CA1184972A - Electrochemical construction - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

IMPROVED SEPARATOR-SPACER FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS

A n electrochemical cell construction (25) features a novel co-extruded plastic electrode (29) in an interleaved construction with a novel integral separator-spacer (28). Also featured is a leak and impact resistant construction (50, 51, 52 and 53) for preventing the spill of corrosive materials in the event of rupture.

Description

9~

1 FrELD OF T_IE INVENTION

2 This invention relates to electrochemical cells,

3 and more particularly to an improved cell construction

4 which can be use~ul in vehicular battery systems.

5 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

6 In recent times, the use of light weight

7 battery materials and cost efficient battery constructions

8 have been of prime interest to the automotive and battery g industries. In particular, cost-effective battery designs are of paramount importance for electric vehicular sys-11 tems. ~or electric vehicles and other bulk energy storage 12 applications, cost justificatiorl of a battery system 13 is highly sensitive to the initial battery cost and 14 to the life-cycle cost. The present invention seeks to provide a new electrochemical cell construction 16 which reduces the initial costs and extends operating 17 life for a battery system through the utilizat;on of new 18 manufacturing techniques, new weight-reducing materials 19 and new integration of components.
A new cell design and construction has resulted 21 from the achievement of the above objectives, which design 22 and construction features amongst other novelties:
23 1. An integral separator and spacer to reduce 24 space, parts and cost.
2. A reduction in gas entrapment with the 26 use of the new separator-spacer design.
27 3. An integral conductive/non-conductive 28 (dielectric) coextruded plastic electrode which is 29 both light weight and inexpensive to manufacturer 4. Reduction and/or elimination of parasitic 31 shunt currents.
32 5. ~ale/female stacking and integration of 33 parts and conduits to provide ease and compactness of 34 assembly.
6. A two-piece interleaved bipolar battery 36 assembly which is more compact, light weight, leak-37 proof, easy to assemble and low cost.

9~

1 7. A safer battery design and construction 2 which reduces the possibility of spilling corrosive 3 materials should compartments housing these materials 4 rupture.
The subject invention is useul in the manufac-6 ture, construction and assembly of many different kinds 7 of electrochemical cells, and the invention should be 8 interpreted as not being limited to a specific system.
9 It is of particular interest for use in a circulating zinc-bromine battery, construc~ed in accord-11 ance with the teachings advanced in the 12 U.S. Patent to: Agustin F. Venero, entitled: Metal 13 Halogen Batteries and Method of Operating Same, Patent 14 No. 4~105,829, issued: August 8, 1978, and assigned to the present assignee.
16 The above-mentioned battery system is of 17 particular interest because of its low cost and availa~
18 bility of reactants, its high cell voltage and its high 19 degree of reversiblity.
DISCUSSION OF THE PRIOR ART
21 To the best of our knowledge and belief, the 22 various novelties presented and described herein, are 23 completely new within the art o electrochemical system 24 design and construction. The skilled practitioner will gain a particular appreciation of the unique ideas and 26 concepts advanced herein.

28 This invention relates to an electrochemical 29 construction comprising a stack of cells each comprised of an integral separator and spacer disposed between adjacent 31 electrodes each comprised of a composite plastic sheet 32 having a coextruded electrically conductive mid-portion 33 and electrically non-conductive top and bottom side 34 portions. The separator-spacer and the sheet electrodes are asse~bled by male and female connections, which are 36 hollow and form fluid conduits for the cells. The 37 electrochemical construction may be comprised of more 38 than one stack of cells.

~ 3 1 The integral separator-spacer comprises a 2 microporous sheet, which provides ionic communication 3 between adjacent compartments of each cell. A web surace 4 on ~ach side of the microporous sheet is covered with projections for maintaining a spaced compartmental dis-6 tance between said separator-spacer and said adjacent 7 electrodes~ l`he projections on one web surface are 8 directly opposite corresponding projections on the other g web surface of the sheet in order to provide a greater structural integrity to the sheet in its capacity to 11 maintain a spaced distance between electrodes. The 12 projections can be pebble or rod-shaped or a combination 13 of pebble and rod~shapes.
14 The separator-spacer has a non-porous border substantially surrounding the microporous sheet, which 16 microporous sheet can be ion-selective.
17 The electrodes have narrow non-conductive 18 top and bottom side portion strips with respect to 19 their lar~er conductive mid-portions. The electrodes can be made monopolar or bipolar, but can be specif-21 ically bipolar in order to operate in a zinc-bromine 22 system, for example. The non-conductive side strips 23 can be made of polypropylene, polyethylene, or copolymers 24 thereof, while the conductive mid-portion comprises a 25 carbon-containing polyolefin. More specifically, the 26 conductive mid-portion comprises by weight 100 parts 27 polyolefin, 25 parts carbon, 5 parts each pitch fiber and 28 glass fiber and 1 part fumed silica powder. The extruded 29 material can be hot formed and can be dimpled.
The electrochemical construction can be provided 31 with a protective current in order to reduce or eliminate 32 parasitic shunt currents in common electrolyte systems of 33 this type.
34 The zinc-bromine electrochemical system of the invention also features a leak and impact resistant 36 construction comprising:
37 a first inner compartment for storing a bromine-38 rich phase;

7~

l ~ second compartment substantially surrounding 2 said ~irst inner compartment and cGntaining a first 3 electrolyte for circulation through said cell;
4 a third compartment substantially surrounding both said second and first compartments and containing a 6 second electrolyte or circulation through said cell; and 7 an outer casing substantially surrounding said ~ first, second and third compartments.
g The first electrolyte is yenerally the catholyte for the system, while the second electrolyte is generally 11 the anolyte~ The bromine-rich phase is a non-aqueous 12 phase which separates from the aqueous catholyte and 13 contains bromine complexing agents.
14 The compartment and casing materials are generally comprised of chemically inert, impact resistant 16 plastics.
17 I~ is an object of the present invention to 18 provide a cost efficient electrochemical construction;
19 It is another object of this invention to provide an electrochemical construction which is light 21 weiyht and compact;
22 It is a further object of the invention to 23 provide a new electrochemical system having a high 24 voltage and cyclic-life.
These and o~her objects of this invention 26 will be better understood and will become more apparent 27 with reference to the following detailed description 28 considered in conjunction with the accompanying dr~win~s.
29 This application, being a division of Canadian ~ppLication S.N. 397,587 filed March 4, 1982, claims 31 only some aspects of the invention discussed above and 32 more fully disclosed below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram o~ a typical 3 circulating zinc-bromine system which can benefit from the inventive construction shown in the following Figures 2 through 7.
6 Figure 2 is a partially cutaway prospective 7 view of a zinc bromine system constructed in accordance ~ with this invention;
9 Figure 3 is an exploded perspective view of the two-sheet stack construction of a portion o a : - 5 ~
1 stack of cells of the ~lectrochemical system of this - 2 lnventionj 3 Figure 4 i~ a front view of the coextruded 4 sl~eet electrode of ~he inventive construct~on shown in Figure 3;
6 Figure 4a is a side view of the sheet electrode 7 of Figure 4;
8 ~igure 5 is a perspective view o the electrode 9 being extruded;
Figures 5a, Sb and 5c are respective top, 11 front and side views of the coextrusion die used to 12 fabricate the sheet electrode shown in Figures 3, 4, 13 and 4a;
14 Figure 6 a~pearing on the third sheet of drawings lS is a ~ront view of the integral separator-spacer illustrated 16 in the inventive construction of Figure 3;
17 Figure 6a appe~ring on the third sheet of drawings 18 is a side view of the iutegral separator-spacer depicted in 1~ Figure 6;
Figures 7a through 7d are illustrative of 21 various designs for the projections depicted on the 22 web surfaces of the sepatator-spacer shown in Figures 6 23 and 6a; and 24 Figures 7aa through 7dd are side views of the projections depicted in respectiYe Figures 7a through 7d.

-27 Referring to Figure 1, a schematic diagram 28 of a typical circulating, bipolar zinc bromine system 29 is shown. This system can benefit from the inventive construction which will be hereinafter described with 31 reference to Figures 2 through 7~ The ~inc-bromine 32 system of Figure 1 comprîses ~wo electrolytes which are 33 circulated through separate compar~ments 8, 9 respec-34 tively, of the cell 10. An anolyte which is generally stored in reservoir 11 is pumped via pump 12 throuyh 3G compartment 8 and loop 13, generally referred to as the 37 anode loop. A catholyte which is generally stored in 38 reservoir 14, is pumped via pump 15 through compartment 9 39 and loop 16, generally referred to as the cathode loop.

1 The zinc-bromine system is also a two phase 2 syste~, in that the catholyte has bromine complexing 3 agents and is comprised of a first aqueous phase and 4 a second, non-aqueous, bromine-rich phase. The bromine-rich (complexed) phase tends to separate at the bromine 6 active electrode 17 from the aqueous catholyte. This 7 non-aqueous phase is stored in the reservoir 14, as 8 illustrated schematically by shaded portion 14a.
g A separator 18 delinates and defines the boundary between the anolyte and cathode compartments 8 11 and 9, respectively. The separator 18 is a membrane which 12 prevents or binders movement of anions such as the bromide 13 and tribromide ions from cathode compartment 9 to the 14 anode compartment 8. In a bipolar design, the zinc active electrode 19 and the bromine active elec~rode 17 are 16 opposite sides of the same electrode structure.
17 Further description of the zinc-bromine system 18 can be obtained with reference to aforementioned U.S.
19 Patent No. 4,105,829; issued August 8, 1978~
The zinc-bromine system can be made more prac-21 ticable by integrating and improving various components of 22 Figure 1, as will be hereinafter explaineà with respect to 23 the inventive construction shown in Figures 2 through 7.
24 Where applicable within the description, like components may have similar numerical designations for the sake of 26 brevity.
27 Now reerring to Figure 2, an improved electro~
28 chemical system is shown in a schematic perspective viewO
29 The improved system utilizes an integrated two-leaved separator-spacer and electrode forming a portion of a 31 stack of cells, as depicted in the exploded view of 32 Figure 3.
33 The electrochemical system of Figure 2, com-34 prises a battery stack 25 which in turn is comprised o a plurality of cells 10, each having two plates, as shown 36 in Figure 3. One plate, according to the invention, is 37 an integral separator-spacer 28 and the other plate is 38 an electrode sheet 29. The separator-spacer has two 7'~

1 ~nctions combined in a single sheet. The first purpose 2 is that of the separator 18 in Figure 1, i.~. to provide 3 fl~id communication between compartments as a membrane. A
4 more detailed description o~ this function can be obtained from the above-mentioned U.S. Patent No. 4,105,829; issued 6 August 8, 1978; and also from U.S. Patent ~lo. 4,259,ql7;
7 issued March 31, 1981 for arl ~Ionic Barrier~, to inven-8 torso R. J. Bellows and P. G. Grimes.
g The second function of sheet 28 is to space the sheet 28 from the adjacent electrode sheets 29 so as to 11 create respective anolyte and catholyte compartments ~
12 and 9 (Figure 1). The separator-spacer sheet 28 has a 13 microporous mid-portion surface 30 which is recessed from 14 the non-porous surface 31 of the sides! as shown in more detail in Figures 6 and 6a. When the separator-spacer 16 sheets 28 are pressed between electrode sheets 29, the 17 stack structure 25 is formed, as shown in ~igure 2. The 18 projections 32 on the microporous mid-portion surfaces are 19 designed to maintain a spaced compartmental distance between the separator-spacer surface 30 and the flat 21 conductive surfaces 33 of adjacent electrode sheet 29.
22 The projections 32 provide structural means against 23 collapse of surfaces 33 upon surfaces 33 and vice versa.
24 The projections 32 on one side 30 of sheet 28 are dia-metrically opposite corresponding projections 32 on the 26 opposite side 30 of sheet 28 as clearly illustrated in 27 Figure 6a. This is done, to provide a greater s~rength 28 against distortion of surfaces 33 upon surfaces 30. The 29 projections 32 usually are designed as pebbles as depicted by arrows 32a in Figure 6a, and as also shown in Figures 31 7cc and 7dd, etc.
32 These projections 32 may also be designed with a 33 rod-shape as depicted in Figures 7a, 7aa and 7b, 7bb; by 34 arrows 32b. The projections 32 may also be a combination of pebble and rod-shaped protuberances as depicted in 36 Figures 7c, 7cc and 7d, 7dd.
37 The design of these projections allow for an 3~ expeditious flow of electrolyte through the compartments 7~2 1 8 and 9, respectively. The flow of electrolyte is accom-2 plished without entrapping gas bubbles ab~ut projections 3 32 within the compartmental cavities 8 and 9.
4 The mid-portion of the separator-spacer sheet 28 can be comprised of a microporous rne~brane material known 6 as DaramicR, Series HW-0835, which is made by W. R. Grace 7 Co., Polyfibron Di~ision, Cambridge, Massachuset~s. The 8 raised side borders 31 of non-porous material may be any g moldable plastic. The plastic of borders 31 is typycally overmolded around the separator~spacer insert by injection 11 molding, as can be seen from Figure 6a.
12 Sheets 28 and 29 are assembled by means of l3 hollow male/female connectors 40 shown in detail in 14 Figures 6 and 6a. When the sheets 28 and 29 are assembled in a stack 25, these hollow connectors ~0 form electrolyte 16 manifolds which supply compartments 8 and 9 with electro-17 lyte via individual conduits or channels 60.
18 The male/female connectors 40 of sheets 28 19 fit through the holes 41 (Figures 4 and 4a) in adjacent sheets 29, and snap into mating connectors 40 in subse-21 quently adjacent sheets 28.
22 The electrode sheet 29 o Figures 4 and 4a is 23 comprised of a coextruded sheet of plastic which has an ~4 electrically conductive mid-portion 33 and two side portions 37 of electrically non-conductive (insulating) 26 plastic. The top and bottom side portions 37 are co-27 extruded "side-by-side" along with the mid-portion 33 28 to form a one piece continuous electrode sheet, which 29 continuous sheet is then cut to specific lengths to form a plurality of smaller sheets 29. The edges 38 of sheet 31 29 may be undercut to improve electrical isolation in 32 stack 25.
33 This ~side-by-side" profile co-extrusion of 34 insulating and conductive plastic sheets 37 and 33, respectively, presents a new and an alternative fast 3~ method of production for all monopolar and bipolar 37 electrodes including electrodes for zinc bromine batteries 3~ Compared with compression moldinq, the co-extrusion method 1 gives more uniformity in thickness, a stronger bonding 2 between the insulating and conductive plastics, much 3 desired flatness, and "electrode by yards" similar to 4 dress fabrice. The fabrication cost is much lower because the process is continuous.
6 A special formulation of carbon plastic is 7 needed for mid-portion 33 of sheet 29 to provide good ~ electrical conductivity, which still exhibit good extrudi-g bility, good strength, and excellent anti-corrosive properties against bromine and zinc bromide in the 11 el~ctrolyte, 12 The preferred composition of the conductive 13 carbon plastic is covered by aforementioned U.S. Patent 14 No. 4,169,816; issued October 2, 1979, to H.C. Tsien.
15 This formulation gives good conductivity (1 to 2 ohm-cm 16 in resistivity), good flex strength, low permeability 17 inertness to bromine, good extrudibility, better weld-18 ability and less mold shrinkage.
19 The conductive plastic is a mixture of 100 parts by weight of polyolefin copolymer, 25 parts by 21 weight of special conductive carbon, 5 parts by weight 22 each of ~arbon fiber and glass fiber, and 1 part by weight 23 of fumed silica powder.
24 Some of the other advantages of coextruding the section 33 and 37 are:
26 1. Good bonding between the insulating and 27 conductive plas~ics.
28 2. Maintaining width, flatness and thick-29 ness dimensions with the tolerances specified.
3. Clear and sharp boundary lines between 31 sectionS 33 and 37.
32 Figures Sa, 5b and 5c are respective top, front 33 and side views of an extrusion die used to fabricate the 34 electrode sheet. The center extrusion die 47 receives 3S conductive plastic from a horizontal extruder through 36 conduit 46, while the side extrusion dies 48, each receive 37 non conducting plastic from an overhead, vertical extruder 3~ via conduits 45a and 45b, respectively.

1 The hori~ontal extruder ~or the black conductive 2 plastic is a 2-1/2" screw with L/D of 30:1, while the 3 vertical extruder for the opaque insulating plastic is a 4 1-1/2" dia. screw with L/D of 24:1.
Thc melted insulating plastic enters into the 6 die at 90 degrees from the vertical stream 45, divides 7 into two steams 45a and 45b and flows into one le~t and 8 one right separate ~coat hangers~ along side ~he main coat g hanger 45. The die design is conventional, except that the side-by-side profile division is believed to be novel.
11 The die is of split construction in order to ~acilitate 12 any changes in the design and the ease of fabrication.
13 The main die assembly consists o~ a lo~er die 14 body 55, upper die body 56, flexible upper lip 57 and fixed lower lip 58.
16 The die lip gap is ground to allow for the 17 swell of plastics emerging out of the die. Lip gaps can 18 be indivi~ually ad~usted by screws 59 in conjunction with 19 the nut bars 61. The two side plas~ics 62 and 63 close the two outsîdes of flow channels of the insulating 21 plastics and give a box-like reinforcement.
22 Adapter 64 provides connection to the main 23 extruder. There are (16) cartridge heaters 65 and (4) 24 band heaters 66 for heating the two streams of plastics.
Temperatures are controlled through thermocouples and 26 individual zone temperature controllers.
~7 The individual adjustment of the left and right 28 streams 45a and 45b is made possible by ball headed 29 adjusting screws 67 and locknut 68. Bushings 74 make good connection from valve blocks 75 to die block 56. All main 31 parts of the die are made of A2 air hardeninq tool steel.
32 The Bethelehem A2 air hardening steel has the followiny 33 physical properties:

34 As~annealed Heat Treated 35 Hardness (R/C) 1S-20 56-58 36 Yield Strength psi 55,000 208,750 37 ~.T.S. psi 114,950 255 r 250 38 Elongation ~ 18% .8%

1 With the head pressures from the extruders well 2 over 1000 psi, tlle die cannot oper~te free from internal 3 leakage b~tween ~he insulating and conducting streams if 4 the die is in the soft annealed condition. The hardened and reground die eliminates internal leakage. Four 6 diferent types of insulating p]astics were tried, they 7 are:
8 Melt Flow Index 9 Fiberfil JG0/20E230C, 2160 gm load, 4.5 gm in 10 min.
11 UGI LR711 HDPE190C, 2160 gm load, 12 10 5 gln in 10 min.
13 Exxon P.P~ 5052 P.P. 230C~ 2160 gm load, 14 ~9 to 1.5 gm in lO min~
15 Exxon P.P. 5011 P.P. 230C, 2160 gm load, 16 .45 to .85 gm in 10 min.
17 Both Exxon homopolymer PP5011 and 5052 can 18 match well with the conductive plastic. They came 19 out of the die with no wrinkles, the sheets were flat and uniform.
21 Theoretically, aside from previous considera-22 ~ions, any polyethylene or polypropylene for side portions 23 37 can be a good match wi~h the conductive plastic 24 mid-portion 33, because the basic material used in the conductive plastic is the copolymer of the two. The 26 melting points are in the range of 325 to 375F~ There-27 fore, approximately 400F is a proper temperature in 28 range for the two streams to meet. ~ead pressures are 29 lS00 to 1800 psi. These conditions made a good bond at the bonding line.
31 Close match of melt indices is necessary in 32 order to eliminate scallops formed at the ~oint of the two 33 edges~ The viscosities and velocities of the streams from 34 the two extruders has to be very closely equal. Pressures can be manipulated from two heads while varying the 36 ~emperatures in various die zones to get the matching 37 condi~ions. However, the differences between melt flow 38 index of conductive and that of insulating plastics has to * trade m~rk 1 be minimized.
2 The extrusion speed can be around 20 ft./minute 3 to 90 ft./minute.
4 There are many downstream attachments that can be added so tha~ the co-extruded sheet can be worked 6 on while still hot and so~t. Thus, the repeated heating 7 and cooling cycles with the accompanied plastic degrada 8 tions can be elimanated. Powder of activa~ed carbon can 9 be sprayed on one face of the carbon plastic as the sheet is emerging from the die and before the sheet is pinched 11 by the cold nip rolls. The powder spray is limited in the 12 conductive area.
13 Various types of surface finishes can be 14 obtained by changing the nip rolls rom polished chrome plated surface to Teflon*coated and rubber rolls. It is 16 also possible to replace nip rolls with dimpling rolls~
17 so that cavities or special flow patterns can be formed 18 on one or both faces of the co-extruded sheet~ The hot 19 forming rolls can make repeated patterns of design inden-tations in the electrode, if so desired.
21 The combination possibilities are only limited 22 by imagination. For dimpling, the desiqn is also repeated 23 every revolution of the dimpling rolls. It is very much 24 like printing repeated patterns on the fabric. These downstream modiications such as catalyst spraying, 26 dimpling, or hot forming can be added so that all opera-27 tions can be done without significant added production 28 cost 29 Figure 5 is a schematic perspective view of the continuous electrode sheet emerging from the split die 31 illustrated in Figures 5a, 5b and Sc.
32 Now referring to Fiqure 2, a further safety 33 feature for ~he electrochemical system is illustrated.
34 In order to prevent or reduce the risk of spilling corrosive bromine and bromine compounds in the event 36 of casing or compartmental rupture, the various com-37 partments can be nested with the bromine-containing 38 compartment 50 being the most internal compartment.
* trade mark 1 I'he bromine compartment 50 is surrounded by the catholyte-2 containing compartment 51, which in turn is surrounded by 3 the anolyte-containing compartment 52. Compartments 50, 4 51, and 52 are all enclosed by outer casing 53.
Shunt currents can be eliminated along formed 6 manifolds (connectors 40) by means of applying a protec-7 tive curren~ along these electrolyte carrying conduits, in 8 accordance with the teachings expressed in aforementioned g U.S. Patent No. 4,197,169 issued April 8, 1980 to M. Zahn, P. G. Grimes and R. J. Bellows.
11 The two-leaved electrochemical cell construction 12 of this invention reduces parts and is easier to fabricate 1~ and assemble ~han prior systems of this kind. Further q modifications to the invention may occur to ~hose skilled practitioners of this art. Such modifications have not lG been described for the sake of brevity.

Claims (24)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A leak and impact resistant construction for a zinc-bromine electrochemical cell, comprising:
a first inner compartment for storing a bromine-rich phase;
a second compartment substantially surround-ing said first inner compartment and containing a first electrolyte for circulation through said cell;
a third compartment substantially surround-ing both said second and first compartments and containing a second electrolyte for circulation through said cell;
and an outer casing substantially surrounding said first, second and third compartments.

2. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 1, wherein said first electrolyte comprises a catholyte of said zinc-bromine cell.

3. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 1, wherein said second electrolyte comprises an anolyte of said zinc-bromine cell.

4. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 1, wherein said bromine-rich phase is a non-aqueous phase.

5. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 1, wherein said bromine-rich phase comprises at least one bromine complexing agent.

6. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 1, wherein each compartment comprises a chemi-cally inert plastic frame.

7. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 2, wherein said catholyte comprises a bromine complexing agent.

8. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 1, wherein said outer casing is comprised of an impact resistant material.

9. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 1, wherein said outer easing is comprised of plastic.

10. A leak and impact resistant construction for an electrochemical system, comprising:
a first inner compartment for storing a second phase;
a second compartment substantially surround-ing said first inner compartment and containing a first electrolyte from which a second phase separates for circulation through said cell;
a third compartment substantially surround-ing both said second and first compartments and containing a second electrolyte for circulation through said cell;
and an outer casing substantially surrounding said first, second and third compartments.

11. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 10, wherein said first electrolyte comprises a catholyte of said system.

12. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 10, wherein said second electrolyte comprises an anolyte of said system.

13. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 10, wherein said second phase is substantially non-aqueous.

14 The leak and impact resistant construction of claim lo, wherein said second phase comprises at least one organic agent.

15. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 10, wherein each compartment comprises a chemi-cally inert matallic frame.

16. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 11, wherein said catholyte partially comprises a product extraction complexing agent.

17. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 10, wherein said first electrolyte comprises an anolyte of said system.

18. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 10, wherein said second electrolyte comprises a catholyte of said system.

19. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 12, wherein said anolyte comprises substantially organic extractant for products.

20. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 17, wherein said anolyte comprises a substan-tially organic extractant for products.

21. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 12, wherein said anolyte comprises substantially a non-acqueous phase for carrying reactants.

22. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 17, wherein said anolyte comprises substantially a non-aqueous phase for carrying reactants.

23. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 11, wherein the catholyte comprises substantially a non-aqueous phase for carrying reactants.

24. The leak and impact resistant construction of claim 18, wherein the catholyte comprises substantially a non-aqueous phase for carrying reactants.