CA1176286A - Vehicle hydraulic brake system and apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

A hydraulic braking system is provided for vehicles which frequently experience variable loading conditions ranging from maximum to near minimum gross vehicle weights. The sys-tem comprises dual proportioning valves, hydraulically in series with one another, one valve includes a unique spring driven digital cam which, in response to compression of the vehicle suspension system, selects the desired master cylinder to brake pressure relationship for the vehicle load condition.

Description

~176~86 This is a division of Patent Application 375,136, filed April 9, 1981.
The present invention relates to improvements in load sensing hydraulic brake pressure control apparatus for use in the hydraulic circuit between the master cylinder and the rear wheel brake cylinders. The apparatus is adapted for sensing variations in the distance between the vehicle chassis and the suspended axle shaft.
It is known that changes in vehicle loading cause changes in braking capability. For example, when a vehicle is fully loaded, the rear wheels will have nearly the same brak-ing capability as the front wheels. However, when the vehicle ~ -is lightly loaded, the rear wheels may exhibit less braking capability than the front wheels. Thus the potential for pre-mature rear wheel lock up is much greater when stopping the lightly loaded vehicle than when stopping the fully loaded vehicle. In order to compensate for the inherent imbalance between front and rear braking action, it has been customary in past years to provide a proportioning valve which restricts fluid communication to the rear wheel brake cylinders after a predetermined pressure level is generated. However, such proportioning valves represent a compromise between the de-sirable system characteristics for the full load condition and those for the light load condition. Thus the selected pro-portioning valve characteristic in neither suitable for the -full load condition nor the light load condition. Many load sensing or vehicle height sensing valve mechanisms have hereto-fore been presented in the prior art, however, they are un-necessarily complex or other~ise unsuitable for modern vehicle 30 use. For example, see U.S. E~atents 3,362,758; 3,503,657;

~ .
. ' ~
::

~76286 3,649,084; 3,684,329; 3,734,~,74; 3,768,876; 3,848,932;
4,150,855 and 4,159,855.
The present invention relates to improvements in load responsive hydraulic brake pressure control apparatus which is placed in the hydraulic circuit upstream of the rear wheels and senses changes in the dic;tance between the chassis and the axle of an automotive vehicle and controls the hydraulic pres-sure delivered from the master cylinder to the rear wheel brake cylinders in response to such changes.
The present invention provides for a first and second proportioning valve assembly hydraulically in series with each other, the first proportioning valve assembly being positioned downstream of the master cylinder and the second positioned between the first valve assembly and the vehicle rear brakes.
The first proportioning valve produces an output pressure suitable for a vehicle under a full load condition. The second proportioning valve, which receives the first valve's output pressure as input pressure, acts to modify or proportion the pressure received from the first valve producing an output pressure suitable for a lightly loaded vehicle.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the second proportioning valve assembly is rigidly attached to the vehicle frame and includes a rotatable digital cam driven by mechanical linkage attached to the vehicle axle. As the vehicle is loaded, compression of the suspension system reduces the distance be~
tween the vehicle frame and the axle. The mechanical linkage j in response to the reduction in distance rotates the digital ;
3 cam to a position whereby the second proportioning valve mech-anism is disabled. Thus the output pressure of the first pro~
portioning valve is passed undisturbed through the second pro-..

':': - ;:

:~ ' portioning valve assembly to the rear wheel brakes.
The digital cam is rotatingly seated upon an axial drive shaft so as to allow relative rotation therebetween. A
torsional spring affixed to the digital cam has one leg anchored thereon and the other leg engaging a flat diametric camming surface provided in the drive shaft. Thus the digital cam is caused to rotate in concert with the drive shaft. However, by reason of the torsion spring a unique drive mechanism is provided which accommodates relative motion between the vehicle frame and the axle during vehicle operation by permitting rela-tive rotation between the cam and the drive shaft whenever rota-tion of the cam is restricted by the functional operation of the proportioning valve mechanism.
Although the load sensing proportioning valve assembly is herein described as being in series with a first proportion-ing valve assembly it is to be understood that the load sensing valve may be used alone in systems where the master cylinder output pressure is suitable, without an intervening proportional valve, for direct transmissi~n to the vehicle brakes in the heavily loaded condition.
According to the present invention, there is provided in a vehicle hydraulic brake system including a master cylinder, wheel braking means, and fluid transmission means for conveying hydraulic pressure from the master cylinder to the wheel braking means, the improvement comprises a first and second proportional valve means between the master cylinder and the wheel braking means, the proportional valve means being hydraulically in series one to the other with the second proportional valve means hy-draulically downstream of the first proportional valve means, the first proportioning valve means adapted to proportion the ! ~

i~76Z86 input to output hydraulic pressure pursuant to a first input to output relationship and the second proportional valve means adapted to proportion the input to output hydraulic pressure pursuant to a second input tc, output relationship, vehicle load sensing means adapted to disable the second proportioning valve means when the vehicle is loaded to a predetermined load con- -dition.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:=
Figure 1 is a schematic view of a hydraulic brake system incorporating a load sensing proportioning valve and embodying the present inventlon.
¦ Figure 2 is a graphical illustration of the perfor-mance of a brake proportioning system incorporating the present invention.
Figure 3 pictorially depicts a typical vehicle instal-lation of the load sensing proportioning valve.
Figure 4 is a part:Lal cross-sectional view of the load sensing proportioning valve used in the braking system illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5-5 in Figure 4.
Figure 6 is a partial cross-sectional view taken along line 6-6 in Figure 4.
Figure 7 is a partial cross-sectional view taken along line 7-7 in Figure 4.
Figure 8 is an exploded pictorial view showing the assembly of elements comprising the digital cam portion of the load sensing proportioning v~lve.
Figure 9 is an isolated pictorial view of the digital - 5 ~

cam rotated 180 from that 3hown in Figure 8.
Figure 10 is a schematic illustration of the load sensing proportioning valve configuration when the vehicle is lightly loaded.
Figure 11 is a schematic illustration of the load sensing proportioning valve configuration when the vehicle is heavily loaded.
Figures 12 and 13 present schematic illustrations of load sensing proportioning valve configurations accom-modating over-rotation of the digital cam driveshaft.
Figure 14 presents a partial cross-sectional view -of the load sensing proportioning valve, similar to that of Figure 6, wherein the digital cam mechanism is con-figured activation by clockwise rotation of the digital cam driveshaft.
Referring to the drawings a vehicle hydraulic braking system embodying the invention is shown in Figure 1. Master cylinder 11 provides brake activating hydraulic fluid pressure by means of conduit F to the vehicle front wheel brakes 13L and 13R first passing through a metering valve assembly, not shown, contained in combination valve 12. Conduit R similarly provides an independent source of brake activating hydraulic fluid presssure to a first proportioning valve assembly 14, shown schematically in combination valve 12, for ~;upply to the vehicle rear wheel brakes 15L and 15R.
Proportioning va]ve 11 may be of any known design ~ to the art, such as shown in U.S. Patent 3,423,936, having i~ a single split point relationship between input hydraulic ; -~

pressure and output hydrau:ic pressure. The 1~76Z86 proportioning valve 14 is des:igned to produce an output pressure relationship to input pressure as shown in Figure 2 and identified as "LOAD~D". The split point at which valve 14 begins proportioning being indicated as point L. The curve identified as "LOAD~D" in Figure 2 represents a master cylinder to rear brake pressure relationship acceptable for a vehicle loaded beyond a given mid-load condition and up to its full gross vehicle weight (GVW). The output hydraulic fluid pressure from ~-proportioning valve 14 is transmitted to the vehicle rear brakes by conduits Rl and R2 passing through load sensing proportioning valve (LSPV) device 20.
LSPV 20 includes a second proportioning valve assembly 16, hereinafter described in greater detail, having a similar construction as that of proportioning valve assembly 14 contained in combination valve 12. Proportioning valve assembly 16, when permitted to function, operates upon the output hydraulic pressure received from proportioning valve 14 such that the relationship between master c~linder pressure (input to proportioning valve 14) to rear brake pressure (output from proportioning valve 16) is represented by the curve identified as "EMPTY" in Figure 2. The "EMPTYU curve shown in Figure 2 represents a master cylinder to rear bra~e pressure relationship acceptable for a vehicle load condition falling below the sel~cted mid-load condition.
A digital cam mechanism 25 is provided within LSPV 20 to selectively disable proportioning valve assembly 16 in the full open configuration when the vehicle is heavily loaded. Thus when the vehicle is loaded beyond the selected mid-load condition, proportioning valve 16 is disabled by action of digital cam 25 thereby permitting, undisturbed, the transmission of hydraulic ~176Z86 pressure therethrough and resulting in the desired "LOADED"
pressure relationship shown in Figure 2. However, when the vehicle is lightly loaded proportioning valves 14 and 16 function in series and produce a master cylinder pressure to rear brake pressure relationship as indicated by the curve "EMPTY" in Figure 2.
Figure 3 pictorially depicts a typical vehicle installation of the load sensing proportioning valve. LSPV 20 is rigidly affixed to a non-suspended portion of the vehicle ~' frame 35. Driveshaft 50 is firmly attached to linkage 30 so that as linkage 30 rotates driveshaft 50 rotates digital cam 25 by a drive mechanism hereinafter described in greater detail.
Linkage 30 is firmly attached to the vehicle axle tube 31 or any other suitable element of the suspended portion of the rear wheel assembly.
Digital cam 25, through action of linkage 30 attached to vehicle axle 31 responds to compression or expansion of the vehicle suspension system (not shown). When the linkage is extended, as indicated by the numeral 30, the vehicle is lightly loaded and proportioning valve 16 is permitted to function.
~Iowever, when the linkage is compressed, as indicated by numeral 30', the vehicle is heavily loaded and digital cam 25 is rotated into position so as to disable the operation of the ;~
proportioning valve 16.
:. .-- ~ -Referring to Figure 5 proportioning valve assembly 16 as shown and described herein is merely representative of known proportioning valve mechanisms and does not represent a part of my invention. Recognizing that any known proportioning valve 1~ -mechanism which may be modified to function as herein described is suitable for use with the present invention, the operation ! - 8 - ~

i ~176Z~316 of proportioning valve assembLy 16 will be described only to the extent necessary to understand its interrelationship with my digital cam and its function with respect to the overall bra~e hydraulic system.
Proportioning valve assembly 16 comprises valve piston 40 ~-positioned axially within bore 45 and extending into bore 45a of smaller diameter which in turn opens into digital cam cavity 70.
O-ring seal 47 is provided to hydraulically seal bore 45 from bore 45a thereby preventing tne flow of hydraulic fluid into bore 45a. Piston 40 is provided with a pin like extension 48 projecting into bore 49. Piston 40 is permitted to axially translate within bore 45a so that pin 48 may project into the digital cam cavity 70 as will be described hereinafter.
The opposite end of piston 40, includes valve head 43 which is less in diameter than that of bore 45b thus permitting the unrestricted flow of hydraulic fluid thereby. Piston 40 is further provided extension cap 41 having notch 42 therein.
Piston 40 is normally biased to the left by action of spring 46 such that extension 41 is urged abuttingly against the end of bore 45b. Hydraulic fluid is thus permitted to enter inlet port Rl, ~reely pass between piston 40 and elastomeric valve seat 44, '~ past valve head 43, through notch 42 and exit through outlet port R2. Thus in the configuration as shown in Figure ~ the fluid pressure at outlet port R2 will be equal to the fluid pressure at inlet port Rl.
During brake application the above described fluid path through proportioning valve 16 remains open until the fluid pressure delivered at inlet port Rl attains a predetermined ;~
`7 level. At this time valve head 43 will close against valve seat ~ 30 44. The level of pressure at which this occurs is dependent g .3 :

762~36 upon the force of spring 46 as compared to the effective area of the valve piston 40, acted up~n by inlet fluid pressure in a direction opposing the force of spring 46. This effective area is equal to the diameter D of piston 40 since the right hand end of piston 40 projecting into :bore 45a is sealed off from the inlet fluid pressure by O-ring seal 47 while the inlet fluid pressure acts against all of the remaining portions of piston 40.
After valve head 43 closes against valve seat 44 and the fluid pressure at inlet port Rl is further increased, the 10 increased pressure will act against piston 40 over an effective circular area having a diameter equal to the main sealing diameter of valve head 43 less the cross-sectional area of piston 40 extending into bore 45a. This produces a force acting upon piston 40 in the same direction as an assisting spring 46 to reopen valve head 43 so as to deliver at least a portion of the increased fluid pressure to outlet port R2. However, any increased fluid pressure delivered to outlet port R2 creates an opposing force upon piston 40. The opposing force tends to reclose valve head 43 against valve seat 44. The opposing ;~
20 forces tend to keep valve head 43 closely adjacent to valve seat 44 thereby restricting the flow of fluid from inlet port Rl to outlet port R2 creating a pressure at the outlet port R2 which ; increases at a lower rate than the pressure at inlet port Rl. `~
The ratio of the pressures is determined by the relationship of the effective areas previously referred to and hence the fluid :~
pressure passing through proportioning valve 16 r,~ay be propor~
tioned to follow a predetermined relationship.
During that portion of a brake application in which the l applied pedal e~fort is reduced subsequent to a brake application 30 of sufficient intensity to have moved piston 40 to the restricted j , '~ -- 1 0 --:
,~
3 .:

~176Zbl6 flow positionthe forces tending to move piston 40 to the left ~-are reduced and piston 40 tra.nslates to the right under the influence of the pressure at outlet port R2. As the piston 40 ¦ moves right valve head 43 is permitted to slide within the inner ¦ peripheral surface of valve seat 44, thereby increasing the available volume for the fluid at the rear brake cylinders 15L
and 15R and accomplishing a reduction in pressure at outlet port R2. The pressure at outlet port R2 can never be greater than the pressure at inlet port Rl because valve seat 44 also 10 acts as a fluid check valve permitting the flow of fluid from .
port R2 and into bore 45. -For a more detailec. description relating to propor- -tioning valve operation and the design of particular propor-tioning valve elements refer to U. S. Patent No. 3,423,936 issued to William Stelzer on January 28, 1969.
Figures 4 through 9 are to be referred to for the following description of the digital cam 25, its construction and operation. LSPV housing 19 is provided with a two step bore 60. Floor 69 of bore 60 contains recessed therein : :~
20 semicircular slot 67 and journal recess 68. Cam driveshaft 50 is supported and retained as shown in Figure 4. Journal 51 of driveshaft 50 is rotationally received within journal recess 68. Shaft 50 extends generally normal to bore floor 69 passing through and rotationally supported by end cap 61. End cap 61 is snugly retained within bore 60a and against shoulder 62 by action of snap ring 63. O-ring 55 is provided to seal the digital cam chamber 70 from t.he entrance of any contamination thereto. Cam driveshaft 50 protrudes externally of end cap 61 sufficiently to permit rigid engagement thereof by linkage 30 ~ -~
(see Figure 3). Thus driveshaft 50 is caused to rotate through the same angular displacement: as that of linkage 30. :~

- 11- ' .j . , ~176286 Digital carn 25 is rotationally supported on cam journal 52 of driveshaft 50 such that cam 25 may rotate relative I to driveshaft 50. Cam 25 is provided with a peripheral recess 26 and axial directed knurls 24 over at least the working peripheral portion of cam 25. The working portion of cam 25 will become apparent as the function and operation are further described hereinafter. Pin 32 projects axially from cam 25 into and slidably engaging slot 67 in bore floor 69 thereby limiting the angular rotation of cam 25 to that are inscribed by slot 67. The inboard side 22 of cam 25 is milled providing inboard facing stepped surface 27. Circular recess 21 extends axially through cam 25 from the outboard surface 28 and slightl~
past the inboard facing stepped surface 27 thereby providing ~ - ;
passage way 23 between outboard surface 28 and inboard surface ;~
27. Mandrel 33 is axially positioned within circular recess 21 extending outboard and slightly past outboard surface 28.
Torsion spring 34 is seated about mandrel 33 the helical ' , portion thereof being seated within circular recess 21 such that inboard leg 34a extends through passage way 23 in juxta~
posed relation with inboard facing stepped surface 27 and engages spring retention hole 29. Outboard spring leg 34b extends in juxtaposed relatic~n with outboard surface 28 of j cam 25 extending into slot 54 of driveshaft 50 and engaging the ,' ~-l~ flat camming surface 53. In their normal assembled state as ¦ hereinabove described and shown in Figure 6, torsion spring legs ¦ 34a and 34b are spring loaded so as to apply an angularly outward force upon spring retention hole 29 and the flat I c,amming surface 53' of driveshaft 50. Slot 56 is ~rovided at - ' ¦ the external and outboard encl of car,l driveshaft 50 to permit external adjustment.

' - 12 - ~ ' ~76286 In operation cam 25 is caused to rotate with cam driveshaft 50 by reason of torsion spring 34 applying spring force upon camming surface 53 of shaft 50. However, should cam 25 be restricted from rotating because of interference between pin 32 and slot 67 or because of interference between cam 25 and pin 48 on valve piston 40, cam driveshaft 50 may however, rotate relative to cam 25 by further compressing torsion spring --34. Thus, a spring drive mechanism is provided between cam driveshaft 50 and digital cam 25 which allows for over travel of shaft 50 when rotation of cam 25 is otherwise restricted.
Figures 3, 5 through 7 and 10 depict the configuration -~
of LSPV 20 under conditions o light vehicle loading. The -~
vehicle frame 35 is riding relatively high with respect to suspended axle 31. Thus linkage 30 positions digital cam 25 such that peripheral recess 26 permits pin 48 of piston 40 to axially translate in and out of digital cam chamber 70.
Proportioning valve 16 is permitted to freely function resulting in a master cylinder pressure to rear brake pressure relationship as shown by the curve identified as "EMPTY" in Figure 2.
So long as the vehi-le is lightly loaded proportioning valve 16 is function. Peripheral slot 26 accommodates operation of valve 16. However, should valve piston pin 48 protrude into cam chamber 70 as a result of vehicle braking and the vehicle encountered an extreme road condition causing cam dxiveshaft 50 to momentarily, over rotate from excessive compression of the vehicle suspension system, cam 25 will momentarily engage valve piston pin 48 stopping the cam's counterclockwise rotation.
llowever, cam driveshaft 50 is permitted to continue its counter- -clockwise rotation by compression torsion spring 34. Such a condition is illustrated in Figure 13.

- 13 ~

11~62~36 ~ hen the vehicle is loaded heavy the suspension system is compressed such that the vertical separation between frame 35 and axle 31 is reduced. Linkage 30 assumes a configuration as depicted in Figure 11 thereby rotating digital cam 25 counterclockwise as shown. In this configuration the outermost periphery of cam 25 is rotated in a position that disables proportioning valve 16 by preventing the free translation piston 40. Thus in the loaded condition, as illustrated in Figure 11, :-the master cylinder pressure to rear brake pressure relationship is as shown by the curve identified as "LOADED" in Figure 2.
So long as the vehicle is in the loaded condition the outer periphery of cam 25 will remain in the valve piston disabling configuration as illustrated in Figures 11 and 12. In this ~ -configuration and when the applied braking load is such that valve piston 40 attempts to translate to the right valve piston pin 48 buts against cam 25 and engages the axial ~nurls 24 on the outer periphery of cam 25. Thus cam 25 is restricted from freely rotating. Any further rotation of cam driveshaft 50 resulting from road induced vacillations of axle 31 will be accommodated by compression oE torsion spring 34 as illustrated in Figure 12.
The angle A (Figure 6) between the pin 48 centerline and digital cam step 26a determines the vehicle load condition at which proportioning valve 16 is disabled therefore it is necessary that this angle be accurately fixed. Angle A is determined for an unloaded vehicle and represents that angle through which driveshaft 50 will rotate as the vehicle is loaded to that mid-load condition at which it is desired to change from the "EMPTY" curve to the "LOADED" curve as shown in Figure

2. Step 26b is located so as not to interfere with the operation ~"

of proportioning valve 16; pin 32 and slot 67 may also be configured so as to limit the clockwise rotation of cam 25 thereby preventing step 26b interfering with the operation of proportioning valve 16.
The LSPV as illustrated in Figures 1 through 13 accommodate counterclockwise rotation of cam driveshaft 50 upon compression of the vehicle suspension system. However, the LSPV may be easily adapted to accommodate clockwise rotation as is illustrated in Figure 14. By relocation of slot 67 as shown in Figure 14 the mechanism is adapted for clockwise rotation.
While an embodiment of the invention has been -described herein with considerable particularity, it will be understood that the scope of the present invention is to be determined by the appended claims.

,

Claims (3)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. In a vehicle hydraulic brake system including a master cylinder, wheel braking means, and fluid transmission means for conveying hydraulic pressure from said master cy-linder to said wheel braking means, the improvement comprising a first and second proportional valve means between said master cylinder and said wheel braking means, said proportional valve means being hydraulically in series one to the other with said second proportional valve means hydraulically downstream of said first proportional valve means, said first proportional valve means adapted to proportion the input to output hydraulic pressure pursuant to a first input to output relationship and said second proportional valve means adapted to proportion the input to output hydraulic pressure pursuant to a second input to output relationship, and vehicle load sensing means adapted to disable said second proportional valve means when said vehicle is loaded to a predetermined load condition.

2. The improvement as claimed in claim 1 wherein said load sensing means comprises means for sensing the rela-tive distance between the vehicle frame and the vehicle axle.

3. In a vehicle hydraulic brake system including a master cylinder, wheel braking means, and fluid transmission means for conveying hydraulic pressure from said master cy-linder to said wheel braking means, the improvement comprising a first and second proportional valve means between said master cylinder and said wheel braking means, said proportional valve means being hydraulically in series one to the other with said second proportional valve means hydraulically downstream of said first proportional valve means, said first proportional valve means adapted to proportion the input to output hydraulic pressure pursuant to a first input to output relationship and said second proportional valve means adapted to proportion the input to output hydraulic pressure pursuant to a second input to output relationship, vehicle load sensing means adapted to render said second proportional valve inoperative and locked in an open by-pass configuration when said vehicle is loaded to a predetermined load condition whereby the output hydraulic pressure of said second proportional valve is substantially equal to the output hydraulic pressure of said first propor-tional valve.