CA1188073A - Ladle starter shapes - Google Patents
Ladle starter shapesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1188073A CA1188073A CA000403858A CA403858A CA1188073A CA 1188073 A CA1188073 A CA 1188073A CA 000403858 A CA000403858 A CA 000403858A CA 403858 A CA403858 A CA 403858A CA 1188073 A CA1188073 A CA 1188073A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- shapes
- universal
- starter
- semi
- ladle
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
- B22D41/02—Linings
Abstract
LADLE STARTER SHAPES
Abstract of the Disclosure The invention consists of a universal set of refractory starter shapes having a combination of universal shapes in semi-universal shapes juxtaposed in such a manner as to form a starter course for constructing helical (cork screw or spiral) linings in ladles of varying diameters.
Abstract of the Disclosure The invention consists of a universal set of refractory starter shapes having a combination of universal shapes in semi-universal shapes juxtaposed in such a manner as to form a starter course for constructing helical (cork screw or spiral) linings in ladles of varying diameters.
Description
Background of the Invention In the manufacture of steel and steel alloys, it is conventional to tap molten metal from a furnace into a ladle 5 in a pouring pit. The pouring pit is usually at a lower elevation than the floor in which the metallurgical furnaces reside, so that the molten metal may flow by gravity from the urnace to the ladle. Spaced from the ladle are a plu-rality of ingot molds, and the ladle of molten metal is 10 moved through the pouring pit into a position above these ingot molds. Molten metal is poured from the ladle into the ingot molds to form ingots. Usually the metal is poured from the ladle through a nozzle which opens through the bot-tom thereofO However, the metal is oten poured over the 15 lip of the ladle.
Ladles are lined with refractory brick, usually fire clay or high alumina brick. Because the brick joints must not be penetrated by molten metal, prior art ladle brick were usually made from brick which tended to bloat; that is, 20 which have a volume e~pansion (on heat up) as great as 20~o The bloating of prior art ladle bri.ck enabled the con-struction of ladle linings without a great degree of care.
With the advent of the newer steel making process, however, the hot metal temperature exceeds the refractory limit of 25 bloating fire clay brick. Therefore, it was necessary that more highly refractory fire clay and high alumina brick having only slight expansion on heat up be used for ladle linings. As a result, new ladle lining construction tech-38~73 .~.niques were required, which techniques required much greater precision.
In an atternpt -to solve the problem, semi~universal type shapes were bunched together in varying ~uxtaposition to at-tain the proper starter course at the bottom of the vessel.
However, it was found that with the varying dimensions or diameters of steel ladles, and lining wall thicknesses from 4" to 9", the concept required appro~imately 30 different starter sets of varying size shape and thickness and lQ number. Ladles may be circular, oval or elliptical in conEiguration.
Accordingly, it is among the objects of the invention to provide a set of starter shapes o$ substantially identi-cal number for providing a starter course for spiral linings in ladles of varying diameters and dimensions, and varying wall thicknesses.
It is another object of the invention to provide novel, specia]ly shaped, refractory lining starter brick for use in metallurgical vessels with a spiral lining.
Briefly, according to the present invention, it is provided a universal set of refractory starter shapes of substantially identical number. They contain a combination of completely universal shapes and semi-universal shapes having ends with mating configurations. The shapes are made such that a plurality thereof can be placed end to end to form a starter course for ladles of varying diameters.
In the Drawings:
Fig. l is a side elevation in section of a brick lined ladle;
Figs. 2A and 2B are a top view and side view, re-spectively, of a completely universal s'nape used in the present invention;
Figs. 3A and 3B are a top view and side view, re-spectively, of one type of a semi~universal shape used in the present invention;
FigsO 4A and 4B are a top view and side view, re spectively, of another type of semi-universal shape used in the present invention; and .3.
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a universal set of refractory starter shapes according to the present invention.
Fig. 1 best shows ladle linings according to this invention. The ladle has a flared outer metal shell 2 which contains a refractory brick wall lining 4 and a tilt back course 5. Metal is removed from the ladle sometimes by pouring over lip at 6 or through a nozzle opening in the bottom (not shown). The side walls of the ladle are lined with a combination of arch and wedge brick, to provide for the curvature of the ladle. For a discussion and illustrations of s~andard wedge in arch shapes used throughout the refractories industry, see page 478 of Modern Refractory Practice, 4th Ed., published by Harbison-Walker Refractories Company. For a discussion of the selection of standard shapes to provide circular linings of various diameters and handy tables, see pages 536 through 538 of Modern Refractory Practice, 4th Ed. (above noted~. For a discussion and illustration at semi-universal ladle brick see pages 216-217 of Harbison-Walker ~andbook of Refractory Practice. Illustrated is a commonly used 18 piece starter set. Starter shapes 8 of the present invention are positioned in the lowermost course of the refractory brick in the side wall lining (laid on a top of the tilt back course 5). The preferred brick shapes used in the starter course of ladles constructed according to the teachings of this invention are best understood by reference to Figs. 2 through 4~
Referring to Figs. 2A and 2B, the shape 9 is a com-pletely universal shape having a forward semi-circular surface 10 and a complementary semi-circular rearward surface 12. The shape has substantially parallel side surfaces 14 which -taper upwardly forwardly~
Referring to Figs. 3A and 3B, there is illustrated a semi-universal shape wher~in the forward surface 16 is semi-circular and the rear surface 18 is less than a semi-circle and drawn from an arc of desired radius. The shape also has substantially parallel side surfaces 20 w~ich also taper up-wardly forwardly.
~8~ 73 Referring to Figs. 4A and 4B, there is shown another semi-universal shape 21 having a forward surface 22 which i8 drawn from an arc less than a semi-circle and a raarward surface 24 which is semi-circular in configuration. The shape also has substantially parallel side surfaces 26 which taper outwardly forwardly.
Referring to Fig. 5, there is shown the arrangements of shapes 9, 15 and 21 in a starter set Eor a ladle. The only diff2rence from these shapes twhich were not illustrated for the sake of simplicity) is that they vary in thickness. All of the shapes have opposed parallel top and bottom suraces. Note that the starter set consists of eight completely universal brick and four semi-universal brick.
The univ~rsal ends permit the bricX to turn and fit any diameter or configuration, The other four semi-universal brick have one end with a full univ~rsal design and the other end with a semi-universal design to fit properly with the main semi-universal shapes used in the spiral. I~e reason for their difference in thickness and upwardly taper is that the 12 pieces of the set, laid on proper sequence, constructs an inclined ramp so that the second turn of the (helical) spiral overlays the top of the first turn (course~
and the third overlays the second, etc. To speed the installation of linings in large ladles, additional starter sets are positioned also in the bottom turn (or course) to construct multiple spirals (cork screws).
The special starter shapes have another function. The brick linings at the bottom of ladles are usually head into place such that th~y will not fall out when the ladle is inverted. Ladles are usua]ly inverted for the purpose of dumping slag or residual steel after teeming. The formation of skulls (solidified metal) are undesirable and are avoided because of the difficulty of removal. The edges of the bottom are held in place by the walls of the ladle. The special starter set comprised of special starter shapes, according to this invention, provides a snug fit between the bottom end walls of the ladle. This fit reduces the tendency for brick to be pulled out when removing a skull.
The use of specially designed starter brick according to the teachings oE this invention, provides a ladle lining having an increased uniEormity, because it provides a solid base for the first and, -therefore, subsequent courses of brick.
It is intended -that the foregoing description be construed as illustrative and not in limitation of the invention.
Having thus described the invention in detail and with sufficient particularity as to enable those skilled in the art to practice it, what is desired to have protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the following claims.
Ladles are lined with refractory brick, usually fire clay or high alumina brick. Because the brick joints must not be penetrated by molten metal, prior art ladle brick were usually made from brick which tended to bloat; that is, 20 which have a volume e~pansion (on heat up) as great as 20~o The bloating of prior art ladle bri.ck enabled the con-struction of ladle linings without a great degree of care.
With the advent of the newer steel making process, however, the hot metal temperature exceeds the refractory limit of 25 bloating fire clay brick. Therefore, it was necessary that more highly refractory fire clay and high alumina brick having only slight expansion on heat up be used for ladle linings. As a result, new ladle lining construction tech-38~73 .~.niques were required, which techniques required much greater precision.
In an atternpt -to solve the problem, semi~universal type shapes were bunched together in varying ~uxtaposition to at-tain the proper starter course at the bottom of the vessel.
However, it was found that with the varying dimensions or diameters of steel ladles, and lining wall thicknesses from 4" to 9", the concept required appro~imately 30 different starter sets of varying size shape and thickness and lQ number. Ladles may be circular, oval or elliptical in conEiguration.
Accordingly, it is among the objects of the invention to provide a set of starter shapes o$ substantially identi-cal number for providing a starter course for spiral linings in ladles of varying diameters and dimensions, and varying wall thicknesses.
It is another object of the invention to provide novel, specia]ly shaped, refractory lining starter brick for use in metallurgical vessels with a spiral lining.
Briefly, according to the present invention, it is provided a universal set of refractory starter shapes of substantially identical number. They contain a combination of completely universal shapes and semi-universal shapes having ends with mating configurations. The shapes are made such that a plurality thereof can be placed end to end to form a starter course for ladles of varying diameters.
In the Drawings:
Fig. l is a side elevation in section of a brick lined ladle;
Figs. 2A and 2B are a top view and side view, re-spectively, of a completely universal s'nape used in the present invention;
Figs. 3A and 3B are a top view and side view, re-spectively, of one type of a semi~universal shape used in the present invention;
FigsO 4A and 4B are a top view and side view, re spectively, of another type of semi-universal shape used in the present invention; and .3.
Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a universal set of refractory starter shapes according to the present invention.
Fig. 1 best shows ladle linings according to this invention. The ladle has a flared outer metal shell 2 which contains a refractory brick wall lining 4 and a tilt back course 5. Metal is removed from the ladle sometimes by pouring over lip at 6 or through a nozzle opening in the bottom (not shown). The side walls of the ladle are lined with a combination of arch and wedge brick, to provide for the curvature of the ladle. For a discussion and illustrations of s~andard wedge in arch shapes used throughout the refractories industry, see page 478 of Modern Refractory Practice, 4th Ed., published by Harbison-Walker Refractories Company. For a discussion of the selection of standard shapes to provide circular linings of various diameters and handy tables, see pages 536 through 538 of Modern Refractory Practice, 4th Ed. (above noted~. For a discussion and illustration at semi-universal ladle brick see pages 216-217 of Harbison-Walker ~andbook of Refractory Practice. Illustrated is a commonly used 18 piece starter set. Starter shapes 8 of the present invention are positioned in the lowermost course of the refractory brick in the side wall lining (laid on a top of the tilt back course 5). The preferred brick shapes used in the starter course of ladles constructed according to the teachings of this invention are best understood by reference to Figs. 2 through 4~
Referring to Figs. 2A and 2B, the shape 9 is a com-pletely universal shape having a forward semi-circular surface 10 and a complementary semi-circular rearward surface 12. The shape has substantially parallel side surfaces 14 which -taper upwardly forwardly~
Referring to Figs. 3A and 3B, there is illustrated a semi-universal shape wher~in the forward surface 16 is semi-circular and the rear surface 18 is less than a semi-circle and drawn from an arc of desired radius. The shape also has substantially parallel side surfaces 20 w~ich also taper up-wardly forwardly.
~8~ 73 Referring to Figs. 4A and 4B, there is shown another semi-universal shape 21 having a forward surface 22 which i8 drawn from an arc less than a semi-circle and a raarward surface 24 which is semi-circular in configuration. The shape also has substantially parallel side surfaces 26 which taper outwardly forwardly.
Referring to Fig. 5, there is shown the arrangements of shapes 9, 15 and 21 in a starter set Eor a ladle. The only diff2rence from these shapes twhich were not illustrated for the sake of simplicity) is that they vary in thickness. All of the shapes have opposed parallel top and bottom suraces. Note that the starter set consists of eight completely universal brick and four semi-universal brick.
The univ~rsal ends permit the bricX to turn and fit any diameter or configuration, The other four semi-universal brick have one end with a full univ~rsal design and the other end with a semi-universal design to fit properly with the main semi-universal shapes used in the spiral. I~e reason for their difference in thickness and upwardly taper is that the 12 pieces of the set, laid on proper sequence, constructs an inclined ramp so that the second turn of the (helical) spiral overlays the top of the first turn (course~
and the third overlays the second, etc. To speed the installation of linings in large ladles, additional starter sets are positioned also in the bottom turn (or course) to construct multiple spirals (cork screws).
The special starter shapes have another function. The brick linings at the bottom of ladles are usually head into place such that th~y will not fall out when the ladle is inverted. Ladles are usua]ly inverted for the purpose of dumping slag or residual steel after teeming. The formation of skulls (solidified metal) are undesirable and are avoided because of the difficulty of removal. The edges of the bottom are held in place by the walls of the ladle. The special starter set comprised of special starter shapes, according to this invention, provides a snug fit between the bottom end walls of the ladle. This fit reduces the tendency for brick to be pulled out when removing a skull.
The use of specially designed starter brick according to the teachings oE this invention, provides a ladle lining having an increased uniEormity, because it provides a solid base for the first and, -therefore, subsequent courses of brick.
It is intended -that the foregoing description be construed as illustrative and not in limitation of the invention.
Having thus described the invention in detail and with sufficient particularity as to enable those skilled in the art to practice it, what is desired to have protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the following claims.
Claims (7)
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. Universal set of refractory starter shapes of substantially identical numbers comprising a combination of completely universal shapes and semi-universal shapes having ends with mating configurations such that a plurality of shapes can be placed end to end to form a starter course for ladles of varying diameters and configurations.
2. Set of claim 1, in which both universal and semi-universal shapes vary in thickness.
3. Set of claim 1, which comprises eight universal shapes and four semi-universal shapes.
4. Set of claim 3, in which two of said four semi-universal shapes have the semi-universal portion located at ends opposite to said other two shapes.
5. Set of claim 1, in which the shapes have relatively flat, opposed tapered side surfaces.
6. Set of claim 1, in which the shapes have opposed, parallel top and bottom surfaces.
7. In generally circular cross-sectional vessels of varying diameters having upwardly flaring side walls and a substantially flat bottom, said walls and bottom lined with a plurality of refractory shapes, a set of starter shapes of substantively identical numbers forming the lowermost course of the side walls comprising a combination of completely universal shapes and semi-universal shapes having ends with mating configurations such that a plurality of shapes can be placed end to end to form a starter course for ladles of varying diameters and configurations.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US27892081A | 1981-06-29 | 1981-06-29 | |
| US278,920 | 1981-06-29 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1188073A true CA1188073A (en) | 1985-06-04 |
Family
ID=23066951
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000403858A Expired CA1188073A (en) | 1981-06-29 | 1982-05-27 | Ladle starter shapes |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS586771A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU8487482A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8203770A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1188073A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3224496A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5824263A (en) * | 1996-01-22 | 1998-10-20 | Harbison-Walker Refractories Company | Ladle brick leveling set |
| US5879616A (en) * | 1996-01-22 | 1999-03-09 | Harbison-Walker Refractories Company | Metallurgical vessel and method of using the same |
| US5882583A (en) * | 1996-01-22 | 1999-03-16 | Harbison-Walker Refractories Company | precast module leveling assembly for a metallurgical vessel |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3372102D1 (en) * | 1982-01-25 | 1987-07-23 | Hercules Inc | A dicyclopentadiene thermoset polymer and a catalyst and a method for making it |
| CN1039480C (en) * | 1994-11-18 | 1998-08-12 | 宝山钢铁(集团)公司 | Combined air-permeable brick for subaeration of ladle |
| US5704184A (en) * | 1995-02-13 | 1998-01-06 | Indresco Inc. | Impact pad for ladles |
-
1982
- 1982-05-27 CA CA000403858A patent/CA1188073A/en not_active Expired
- 1982-06-15 AU AU84874/82A patent/AU8487482A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1982-06-28 DE DE19823224496 patent/DE3224496A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1982-06-28 BR BR8203770A patent/BR8203770A/en unknown
- 1982-06-28 JP JP11140682A patent/JPS586771A/en active Pending
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5824263A (en) * | 1996-01-22 | 1998-10-20 | Harbison-Walker Refractories Company | Ladle brick leveling set |
| US5879616A (en) * | 1996-01-22 | 1999-03-09 | Harbison-Walker Refractories Company | Metallurgical vessel and method of using the same |
| US5882583A (en) * | 1996-01-22 | 1999-03-16 | Harbison-Walker Refractories Company | precast module leveling assembly for a metallurgical vessel |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS586771A (en) | 1983-01-14 |
| DE3224496A1 (en) | 1983-01-27 |
| BR8203770A (en) | 1983-06-21 |
| AU8487482A (en) | 1983-01-06 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |