CA1174728A - Electrolyte for electro-chemical cells - Google Patents
Electrolyte for electro-chemical cellsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1174728A CA1174728A CA000387889A CA387889A CA1174728A CA 1174728 A CA1174728 A CA 1174728A CA 000387889 A CA000387889 A CA 000387889A CA 387889 A CA387889 A CA 387889A CA 1174728 A CA1174728 A CA 1174728A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cell
- electrolyte
- accumulator
- current producing
- electrochemical
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Landscapes
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Abstract
A B S T R A C T
An electrolyte is disclosed which can be used in a variety of electrochemical cells and rechargeable accumulators.
The electrolyte solution contains a complexing agent which reduces electrode solubility, combats dendrite formation, improves electrolyte conductivity and takes part in the charge discharge electrochemical reaction. The complexing agent and additive described can be used with various electrolytes and existing cell types to advantage. Aspects of this invention are applicable particularly to Ni-Cd, Ag-Cd, Ag-Zn, Ni-Fe, Ni-Zn, Metal-Air or like cell types.
An electrolyte is disclosed which can be used in a variety of electrochemical cells and rechargeable accumulators.
The electrolyte solution contains a complexing agent which reduces electrode solubility, combats dendrite formation, improves electrolyte conductivity and takes part in the charge discharge electrochemical reaction. The complexing agent and additive described can be used with various electrolytes and existing cell types to advantage. Aspects of this invention are applicable particularly to Ni-Cd, Ag-Cd, Ag-Zn, Ni-Fe, Ni-Zn, Metal-Air or like cell types.
Description
3 ~'7~Z~
This invention relates to an electrolyte for use in electrochemical cells, current producing cells or electric-al accumulators of various types, including fuel and solar cells. The electrolyte contains a complexing agent which reduces electrode solubility, improves electrolyte conductance and takes part in the charge/discharge electrochemical reaction.
In the continuing search for improved power sources considerable work has been done in investigating means for improving the performance of various electrochemical cells and storage batteries particularly in respect of size, weight and capacity. Important applications for these being in such fields as hearing aids, portable e~uipment, space and satellite applications and ultimately electrically driven non-polluting vehicles. One aspect of this work has naturally been to investigate also the electrolyte used in such cells. Factors of interest here are conductance, current-carrying capacity, corrosion effects on electrodes and other cell parts, etc.
These factors vary with the concentration of the electrolyte temperature, solubility of the electrodes, and additives.
Other important considerations are rate of chemical reaction, charge transfer and, in the case of many rechargeable cells, such problems as dendrite growth, deterioration of electrode structure, loss of capacity and resultant short serviceable life.
Various additives have been tested in electrochemical cells of different types and inorganic as well as organic additives as sometimes also used in the electroplating in-dustry in an attempt to combat dendrite growth, improve charge transfer and reduce internal resistance, or to generally improve cell performance and life.
Additives have also been added to electrode structures to help reduce loss of capacity, electrode poisoning effects, or '7~
to improve electrolyte penetration further into the electrode structure to better utilize the available material.
For the main part, the modifications and additives so far used and proposed have not shown adequate long-term stability on continued recycling use in electrochemical cells as they tend to be oxidized, rejected or react irreversibly with the electrode or other cell parts or are dissipated and lose their efficacity. The present invention solves many of the previously mentioned problems and in degree dependent upon the cell type, electrode structure and construction in which the electrolyte is used, such a cell is improved in efficiency, performance and economic desirability.
The chemical reactions, during charge and discharge of various electrochemical cells, are not fully known and there are often a number of competing reaction schemes taking part. To one skilled in the art of electrochemical cell re-actions, be it as applied to electroplating or to electrical or rechargeable cells, it is not essential to fully understand all details of the reactions taking part to make use of the invention. Furthermore the invention should of course be measured solely by means of the claims herein whereas the reactions taking place in a given electrochemical cell com-bination when using the electrolyte of this invention should not in any way be construed as defining or limiting the in-vention.
The electrolyte of this invention is particularly advantageous when used in pre-charged, dry stored, high capacity cells in metal-air cells and in rechargeable cells such as silver-zinc (~g-Zn), nickel~cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn), nickel-iron (Ni-Fe), lead oxide (PbO) and metal-air cells and other cell systems.
In accordance with a particular embodiment of
This invention relates to an electrolyte for use in electrochemical cells, current producing cells or electric-al accumulators of various types, including fuel and solar cells. The electrolyte contains a complexing agent which reduces electrode solubility, improves electrolyte conductance and takes part in the charge/discharge electrochemical reaction.
In the continuing search for improved power sources considerable work has been done in investigating means for improving the performance of various electrochemical cells and storage batteries particularly in respect of size, weight and capacity. Important applications for these being in such fields as hearing aids, portable e~uipment, space and satellite applications and ultimately electrically driven non-polluting vehicles. One aspect of this work has naturally been to investigate also the electrolyte used in such cells. Factors of interest here are conductance, current-carrying capacity, corrosion effects on electrodes and other cell parts, etc.
These factors vary with the concentration of the electrolyte temperature, solubility of the electrodes, and additives.
Other important considerations are rate of chemical reaction, charge transfer and, in the case of many rechargeable cells, such problems as dendrite growth, deterioration of electrode structure, loss of capacity and resultant short serviceable life.
Various additives have been tested in electrochemical cells of different types and inorganic as well as organic additives as sometimes also used in the electroplating in-dustry in an attempt to combat dendrite growth, improve charge transfer and reduce internal resistance, or to generally improve cell performance and life.
Additives have also been added to electrode structures to help reduce loss of capacity, electrode poisoning effects, or '7~
to improve electrolyte penetration further into the electrode structure to better utilize the available material.
For the main part, the modifications and additives so far used and proposed have not shown adequate long-term stability on continued recycling use in electrochemical cells as they tend to be oxidized, rejected or react irreversibly with the electrode or other cell parts or are dissipated and lose their efficacity. The present invention solves many of the previously mentioned problems and in degree dependent upon the cell type, electrode structure and construction in which the electrolyte is used, such a cell is improved in efficiency, performance and economic desirability.
The chemical reactions, during charge and discharge of various electrochemical cells, are not fully known and there are often a number of competing reaction schemes taking part. To one skilled in the art of electrochemical cell re-actions, be it as applied to electroplating or to electrical or rechargeable cells, it is not essential to fully understand all details of the reactions taking part to make use of the invention. Furthermore the invention should of course be measured solely by means of the claims herein whereas the reactions taking place in a given electrochemical cell com-bination when using the electrolyte of this invention should not in any way be construed as defining or limiting the in-vention.
The electrolyte of this invention is particularly advantageous when used in pre-charged, dry stored, high capacity cells in metal-air cells and in rechargeable cells such as silver-zinc (~g-Zn), nickel~cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn), nickel-iron (Ni-Fe), lead oxide (PbO) and metal-air cells and other cell systems.
In accordance with a particular embodiment of
- 2 -~ 7~2-~3 the invention, there is provided an electrochemical cell, a current producing cell or an accumulator. These comprise active electrodes and an electrolyte which contains, in accordance with the invention, a dilute solution of potassium or sodium ferro- or ferricyanide.
The constituent parts of the electrolyte and the optional initial additive of fluoride in suitable form can equally well be used in cells having different electrolytes as also for the formation and activation of various electrodes prior to assembly into a cell as also for certain electro-plating and electrochemical surface treatment processes. The electrolyte of this invention has in general improved conduct-ivity, particularly at low temperatures, reducing cell internal resistance. Acting as a charge transfer medium, it increases cell potential and improves cell stored capacity and efficiency by ~etter utilization of the electrode electrochemical capa-city. In the case of rechargeable cells, it will in addition combat dendrite formation by attenuation of electrode solubi-lity and alteration of electrode conditions. In cells of the silver-zinc type cell degradation due to Ag migration to the zinc electrode is also greatly attenuated and recycling life considerably extended even without recourse to special separa-tors.
The electrolyte comprlses a potassium or sodium-ferro or ferri-cyanide with or without a cyanide or ferricyanide of the electrode materials of the cell as electrolyte in the form of a solution or as an addition in solution or salt form to an electrolyte for electrochemical cells, current producing cells or accumulators. The metallic (Fe) link retains the (CN) and avoids loss during recycling the (Fe(CN)) complex actually taking part in the charge/discharge reaction. Dependent upon cell type electrodes and electrolyte composition, a reduction ~-~s - 3 -. . , ~ . ,.
7fl~2~
of the electrode solubility follows which reduces or eliminates ,effects such as shape change, loss of electrode capacity, dendrite growth, etc.
In certain cases, particularly in rechargeable cells with zinc electrodes, an additional small addition of a suit-able fluoride NaF or KF is also advantageous. Saturating the electrolyte with zincate ZnO can also be useful. 'rhe electro-lyte of this invention provides the following improvements when used in electrochemical cells as prescribed. These advantages are present in all aspects of the invention here-after listed to a greater or lesser degree and will not be listed again separately in each example.
1) Lower internal cell resistance.
2) Better low temperature performance.
The constituent parts of the electrolyte and the optional initial additive of fluoride in suitable form can equally well be used in cells having different electrolytes as also for the formation and activation of various electrodes prior to assembly into a cell as also for certain electro-plating and electrochemical surface treatment processes. The electrolyte of this invention has in general improved conduct-ivity, particularly at low temperatures, reducing cell internal resistance. Acting as a charge transfer medium, it increases cell potential and improves cell stored capacity and efficiency by ~etter utilization of the electrode electrochemical capa-city. In the case of rechargeable cells, it will in addition combat dendrite formation by attenuation of electrode solubi-lity and alteration of electrode conditions. In cells of the silver-zinc type cell degradation due to Ag migration to the zinc electrode is also greatly attenuated and recycling life considerably extended even without recourse to special separa-tors.
The electrolyte comprlses a potassium or sodium-ferro or ferri-cyanide with or without a cyanide or ferricyanide of the electrode materials of the cell as electrolyte in the form of a solution or as an addition in solution or salt form to an electrolyte for electrochemical cells, current producing cells or accumulators. The metallic (Fe) link retains the (CN) and avoids loss during recycling the (Fe(CN)) complex actually taking part in the charge/discharge reaction. Dependent upon cell type electrodes and electrolyte composition, a reduction ~-~s - 3 -. . , ~ . ,.
7fl~2~
of the electrode solubility follows which reduces or eliminates ,effects such as shape change, loss of electrode capacity, dendrite growth, etc.
In certain cases, particularly in rechargeable cells with zinc electrodes, an additional small addition of a suit-able fluoride NaF or KF is also advantageous. Saturating the electrolyte with zincate ZnO can also be useful. 'rhe electro-lyte of this invention provides the following improvements when used in electrochemical cells as prescribed. These advantages are present in all aspects of the invention here-after listed to a greater or lesser degree and will not be listed again separately in each example.
1) Lower internal cell resistance.
2) Better low temperature performance.
3) Higher output potential.
4) Better efficiency.
5) Better utilization of electrode material.
6) Combatting of dendrite formation.
7) Longer cell life.
The electrolyte of this invention can be prepared as follows: Potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution is prepared to a density of 1.12 g/ml 20C. (2.6 molar or 13 wt%~. Potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) is then added till a density of 1.14 to 1.2 g/ml is attained. Alternatively 15 grams of (KOH) granules 85%KOH and 4 grams of potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) can be dissolved per 100 ml of distilled water.
The absolute ratios are not at all critical and in many cases even a very small amount of potassium ferricyanide added to an existing electrolyte of many cells is sufficient to improve performance considerably.
'rhe electrolyte density used in various types of cells differs widely and is chosen to suit the particular ~"~ 4 -i", .
4~
operating temperature and conditions as well as the cell com-ponents and electrodes concerned. The criteria for the choice of electrolyte composition or electrolyte additive used as per this invention by any manufacturer for a given applica-tion or set of conditions may likewise vary and could well fall outside the preferred range here indicated as a guide.
This in no way detracts from the value of the invention or the benefits claimed herein.
Examples:
1. In accordance with one aspect o~ this invention a normal silver-zinc (Ag-Zn) pre-charged, dry stored cell is supplied with the electrolyte of this invention consisting of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution of density 1.12 g/ml 20C.
to which is added potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) till a density of 1.14 g/ml is attained. The cell will provide a higher output, have a lower internal resistance, give better efficiency and capacity.
2. In accordance with a further aspect of this invention a normal cell of the nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) type is provided with the electrolyte of this invention prepared as in Example 1 above instead of its more conventional electrolyte of KOH
or NaOH. The cell will similarly provide improved character-istics as well as a higher output level than usual for conventional cells. The extent of other improvements will depend upon details of the electrode and cell construction.
3. In accordance with a further aspect of this invention a cell of the normal nickel-iron (Ni-Fe) type is likewise improved by the use of the electrolyte.
4. In accordance with a further aspect of this invent-ion a cell of metal-air type, preferably of the zinc-air type, is similarly improved by the use of the electrolyte of this invention.
~'~7 ~JZ ~
5. In accordance with a further aspect of this invention a cell of the nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) ty~e is similarly improved by the use of the electrolyte.
6. In accordance with a further aspect of this invention a cell of the nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) rechargeable type using the electrolyte of this invention will also have zincate ZnO added to the electrolyte and a very little fluoride KF or NaF and boron in the form of Na2B407, K3sO3 or orthoboric acid H3B03.
In a preferred embodiment of this invention the electrolyte of this invention is used in a nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) rechargeable cell of normal construction, the electrode structure of which can be of the pocket or the sintered or other type and with suitable separators. The electrolyte of this invention being made up as previously described of potassium hydroxide KOH to a density of 1.12 g/ml to which is added potassium -ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)~) to increase the density to around 1.14 to 1.18 g/ml. The absolute ratios are not at all critical as even a very small amount of (K3Fe(CN)6) added to an electrolyte is sufficient to considerably improve performance.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention the electrolyte is used in a nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) cell of normal construction and can be composed as in the previous preferred embodiment of KOH solution to 1.12 g/ml to which is added potassium ferricyanide to bring the density to 1.14 to 1.18 g/ml. In the case of zinc based electrodes in rechargeable cells, it has been found beneficial to add a small amount of potassium fluoride or sodium fluoride KF or NaF and boron in the form of Na2B407, K3B02 or orthoboric acid H3B03 and to saturate the electrolyte with zincate ZnO so as to further arrest the solubility of the zinc electrode. The electrolyte of this invention is in no way limited to use ~,.
~'7~Z~3 with the above examples and can also be used with other electrode systems and additives. Such additives are often used to modify electrode conductivity or overpotential or to reduce gassing and self discharge, etc., some such examples being graphite, carbon, Ni, Pb, Mn, Mo 9 V, Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Hg, etc. When using the electrolyte of this invention some such additives can to advantage be added in the form of a cyanide or ferricyanide such as p~tassiumcyanomercurate (K2Hg(CN)4).
The principles, preferred embodiments, examples, various advantages and improvements obtained from the use of the present invention have been described in the foregoing specification. The invention which is to be protected herein is however not to be construed as limited to the particular examples of its use described or disclosed as these are to be regarded only as illustrative rather than restrictive.
Variations and changes may well be made by those skilled in the art without in any way departing from the spirit of the invention.
The electrolyte of this invention can be prepared as follows: Potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution is prepared to a density of 1.12 g/ml 20C. (2.6 molar or 13 wt%~. Potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) is then added till a density of 1.14 to 1.2 g/ml is attained. Alternatively 15 grams of (KOH) granules 85%KOH and 4 grams of potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) can be dissolved per 100 ml of distilled water.
The absolute ratios are not at all critical and in many cases even a very small amount of potassium ferricyanide added to an existing electrolyte of many cells is sufficient to improve performance considerably.
'rhe electrolyte density used in various types of cells differs widely and is chosen to suit the particular ~"~ 4 -i", .
4~
operating temperature and conditions as well as the cell com-ponents and electrodes concerned. The criteria for the choice of electrolyte composition or electrolyte additive used as per this invention by any manufacturer for a given applica-tion or set of conditions may likewise vary and could well fall outside the preferred range here indicated as a guide.
This in no way detracts from the value of the invention or the benefits claimed herein.
Examples:
1. In accordance with one aspect o~ this invention a normal silver-zinc (Ag-Zn) pre-charged, dry stored cell is supplied with the electrolyte of this invention consisting of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution of density 1.12 g/ml 20C.
to which is added potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) till a density of 1.14 g/ml is attained. The cell will provide a higher output, have a lower internal resistance, give better efficiency and capacity.
2. In accordance with a further aspect of this invention a normal cell of the nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) type is provided with the electrolyte of this invention prepared as in Example 1 above instead of its more conventional electrolyte of KOH
or NaOH. The cell will similarly provide improved character-istics as well as a higher output level than usual for conventional cells. The extent of other improvements will depend upon details of the electrode and cell construction.
3. In accordance with a further aspect of this invention a cell of the normal nickel-iron (Ni-Fe) type is likewise improved by the use of the electrolyte.
4. In accordance with a further aspect of this invent-ion a cell of metal-air type, preferably of the zinc-air type, is similarly improved by the use of the electrolyte of this invention.
~'~7 ~JZ ~
5. In accordance with a further aspect of this invention a cell of the nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) ty~e is similarly improved by the use of the electrolyte.
6. In accordance with a further aspect of this invention a cell of the nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) rechargeable type using the electrolyte of this invention will also have zincate ZnO added to the electrolyte and a very little fluoride KF or NaF and boron in the form of Na2B407, K3sO3 or orthoboric acid H3B03.
In a preferred embodiment of this invention the electrolyte of this invention is used in a nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) rechargeable cell of normal construction, the electrode structure of which can be of the pocket or the sintered or other type and with suitable separators. The electrolyte of this invention being made up as previously described of potassium hydroxide KOH to a density of 1.12 g/ml to which is added potassium -ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)~) to increase the density to around 1.14 to 1.18 g/ml. The absolute ratios are not at all critical as even a very small amount of (K3Fe(CN)6) added to an electrolyte is sufficient to considerably improve performance.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention the electrolyte is used in a nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn) cell of normal construction and can be composed as in the previous preferred embodiment of KOH solution to 1.12 g/ml to which is added potassium ferricyanide to bring the density to 1.14 to 1.18 g/ml. In the case of zinc based electrodes in rechargeable cells, it has been found beneficial to add a small amount of potassium fluoride or sodium fluoride KF or NaF and boron in the form of Na2B407, K3B02 or orthoboric acid H3B03 and to saturate the electrolyte with zincate ZnO so as to further arrest the solubility of the zinc electrode. The electrolyte of this invention is in no way limited to use ~,.
~'7~Z~3 with the above examples and can also be used with other electrode systems and additives. Such additives are often used to modify electrode conductivity or overpotential or to reduce gassing and self discharge, etc., some such examples being graphite, carbon, Ni, Pb, Mn, Mo 9 V, Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Hg, etc. When using the electrolyte of this invention some such additives can to advantage be added in the form of a cyanide or ferricyanide such as p~tassiumcyanomercurate (K2Hg(CN)4).
The principles, preferred embodiments, examples, various advantages and improvements obtained from the use of the present invention have been described in the foregoing specification. The invention which is to be protected herein is however not to be construed as limited to the particular examples of its use described or disclosed as these are to be regarded only as illustrative rather than restrictive.
Variations and changes may well be made by those skilled in the art without in any way departing from the spirit of the invention.
Claims (14)
1. An electrochemical cell, a current producing cell or an accumulator comprising active electrodes and an electrolyte containing a dilute solution of potassium or sodium ferro- or ferricyanide.
2. The electrochemical cell, current producing cell or accumulator of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte is alkaline.
3. The electrochemical cell, current producing cell or accumulator of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte contains at least one hydroxide selected from the group consisting of potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.
4. The electrochemical cell, current producing cell or accumulator of claim 1, wherein at least one of the electrodes contains a cyanide or ferricyanide.
5. The electrochemical cell, current producing cell or accumulator of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte further contains a fluoride.
6. The electrochemical cell, current producing cell or accumulator of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte further contains a borate or orthoboric acid.
7. The electrochemical cell, current producing cell or accumulator of claim 1, wherein at least one of the electrodes contains an oxide-hydroxide and the electrolyte also contains the oxide-hydroxide.
8. The electrochemical cell, current producing cell or accumulator of claim 7, wherein the cell is a nickel-zinc cell and the oxide is ZnO.
9. The electrochemical cell, current producing cell or accumulator of claim 1, wherein the cell is a silver-zinc or silver-cadmium cell.
10. The electrochemical cell, current producing cell or accumulator of claim 1, wherein the cell is a nickel-cadmium cell, nickel-iron or nickel-zinc cell.
11. The electrochemical cell; current producing cell or accumulator of claim 1, wherein the cell is a metal-air cell.
12. The electrochemical cell, current producing cell or accumulator of claim 11, wherein the cell is a zinc-air cell.
13. The electrochemical cell, current producing cell or accumulator of claim 1, wherein the cell is a fuel cell.
14. The electrochemical cell, current producing cell or accumulator of claim 1, wherein the cell is a solar cell.
-7'
-7'
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000387889A CA1174728A (en) | 1981-10-14 | 1981-10-14 | Electrolyte for electro-chemical cells |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000387889A CA1174728A (en) | 1981-10-14 | 1981-10-14 | Electrolyte for electro-chemical cells |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1174728A true CA1174728A (en) | 1984-09-18 |
Family
ID=4121165
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000387889A Expired CA1174728A (en) | 1981-10-14 | 1981-10-14 | Electrolyte for electro-chemical cells |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1174728A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9595730B2 (en) | 2013-08-14 | 2017-03-14 | Epsilor-Electric Fuel LTD. | Flow battery and usage thereof |
-
1981
- 1981-10-14 CA CA000387889A patent/CA1174728A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9595730B2 (en) | 2013-08-14 | 2017-03-14 | Epsilor-Electric Fuel LTD. | Flow battery and usage thereof |
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