CA1173159A - Process and apparatus for testing fluids for fouling and antifoulant protocol - Google Patents
Process and apparatus for testing fluids for fouling and antifoulant protocolInfo
- Publication number
- CA1173159A CA1173159A CA000389057A CA389057A CA1173159A CA 1173159 A CA1173159 A CA 1173159A CA 000389057 A CA000389057 A CA 000389057A CA 389057 A CA389057 A CA 389057A CA 1173159 A CA1173159 A CA 1173159A
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- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- heat transfer
- assembly
- antifoulant
- measuring
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
- G01N17/008—Monitoring fouling
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/18—Water
- G01N33/1893—Water using flow cells
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Testing Resistance To Weather, Investigating Materials By Mechanical Methods (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure There is disclosed a novel mobile apparatus and process therefor including a heat transfer test assembly and related conduit and valve assemblies for connection in fluid flow communication to and heat transfer apparatus for in-situ testing of the fluid passing therethrough and including monitoring nd recording apparatus. The heat transfer test assembly includes a heating member for controlled heat input and thermocouples to measure the surface temperature of the heating member to permit foulling determinations at varying flow rates with simultaneous monitoring and recording thereof together with data, such as corrosion, pH, conductivity, and the like. In one embodiment of the present invention, there is added to the fluid controlled amounts of an antifoulant to permit formulation and evaluation of an antifoulant protocol.
Description
` ~ 159 PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR TESTING
FL~IDS FOR FO~LING AND ANTIFOULANT
PROTOCOL
The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for testing fluids, and more particularly, to a process and apparatus for the in~situ testing and simultaneously moni-toring and recording of aqueous and non-aqueous fluid systems for fouling tendencies, and parameters, such as conductivity, pH, turbidity, corrosion and the like, as well as to the development of an antifoulant protocol.
The chemical water treatment industry has historically been involved with reducing or inhibiting the inherent scale ¦ forming or fouling tendencies of natural waters associated with large industrial cooling water systems. Many of the foulant components found in water systems originate with the incoming supply, but some contaminants enter the system from the local environment or from process contamination.
Fouling is an extremely complex phenomenon. From a fundamental point of view, it may be characterized as a combined momentum, heat and mass transfer problem. In many instances, chemical reaction kinetics is involved, as well as solubility characteristics of salts in water and corrosion technology. It has been stated that if the fouling tendency of a cooling water could be accurately predicted before a plant is designed and built, significant capital savings might be realized through more accurate heat exchanger specifications.
1~7.3~59 ~sually, it is a normal practice to increase heat exchanger surface area to overcome losses in performance caused by fouling deposits with such additional surface area often accounting for more than half of the actual surface area of the heat exchanger. When such design practice is employed with titanium, staninless steel and like expensive materials of construction, it can be appreciated that capital expenditures might be significantly reduced if data could be developed to anticipate and provide for an anti-foulant protocol.
Fouling of a heat transfer surface is defined as the deposition on a surface of any material which increases the resistance to heat transfer. The fouling tendency of a fluid in contact with a heat transfer surface is a function of many variables including the components of the fluid, which in the case of water include, inter alia, crystals, silt, corrosion products, biological growths, process con-taminates, etc. Generally, deposits are comprised of a combination of several of these materials in relationship to, inter alia, the geometry of the heat transfer surface, materials of construction, temperature, etc. and thus, chemical inhibitors to solve the problem of a particular deposit involves a variety of different chemicals introduced at varying concentration and at varying times.
/
~L~7~3~S9 Industry has been relegated to the use of laboratory simulators or time lapse evaluations of process heat ex-changers and test heat exchangers with requirement that such equipment is taken off line, shutdown, opened and inspected to evaluate fouling problems and antifoulant protocols. In the case of process heat exchangers, such inspection usually results in significant plant do~m time and lost production.
Evaluation covers the entire period of process operation and shows accumulated results, which include system upsets, process leaks, the loss of chemical feed or human errors.
While the sampling and laboratory testing of fluids permits evaluation of the fluids, the results of laboratory testing are tedious and do not provide results of simultaneous evaluation.
The objects of the present inventions are achieved by a novel mobile apparatus and process therefor including a heat transfer test assembly and related conduit and valve assemblies for connection in fluid flow communication to a heat transfer apparatus for in-situ testing of the fluid passing therethrough and including monitoring of recording apparatus. The heat transfer test assembly includes a heating member for controlled heat input and thermocouples to measure the wall temperature of the heating member to permit fouling determinations at varying flow rates with simultaneous monitoring and recording thereof together with data, such as corrosion, pH, conductivity, and the like. In one aspect of ~7~3~
the present invention, there is generated foulant data permitting substantially simultaneous implementation of, and evaluation of an antifoulant protocol on the fluid passing therethrough and including monitoring and recording apparatus together with a source of antifoulants for controlled in-troduction into the fluid to evaluate effecaciousness of the antifoulant protocol.
Further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the detailed disclosure thereof, especially when taken with the accom-panying drawing wherein like numerals designate like parts throughout and wherein:
Figure 1 is a cross-sectional elevational view of the heat transfer test assembly;
Figure 2 is a piping diagram of the novel process and apparatus of the present invention including the heat transfer test assembly; and Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the process and apparatus for continuously testing, monitoring and recording data relative to the heat transfer test assembly as well as for monitoring and recording data as to corrosion, con-ductivity, pH, and the like.
Referring now to Figure 1, there is illustrated a heat transfer test assembly, generally indicated as 10, and comprised of a tube member 12 and an inner cylindrically-shaped heating member, generally indicated as 14, formed of a tube member 16 in which a high resistant heating element 18 is embedded within an insulating matrix 20, such as magnesium .3iS9 oxide. The heating mem~er 14 is coaxially-positioned within the tube member 12 to form an annular fluid flow passageway 22. Symmetrically-disposed in the tube member 16 of the heating member 14 is a plurality of surface thermocouples 26 generally disposed at positions corresponding to the hour hand at 3, 6, 9 and 12 o'clock for sensing wall temperature.
The tubular member 12 is formed of any suitable trans-parent material, such as glass, to permit visual observation of flow as well as scale formation 24 about the surface of the heating member 14. The tube member 16 of the heating member 14 is formed of a metallic material, such as stainless steel, copper, titanium, mild steel, admiralty metal or the like, dependent on the fluid to be initially tested by passage through the test member lO or in the case of existing units of a like metallic material as that in the unit.
Normally, stainless steel is used for normal cooling water application whereas admiralty metal is employed for sea water and brackish water applications.
As more fully hereinafter described, the fouling tendency of a fluid may be evaluated by the passage of a fluid through the heat transfer test assembly 10 under controlled rates of flow and heat output from the heating element 18 through measurement of temperature drops ~ -i ) between the tube member 16 and the fluid to permit a deter-mination of the resistance (R) of the scale formation 24 therefor.
1~ 7~3~5~
The heat transfer test ~ssembly 10 is positioned within a piping assembly, generally indicated as 30,referring now to Figure 2, including an inlet conduit 31 and an anti-foulant conduit 32 in fluid communication with a container 33 including an antifoulant via the discharge side of a pump 34. The piping assembly 30 includes flow meters 35 and 36, a rotameter 37 and a flow rate control valve 38. The inlet conduit 31 is in parallel flow communication with the flow meters 35 and 36 by conduits 42 and 44 under the control of valves 46 and 48, respectively. Conduits 42 and 44 are in fluid flow communication by conduit 50 under the control of an isolation valve 52 with one end of the rotameter 37,with the other end of the rotameter 37 being in fluid flow com-: munication by conduits 54 and 56 with the inlet end of the heat transfer test assembly 10. Conduit 44 is in fluid flow communication by conduit 58 under the control of by-pass valve 60 with conduit 56.
The outlet of the heat transfer test assembly 10 is in fluid flow communicat~on by conduit 62 and conduit 64 under the control of an isolation valve 66 via the flow rate control valve 38 to outlet 68 by conduit 70. Conduit 62 is in fluid flow commnication with conduit 70 by conduit 72 under the control of a by-pass valve 74. The conduit 70 is provided with flow cell 76 including a plurality of probes (not shown) to measure other parameters of the fluid, as more fully hereinafter discussed.
`\
~ a ~3~5~
The flow meters 35 and 36 are preferably of the venturi type with each flow meter having a different design rating of flow rates and are electrically connected via transducers 78 to a differential pressure cell 80 and by lead lines 82 and 84, respectively, to sense the pressure drop across the flow meters 35 and 36. The piping assembly 30 is pro-vided with a thermocouple 86 to monitor the bulk inlet water temperature and with a high temperature cutoff 88.
In order to provide sufficient range of flow velocities, a plurality of heat transfer test assemblies 10 of differing diamters may be used for interchangeable insertion into the piping assembly 30. The flow rate control valve 38 is preferably of the constant flow type with an internal pressure equalizer (not shown) to insure flow at the pre-select value. The rotameter 37 permits visual monitoring and may be electronically monitored by a differential pressure cell (not shown).
The piping assembly 30 is integrated or coupled with a monitoring and recording assembly, generally indicated as 90, including components of the piping assembly 30, referring now to Figure 3, disposed on a support structure (not shown) for positioning within a mobile container (not shown), such as a trailer, van or the like, for facile movement from location to location to test fluid passing through a unit, such as a heat exchanger, reactor or the like, as more fully herein-after discussed. The container is provided with environmen-tal capabilities to provide pre-select conditions of tempera-ture, humidity and the like to insure proper functioning of the various units of the monitoring and recording assembly.
., 1~7~1S9 The monitoring and recording assembly 90 includes a power inlet assembly, generally indicated as 92, an analog to digital coverter 94 and a computer print-out assembly 96.
The power inlet assembly 92 is comprised of a 110 Vac. inlet connector 98 including transformer 100, a 220 Vac. inlet connector 102 and a 440 Vac. inlet connector 104 including a transformer 106 connected by leads 108 to a variable rheostat 110. Generally, 110 Vac. is utilized for the environmental ', capabilities with one of the other power sources utilized in the monitoring and recording capability. The variable rheostat 110 is connected by leads 112 to a wattmeter trans-ducer 114 providing a source of power by leads 116 for the heating element 18 of the tube member 16.
The wattmeter transducer 114 generates a signal trans-mitted via lead 118 to the analog-digital converter 94 representative of the power level of the heating element 18 of the tube member 16. The thermocouples 26 and 86 generate signals representative of a temperature transmitted via leads 120 to a reference junction 122 for transmission via leads 124 to the analog-digital converter 94.
The transducers 78 receives signals generated by the flow meters 35 and 36 and in turn transmitts a signal via leads 126 and/or lead 128 to differential pressure cell 80 which generates an analog signal representative of flow rate transmitted by lead 130 to the analog-digital converter 94.
31~9 The flow cell 76 including a plurality of probes are connected by leads 132, 134 and 136 to a conductivity monitor 138, a pH monitor 140 and a corrosion monitor 142, respec-tively, connected to the analog-digital converter 94 by leads 144, 146 and 148 respectively. As known to one skilled in the art, the analog-digital converter transforms analog information into digital output data, which in turn is transmitted by lead 150 to the computer printout assembly 152 for recording in a reference time frame.
In operation, the monitoring and recording assembly 90 disposed on a suitable support assembly and enclosed in a self-contained environmental container is caused to be positioned adjacent a unit operation or process, such as a heat exchanger or delignification digester, respectively, employing a fluid to be tested, inter alia, for fouling tendencies to permit evaluation and/or facile treatment to remedy such fouling tendencies. A source of power is con-nected to the power inlet assembly 92 and a flexible conduit placed in fluid flow communication with the unit operation or process, generally on the up-stream side thereof. The circulating fluid is caused to flow via conduit 31 into the piping assembly 30 via either flow meter 35 or 36 by control of valves 46 or 48, respectively, and thence sequentially through the rotameter 37 via conduit 50 under the control of valve 52, through the heat transfer test assembly 10 via conduits 54 and 56, through the flow rate control valve 38 via conduit 62 and conduit 64 under control of valve 66 and finally through the flow cell 76 via conduit 70 to be dis-charged through outlet 68 to waste or to be returned to the united operation or process.
_g_ i ~ ~315~3 During such operational time period, power is supplied by leads 116 to the heater element 18 of the tube member 16 with the temperature of the wall of the heating member 14 being monitored to obtain an average temperature thereof.
Simultaneously, the bulk fluid temperature is monitored by thermocouple 86 together with the monitoring of the fluid velocity to determine what, if any, velocity effects there are on fouling under given operating conditions. Water velocity is controlled by the constant flow valve 38 and is visually monitored by the rotameter 37 concomitant with electronic monitoring by the differential pressure cell 80 sensing the pressure drop across either flow meter 35 or 36.
The wall thermocouple 26, the bulk water temperature thermocouple 86, the wattmeter transducer 114 and differen-tial pressure cell 80 are connected to the analog-converter 94 via reference junction 122 to convert analog electrical signals to digital output signals which are transmitted for recordation to the computer printer 96, it being understood that the computer printer is capable of effecting some computation to generate calculated data, such as a fouling factor. Such fouling factor is time related to data from the conductivity monitor 138, the pH monitor 140 and the corro-sion monitor 142. In this manner, various data is simul-taneously collected of factors relating to fouling, etc.
In the ~ther aspect of the present invention, the apparatus is caused to be positioned adjacent a unit opera-tion or process, such as a heat exchanger or delignification digester, respectively, employing a fluid to be tested, inter alia, for fouling tendencies to permit evaluation and develop an antifoulant protocol. During such initial time period, the apparatus is operated as hereinbefore described to generate calculated data, such as a fouling factor. Such fouling factor is time related to data from the conductivity monitor 138, the pH monitor 140 and the corrosion monitor 142.
Thereafter, the pump 34 is energized for a predetermined time period or continuously to quantitatively introduce antifoulant into the piping assembly 30 with concomitant monitoring of the hereinabove factors together with concomi-tant generation of fouling data to evaluate the efficacy of the antifoulant protocol. Monitoring and evaluation of the antifoulant protocol as well as changes thereto permit the evaluation of a finalized antifoulant protocol for a given aqueous or nonaqueous fluid system. Accordingly, the anti-foulant treated fluid may be returned via the discharge conduit 70 to the unit operation or unit process thereby permitting constant evaluation of the antifoulant protocol for the unit operation or unit process.
~L~7J3159 EXAMPLE
Cooling water for a gas processing plant having a pH of from 7.2 to 7.6 treated with 24 ppms of antifoulant chemicals including a combination of phosphonates, aromatic glycols and chelating agents generated a fouling factor of from 240 to 260. In addition to the antifoulant chemicals, there is introduced 150 ppms of a corrosion inhibitor and 10 ppms of a microbiocides (on a shock basis to the cooling water).
An antifoulant protocol is developed whereby there is added 150 ppms of a corrosion inhibitor, 50 ppms of a non-ionic antifoulant and 50 ppms of a microbiocide together with a base to alter the range of pH to 8.2 from 7.8. The effects of the new protocol are determined by continued operation of the heat transfer test section 10 under like conditions whereby the resulting fouling factor is from 20 to 25,a ten fold reduction from that originally observed.
After completion of the development of an antifoulant protocol protocol, the monitoring and recording assembly 90 is disconnected from the unit operation or process by closing valves 46 or 48 and disconnecting inlet 31 from the fluid source. Thereafter, the monitoring and recording assembly 90 may be facilely moved to another location within the plant or to another plant site.
The process and apparatus of the present invention as related to the generation of antifoulant protocols is parti-cularly suited in the development of antifoulant protocols for once through cooling systems, chemical processing, such as Kamyr digester, or process water for condensers.
FL~IDS FOR FO~LING AND ANTIFOULANT
PROTOCOL
The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for testing fluids, and more particularly, to a process and apparatus for the in~situ testing and simultaneously moni-toring and recording of aqueous and non-aqueous fluid systems for fouling tendencies, and parameters, such as conductivity, pH, turbidity, corrosion and the like, as well as to the development of an antifoulant protocol.
The chemical water treatment industry has historically been involved with reducing or inhibiting the inherent scale ¦ forming or fouling tendencies of natural waters associated with large industrial cooling water systems. Many of the foulant components found in water systems originate with the incoming supply, but some contaminants enter the system from the local environment or from process contamination.
Fouling is an extremely complex phenomenon. From a fundamental point of view, it may be characterized as a combined momentum, heat and mass transfer problem. In many instances, chemical reaction kinetics is involved, as well as solubility characteristics of salts in water and corrosion technology. It has been stated that if the fouling tendency of a cooling water could be accurately predicted before a plant is designed and built, significant capital savings might be realized through more accurate heat exchanger specifications.
1~7.3~59 ~sually, it is a normal practice to increase heat exchanger surface area to overcome losses in performance caused by fouling deposits with such additional surface area often accounting for more than half of the actual surface area of the heat exchanger. When such design practice is employed with titanium, staninless steel and like expensive materials of construction, it can be appreciated that capital expenditures might be significantly reduced if data could be developed to anticipate and provide for an anti-foulant protocol.
Fouling of a heat transfer surface is defined as the deposition on a surface of any material which increases the resistance to heat transfer. The fouling tendency of a fluid in contact with a heat transfer surface is a function of many variables including the components of the fluid, which in the case of water include, inter alia, crystals, silt, corrosion products, biological growths, process con-taminates, etc. Generally, deposits are comprised of a combination of several of these materials in relationship to, inter alia, the geometry of the heat transfer surface, materials of construction, temperature, etc. and thus, chemical inhibitors to solve the problem of a particular deposit involves a variety of different chemicals introduced at varying concentration and at varying times.
/
~L~7~3~S9 Industry has been relegated to the use of laboratory simulators or time lapse evaluations of process heat ex-changers and test heat exchangers with requirement that such equipment is taken off line, shutdown, opened and inspected to evaluate fouling problems and antifoulant protocols. In the case of process heat exchangers, such inspection usually results in significant plant do~m time and lost production.
Evaluation covers the entire period of process operation and shows accumulated results, which include system upsets, process leaks, the loss of chemical feed or human errors.
While the sampling and laboratory testing of fluids permits evaluation of the fluids, the results of laboratory testing are tedious and do not provide results of simultaneous evaluation.
The objects of the present inventions are achieved by a novel mobile apparatus and process therefor including a heat transfer test assembly and related conduit and valve assemblies for connection in fluid flow communication to a heat transfer apparatus for in-situ testing of the fluid passing therethrough and including monitoring of recording apparatus. The heat transfer test assembly includes a heating member for controlled heat input and thermocouples to measure the wall temperature of the heating member to permit fouling determinations at varying flow rates with simultaneous monitoring and recording thereof together with data, such as corrosion, pH, conductivity, and the like. In one aspect of ~7~3~
the present invention, there is generated foulant data permitting substantially simultaneous implementation of, and evaluation of an antifoulant protocol on the fluid passing therethrough and including monitoring and recording apparatus together with a source of antifoulants for controlled in-troduction into the fluid to evaluate effecaciousness of the antifoulant protocol.
Further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon consideration of the detailed disclosure thereof, especially when taken with the accom-panying drawing wherein like numerals designate like parts throughout and wherein:
Figure 1 is a cross-sectional elevational view of the heat transfer test assembly;
Figure 2 is a piping diagram of the novel process and apparatus of the present invention including the heat transfer test assembly; and Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the process and apparatus for continuously testing, monitoring and recording data relative to the heat transfer test assembly as well as for monitoring and recording data as to corrosion, con-ductivity, pH, and the like.
Referring now to Figure 1, there is illustrated a heat transfer test assembly, generally indicated as 10, and comprised of a tube member 12 and an inner cylindrically-shaped heating member, generally indicated as 14, formed of a tube member 16 in which a high resistant heating element 18 is embedded within an insulating matrix 20, such as magnesium .3iS9 oxide. The heating mem~er 14 is coaxially-positioned within the tube member 12 to form an annular fluid flow passageway 22. Symmetrically-disposed in the tube member 16 of the heating member 14 is a plurality of surface thermocouples 26 generally disposed at positions corresponding to the hour hand at 3, 6, 9 and 12 o'clock for sensing wall temperature.
The tubular member 12 is formed of any suitable trans-parent material, such as glass, to permit visual observation of flow as well as scale formation 24 about the surface of the heating member 14. The tube member 16 of the heating member 14 is formed of a metallic material, such as stainless steel, copper, titanium, mild steel, admiralty metal or the like, dependent on the fluid to be initially tested by passage through the test member lO or in the case of existing units of a like metallic material as that in the unit.
Normally, stainless steel is used for normal cooling water application whereas admiralty metal is employed for sea water and brackish water applications.
As more fully hereinafter described, the fouling tendency of a fluid may be evaluated by the passage of a fluid through the heat transfer test assembly 10 under controlled rates of flow and heat output from the heating element 18 through measurement of temperature drops ~ -i ) between the tube member 16 and the fluid to permit a deter-mination of the resistance (R) of the scale formation 24 therefor.
1~ 7~3~5~
The heat transfer test ~ssembly 10 is positioned within a piping assembly, generally indicated as 30,referring now to Figure 2, including an inlet conduit 31 and an anti-foulant conduit 32 in fluid communication with a container 33 including an antifoulant via the discharge side of a pump 34. The piping assembly 30 includes flow meters 35 and 36, a rotameter 37 and a flow rate control valve 38. The inlet conduit 31 is in parallel flow communication with the flow meters 35 and 36 by conduits 42 and 44 under the control of valves 46 and 48, respectively. Conduits 42 and 44 are in fluid flow communication by conduit 50 under the control of an isolation valve 52 with one end of the rotameter 37,with the other end of the rotameter 37 being in fluid flow com-: munication by conduits 54 and 56 with the inlet end of the heat transfer test assembly 10. Conduit 44 is in fluid flow communication by conduit 58 under the control of by-pass valve 60 with conduit 56.
The outlet of the heat transfer test assembly 10 is in fluid flow communicat~on by conduit 62 and conduit 64 under the control of an isolation valve 66 via the flow rate control valve 38 to outlet 68 by conduit 70. Conduit 62 is in fluid flow commnication with conduit 70 by conduit 72 under the control of a by-pass valve 74. The conduit 70 is provided with flow cell 76 including a plurality of probes (not shown) to measure other parameters of the fluid, as more fully hereinafter discussed.
`\
~ a ~3~5~
The flow meters 35 and 36 are preferably of the venturi type with each flow meter having a different design rating of flow rates and are electrically connected via transducers 78 to a differential pressure cell 80 and by lead lines 82 and 84, respectively, to sense the pressure drop across the flow meters 35 and 36. The piping assembly 30 is pro-vided with a thermocouple 86 to monitor the bulk inlet water temperature and with a high temperature cutoff 88.
In order to provide sufficient range of flow velocities, a plurality of heat transfer test assemblies 10 of differing diamters may be used for interchangeable insertion into the piping assembly 30. The flow rate control valve 38 is preferably of the constant flow type with an internal pressure equalizer (not shown) to insure flow at the pre-select value. The rotameter 37 permits visual monitoring and may be electronically monitored by a differential pressure cell (not shown).
The piping assembly 30 is integrated or coupled with a monitoring and recording assembly, generally indicated as 90, including components of the piping assembly 30, referring now to Figure 3, disposed on a support structure (not shown) for positioning within a mobile container (not shown), such as a trailer, van or the like, for facile movement from location to location to test fluid passing through a unit, such as a heat exchanger, reactor or the like, as more fully herein-after discussed. The container is provided with environmen-tal capabilities to provide pre-select conditions of tempera-ture, humidity and the like to insure proper functioning of the various units of the monitoring and recording assembly.
., 1~7~1S9 The monitoring and recording assembly 90 includes a power inlet assembly, generally indicated as 92, an analog to digital coverter 94 and a computer print-out assembly 96.
The power inlet assembly 92 is comprised of a 110 Vac. inlet connector 98 including transformer 100, a 220 Vac. inlet connector 102 and a 440 Vac. inlet connector 104 including a transformer 106 connected by leads 108 to a variable rheostat 110. Generally, 110 Vac. is utilized for the environmental ', capabilities with one of the other power sources utilized in the monitoring and recording capability. The variable rheostat 110 is connected by leads 112 to a wattmeter trans-ducer 114 providing a source of power by leads 116 for the heating element 18 of the tube member 16.
The wattmeter transducer 114 generates a signal trans-mitted via lead 118 to the analog-digital converter 94 representative of the power level of the heating element 18 of the tube member 16. The thermocouples 26 and 86 generate signals representative of a temperature transmitted via leads 120 to a reference junction 122 for transmission via leads 124 to the analog-digital converter 94.
The transducers 78 receives signals generated by the flow meters 35 and 36 and in turn transmitts a signal via leads 126 and/or lead 128 to differential pressure cell 80 which generates an analog signal representative of flow rate transmitted by lead 130 to the analog-digital converter 94.
31~9 The flow cell 76 including a plurality of probes are connected by leads 132, 134 and 136 to a conductivity monitor 138, a pH monitor 140 and a corrosion monitor 142, respec-tively, connected to the analog-digital converter 94 by leads 144, 146 and 148 respectively. As known to one skilled in the art, the analog-digital converter transforms analog information into digital output data, which in turn is transmitted by lead 150 to the computer printout assembly 152 for recording in a reference time frame.
In operation, the monitoring and recording assembly 90 disposed on a suitable support assembly and enclosed in a self-contained environmental container is caused to be positioned adjacent a unit operation or process, such as a heat exchanger or delignification digester, respectively, employing a fluid to be tested, inter alia, for fouling tendencies to permit evaluation and/or facile treatment to remedy such fouling tendencies. A source of power is con-nected to the power inlet assembly 92 and a flexible conduit placed in fluid flow communication with the unit operation or process, generally on the up-stream side thereof. The circulating fluid is caused to flow via conduit 31 into the piping assembly 30 via either flow meter 35 or 36 by control of valves 46 or 48, respectively, and thence sequentially through the rotameter 37 via conduit 50 under the control of valve 52, through the heat transfer test assembly 10 via conduits 54 and 56, through the flow rate control valve 38 via conduit 62 and conduit 64 under control of valve 66 and finally through the flow cell 76 via conduit 70 to be dis-charged through outlet 68 to waste or to be returned to the united operation or process.
_g_ i ~ ~315~3 During such operational time period, power is supplied by leads 116 to the heater element 18 of the tube member 16 with the temperature of the wall of the heating member 14 being monitored to obtain an average temperature thereof.
Simultaneously, the bulk fluid temperature is monitored by thermocouple 86 together with the monitoring of the fluid velocity to determine what, if any, velocity effects there are on fouling under given operating conditions. Water velocity is controlled by the constant flow valve 38 and is visually monitored by the rotameter 37 concomitant with electronic monitoring by the differential pressure cell 80 sensing the pressure drop across either flow meter 35 or 36.
The wall thermocouple 26, the bulk water temperature thermocouple 86, the wattmeter transducer 114 and differen-tial pressure cell 80 are connected to the analog-converter 94 via reference junction 122 to convert analog electrical signals to digital output signals which are transmitted for recordation to the computer printer 96, it being understood that the computer printer is capable of effecting some computation to generate calculated data, such as a fouling factor. Such fouling factor is time related to data from the conductivity monitor 138, the pH monitor 140 and the corro-sion monitor 142. In this manner, various data is simul-taneously collected of factors relating to fouling, etc.
In the ~ther aspect of the present invention, the apparatus is caused to be positioned adjacent a unit opera-tion or process, such as a heat exchanger or delignification digester, respectively, employing a fluid to be tested, inter alia, for fouling tendencies to permit evaluation and develop an antifoulant protocol. During such initial time period, the apparatus is operated as hereinbefore described to generate calculated data, such as a fouling factor. Such fouling factor is time related to data from the conductivity monitor 138, the pH monitor 140 and the corrosion monitor 142.
Thereafter, the pump 34 is energized for a predetermined time period or continuously to quantitatively introduce antifoulant into the piping assembly 30 with concomitant monitoring of the hereinabove factors together with concomi-tant generation of fouling data to evaluate the efficacy of the antifoulant protocol. Monitoring and evaluation of the antifoulant protocol as well as changes thereto permit the evaluation of a finalized antifoulant protocol for a given aqueous or nonaqueous fluid system. Accordingly, the anti-foulant treated fluid may be returned via the discharge conduit 70 to the unit operation or unit process thereby permitting constant evaluation of the antifoulant protocol for the unit operation or unit process.
~L~7J3159 EXAMPLE
Cooling water for a gas processing plant having a pH of from 7.2 to 7.6 treated with 24 ppms of antifoulant chemicals including a combination of phosphonates, aromatic glycols and chelating agents generated a fouling factor of from 240 to 260. In addition to the antifoulant chemicals, there is introduced 150 ppms of a corrosion inhibitor and 10 ppms of a microbiocides (on a shock basis to the cooling water).
An antifoulant protocol is developed whereby there is added 150 ppms of a corrosion inhibitor, 50 ppms of a non-ionic antifoulant and 50 ppms of a microbiocide together with a base to alter the range of pH to 8.2 from 7.8. The effects of the new protocol are determined by continued operation of the heat transfer test section 10 under like conditions whereby the resulting fouling factor is from 20 to 25,a ten fold reduction from that originally observed.
After completion of the development of an antifoulant protocol protocol, the monitoring and recording assembly 90 is disconnected from the unit operation or process by closing valves 46 or 48 and disconnecting inlet 31 from the fluid source. Thereafter, the monitoring and recording assembly 90 may be facilely moved to another location within the plant or to another plant site.
The process and apparatus of the present invention as related to the generation of antifoulant protocols is parti-cularly suited in the development of antifoulant protocols for once through cooling systems, chemical processing, such as Kamyr digester, or process water for condensers.
Claims (16)
1. An apparatus for testing a fluid to generate fouling data and other parameters which comprises:
a piping assembly including fluid inlet and outlet and a heat transfer test assembly, said heat transfer test assembly including a heating member a heating element disposed within a conduit having a passageway for said fluid;
means for measuring temperature of said fluid enter-ing said heat transfer test assembly;
means for supplying electrical energy of a pre-select quantity to said heating element;
means for measuring a wall temperature of said heating element;
flow means for measuring velocity of said fluid through said conduit means; and means for generating fouling data from said pre-select quantity of electrical energy supplied to said heating element, said measured temperature of said fluid and said measured wall temperature of said heating member.
a piping assembly including fluid inlet and outlet and a heat transfer test assembly, said heat transfer test assembly including a heating member a heating element disposed within a conduit having a passageway for said fluid;
means for measuring temperature of said fluid enter-ing said heat transfer test assembly;
means for supplying electrical energy of a pre-select quantity to said heating element;
means for measuring a wall temperature of said heating element;
flow means for measuring velocity of said fluid through said conduit means; and means for generating fouling data from said pre-select quantity of electrical energy supplied to said heating element, said measured temperature of said fluid and said measured wall temperature of said heating member.
2. The apparatus as defined in Claim 1 and wherein there is developed antifoulant protocol and inluding a conduit for introducing an antifoulant into said fluid.
3. The apparatus as defined in Claim 1 including means for measuring a parameter selected from the group consisting of corosion, pH and conductivity.
4. The apparatus as defined in Claim 3 including an assembly for simultaneously recording said pre-select quantity of electrical energy to said heating element, said measured temperature of said fluid, said measured wall temperature of said heating member, said measured velocity of said fluid through said piping assembly and said measured parameter.
5. The apparatus as defined in Claim 1 and further comprising a flow control valve.
6. The apparatus as defined in Claim 5 wherein said flow control valve is of a constant flow type including a pressure equalizer.
7. The apparatus as defined in Claim 1 wherein said flow means includes a venturi device.
8. The apparatus as defined in Claim 7 wherein said venturi device is connected to a differential pressure cell to generate a signal responsive to a pressure drop across said venturi device.
9. The apparatus as defined in Claims 1, 2 or 3 and further including converter means to convert analog electric signals to digital output signals.
10. The apparatus as defined in Claim 1 wherein said appara-tus is supported on a movable structure within a chamber having environmental regulating capabilities.
11. A process for testing a fluid to be passed through a unit in an indirect heat transfer relationship to monitor and record fouling data and other parameters which comprises:
(a) connecting said unit in fluid flow communication with a test zone of a mobile assembly, said test zone includ-ing a heating member having a souce of heat;
(b) measuring temperature of said fluid;
(c) energizing said source of heat;
(d) measuring temperature of said heating member during passage of said fluid through said test zone;
(e) measuring flow rate of said fluid;
(f) monitoring and measuring a parameter of said fluid selected from the group consisting of corrosion, pH and conductivity; and (g) simultaneously recording the data of steps (b), (d) and (f).
(a) connecting said unit in fluid flow communication with a test zone of a mobile assembly, said test zone includ-ing a heating member having a souce of heat;
(b) measuring temperature of said fluid;
(c) energizing said source of heat;
(d) measuring temperature of said heating member during passage of said fluid through said test zone;
(e) measuring flow rate of said fluid;
(f) monitoring and measuring a parameter of said fluid selected from the group consisting of corrosion, pH and conductivity; and (g) simultaneously recording the data of steps (b), (d) and (f).
12. The process as defined in Claim 11 wherein an antifoul-ant is introduced into said fluid while continuing steps (b) to (e) to develop an antifoulant protocol.
13. The process as defined in Claim 12 wherein said data is also rcorded in a manner for further electronic transmissions to a data bank.
14. The process as defined in Claims 11, 12 or 13 wherein said unit is on stream.
15. The process as defined in Claim 11 wherein said fluid after passage through said test zone is recycled to said unit.
16. The process as defined in Claims 11, 12 or 13 wherein steps (b) to (e) generated an analog signal convertable to a digital signal which is recorded together with fouling data.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/202,351 US4339945A (en) | 1980-10-30 | 1980-10-30 | Process and apparatus for testing fluids for fouling |
| US06/202351 | 1980-10-30 | ||
| US06/202,352 US4346587A (en) | 1980-10-30 | 1980-10-30 | Process and apparatus for testing fluids for fouling and antifoulant protocol |
| US06/202352 | 1980-10-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1173159A true CA1173159A (en) | 1984-08-21 |
Family
ID=26897587
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000389057A Expired CA1173159A (en) | 1980-10-30 | 1981-10-29 | Process and apparatus for testing fluids for fouling and antifoulant protocol |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| BR (1) | BR8106313A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1173159A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3136225A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2493523A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2089512B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL8104682A (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4686854A (en) * | 1981-06-18 | 1987-08-18 | Drew Chemical Corporation | Process and apparatus for measuring corrosion rate of a heat transfer surface |
| DE3317638A1 (en) * | 1983-05-14 | 1984-11-15 | Alfred Teves Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt | DEVICE FOR DETERMINING AND MONITORING THE CONDITION, CONDITION AND OTHER PARAMETERS OF A PRESSURE FLUID |
| KR890001890B1 (en) * | 1984-03-23 | 1989-05-30 | 더 뱁콕 앤드 윌콕스 컴퍼니 | Heat exchanger performance monita |
| FR2647199B1 (en) * | 1989-05-19 | 1992-02-07 | Gaz De France | PROCESS FOR THE PROTECTION AGAINST OVERHEATING OF THERMAL EXCHANGE SURFACES COMING INTO CONTACT WITH HEATING FLUIDS AND INSTALLATIONS PROVIDED WITH SUCH PROTECTION |
| DE4113443C2 (en) * | 1991-04-25 | 1994-08-25 | Trilog Entwicklungsgesellschaf | Device for the detection of a liquid or gaseous medium |
| DE4334828C1 (en) * | 1993-10-08 | 1995-04-20 | Ruediger Dr Rer Nat Carloff | Method for determining the heat transfer coefficient in a temperature-controlled reactor |
| BR9912347A (en) | 1998-07-22 | 2001-04-17 | Unilever Nv | Monitoring device to monitor dirt accumulation in a duct, and, process to operate a plumbing system. |
| GB9816304D0 (en) * | 1998-07-28 | 1998-09-23 | Nat Engineering Lab | Monitoring |
| FR2885694B1 (en) | 2005-05-10 | 2007-07-13 | Agronomique Inst Nat Rech | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR MEASUREMENT AND STUDY OF REACTOR ENCRASMENT |
| FR2941052B1 (en) * | 2009-01-09 | 2012-11-02 | Neosens | SENSOR AND METHOD FOR CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF ENCRASION LEVEL |
| FR2949155B1 (en) * | 2009-08-14 | 2012-04-06 | Neosens | METHOD FOR MEASURING OR DETECTING THE REINFORCEMENT OF A REACTOR |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3731187A (en) * | 1971-10-06 | 1973-05-01 | Universal Oil Co | Temperature compensated fouling measuring method and apparatus |
| US3913378A (en) * | 1974-04-08 | 1975-10-21 | Universal Oil Prod Co | Apparatus for measuring fouling on metal surfaces |
| US4024751A (en) * | 1975-12-18 | 1977-05-24 | Betz Laboratories, Inc. | Apparatus for determining heat transfer efficiency |
| US4138878A (en) * | 1976-12-03 | 1979-02-13 | Rohrback Corporation | Method and apparatus for detecting and measuring scale |
| FR2422929A1 (en) * | 1978-04-13 | 1979-11-09 | Rohrback Corp | Detection method for surface deposits - uses differential heat flow measurement in comparison with reference surface |
| FR2426255A1 (en) * | 1978-05-19 | 1979-12-14 | British Petroleum Co | Test for deposit formation tendency of heated liq. - comprising adding impurities, passing through heated tube and measuring temp. of pressure |
-
1981
- 1981-09-12 DE DE19813136225 patent/DE3136225A1/en active Granted
- 1981-09-25 GB GB8129072A patent/GB2089512B/en not_active Expired
- 1981-09-30 BR BR8106313A patent/BR8106313A/en unknown
- 1981-10-14 NL NL8104682A patent/NL8104682A/en active Search and Examination
- 1981-10-29 CA CA000389057A patent/CA1173159A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-10-30 FR FR8120381A patent/FR2493523A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3136225C2 (en) | 1991-04-18 |
| FR2493523A1 (en) | 1982-05-07 |
| GB2089512B (en) | 1984-08-15 |
| GB2089512A (en) | 1982-06-23 |
| DE3136225A1 (en) | 1982-06-16 |
| BR8106313A (en) | 1982-06-22 |
| NL8104682A (en) | 1982-05-17 |
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