pallet and placing the pallets in a kiln is efficient from the standpoint o~
handling the firewood and not requiring elaborate kiln drying equipment. However depending` upon the volume of wood to be processed, it is appreciated that once the wood is split to form the green firewood pieces 26, the conveyor 28 may be adapted by use of wire mesh or the like to pass the green pieces through a kiln drying tunnel, such tha~ when the pieces emerge ~rom the other end of the tunnel, they are at the desired dryness and provide the moisture gradient as previously discussed with respect to Figure 3. The kiln drying tunnel would be of sufficient length and operated at various temperatures along the length to remove moisture from the wood at rapid rates to provide the deslred product at the exit of the kiln drying tunnel. At the exit, the wood, once it is cooled, may be then placed in bags 30 for shipment. In this instance where the bags are not associated with khe wood during the kiln drying process~
the kiln may be operated at much higher temperatures considerably in excess of 200F and possibly up to 400F
or even greater depending upon the surface ignition temperature of the wood which is being kiln dried.
It is appreciated that, in the instance where tunnel drying is used to dry the firewood~ packaging other than the open mesh package of Figure 4 may be used, such as cardboard boxes, strapping or the like to hold the kiln dried wood in bundle form. Whatever type of packaging is used, other than the mesh bags of Figure 4, it should include perforated walls such as the packaging of Canadian pa-tent 1,116,134.
It is also appreciated that the temperatures within the kiln 40, when the wood which is packaged in the shrink wrapping netting, must not exceed a level which can cause softening of the thermoplastic material so that the netting looses its shrink characteristics and degrades to the extent that the package could burst when handled. Also to insure shrinkage of the bag, the palletizing of the stack may be carried out in a manner so as to allow shrinkage of the packaging around the firewood. This may result in standing the bags of firewood on end so that there are two heights of vertically oriented bags, rather than stacking the bags on their sides. The vertical standing of the bags can be retained on the pallet by the use of appropriate wire or plastlc mesh netting 38.
The process for kiln drying firewood provides an efficient manner of manufacturing firewood in avoiding the one to two years of normal time required in seasoning firewood. Now varying demands in the marketplace may be met, since green firewood as cut from a woodlot may be immediately processed and shipped within four or five days for use as firewood. Because the firewood logs do not lie around in the field~ they ~; do not become overly dirty since they can be cleaned before the splitting operation and once bagged, do not usually come in contact with dirt. ~ue to the wood being kiln dried, fungus and insects in the wood are immediately killed. It has also been found that there is a greater heat output from the wood as compared to normally seasoned wood and that the wood tends to burn with an e~en flame across its length thereby enhancing the appearance of the fire within the fireplace. It has also been found that less creosote is present in the wood thereby reducing the hazard of chimney fires.
The following example illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention EXAMPLE I
Hard maple firewood logs, as freshly cut, were split and bagged and kiln dried at a temperature of 200F for approximately 48 to 72 hours. Subsequently, pieces were removed from the bag and analyzed for moisture content. The moisture content of the pieces, as removed from the bag, ranged from 20.8% up to 22.8%
by weight water and the remainder wood. It was found that a fifty pound bag of kiln dried wood had a heating value of approximately 410,710 BTU's which was approximately 8,310 BTU's per pound of wood with a percent ash content of 1.31% by weight.
Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been described herein in detail, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (15)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. Kiln dried firewood consisting of essentially uniform lengths of split firewood pieces has a surface moisture content sufficiently dry to permit ignition of two or more adjacent firewood pieces with ignited paper, said split firewood pieces having a higher moisture content internally of each piece to control burning rate of each piece once ignited, the overall moisture content of each piece being in the range of 15% up to 30% by weight, said split firewood pieces being formed from cut green tree logs of essentially uniform length by splitting such logs to provide several pieces of substantially the same cross-sectional size which are kiln dried to an extent to provide said moisture content range.

2. Kiln dried firewood of claim 1, wherein said pieces have the characteristics of uniform burn along their lengths.

3. Kiln dried firewood of claim 1, wherein said pieces have cracks formed at their ends due to the drying thereof.

4. A process for kiln drying firewood consisting of essentially uniform lengths of split firewood pieces, said process comprising splitting essentially uniform lengths of green tree logs to form firewood pieces, placing said green firewood pieces in a kiln drying oven, kiln drying said pieces at temperatures in excess of 150°F by moving heated air over the pieces until said pieces have an overall moisture content ranging from 15%
up to 30% by weight and removing said kiln dried firewood pieces from said kiln drying oven.

5. A process of claim 4, wherein said firewood pieces are placed in open mesh bags prior to placement in said kiln drying oven, operating said kiln at a temperature in excess of 175°F and below a level which would render the structural characteristics of the bag material useless.

6. A process of claim 5, wherein said bag is made of an open mesh thermoplastic polyproplyene material, operating said oven at a temperature in the range of 175° to 200°F.

7. A process of claim 5, wherein said thermoplastic polyprolyene material is oriented to provide for a shrink characteristic in the material when heated, operating said oven at a temperature in the range of 175°F to 200°F to induce shrinkage in said open mesh bag and thereby continue to snugly retain said firewood pieces as the pieces shrink during the kiln drying process.

8. A process of claim 4, wherein several of said firewood pieces are played in a bag of predetermined volume after the pieces are split from a green tree log, said bag having a perforated wall to permit air circulation therethrough, preparing several of said bags and stacking said bags onto a pallet, securing said bags on said pallet, placing a plurality of said pallets in said kiln drying oven and drying said pieces to the extent desired and removing said pallets from said oven.

9. A process of claim 8, wherein said s-tacked bags are secured on said pallet by wrapping a netting vertically about the sides of said stack of bags, said wrapping allowing said stack of bags to decrease in height during the kiln drying process while said bags are contained on said pallet by said netting.

10. A process of claim 4, wherein said tree logs were obtained from a tree cut down for less than one week.

11. A process of claim 10, wherein said split firewood pieces are kiln dried for two to three days at temperatures ranging from 175°F to 200°F.

12. A process of claim 11, wherein said firewood pieces are dried to an extent to provide a moisture content in a layer of each firewood piece which is sufficiently dry to permit ignition of two or more pieces with ignited paper and having a higher moisture content in the interior layers of the piece to control burning rate of the piece once it is ignited.

13. A process of claim 12, wherein said outer layer of each piece has a moisture content in the range of 2%
to 7% by weight.

14. A process of claim 12 or 13, wherein the moisture content in the interior layer of each piece is greater than the overall moisture content of the split piece of firewood.

15. In combination a thermoplastic heat shrinkable open mesh bag filled with pieces of green firewood, said pieces being obtained by splitting them from green firewood logs, said bag mesh shrinking with said green firewood shrinking when said firewood pieces are kiln dried to an overall moisture content of less than 30% by weight.