CA1178058A - Tl-170 blasting agent - Google Patents
Tl-170 blasting agentInfo
- Publication number
- CA1178058A CA1178058A CA000376721A CA376721A CA1178058A CA 1178058 A CA1178058 A CA 1178058A CA 000376721 A CA000376721 A CA 000376721A CA 376721 A CA376721 A CA 376721A CA 1178058 A CA1178058 A CA 1178058A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- nitroalkane
- ammonium nitrate
- agent
- blasting agent
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
- C06B23/001—Fillers, gelling and thickening agents (e.g. fibres), absorbents for nitroglycerine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B31/00—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt
- C06B31/28—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate
- C06B31/32—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate with a nitrated organic compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
- C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A blasting agent comprising ammonium nitrate, a nitroalkane, a densifier, and a thickening agent.
A blasting agent comprising ammonium nitrate, a nitroalkane, a densifier, and a thickening agent.
Description
-- I 1780~1 This invention relates to an improved blasting agent.
In a particular aspect this invention relates to a blasting agent characterized by high density with good sensitivity.
It is known from Lawrence, U.S. Patent 2,325,064; to prepare an explosive composition from a nitroalkane of 1-3 carbon atoms, ammonium nitrate and a carbonaceous material such as wood flour, ivory meal, coal and the like. Such compositions proved satisfactory provided they were used promptly after preparation.
However, they lost sensitivity with the passage of time and, hence, proved unreliable in field use. It was discovered that this loss of sensitivity was due to lack of affinity between the ammonium nitrate and the nitroalkane, so that the latter collected in the bottom portion of the container. The composi-tion, therefore, became insensitive to the usual detonatingdevices. Accordingly, there exists a need for providing a means of maintaining a mixture of nitroalkane, ammonium nitrate and a carbonaceous material in a relatively stable, homogeneous state. Also, advantageously the composition should have a high density so that it will sink in wet boreholes, i.e. holes having an appreciable water level.
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved blasting agent having a high density with good sensitivity.
Accordingly, the present invention provides ablasting agent comprising about 80-84% ammonium nitrate, about 2-20% of a nitroalkane having 2 or 3 carbon atoms, about 2-8% of a density improver, and about 0.1-2% of a nitroalkane thickener, by weight, respectively thereof, the thickener being polyoxyethylene ether, 30 the density improver being selected from the group consisting of - 1178~
wheat flour and bentonite.
The composition is characterized by high density, good sensitivity and retains sensitivity well. It is especially well-adapted for use in large diameter holes.
The nitroalkane used in preparing the blasting agent of this invention is nitroethane, or preferably nitropropane, or mixtures thereof. Either l-nitropropane or 2-nitropropane may be used with equally good results. When nitromethane is used as the nitroalkane, the mixture is sufficiently shock sensitive to be classified as an explosive by U. S. Department of Transportation tests. When nitroalkanes of 2-3 carbon atoms are used, the sensitivity is that of nitro-carbo-nitrates and hence is classed as a blasting agent.
The ammonium nitrate preferred for the practice of this invention is a mixture of low density, explosive grade ammonium nitrate prills, as known in the art, and comminuted material. The comminuted ammonium nitrate can be used in an amount of from 20~ to 80~ of the total, preferably 40~ by weight, the concentration giving the maximum density. High density prilled ammonium nitrate can also be used, but the thickening agent must be used in the higher portion of the range, i.e.
1-2~.
In the absence of the thickening agent, the liquid nitroalkane migrates rather rapidly, on standing, to the bottom of the ammonium nitrate solids when it is present at more than 15~. This causes the mixture to become insensitive, failing to detonate when initiation is attempted. This migra-tion will also tend to occur at lower concentrations of nitro-alkane. To prevent this, a thickening agent is included 1 17805~
in the formulation. The preferred thickening agent is a poly-oxyethylene ether of a molecular weight of approximately 4,000,000. These ethers are represented by the formula to-cH2cH2tn -The amount of thickening agent to be used varies with the nitroalkane and the amount used. It is more effective with nitroethane than with nitropropane. With a nitroalkane content of, e.g. 15-20%, from 1-2~ of thickening agent is preferred. With a nitroalkane content of 10-15%, from 0.5-1.0~ is satisfactory. At lower nitroalkane content, from 0.1 for nitroethane to 0.5% for nitropropane is suitable. For most formulations of nitropropane 0.5-1.0% is suitable. It is understood that these amounts are approximations only, and it is not intended that the ratios be followed slavishly.
The lower amounts of thickening agent also require a longer mixing time for thorough mixing throughout the ammonium nitrate.
The densifier is either wheat flour or bentonite.
The former tends to reduce the sensitivity and is, therefore, preferred, especially when lower sensitivity is desired.
Thewheatflour used in the practice of this inven-tion is known as crop wheat flour. It is whole ground wheat, 98% of which passes a No. 70 sieve. It has a loose bulk density of 0.56 g/cc. At 14% moisture, the protein content is 15.4% and ash is 1.5%.
The bentonite used in the practice of this invention can be either the Southern or the Western type and preferably is used in an amount of about 4%. Preferably, the bentonite is comminuted, e.g. about -200 mesh. The bentonite is also helpful in preven~ing the liquid nitroalkane component I 1780~8 from migrating to the bottom of the package when it is present at more than 15%, but the thickening agent is primarily effective to prevent this from happening.
The composition of this invention is readily prepared by mixing the ingredients for a few minutes in a conventional manner and discharging the mixture into suitable containers, e.g.pIastic bags.
The composition is especially useful in bore holes.
It is heavier than water, so if water collects in the bore hole, the blasting agent sinks without difficulty. It can be detonated by the usual boosters and primers, as known in the art, preferably a cast primer. ~lso at least two primers should be used in each column of blasting agent, and under extremely severe loading conditions, or where powder column separations are possible, additional primers should be used to preclude cutoffs.
1 17805~
The composition has a detonation rate, 5 in. diameter unconfined, of 13,743 feet per second (4190 meters/sec.~ and a detonation pressure of 50 Kbars. It is not sensitive to a No. 8 cap and is not detonated by the impact of a 30 calibre rifle bullet.
Typically, and preferably, it will have the following composition and properties.
Ammonium nitrate 82%
Whole prills 30%
Ground prills 70~
Nitropropane 13%
Bentonite 4%
Polyoxyethylene ether 1%
Total 100%
It is an embodiment of thls invention to provide a finished, packaged blasting agent comprising the blasting agent described hereinbefore packaged in a laminated nylon bag of from 4 to 8 inches in diameter. The nylon is at least 1.25 mil thickness, there being no upper limit as to thickness. However, 1 mil thickness nylon film is rela-tively easily torn and punctured and because heavier gauge nylon is relatively expensive, it is preferred to employ the nylon bag in conjunction with polyethylene, such as Plexar. The nylon can be laminated to the polyethylene or it can merely be formed into a bag heat sealed at one end and inserted in a polyethylene bag, also heat sealed at one end. Such a packaging system wherein the nylon is of from 1 to 2 mil and the polyethylene is from 4-5 mil has proven very successful. A laminated bag wherein the nylon is sand-1 178~8 ,~ .
wiched between two layers of polyethylene is pre-ferred.
Nylon is the only film so far discovered which will contain nitroalkanes for a satisfactory shelf-life period.
All others tested have apertures and voids, which, though microscopic, are sufficient to permit the nitroalkane to evaporate and the blasting agent thereby becomes insensitive and useless.
The invention will be better understood with refer-ence to the following examples. It is understood, however, that the examples are intended only to illustrate the inven-tion, and it is not intended that the invention be limited thereby.
A sample of explosive grade, uncoated, prilled ammonium nitrate was ground through a l/8-inch screen manu-factured by the Gruendler Corporation. The comminuted material was mixed with unground prills in a 1:1 by weight ratio. The mixture had the following screen analysis:
+18 58.75%
+35 16.25 +60 12.5 +80 3.75~
+120 3.75%
+230 3.75%
-230 1.25~
The mixed ammonium nitrate, 82 g, l-nitropropane 13 g, wheat flour 4 g and 1~ of 60 mesh polyoxyethylene ether 1178~8 (Polyox 301/marketed by Union Carbide Corporation). The mixture had a standard density of 1.22 and after standing 24 hours was sensitive to the shock of 10 g of Pentolite (a mixture of pentaerythritol, tetranitrate and trinitro-toluene). The unconfined rate of detonation in a 3-inch diameter column was 10,200 ft/sec.
The mixture was used to fill a 5-inch diameter nylon bag of 1.25 mil thickness, heat sealed on one end and en-cased in a 4 mil polyethylene bag. The l-NP did not rise to the top and the mixture retained good sensitivity on standing. A similar mixture but without the wheat flour or Polyox was prepared and similarly packaged in a nylon bag with polyethylene outer bag. Upon standing a brief period, the liquid portion drained away from the ammonium nitrate in the upper portion of the bag and puddled in the bottom of the bag. The mixture was insensitive to a No. 8 blasting cap and did not detonate on initiation.
The experiment of Example 1 was repeated in all essential details except that 2-nitropropane (2-NP) was sub-stituted for l-NP. The resulting mixture was satisfactory in all respects.
The experiment of Example 1 is repeated in all essential details except that nitroethane is substituted for l-nitropropane. The resulting mixture is satisfactory in all respects.
,,~ 117~5~
The experiment of Example 1 i5 repeated in all essential details except that bentonite was substituted for wheat flour. The resulting mixture was satisfactory in all respects.
In a particular aspect this invention relates to a blasting agent characterized by high density with good sensitivity.
It is known from Lawrence, U.S. Patent 2,325,064; to prepare an explosive composition from a nitroalkane of 1-3 carbon atoms, ammonium nitrate and a carbonaceous material such as wood flour, ivory meal, coal and the like. Such compositions proved satisfactory provided they were used promptly after preparation.
However, they lost sensitivity with the passage of time and, hence, proved unreliable in field use. It was discovered that this loss of sensitivity was due to lack of affinity between the ammonium nitrate and the nitroalkane, so that the latter collected in the bottom portion of the container. The composi-tion, therefore, became insensitive to the usual detonatingdevices. Accordingly, there exists a need for providing a means of maintaining a mixture of nitroalkane, ammonium nitrate and a carbonaceous material in a relatively stable, homogeneous state. Also, advantageously the composition should have a high density so that it will sink in wet boreholes, i.e. holes having an appreciable water level.
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved blasting agent having a high density with good sensitivity.
Accordingly, the present invention provides ablasting agent comprising about 80-84% ammonium nitrate, about 2-20% of a nitroalkane having 2 or 3 carbon atoms, about 2-8% of a density improver, and about 0.1-2% of a nitroalkane thickener, by weight, respectively thereof, the thickener being polyoxyethylene ether, 30 the density improver being selected from the group consisting of - 1178~
wheat flour and bentonite.
The composition is characterized by high density, good sensitivity and retains sensitivity well. It is especially well-adapted for use in large diameter holes.
The nitroalkane used in preparing the blasting agent of this invention is nitroethane, or preferably nitropropane, or mixtures thereof. Either l-nitropropane or 2-nitropropane may be used with equally good results. When nitromethane is used as the nitroalkane, the mixture is sufficiently shock sensitive to be classified as an explosive by U. S. Department of Transportation tests. When nitroalkanes of 2-3 carbon atoms are used, the sensitivity is that of nitro-carbo-nitrates and hence is classed as a blasting agent.
The ammonium nitrate preferred for the practice of this invention is a mixture of low density, explosive grade ammonium nitrate prills, as known in the art, and comminuted material. The comminuted ammonium nitrate can be used in an amount of from 20~ to 80~ of the total, preferably 40~ by weight, the concentration giving the maximum density. High density prilled ammonium nitrate can also be used, but the thickening agent must be used in the higher portion of the range, i.e.
1-2~.
In the absence of the thickening agent, the liquid nitroalkane migrates rather rapidly, on standing, to the bottom of the ammonium nitrate solids when it is present at more than 15~. This causes the mixture to become insensitive, failing to detonate when initiation is attempted. This migra-tion will also tend to occur at lower concentrations of nitro-alkane. To prevent this, a thickening agent is included 1 17805~
in the formulation. The preferred thickening agent is a poly-oxyethylene ether of a molecular weight of approximately 4,000,000. These ethers are represented by the formula to-cH2cH2tn -The amount of thickening agent to be used varies with the nitroalkane and the amount used. It is more effective with nitroethane than with nitropropane. With a nitroalkane content of, e.g. 15-20%, from 1-2~ of thickening agent is preferred. With a nitroalkane content of 10-15%, from 0.5-1.0~ is satisfactory. At lower nitroalkane content, from 0.1 for nitroethane to 0.5% for nitropropane is suitable. For most formulations of nitropropane 0.5-1.0% is suitable. It is understood that these amounts are approximations only, and it is not intended that the ratios be followed slavishly.
The lower amounts of thickening agent also require a longer mixing time for thorough mixing throughout the ammonium nitrate.
The densifier is either wheat flour or bentonite.
The former tends to reduce the sensitivity and is, therefore, preferred, especially when lower sensitivity is desired.
Thewheatflour used in the practice of this inven-tion is known as crop wheat flour. It is whole ground wheat, 98% of which passes a No. 70 sieve. It has a loose bulk density of 0.56 g/cc. At 14% moisture, the protein content is 15.4% and ash is 1.5%.
The bentonite used in the practice of this invention can be either the Southern or the Western type and preferably is used in an amount of about 4%. Preferably, the bentonite is comminuted, e.g. about -200 mesh. The bentonite is also helpful in preven~ing the liquid nitroalkane component I 1780~8 from migrating to the bottom of the package when it is present at more than 15%, but the thickening agent is primarily effective to prevent this from happening.
The composition of this invention is readily prepared by mixing the ingredients for a few minutes in a conventional manner and discharging the mixture into suitable containers, e.g.pIastic bags.
The composition is especially useful in bore holes.
It is heavier than water, so if water collects in the bore hole, the blasting agent sinks without difficulty. It can be detonated by the usual boosters and primers, as known in the art, preferably a cast primer. ~lso at least two primers should be used in each column of blasting agent, and under extremely severe loading conditions, or where powder column separations are possible, additional primers should be used to preclude cutoffs.
1 17805~
The composition has a detonation rate, 5 in. diameter unconfined, of 13,743 feet per second (4190 meters/sec.~ and a detonation pressure of 50 Kbars. It is not sensitive to a No. 8 cap and is not detonated by the impact of a 30 calibre rifle bullet.
Typically, and preferably, it will have the following composition and properties.
Ammonium nitrate 82%
Whole prills 30%
Ground prills 70~
Nitropropane 13%
Bentonite 4%
Polyoxyethylene ether 1%
Total 100%
It is an embodiment of thls invention to provide a finished, packaged blasting agent comprising the blasting agent described hereinbefore packaged in a laminated nylon bag of from 4 to 8 inches in diameter. The nylon is at least 1.25 mil thickness, there being no upper limit as to thickness. However, 1 mil thickness nylon film is rela-tively easily torn and punctured and because heavier gauge nylon is relatively expensive, it is preferred to employ the nylon bag in conjunction with polyethylene, such as Plexar. The nylon can be laminated to the polyethylene or it can merely be formed into a bag heat sealed at one end and inserted in a polyethylene bag, also heat sealed at one end. Such a packaging system wherein the nylon is of from 1 to 2 mil and the polyethylene is from 4-5 mil has proven very successful. A laminated bag wherein the nylon is sand-1 178~8 ,~ .
wiched between two layers of polyethylene is pre-ferred.
Nylon is the only film so far discovered which will contain nitroalkanes for a satisfactory shelf-life period.
All others tested have apertures and voids, which, though microscopic, are sufficient to permit the nitroalkane to evaporate and the blasting agent thereby becomes insensitive and useless.
The invention will be better understood with refer-ence to the following examples. It is understood, however, that the examples are intended only to illustrate the inven-tion, and it is not intended that the invention be limited thereby.
A sample of explosive grade, uncoated, prilled ammonium nitrate was ground through a l/8-inch screen manu-factured by the Gruendler Corporation. The comminuted material was mixed with unground prills in a 1:1 by weight ratio. The mixture had the following screen analysis:
+18 58.75%
+35 16.25 +60 12.5 +80 3.75~
+120 3.75%
+230 3.75%
-230 1.25~
The mixed ammonium nitrate, 82 g, l-nitropropane 13 g, wheat flour 4 g and 1~ of 60 mesh polyoxyethylene ether 1178~8 (Polyox 301/marketed by Union Carbide Corporation). The mixture had a standard density of 1.22 and after standing 24 hours was sensitive to the shock of 10 g of Pentolite (a mixture of pentaerythritol, tetranitrate and trinitro-toluene). The unconfined rate of detonation in a 3-inch diameter column was 10,200 ft/sec.
The mixture was used to fill a 5-inch diameter nylon bag of 1.25 mil thickness, heat sealed on one end and en-cased in a 4 mil polyethylene bag. The l-NP did not rise to the top and the mixture retained good sensitivity on standing. A similar mixture but without the wheat flour or Polyox was prepared and similarly packaged in a nylon bag with polyethylene outer bag. Upon standing a brief period, the liquid portion drained away from the ammonium nitrate in the upper portion of the bag and puddled in the bottom of the bag. The mixture was insensitive to a No. 8 blasting cap and did not detonate on initiation.
The experiment of Example 1 was repeated in all essential details except that 2-nitropropane (2-NP) was sub-stituted for l-NP. The resulting mixture was satisfactory in all respects.
The experiment of Example 1 is repeated in all essential details except that nitroethane is substituted for l-nitropropane. The resulting mixture is satisfactory in all respects.
,,~ 117~5~
The experiment of Example 1 i5 repeated in all essential details except that bentonite was substituted for wheat flour. The resulting mixture was satisfactory in all respects.
Claims (15)
1. A blasting agent comprising about 80-84% ammonium nitrate, about 2-20% of a nitroalkane having 2 or 3 carbon atoms, about 2-8% of a density improver, and about 0.1-2% of a nitroalkane thickener, by weight, respectively thereof, the thickener being polyoxyethylene ether, the density improver being selected from the group consisting of wheat flour and bentonite.
2. The blasting agent of claim 1 wherein said ether has a molecular weight of approximately 4,000,000.
3. The blasting agent of claim 1 wherein said nitroalkane comprises about 15-20%, by weight, of said agent.
4. The blasting agent of claim 3 wherein said nitroalkane thickener comprises about 1-2%, by weight, of said agent.
5. The blasting agent of claim 1 wherein said nitroalkane comprises about 10-15%, by weight, of said agent.
6. The blasting agent of claim 5 wherein said nitroalkane thickener comprises about 0.5-1.0%, by weight, of said agent.
7. The blasting agent of claim 1 wherein said nitroalkane comprises nitropropane and said nitroalkane thickener comprises about 0.5-1.0%, by weight, of said agent.
8. The blasting agent of claim 1 wherein said ammonium nitrate comprises comminuted ammonium nitrate and ammonium nitrate prills, and is defined by a comminuted ammonium nitrate to ammonium nitrate prills ratio range of from about 20-80% to about 80-20%, by weight of said nitrate, respectively.
9. The blasting agent of claim 8 wherein said ammonium nitrate comprises about 40% comminuted ammonium nitrate, by weight, thereof.
10. The blasting agent of claim 8 wherein said comminuted ammonium nitrate to ammonium nitrate prills ratio is about 1:1.
11. A packaged blasting unit comprising: a blasting agent comprising about 80-84% ammonium nitrate, about 2-20%
of a nitroalkane having two or three carbon atoms, about 2-8% of a density improver, and about 0.1-2% of a nitroalkane thickener, by weight, respectively thereof, the thickener being polyoxyethylene ether, the density improver being selected from the group consisting of wheat flour and bentonite, and, in combination therewith, a nylon bag, the blasting agent being packaged in the nylon bag.
of a nitroalkane having two or three carbon atoms, about 2-8% of a density improver, and about 0.1-2% of a nitroalkane thickener, by weight, respectively thereof, the thickener being polyoxyethylene ether, the density improver being selected from the group consisting of wheat flour and bentonite, and, in combination therewith, a nylon bag, the blasting agent being packaged in the nylon bag.
12. The packaged unit of claim 11, and further including a polyethylene bag, wherein the nylon bag is inserted in the polyethylene bag.
13. The packaged unit of claim 12 wherein said nylon bag is of from 1-2 mil thickness and said polyethylene bag is from 4-5 mil thickness.
14. A packaged blasting unit comprising: a blasting agent comprising about 80-84% ammonium nitrate, about 2-20%
of a nitroalkane having two or three carbon atoms, about 2-8% of a density improver, and about 0.1-2% of a nitroalkane thickener, by weight, respectively thereof, the thickener being polyoxyethylene ether, the density improver being selected from the group consisting of wheat flour and bentonite, and, in combination therewith, a bag of nylon film, and two layers of polyethylene, the blasting agent being packaged in the bag of nylon film, the film being laminated between the two layers of polyethylene.
of a nitroalkane having two or three carbon atoms, about 2-8% of a density improver, and about 0.1-2% of a nitroalkane thickener, by weight, respectively thereof, the thickener being polyoxyethylene ether, the density improver being selected from the group consisting of wheat flour and bentonite, and, in combination therewith, a bag of nylon film, and two layers of polyethylene, the blasting agent being packaged in the bag of nylon film, the film being laminated between the two layers of polyethylene.
15. The packaged unit of claim 14 wherein said bag nylon film is of from 1-2 mil thickness and each one of said polyethylene layers is from 4-5 mil thickness.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US15207480A | 1980-05-21 | 1980-05-21 | |
| US152,074 | 1980-05-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1178058A true CA1178058A (en) | 1984-11-20 |
Family
ID=22541418
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000376721A Expired CA1178058A (en) | 1980-05-21 | 1981-05-01 | Tl-170 blasting agent |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| BR (1) | BR8103138A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1178058A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2076389A (en) |
-
1981
- 1981-05-01 CA CA000376721A patent/CA1178058A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-05-13 GB GB8114569A patent/GB2076389A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1981-05-20 BR BR8103138A patent/BR8103138A/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR8103138A (en) | 1982-02-09 |
| GB2076389A (en) | 1981-12-02 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |