CA1189789A - Sterilization process for mammals - Google Patents
Sterilization process for mammalsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1189789A CA1189789A CA000322706A CA322706A CA1189789A CA 1189789 A CA1189789 A CA 1189789A CA 000322706 A CA000322706 A CA 000322706A CA 322706 A CA322706 A CA 322706A CA 1189789 A CA1189789 A CA 1189789A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- mammalian species
- injection
- bacillus
- guerin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 title abstract description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title abstract description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 241000193830 Bacillus <bacterium> Species 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 210000001550 testis Anatomy 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000700198 Cavia Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008365 aqueous carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 5
- 239000003098 androgen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000021595 spermatogenesis Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229960000190 bacillus calmette–guérin vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 230000007102 metabolic function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000000582 semen Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- BPYKTIZUTYGOLE-IFADSCNNSA-N Bilirubin Chemical compound N1C(=O)C(C)=C(C=C)\C1=C\C1=C(C)C(CCC(O)=O)=C(CC2=C(C(C)=C(\C=C/3C(=C(C=C)C(=O)N\3)C)N2)CCC(O)=O)N1 BPYKTIZUTYGOLE-IFADSCNNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000282693 Cercopithecidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010024870 Loss of libido Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229940030486 androgens Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001574 biopsy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 2
- DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N creatinine Chemical compound CN1CC(=O)NC1=N DDRJAANPRJIHGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010562 histological examination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003054 hormonal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- JYGXADMDTFJGBT-VWUMJDOOSA-N hydrocortisone Chemical compound O=C1CC[C@]2(C)[C@H]3[C@@H](O)C[C@](C)([C@@](CC4)(O)C(=O)CO)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CCC2=C1 JYGXADMDTFJGBT-VWUMJDOOSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000028993 immune response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 108010082126 Alanine transaminase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 244000003363 Allium ursinum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000304886 Bacilli Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000004506 Blood Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010017384 Blood Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000006771 Gonadotropins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010086677 Gonadotropins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000282560 Macaca mulatta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000288906 Primates Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000007562 Serum Albumin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010071390 Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000005686 Serum Globulins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010045362 Serum Globulins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002280 anti-androgenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002365 anti-tubercular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000051 antiandrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940030495 antiandrogen sex hormone and modulator of the genital system Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N cholesterol Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940109239 creatinine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002124 endocrine Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002622 gonadotropin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940094892 gonadotropins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000890 hydrocortisone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000028709 inflammatory response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003907 kidney function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002332 leydig cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003908 liver function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004899 motility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000957 no side effect Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000717 sertoli cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012414 sterilization procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003431 steroids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000032922 susceptibility to mycobacterium tuberculosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007879 vasectomy Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
- A61K39/04—Mycobacterium, e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
- A61K35/74—Bacteria
Abstract
STERILIZATION PROCESS FOR MAMMALS
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Aspermatogenesis is achieved in mammalian species without disturbance of libido and hormone level by intra-testicular injection of Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin.
The procedure is applicable to a wide variety of mammalian species.
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Aspermatogenesis is achieved in mammalian species without disturbance of libido and hormone level by intra-testicular injection of Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin.
The procedure is applicable to a wide variety of mammalian species.
Description
MIS~6 STERILIZATION PROCESS FOR MAMMALS
The present invention is directed to sterilization of mammalian species.
Sterllization of male animals, practised to limit reproduction in stray anlmals and livestock, is usually effected by castration. Sterilization operations involving vasectomy and vasligation and also effected on male humans.
The extreme nature of these procedures and the necessity for skilled surgical operation has led to suggestions of alternative approaches to mammalian sterilization. For example, a number of hormonal formulations, consisting of anti-androgens and androgens, have been suggested for suppression of spermatogenesls or interfering with the maturation of sperm.
In early clinical trials, these formulations, however, have exhibited adverse side effects, including, loss of libido and a dependence on a continual intake of hormonal steroids.
The present invention enables aspermatogenesis to be achieved in mammalian species without disturbance of libido and hormone levels. The invention avoids the necessity for surgical operation, provides a humane approach to the sterilization of males and the procedure may be effected by semi skilled personnel.
In the present invention, Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) is intra-testicularly injected in an amount at least effective to achieve aspermatogenesis.
Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention provides a sterilizing composition for the sterilization of male mammalian species by intratesticular injection, comprising the Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin and an aqueous carrier therefor.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a composition for sterilizing mammalian species, comprising the Bacillus of Galmette and Guerin formulated for intra-testicular in~ection to provide a .Yi`,~
37~
.
concentration of at least 1.5 x ]07 organisms per testicle.
BCG is widely known and is used as a vaccine in human and other animals for protection against tuberculosis. It has never been suggested, heretofore, as far as we are aware, that i-t is possible to achieve aspermatogenesis by intra-testicular injection of BCG
into male animalsO The novel utility of BCG for aspermatogenesis is entirely unexpected, havlng reyard to the known utility and properties of BCG.
While we do not wish to be bound by any theory as to the manner in which the BCG produces aspermatogenesis in this invention, there are indications in the tests we have conducted that the BCG
creates, within the testicle, an inflammatory response which brings to local sites the cells competent for eliciting immune response. The immune response is generated selectively against the antigens present on spermacytes and the intermediate developing stages of spermatozoa, so that spermatogenesis is blocked.
The method has been found to be effective against a]l species tested, including such widely-different species as rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, rams, bucks and rhesus monkeys. Preliminary testing also demonstrates the effectiveness and utility of the procedure in blocking spermatogenesis in humans.
No adverse side ef~ects to the treatment were observed. In all the test cases, the animals retained their libido, and blood androgen levels were unchanged by the procedure. Histological observations also showed the normalcy of Sertoli and Leydig cells, the latter being confirmed by a rise in plasma androgen levels after administration of gonadotropins.
In addition, no apparent toxicity was observed, no decline in animal body weight or other sign of morbidity were observed, and blood chemistry remained normal, indicating the normalcy of endocrine, organ and metabolic functions.
, .
., ~, g7~
The present invention has considerable practical signif:Lcance both with respect to control of reproduction of stray animals and livestoc~ and with respect to human population control. The bacillus is widely available and relatively inexpensive, so that large scale implementation may be practical.
The apparent absence of any adverse side effects, especially the problematical side effects of loss of libido and androgens inherent in prior procedures, renders the procedure especially advantageous.
The dosage used in the intra-testicular injection is at least the quantity effective to achieve aspermatogenesis, and usually is well in excess of that minimum level. The minimum quantity used varies depending on ~he species requiring sterili~ation. The ~uantity of BCG used generally is at least about 3 times the normal human dose for anti-tuberculosis injections, or at least about 1.5 x 107 organisms.
Quantities in excess of 1000 times the human dose (5 x 101 organisms) generally do not produce any added benefit, although may be used, if desired. The injection is effective in a short period of time, generally less than 30 days.
The invention is i]lustrated in the following Examples:
Example I~
Samples of BCG vaccine, consisting of quantities of lyophilized live bacilli from 7 to 110 times the human dose (0.35 to 5.5 mg, 3.5 x 10 to 55 x 108 organisms) suspended in increasing quantities of saline solution (0.15 wt~ MaCl in water) from 0.05 ml to 0.3 ml, were injected into each testicle of a number of adult male dogs weighing between 13 kg and ~0 kg.
Doses greater than 14.0 mg/testicle were found to have no additional or faster effect. Sterilization, as determined by ejaculation of sperm-free semen, occurred in 21 to 30 days post injection.
- There were no side-effects as evidenced by determination of the following parameters:
(a~ Body weight constant ~or up to L0 monthc;.
(b) Libido intact for ~t least 10 months.
(c) Semen volume essentially unchanged.
(d) Plasma testerone and cortisol essentially normal.
(e) Haemotology, including haemoglobin, haemotocrit and leucocyte count unaltered.
(f) Liver functions, including bilirubin, ALP, SGPT
and I,DH, were unaltered.
(g) Kidney functions such as blood urea and serum creatinine were unchanged.
(h) Other metabolic ~unctions that were monitored and found to be unchanged were, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, total serum proteins, serum albumin and serum globulins.
Example II - Rams Three rams were given 1,0~3 x normal human dose of BCG (about 50 x 10 organisms) in each testicle. Semen samples showed that after a maximum of four weeks there were no viable sperm remaining. Three control rams who were kept in the same area and uninjected showed no change in sperm count or motility.
~xample III - Non-human Primates Two male monkeys were injected with BCG vaccine (50 to 100 x normal human dose, 2.5 to 5 mg, 2.5 x 109 to 5 x 10 organisms) in each testicle. Monitoring of metabolic functions showed that the monkeys remained perfectly healthy. Histological examination on biopsy showed that spermatogenesis has ceased.
_xample IV ~ Other Species A number of other species were treated with BCG
vaccine in doses varying from 3 to l,000 times the normal human dose. These included rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. In all cases metabolic functions were unchanged and histological examination of biopsy specimens showed that spermatogenesis had ceased. The average dose was 10 times the normal human dose.
In summary of this disclosure, the present invention is directed to a sterilization procedure which involves an entirely unexpected use of BCG.
, ~ a~
~a Modiflcaticns are possible within the scope of the inven-tion.
The present invention is directed to sterilization of mammalian species.
Sterllization of male animals, practised to limit reproduction in stray anlmals and livestock, is usually effected by castration. Sterilization operations involving vasectomy and vasligation and also effected on male humans.
The extreme nature of these procedures and the necessity for skilled surgical operation has led to suggestions of alternative approaches to mammalian sterilization. For example, a number of hormonal formulations, consisting of anti-androgens and androgens, have been suggested for suppression of spermatogenesls or interfering with the maturation of sperm.
In early clinical trials, these formulations, however, have exhibited adverse side effects, including, loss of libido and a dependence on a continual intake of hormonal steroids.
The present invention enables aspermatogenesis to be achieved in mammalian species without disturbance of libido and hormone levels. The invention avoids the necessity for surgical operation, provides a humane approach to the sterilization of males and the procedure may be effected by semi skilled personnel.
In the present invention, Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) is intra-testicularly injected in an amount at least effective to achieve aspermatogenesis.
Accordingly, in one embodiment, the present invention provides a sterilizing composition for the sterilization of male mammalian species by intratesticular injection, comprising the Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin and an aqueous carrier therefor.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a composition for sterilizing mammalian species, comprising the Bacillus of Galmette and Guerin formulated for intra-testicular in~ection to provide a .Yi`,~
37~
.
concentration of at least 1.5 x ]07 organisms per testicle.
BCG is widely known and is used as a vaccine in human and other animals for protection against tuberculosis. It has never been suggested, heretofore, as far as we are aware, that i-t is possible to achieve aspermatogenesis by intra-testicular injection of BCG
into male animalsO The novel utility of BCG for aspermatogenesis is entirely unexpected, havlng reyard to the known utility and properties of BCG.
While we do not wish to be bound by any theory as to the manner in which the BCG produces aspermatogenesis in this invention, there are indications in the tests we have conducted that the BCG
creates, within the testicle, an inflammatory response which brings to local sites the cells competent for eliciting immune response. The immune response is generated selectively against the antigens present on spermacytes and the intermediate developing stages of spermatozoa, so that spermatogenesis is blocked.
The method has been found to be effective against a]l species tested, including such widely-different species as rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, rams, bucks and rhesus monkeys. Preliminary testing also demonstrates the effectiveness and utility of the procedure in blocking spermatogenesis in humans.
No adverse side ef~ects to the treatment were observed. In all the test cases, the animals retained their libido, and blood androgen levels were unchanged by the procedure. Histological observations also showed the normalcy of Sertoli and Leydig cells, the latter being confirmed by a rise in plasma androgen levels after administration of gonadotropins.
In addition, no apparent toxicity was observed, no decline in animal body weight or other sign of morbidity were observed, and blood chemistry remained normal, indicating the normalcy of endocrine, organ and metabolic functions.
, .
., ~, g7~
The present invention has considerable practical signif:Lcance both with respect to control of reproduction of stray animals and livestoc~ and with respect to human population control. The bacillus is widely available and relatively inexpensive, so that large scale implementation may be practical.
The apparent absence of any adverse side effects, especially the problematical side effects of loss of libido and androgens inherent in prior procedures, renders the procedure especially advantageous.
The dosage used in the intra-testicular injection is at least the quantity effective to achieve aspermatogenesis, and usually is well in excess of that minimum level. The minimum quantity used varies depending on ~he species requiring sterili~ation. The ~uantity of BCG used generally is at least about 3 times the normal human dose for anti-tuberculosis injections, or at least about 1.5 x 107 organisms.
Quantities in excess of 1000 times the human dose (5 x 101 organisms) generally do not produce any added benefit, although may be used, if desired. The injection is effective in a short period of time, generally less than 30 days.
The invention is i]lustrated in the following Examples:
Example I~
Samples of BCG vaccine, consisting of quantities of lyophilized live bacilli from 7 to 110 times the human dose (0.35 to 5.5 mg, 3.5 x 10 to 55 x 108 organisms) suspended in increasing quantities of saline solution (0.15 wt~ MaCl in water) from 0.05 ml to 0.3 ml, were injected into each testicle of a number of adult male dogs weighing between 13 kg and ~0 kg.
Doses greater than 14.0 mg/testicle were found to have no additional or faster effect. Sterilization, as determined by ejaculation of sperm-free semen, occurred in 21 to 30 days post injection.
- There were no side-effects as evidenced by determination of the following parameters:
(a~ Body weight constant ~or up to L0 monthc;.
(b) Libido intact for ~t least 10 months.
(c) Semen volume essentially unchanged.
(d) Plasma testerone and cortisol essentially normal.
(e) Haemotology, including haemoglobin, haemotocrit and leucocyte count unaltered.
(f) Liver functions, including bilirubin, ALP, SGPT
and I,DH, were unaltered.
(g) Kidney functions such as blood urea and serum creatinine were unchanged.
(h) Other metabolic ~unctions that were monitored and found to be unchanged were, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, total serum proteins, serum albumin and serum globulins.
Example II - Rams Three rams were given 1,0~3 x normal human dose of BCG (about 50 x 10 organisms) in each testicle. Semen samples showed that after a maximum of four weeks there were no viable sperm remaining. Three control rams who were kept in the same area and uninjected showed no change in sperm count or motility.
~xample III - Non-human Primates Two male monkeys were injected with BCG vaccine (50 to 100 x normal human dose, 2.5 to 5 mg, 2.5 x 109 to 5 x 10 organisms) in each testicle. Monitoring of metabolic functions showed that the monkeys remained perfectly healthy. Histological examination on biopsy showed that spermatogenesis has ceased.
_xample IV ~ Other Species A number of other species were treated with BCG
vaccine in doses varying from 3 to l,000 times the normal human dose. These included rats, guinea pigs and rabbits. In all cases metabolic functions were unchanged and histological examination of biopsy specimens showed that spermatogenesis had ceased. The average dose was 10 times the normal human dose.
In summary of this disclosure, the present invention is directed to a sterilization procedure which involves an entirely unexpected use of BCG.
, ~ a~
~a Modiflcaticns are possible within the scope of the inven-tion.
Claims (6)
1. A sterilizing composition for the sterilization of male mammalian species by intratesticular injection, comprising the Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin and an aqueous carrier therefor.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the mammalian species is selected from the group consisting of rams, non-human primates, rats, guinea pigs or rabbits.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the mammalian species is dogs.
4. The composition of claim 1 in the form of an injection dose of at least 1.5 x 107 organisms per testicle.
5. A composition for sterilizing mammalian species comprising the Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin formulated for intra-testicular injection to provide a concentration of at least 1.5 x 107 organisms per testicle.
6. The composition of claim 5 in the form of a suspen-sion in a saline composition containing from 1.5 x 107 to 5 x 1010 organisms per unit dose.
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000322706A CA1189789A (en) | 1979-03-02 | 1979-03-02 | Sterilization process for mammals |
| DE2923333A DE2923333C2 (en) | 1979-03-02 | 1979-06-08 | Sterilization of mammals |
| GB7920917A GB2042889B (en) | 1979-03-02 | 1979-06-15 | Sterilizing male mammals with bcg |
| FR7924868A FR2487200A1 (en) | 1979-03-02 | 1979-10-05 | COMPOSITION FOR STERILIZING MALE MAMMALS WITH CALMETTE AND GUERIN BACILLES |
| IT19567/80A IT1205229B (en) | 1979-03-02 | 1980-01-30 | PROCESS FOR STERILIZATION OF MAMMALS |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000322706A CA1189789A (en) | 1979-03-02 | 1979-03-02 | Sterilization process for mammals |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1189789A true CA1189789A (en) | 1985-07-02 |
Family
ID=4113665
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000322706A Expired CA1189789A (en) | 1979-03-02 | 1979-03-02 | Sterilization process for mammals |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1189789A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2923333C2 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2487200A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2042889B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1205229B (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4720507A (en) * | 1984-03-05 | 1988-01-19 | University Of Western Ontario | Biological contraceptive and contraceptive technique for males |
| US4780312A (en) * | 1985-06-04 | 1988-10-25 | National Institute Of Immunology | Birth control vaccine |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3229234C2 (en) * | 1979-04-13 | 1986-06-19 | Philips Roxane, Inc., St. Joseph, Mo. | Chemical castration |
-
1979
- 1979-03-02 CA CA000322706A patent/CA1189789A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-06-08 DE DE2923333A patent/DE2923333C2/en not_active Expired
- 1979-06-15 GB GB7920917A patent/GB2042889B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-10-05 FR FR7924868A patent/FR2487200A1/en active Granted
-
1980
- 1980-01-30 IT IT19567/80A patent/IT1205229B/en active
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4720507A (en) * | 1984-03-05 | 1988-01-19 | University Of Western Ontario | Biological contraceptive and contraceptive technique for males |
| US4780312A (en) * | 1985-06-04 | 1988-10-25 | National Institute Of Immunology | Birth control vaccine |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT1205229B (en) | 1989-03-15 |
| DE2923333C2 (en) | 1986-07-24 |
| FR2487200B1 (en) | 1983-06-24 |
| GB2042889A (en) | 1980-10-01 |
| IT8019567A0 (en) | 1980-01-30 |
| DE2923333A1 (en) | 1980-09-11 |
| FR2487200A1 (en) | 1982-01-29 |
| GB2042889B (en) | 1983-03-09 |
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