CA1179917A - Choke flow bean - Google Patents
Choke flow beanInfo
- Publication number
- CA1179917A CA1179917A CA000400620A CA400620A CA1179917A CA 1179917 A CA1179917 A CA 1179917A CA 000400620 A CA000400620 A CA 000400620A CA 400620 A CA400620 A CA 400620A CA 1179917 A CA1179917 A CA 1179917A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- choke
- bore
- flow bean
- choke flow
- region
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
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- Pipe Accessories (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A choke flow bean is described which is unusually effective in reducing the pressure of fluids flowing through it. The choke flow bean has a well rounded circular or eliptical throat which opens smoothly and directly into a divergent truncated exit cone having a divergent angle of from 4° to 8°.
The length of the truncated exit cone can be up to about 9 times the throat diameter. The outer sur-face of the choke flow bean is usually cylindrical in shape with external threads at the discharge end and a wrench fitting (e.g., hex-nut type) at the inlet end. The choke flow bean is usually embodied within the casing of a choke nipple with the assistance of choke adaptor.
29,143-F
A choke flow bean is described which is unusually effective in reducing the pressure of fluids flowing through it. The choke flow bean has a well rounded circular or eliptical throat which opens smoothly and directly into a divergent truncated exit cone having a divergent angle of from 4° to 8°.
The length of the truncated exit cone can be up to about 9 times the throat diameter. The outer sur-face of the choke flow bean is usually cylindrical in shape with external threads at the discharge end and a wrench fitting (e.g., hex-nut type) at the inlet end. The choke flow bean is usually embodied within the casing of a choke nipple with the assistance of choke adaptor.
29,143-F
Description
1 1 ~3~1 7 CHOKE FLOW BEAN
This invention pertains to a novel choke flow bean and a choke nipple assembly containing an adaptor and the choke flow bean.
More particularly, the choke flow bean of the invention is unusually effective in reducing the pressure of fluids flowing through it and is also capable of handling fluids having entrained particu-late solids.
A wide variety of mechanical devices have been used to control the flow of fluids (liguids and/or gases) through a pipe. The various engineers handbooks describe various orifices, nozzles, and short tubes as means for reducing pressure of a fluid.
See, for example, Chemical Enqineers Handbook, 5th Edition, by R. H. Perry et al., McGraw-Hill Book Company (1973) and Unit ODerations of Chemical Enqineerinq, 3rd Edition, by W. L. McCabe et al., McGraw-Hill, Inc. (1976).
il~7~i7 _ These handbooks show or describe a variety of "Venturi nozzles" where the fluid passes through a converging truncated cone into usually a short, straight-walled tube from which it is discharged into a diverging truncated cone, often called a dif-fuser. See, for example, the disclosure by McCabe et al., supra, at pages 203,212.
In other instances, simple flow nozzles have been used to regulate the flow of fluids. Nozzles with a well-rounded throat generally have a higher average coefficient of discharge than orifices having a square edge or a thin plate with a sharp edge. Flow measure-ments through such nozzles are described in Chapter 14 of the text, "Mechanical Measurements", by T. G. Beck-with et al., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company (1973), at pages 417-419.
The flow of fluids through convergent--divergent nozzles (DeLaval nozzles) has also been studied and is reported, for example, by R. H. Perry, supra, at pages 5-29 et seq. None of the DeLaval--type nozzles have been used, so far as the applicant know~, as a choke flow bean capable of handling fluids with entrained particulate solids.
The choke flow bean of the invention 5 comprises:
a housing having a first end and second end defining a bore of generally circular cross section which extends, along with its axis of generation, from the first end to the second end, i'7 the bore being of varying diameter along its axis of generation with regions of large diameter adjacent the first and second ends of the housing and a region of minimum diameter, d, intermediate the first and second ends, the bore having a general configuration approximating that of a trumpet bell between the first end and the region of minimum diameter, and the bore having a frustoconical configura-tion between the first end and the region of minimumdiameter with a tota' included angle of from 4 to 8 and having a length along the axis of generation of up to about 9d between the region of minimum dia-meter and the second end.
Figure l shows a side schematic cross--sectional view of the choke flow bean.
Figure 2 shows a side schematic cross--sectional view of a choke nipple containing a choke adapter which in turn contains the choke flow bean.
In Figure l, the choke flow bean is shown as a housing having a generally cylindrical shape with a bore traversing from a first end to a second end. The bore is of generally circular cross-section and has an axis of generation from the first to the second end. The bore of varying diameter along its axis with regions of large diameter adjacent the first and the second ends. The throat portion of the bore has a general configuration approximating that of a trumpet bell (lO) between the first end and the region of minimum diameter (ll) having a diameter, d. The bore has a frustoconical configu-ration (12) between the second end and the region of minimum diameter with a total included angle, ~, of from about 4~ to about 8~ (preferably from about 5 to about 7; more preferably, about 5) and having a length, 1, along the axis of generation of up to about 9 d. When 1 is less than about 9 d, the pressure in the fluid is not reduced as much as it might be as it passes through the choke flow bean.
If 1 is greater than about 9 d, the fluid passing through the choke flow bean experiences considerable turbulance as the fluid begins to fall away from the sides of the choke flow bean.
The choke flow bean may be prepared from substantially any material of construction, but because it is exposed generally to high pressures during conditions of use, it is normally constructed of metal (usually steel) and in most instances it is prepared from materials noted for their toughness and abrasion resistance (e.g., tungsten carbide or carburized steel). The throat portion (10) is more subject to abrasion than the frustoconical portion (12). It is, therefore, convenient and usually preferred to construct the throat separately from the remainder of choke flow and to include an insert in the bean which contains the throat portion.
This embodiment is illustrated in Figure 2. The use of an insert permits the skilled artisan to use materials of construction which may be more critical to the particular application and also permits the artisan to more effectively utilize the metallurgy of the two different types of metals. For example, the throat portion could be an insert of tungsten 95~17 carbide and the remainder of the choke flow bean could be of carburized steel which is far less expensive and easier to machine.
The radius of curvature of the throat portion (lO) can be varied but is usually at least about 0.5 d (preferably from about 0.5 d to about l.0 d) when circular or eliptical in shape. This well-rounded opening at the throat permits maximum flow through the choke flow bean and eliminates the formation of a vena contracta. This is important because as the choke flow bean flows full, the void spaces associated with a vena contracta do not form and cause the fluids passing through the choke flow bean to "hammer" and cavitate the surface of the throat portion.
The throat portion passes through the region of minimum diameter (ll) and opens smoothly and directly into the portion of frustoconical configuration (12). The total included angle in the frusto(;onical configuration, as noted above, is most preferably about 5, and its length (l) is most preferably about 9 d.
The outer surface of the choke flow bean can be varied to convenience but is generally cylindrical in shape with external threads (17) fashioned at the discharge end (B). These external threads are adapted to engage a choke adapter 13 which holds the choke flow bean in place during conditions of use. The inlet end (A) of the choke flow bean usually has a hexagonal configuration 16 (not specifically illustrated) adapting it to removal or emplacement within the choke adapter (13) using a conventional open-ended wrench (i.e., a wrench-engaging fitting).
The choke adapter (13) is also usually of cylindrical shape, although it could take on different configurations, and has internal threads ~18) to engage the choke flow bean, and external threads (19) to engage a choke nipple (14). The choke adapter is primarily a convenient spacing device that holds the choke flow bean firmly within the bore of the choke nipple. The choke adapter usually has a wrench-engaging fitting (20) at the inlet end and a hollow cylindrical bore (21) at the discharge end to receive depressurized fluids passing through the flow bean. The choke adapter can be of various materials of construction, but it is usually metal (generally steel).
The choke nipple (14) is provided with internal threads within its bore for threadedly engaging the choke adapter. The hollow bore (20) discharges fluids discharged from the choke flow bean/choke adapter and also includes means at the inlet end for fixedly engaging it in fluid communi-cation with a source of pressurized fluid. The choke nipple may be of various materials of con-struction, but it is usually designed to withstand high pressure and is normally metal (e.g., steel).
Fluid sealing means (15), such as elasto-meric "o-rings" are desirable in many instances, and are depicted in Figure 2.
ll>f~ i7 The choke flow bean illustrated in Figure 1 was embodied in a choke nipple as illustrated in Figure 2 and used in the choke assembly described by Zingg et al. in a commonly owned, copending patent application submitted even date herewith (Attorney Docket No. 29,071-F) attached to a slurry concentrator described by Zingg in copending Canadian patent appli-cation Serial No. 391,517, filed December 4, 1981, during the high pressure fracturing of a well. The throat of the choke flow bean was a tungsten carbide insert and the remainder of the choke flow bean was carburized steel. The choke flow bean showed little or no signs of wear after 8 hours of use in which the fluid was pressurized through the choke flow bean at over 700 Kg/cm2 (10,000 psi). When the choke flow bean of the instant invention was replaced with a conventional commercial choke flow bean of ceramic construction, the ceramic choke flow bean destructed in less than 20 minutes.
In another instance, a well had been hydraulically fractured using a foam fracturing fluid and was highly pressurized with gaseous nitrogen and gases within the well. The well was valved off, the choke nipple containing the choke adapter and choke flow bean was attached, and the valve to the well reopened. The gases emitted from the well were at several thousand psi and would normally have destroyed ceramic choke flow beans within a matter of minutes but the choke flow bean ~as detailed above) showed little or no signs of wear during the course of bleeding off the well pressure.
The gases and li~uids emitted from the well were safely discharged into conventional piping without undue erosion.
This invention pertains to a novel choke flow bean and a choke nipple assembly containing an adaptor and the choke flow bean.
More particularly, the choke flow bean of the invention is unusually effective in reducing the pressure of fluids flowing through it and is also capable of handling fluids having entrained particu-late solids.
A wide variety of mechanical devices have been used to control the flow of fluids (liguids and/or gases) through a pipe. The various engineers handbooks describe various orifices, nozzles, and short tubes as means for reducing pressure of a fluid.
See, for example, Chemical Enqineers Handbook, 5th Edition, by R. H. Perry et al., McGraw-Hill Book Company (1973) and Unit ODerations of Chemical Enqineerinq, 3rd Edition, by W. L. McCabe et al., McGraw-Hill, Inc. (1976).
il~7~i7 _ These handbooks show or describe a variety of "Venturi nozzles" where the fluid passes through a converging truncated cone into usually a short, straight-walled tube from which it is discharged into a diverging truncated cone, often called a dif-fuser. See, for example, the disclosure by McCabe et al., supra, at pages 203,212.
In other instances, simple flow nozzles have been used to regulate the flow of fluids. Nozzles with a well-rounded throat generally have a higher average coefficient of discharge than orifices having a square edge or a thin plate with a sharp edge. Flow measure-ments through such nozzles are described in Chapter 14 of the text, "Mechanical Measurements", by T. G. Beck-with et al., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company (1973), at pages 417-419.
The flow of fluids through convergent--divergent nozzles (DeLaval nozzles) has also been studied and is reported, for example, by R. H. Perry, supra, at pages 5-29 et seq. None of the DeLaval--type nozzles have been used, so far as the applicant know~, as a choke flow bean capable of handling fluids with entrained particulate solids.
The choke flow bean of the invention 5 comprises:
a housing having a first end and second end defining a bore of generally circular cross section which extends, along with its axis of generation, from the first end to the second end, i'7 the bore being of varying diameter along its axis of generation with regions of large diameter adjacent the first and second ends of the housing and a region of minimum diameter, d, intermediate the first and second ends, the bore having a general configuration approximating that of a trumpet bell between the first end and the region of minimum diameter, and the bore having a frustoconical configura-tion between the first end and the region of minimumdiameter with a tota' included angle of from 4 to 8 and having a length along the axis of generation of up to about 9d between the region of minimum dia-meter and the second end.
Figure l shows a side schematic cross--sectional view of the choke flow bean.
Figure 2 shows a side schematic cross--sectional view of a choke nipple containing a choke adapter which in turn contains the choke flow bean.
In Figure l, the choke flow bean is shown as a housing having a generally cylindrical shape with a bore traversing from a first end to a second end. The bore is of generally circular cross-section and has an axis of generation from the first to the second end. The bore of varying diameter along its axis with regions of large diameter adjacent the first and the second ends. The throat portion of the bore has a general configuration approximating that of a trumpet bell (lO) between the first end and the region of minimum diameter (ll) having a diameter, d. The bore has a frustoconical configu-ration (12) between the second end and the region of minimum diameter with a total included angle, ~, of from about 4~ to about 8~ (preferably from about 5 to about 7; more preferably, about 5) and having a length, 1, along the axis of generation of up to about 9 d. When 1 is less than about 9 d, the pressure in the fluid is not reduced as much as it might be as it passes through the choke flow bean.
If 1 is greater than about 9 d, the fluid passing through the choke flow bean experiences considerable turbulance as the fluid begins to fall away from the sides of the choke flow bean.
The choke flow bean may be prepared from substantially any material of construction, but because it is exposed generally to high pressures during conditions of use, it is normally constructed of metal (usually steel) and in most instances it is prepared from materials noted for their toughness and abrasion resistance (e.g., tungsten carbide or carburized steel). The throat portion (10) is more subject to abrasion than the frustoconical portion (12). It is, therefore, convenient and usually preferred to construct the throat separately from the remainder of choke flow and to include an insert in the bean which contains the throat portion.
This embodiment is illustrated in Figure 2. The use of an insert permits the skilled artisan to use materials of construction which may be more critical to the particular application and also permits the artisan to more effectively utilize the metallurgy of the two different types of metals. For example, the throat portion could be an insert of tungsten 95~17 carbide and the remainder of the choke flow bean could be of carburized steel which is far less expensive and easier to machine.
The radius of curvature of the throat portion (lO) can be varied but is usually at least about 0.5 d (preferably from about 0.5 d to about l.0 d) when circular or eliptical in shape. This well-rounded opening at the throat permits maximum flow through the choke flow bean and eliminates the formation of a vena contracta. This is important because as the choke flow bean flows full, the void spaces associated with a vena contracta do not form and cause the fluids passing through the choke flow bean to "hammer" and cavitate the surface of the throat portion.
The throat portion passes through the region of minimum diameter (ll) and opens smoothly and directly into the portion of frustoconical configuration (12). The total included angle in the frusto(;onical configuration, as noted above, is most preferably about 5, and its length (l) is most preferably about 9 d.
The outer surface of the choke flow bean can be varied to convenience but is generally cylindrical in shape with external threads (17) fashioned at the discharge end (B). These external threads are adapted to engage a choke adapter 13 which holds the choke flow bean in place during conditions of use. The inlet end (A) of the choke flow bean usually has a hexagonal configuration 16 (not specifically illustrated) adapting it to removal or emplacement within the choke adapter (13) using a conventional open-ended wrench (i.e., a wrench-engaging fitting).
The choke adapter (13) is also usually of cylindrical shape, although it could take on different configurations, and has internal threads ~18) to engage the choke flow bean, and external threads (19) to engage a choke nipple (14). The choke adapter is primarily a convenient spacing device that holds the choke flow bean firmly within the bore of the choke nipple. The choke adapter usually has a wrench-engaging fitting (20) at the inlet end and a hollow cylindrical bore (21) at the discharge end to receive depressurized fluids passing through the flow bean. The choke adapter can be of various materials of construction, but it is usually metal (generally steel).
The choke nipple (14) is provided with internal threads within its bore for threadedly engaging the choke adapter. The hollow bore (20) discharges fluids discharged from the choke flow bean/choke adapter and also includes means at the inlet end for fixedly engaging it in fluid communi-cation with a source of pressurized fluid. The choke nipple may be of various materials of con-struction, but it is usually designed to withstand high pressure and is normally metal (e.g., steel).
Fluid sealing means (15), such as elasto-meric "o-rings" are desirable in many instances, and are depicted in Figure 2.
ll>f~ i7 The choke flow bean illustrated in Figure 1 was embodied in a choke nipple as illustrated in Figure 2 and used in the choke assembly described by Zingg et al. in a commonly owned, copending patent application submitted even date herewith (Attorney Docket No. 29,071-F) attached to a slurry concentrator described by Zingg in copending Canadian patent appli-cation Serial No. 391,517, filed December 4, 1981, during the high pressure fracturing of a well. The throat of the choke flow bean was a tungsten carbide insert and the remainder of the choke flow bean was carburized steel. The choke flow bean showed little or no signs of wear after 8 hours of use in which the fluid was pressurized through the choke flow bean at over 700 Kg/cm2 (10,000 psi). When the choke flow bean of the instant invention was replaced with a conventional commercial choke flow bean of ceramic construction, the ceramic choke flow bean destructed in less than 20 minutes.
In another instance, a well had been hydraulically fractured using a foam fracturing fluid and was highly pressurized with gaseous nitrogen and gases within the well. The well was valved off, the choke nipple containing the choke adapter and choke flow bean was attached, and the valve to the well reopened. The gases emitted from the well were at several thousand psi and would normally have destroyed ceramic choke flow beans within a matter of minutes but the choke flow bean ~as detailed above) showed little or no signs of wear during the course of bleeding off the well pressure.
The gases and li~uids emitted from the well were safely discharged into conventional piping without undue erosion.
Claims (5)
1. A choke flow bean capable of reducing the pressure of fluids passing therethrough comprising:
a housing having a first end and second end defining a bore of generally circular cross section which extends, along with its axis of generation, from the first end to the second end, the bore being of varying diameter along its axis of generation with regions of large diameter adjacent the first and second ends of the housing and a region of minimum diameter, d, intermediate the first and second ends, the bore having a general configuration approximating that of a trumpet bell between the first end and the region of minimum diameter, and the bore having a frustoconical configu-ration between the second end and the region of minimum diameter with a total included angle of from 4° to 8° and having a length along the axis of generation of up to about 9d between the region of minimum diameter and the second end.
a housing having a first end and second end defining a bore of generally circular cross section which extends, along with its axis of generation, from the first end to the second end, the bore being of varying diameter along its axis of generation with regions of large diameter adjacent the first and second ends of the housing and a region of minimum diameter, d, intermediate the first and second ends, the bore having a general configuration approximating that of a trumpet bell between the first end and the region of minimum diameter, and the bore having a frustoconical configu-ration between the second end and the region of minimum diameter with a total included angle of from 4° to 8° and having a length along the axis of generation of up to about 9d between the region of minimum diameter and the second end.
2. The choke flow bean defined by Claim 1 wherein the total included angle is from 5° to 7°.
3. The choke flow bean defined by Claim 2 wherein the total included angle is 5°.
4. The choke flow bean defined by Claim 1 wherein at least the walls defining the trumpet bell between the first end and the region of minimum diameter are constructed of an abrasion-resistant material.
5. The choke flow bean defined by Claim 4 wherein the wall defining the trumpet bell is made of tungsten carbide or carburized steel, and including a tungsten carbide or carburized steel insert having walls which define a bore of generally circular cross section with an axis of generation coaxial with the bore of the housing, the bore of said insert forming the trumpet bell between the first end and the region of minimum diameter in the bore.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000400620A CA1179917A (en) | 1982-04-07 | 1982-04-07 | Choke flow bean |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000400620A CA1179917A (en) | 1982-04-07 | 1982-04-07 | Choke flow bean |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1179917A true CA1179917A (en) | 1984-12-27 |
Family
ID=4122530
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000400620A Expired CA1179917A (en) | 1982-04-07 | 1982-04-07 | Choke flow bean |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1179917A (en) |
-
1982
- 1982-04-07 CA CA000400620A patent/CA1179917A/en not_active Expired
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEC | Expiry (correction) | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |