CA1177296B - Reinforced optical fiber cable with glass or silica core - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A reinforced optical fiber cable comprising (i) an optical filamentary material with a glass or silica core and a lower index of refraction sheath, (ii) a reinforcement comprising at least two polymeric fibers having an elastic modulus above 10,000,000 psi, said fibers being held under tension around the sheath and positioned substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the core with substantially zero twist and (iii) a jacket which holds the reinforcement under tension.

Description

) ~77~96 Background of the Disclosure _ The present invention relates to an optical fiber cable containing at least one optical filamentary material having a glass or silica core and a lower index of refraction sheath.
Optical filamentary materials are well known in the art for transmission of light along a filament length by multiple internal reflections of light. Great care is taken to minimize light losses along the length of the filament or, in other words, internal reflections are made as total as possible so that light applied to one end of the optical filamentary material is efficiently transmitted to the opposite end of the material. The light transmitting portion or core of the optical filamentary material is sur-rounded by a sheath having a lower index of refraction which minimizes the escape or absorption of light along the length of the filament. This sheath is normally transparent since an opaque sheath tends to absorb light. Although this sheath can be made from glass or a polymeric material, it is conventionally made from the latter due to increased toughness properties.
Optical filamentary materials can be divided into two general classes dependent upon the type of optically transparent core material. A first class of core material is thermoplastic in nature while a second class is made from glass or silica. m e first class is generally superior both in toughness and in ease of making connections while the second class is generally superior in light transmission.
one disadvantage with optical filamentary ,~

~ 177296 materials with a glass or silica core is a tendency for the core to break due to its brittleness. Encapsulation of the filaments within a cable containing reinforcement and a protective layer has only been partially successful in overcoming the brittle quality of the core. A need exists for an optical fiber cable which provides increased resist-ance to breakage of a brittle core material.
Summary of the Invention The present invention relates to a cable for transmission of light comprising `~ (A) a substantially cylindrical core of an optically transparent glass of silica, (B) a transparent sheath for (A) having an index for refraction at least 0.1 lower, and (C) a reinforcement for the cable, (D) a jacket exterior of (A) and (B), ; wherein the improvement comprises the re-inforcement of (C) comprising at least two polymeric fibers spaced around the sheath (i) having an elastic modulus of at least 10,000,000 psi;
(ii) being under tension;
:~
(iii) being substantially parallel to the core along its longi-tudinal~axis;
(iv) being positioned with substan-tially zero twist;
(v) being interspaced between (B) and (D) Detailed Description of the InVention ,~
An optically transparent cylindrical core for transmission of light is made from an optically transparent 3.

~ ~ 77296 glass or silica. The silica core can be either pure silica (undoped) or doped with a suitable component such as germanium or boron. As employed herein "optically transparent" means a light transmission of at least 50~
per 30 cms in a portion of the light spectrum of 550 to 11000 namometers. This degree of transmission need not ex-tend over the entire spectrum. Examples of suitable dis-closure of core materials are found in U.S. Patents 3,480,458 and 3,508,589, e.g., the latter patent lists suitable core materials made from barium, flint and boro-silicate glasses with the more dense glasses described as better.

A preferred core material is made from silica which can be either doped or undoped. The silica is drawn into a core material at elevated temperature. Although draw-ing temperatures of at least 2000 C. can be employed, at tem-perature range of 2040C. to 2120C. is preferred. As draw-ing temperature decreases, it has been found that brittleness of the drawn silica core material increases. A limiting factor on an upper temperature range is difficulty in control of caliper. As the drawing temperature is maxi-mized, the ability to control caliper becomes marginal.

The diameter of the cylindrical optically transparent core varies from relatively thin to relatively thick core constructions. A suitable diameter range is 10 to 400 um. A thick core has the advantage in the ability to capture a greater proportion of incident light if the light source is large, e.g., from an LED tlight emitting diode) but has the disadvantage of having a larger bending t 1 77~96 radius. If a light source is small, e.g., a laser, a rel-atively thin core is suitable for capturing incident light.
The sheath applied to the optically transparent core i5 transparent and has an index of refraction at least 0.1% lower and can be glass, silica or a substantially amorphous optically transparent thermoplastic polymeric material. Pure silica has a lower index of refraction than most known glasses, and if silica is employed for both core and sheath, the silica core is doped to raise its index of refraction to a required level at least 0.1% above the sheath.
Preferred as a material of construction for the sheath is a substantially amorphous transparent thermo-plastic polymer since sueh polymer does not possess the brittleness charaeteristic of glass or silica.
Examples of suitable sheath materials include those disclosed in British Patent Specification 1,037,498 such as polymers and interpolymers of vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoro-propylene, trifluoromethyltrifluorovinyl ether, per-fluoropropyltrifluorovinyl ether and fluorinated esters of acrylic or methacrylic acids having the strueture X(CF2)n(CH2) OC - C = CH2 wherein X is seleeted from the .. , O Y
group eonsisting of F, H, or Cl, and n is an integer of from 2 to lO, m is an integer from l to 6 and Y is either CH3 or H.
Sinee the sheath material refleets light travel-ing through the eore, the thickness of the sheath is not generally critical. An example of a suitable range of thickness of this sheathing is 2 to 500 microns.

~ ~ 77296 Excessive sheathing thicknesses can reduce flexibility of the final cable which is undesirable.
Well-known techniques for application of the sheath material are suitable. Glass or silica can be applied by a double crucible drawing while a polymer can be extruded onto the core.
In the present invention, it is necessary to incorporate a reinforcement between the optical filamentary material and the protective jacket. This reinforcement comprises polymeric fiber having an ~lastic modulus of at least 10,000,000 psi. Suitable polymer for the fibers which meet this criteria include poly(p-phenylene tere-phthalamide) and is disclosed in U.S. patent 3,869,430.
At least two separate individual fibers are employed and are held under tension in the cable by the jacket material. Prior to being positioned within the jacket material the fibers are spaced apart and do not contact one another. Preferably, separate bundles of fibers, i.e., yarns, are employed as opposed to individual fibers. Although two separate fibers or ~arns are suitable, more preferably at least four separate fibers or yarns are employed and most preferably, six or more fibers or yarns.
These fibers are positioned substantially parallel to the core along its longitudinal axis. The fibers in relation-ship to the longitudinal axis of the core will have sub-stantially zero twist. The term "zero twist" means that a fiber would not enci~cle the core material irrespective of the length of such material.
The purpose of having the fibers substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the core with 6.

~ ~ 77296 substantially zero twist is to ensure the fibers remain under tension in the optical fiber cable. If the fibers for reinforcement encircled the core material, relaxation of this reinforcement could readily occur. Although the degree of tension of the reinforcement fiber is not critical, nevertheless it is essestial that the fibers remain under tension in the cable. This tension can readily be demonstrated in a final cable. The cable is cut crosswise and the optical filamentary material of the glass or silica core and its sheath can be physically felt to protrude slightly from the cut end of the cable.
The optical filamentary material of a glass or silica core and lower index of refraction sheath is positioned within a protective jacket. m e jacket serves to hold the reinforcement under tension and with this pro-viso the material for the jacket is not critical. The jacket is conventionally a thermoplastic polymer applied by extrusion. Suitable materials of construction include polyamides, copolyetheresters, polyurethanes, polyolefins (homopolymers and copolymers including ionomers) such as polyethylene and polypropylene, and melt extrudable fluoro-carbons such as tetrafluoroethylene/hexabluoropropylene copolymers and melt extrudable chlorine-containing polymers such as polyvinyl chloride.
Considerations which govern the choice of jacket-ing material include strength, elongation, burning rate and ease of strippability. For example, good strippability is needed in connecting one cable to another and in connecting a cable to a light source or detector.
The optical fiber cable of the present invention provides a cable with a glass or solica core which is highly resistant to breakage of this light trans-mission portion. Cables containing an optical filamentary material of a glass or silica core and a lower index of re-fraction sheath are known in the prior art. In the cable of the present invention the manner of reinforcement in protection of a glass or silica core results in a superior ability to withstand breakage of the core material in comparison to prior art cables used for the transmission of light with an identical core and sheath material.
The cable of the present invention has a combina-tion of high bending strength, high tensile strength and high impact strength. This combination of properties has not been obtained by cables with a brittle core which do not have reinforcement fibers held under tension.
It is possible with the construction of the present optical fiber cable to obtain a construction which permits the cable to be bent sharply without damage. A minimum bend diameter at least equal to about 6 mm and preferably at least equal to about 4 mm can be obtained. As shown in Example 2, the cable can be tied into a tight overhand knot, e.g. having a minimum bend diameter at least equal to about 4 mm without the cable losing its ability to function in a normal fashion in transmission of light.
Although the disclosure herein has been directed to interspacing a reinforcement under tension between a sheath of an optical filamentary material and a jacket, it is understood that the reinforcement need not contact the sheath. A protective layer can separate the sheath from the reinforcement. In such case, it remains critical for the reinforcement fibers to be maintained under tension.

~ 177296 Also, it is within the scope of the present invention to employ more than one optical filamentary material within a cable privided such filamentary material has a separate reinforcement of at least two reinforcement fibers in the manner disclosed herein.
To further illustrate the present invention, the following examples are provided.
Example 1 Part I - An undoped silica fiber was spun at a temperature of 2050C. from 9 mm. rod using a furnace with a tungsten heating element blanketed with nitrogen. The rod feed to the furnace and the take-off for the fiber were set to make 200 um fiber at about 10 meters per minute. During spinning less than one break per 1000 meters was observed.
The fiber was solution coated with a lower index substan-tially amorphous transparent polymeric sheath of methyl methacrylate and fluorinated esters of methacrylic acid (second order transition temperature of 50C. and re-fractive index 6% lower than core) in a solvent of difIuoro-tetrachloroethane to make an optical fiber with about a 600 um outer diameter.
The optical fiber has an attenuation of 38 dB
per kilometer at 655.3 nm.
Part II - The optical fiber of Part I was reinforced with six strands of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) of 42 tex (380 denier) and jacketed with copolyetherester (dis-closed in Example 1 of U.S. Patent 3,651,014).
Six strands of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) were initially strung through tensioning holders, through a fiber guide which was a hypodermic needle 1550 um I.D. (inner ~ ~ 77296 diameter), 2050 um O.D. (outer diameter) and through a cross-head die with an 1875 um hole. Tension of the yarns was set at 1.16 x 10-3 Newtons/tex (0.013 gram/denier) and the copoly-etherester which was heated to 205C. was extruded from the opening of the die. The extrusion speed and the speed of the yearns were adjusted to give an extrudate 175 um O.D.
A blank nylon filament 550 u~ O.D. was fed into the yarn bundle and the speed readjusted to give an extrudate 1875 um in diameter. The die was adjusted to center the fiber and the yarns. The nylon filament was removed and a coated optical fiber of Part I was substituted and coated with the copolyetherester to form an optic fiber cable.
The optic fiber cable had an attenuation of 40 dB per kilometer at 655.3 nm (in comparison to 38 dB per kilometer of the Part I optic fiber). The cable was tested under a load and it broke at 30 kg. The cable could be hammered without destroying its ability to transmit light.
The cable could be wrapped around a 6 mm diameter mandrel without breakage of the core and loss of ability to transmit light but the cable could not be tied into a tight knot without breaking the core.
Example 2 The procedure of Example 1 - Parts I and II
were followed except that Example i - Part I optical fiber was directly coated with copolyetherester (described in Example 1 of ~.S. Patent 3,651,014) by a tubing crosshead die prior to the method of Example 1 - Part II in applica-tion of the reinforcement and the jacketing copolyether-ester. The optical fiber had an O.D. of 1225 um. In the Example 1 - Part II method of reinforcement yarns of 10 .

~ ~ 77296 poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fibers were used, three yarns of 42 tex (380 denier) and three yearns of 168 tex (1420 denier). The tension of the fibers was 1.8 x 10 newtons/tex (0.02 g/denier).
The final optic fiber cable had an O.D. of 2375 um, an attenuation of 40 dB per kilometer at 655.3 nm and a break strength of 85 kg. The cable could be wrapped on a 4 mm diameter mandrel and tied into a tight overhand knot without breaking or loss of light transmission.

Claims (9)

1. In a cable for transmission of light comprising (A) a substantially cylindrical core of an optically transparent glass or silica, (B) a transprent sheath for (A) having an index for refraction at least 0.1%
lower, and (C) a reinforcement for the cable, (D) a jacket exterior of (A) and (B), wherein the improvement comprises the reinforcement of (C) comprising at least two polymeric fibers around the sheath, (i) having an elastic modulus of at least 10,000,000 psi, (ii) being under tension, (iii) being substantially parallel to the core along its longitudinal axis, (iv) being positioned with substantially zero twist, (v) being interspaced between (B) and (D) .

2. The cable of Claim 1 wherein said fibers are poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide).

3. The cable of Claim 1 wherein said fibers are present in separate yearns.

4. The cable of Claim 3 wherein at least four yarns are present.

5. The cable of Claim 4 wherein at least six yarns are present.

6. The cable of Claim 1 with a minimum bend diameter at least equal to about 6 mm.

7. The cable of Claim 6 with a minimum bend diameter at least equal to about 4 mm.

8. The cable of Claim 1 wherein said transparent sheath is a substantially amorphous thermoplastic polymer extruded onto said core.

9. The cable of any one of Claims 1, 5 and 8 wherein there is a protective layer between reinforcement (C) and sheath (B).