CA1158748A - Radiometric ore sorting method and apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

A method of and apparatus for sorting pieces or particles of radioactive ore where the particles are moved one after another substantially horizontally then discharged into a gravity-accelerated trajectory which is substantially free-fall but can be controlled to follow a modified path by a low-friction slide plate.
The falling particles pass a plurality of radiation detectors arranged in line along their path with in-creasing velocity due to gravity providing the required separation of the pieces so that each detector is subject to the radiations of essentially only one piece at a time. The size and number of detectors and the path length covered by the detectors is determined by the size of the pieces and the cut-off grade and accur-acy required. All counts corresponding to a particular piece and derived successively from the plurality of detectors are accumulated since accuracy increases and percentage of probable error decreases with increased total count. The position and velocity of each piece are determined during their fall to provide close tracking of the particle's path in space and time. If the pieces are sufficiently closely sized the decision to accept or reject a particle may be made on the basis of total accumulated counts being greater or less than a preset figure. If the pieces are not closely sized then the size of each particle is also determined and used in a counts/time/size computation which is compared with set cut-off grade data to provide a decision to accept or reject the particle.

Description

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Back~round of the Invention While there are many patents related to sorting, relatively few are devoted to the specific peculiarities of sorting radioactive ore. My previous U~S. Patent No.
4,19~,634, Kelly, issued March 25 1980, reviewed several pertinen-t patents, namely Canadian Patent No. 467,4~2, Lapointe, issued August 22, 1~50; U.S. Patent No.
3,052,353, Pritchett, issued September 4, 1962, and U.S.
Patent No. 2,717,693, Holmes, issued September 13, 1955, and also explained the ~undamentals o~ radiometric sorting as background to that invention. Other docu-m~nts which are relevant to this topic are U.S. Patents 3,011~634, Hutter et al; 3,075,641, Hutter et al;
3,216,567, Kelly et al; and 3,245,530, Kelly et al; and South ~frican published application 78/3198, Hawkins et al (Sphere Investments Limited).
It is unnecessary to repeat that review, but it is important to emphasize two basic requirements of radio-metric ore sorting: detection time and particle separa-tion. While radioactive ores have the advantage of a built-in characteristic related to grade, i.e., radioac-tivity, this radioactivity is a random process and fluctuates greatly over a short period, obeying the Poisson Distribution Law. The longer the interval over which the radiation is measured, the greater will be the accuracy. To determine the grade of a piece of given size to a predetermined accuracy using a particle detector configuration requires that the number of counts detected in a given time fall within a given range of values. In addition to this limitation that detection is not instantaneous, but requires finite and appreciable time, radiometric ore sorting has -the further problem that the pieces must be separated sufficiently, one from another, so that a detector is exposed to the radiations of only one piece at a time.
Note that in configurations which use a plurality of detectors, no purpose is served by using "spaced apart"
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detectors. The pieces must be spaced apart, not the detectors. The only reason to separate the detectors physically is to allow -the in-troduction of shielding material between, as required, but this by itself would be futile without separation of the particles.
It will be noted herein that the term "particle" is used to describe a rock or lump of ore regardless of size and is not intended to imply a particularly small piece. Thus, the terms "particle" and "rock" can be interpreted, for purposes of the present application, to be interchangeable.
The state of the art prior to the present invention includes two inventions of which I was a co-inventor which are described in U.S. Patents 3,011,634 and 3,075,641, previously mentioned. These taught the use of gravity to achieve separation in free fall past a single radiation detector, in combination With size determination and compensation. The above-mentioned Holmes patent (2,717,693) describes the use of multiple detectors in line under a horizontal conveyor belt, and accumulation of the counts from successive detectors.
Pritchett (3,052,353) determines the mass or size of a radioactive ore particle as it moves longitudinally through a scanning head on a conveyor belt, with multi-ple scintillometers disposed around the belt in the scanning zone. Kelly (4,194,634) uses asynchronous movement of the particles, controlled by the radiation detected.
Finally, South African published application 78/3198 shows a plurality of spaced apart detectors under a conveyor as in the Holmes patent, in combination with a size scanner which may operate over the belt, but is shown in the drawings scanning the particles as they are projected from the end of the belt. The particles are shown spaced apart on the belt, but no mention is made of how they got that way, or that such separation is necessary. On the other hand, great importance is ~ 4 ~

given to the detec-tors being spaced apart, but no reason is given why this is required.
In addition, there are the following types of rac1iometric sorters that have actually been manufac-tured, used and described in various technical papers or aclvertisin~ brochures:

1. The Lapoin-te-patent type. Date about 1955.
Detector under conveyor belt. No size compen-sation.

2. Holmes-patent type. About 1955. Multiple detectors under conveyor belt. No size compensation.

3. Hutter et al-patent type. 1958. Free-fall separation past size-scanner and single radiation detector. Size compensation.

4. Cotter Corp., Golden, Colorado, Sorting Plant type. 1975. High grade ore. Uses simple lines of spaced apart particles on conveyor belt with single detector underneath. Incor-porates size scanner and compensation. A
paper by J.R. Goode published in "Proceedings o the 17th Annual Meeting of Canadian Mineral Processors" describes such units, and refers to provision of multiple detectors in line for lower grade ores.

5. Hawkins et al-patent application type. 1978-1979~ Two almost identical uranium sorters have recently been developed by the only two manufacturers of radiometric sorters in existence, and are currently being sold in competition. These sorters were the result of teams of engineers working on the development which cost into the millions of dollars. The cost of a unit ranges from about one-half million dollars to well over 1 million dol-lars.

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These two commerciaL sor-ters have the following features:

A channelized feeder and chute arrange-ment delivers particles on-to a horizontal V-shaped top belt contacted by octagonal idlers which help to vibrate the particles into single lines, nose to tail. The lines of particles travelling horizontally at about 200-300 ft./min. are projected off the end of the belt, and separate as they fall and accelerate due to gravity. ~hen their verti-cal speed reaches appro~imately 1000 ft./min.
after a 4 to S ft. drop, they fall onto a slinger belt similar to the ones used for building mine waste dumps. The concave part of this belt converts the near vertical drop of the pieces to a horizontal movement at about 1000 ft./min., spaced apart, and now going in the reverse direction to the top belt.
The hori20ntal part of the slinger belt has a section for the rocks to roll around and settle, since they are now 'standing on their head' compared to their stable position on the top belt. They then pass over multiple radiation detectors spaced apart in line under the belt, and fly off the end of the conveyor where they are scanned for size, and then either deflected or not by air blast.
The arrangement is mechanically complex and takes up a great deal of floor space.

Summary of the Invention Recalling that two essential features o~ radiomet-ric sorting are particle separation and maximum time of detection, prior art patents and sorters have shown

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separately ~he steps of allowing ~ravity to achieve separation (Hutter et al)~ and increasing accurac~ hy accumulating counts from multiple radiation detectors (Holmes).
The latest commercial sorters, as described above, also use gravity to provide separation, and they also use multiple detectors to accumulate counts, but ln between they introduce the awkward step oE a high-speed slinger belt which changes the predominantly vertical velocity to horizontal. The slinger also reverses the original horizontal direction and turns each particle over on its 'back'. Many rock pieces seem to have one naturally stable resting position and if this position has been attained on the top belt, the pieces will be unstable during their high-speed run over the detectors on the bottom belt, and also through the size/position scanner.
This slinger step is mechanically complicated and very undesirable from a rock~handling standpoint. The present invention will examine the dynamics of free-fall separation of rock pieces in detail, and show that the slinger step is also unnecessary and can be dispensed with, if other appropriate detection techniques are employed.
Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method for sorting radioactive particles by providing the required separation between particles by gravity acceleration, and accumulating counts corresponding to individual particles, derived successively from a plurality of detectors arranged in line along their path of fall.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an apparatus for sorting radioactive particles more efficiently and economically by achieving particle separatlon and multiple-detector count accumulation while the particles fall in one unbroken gravity-accel-erated trajectory.

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Accordinyly the present invention provides a method for sort.ing particles of radi.oactive material which includes the steps of arranging the particles in a single line moving in one direction; successivel~
discharging the particles into a gravity-accelerated trajectory; providing, along the trajectory, means for de-termining individual particle velocity ancl means for identifying the time at which each particle occupies a predetermined posit.ion in the trajectory, and for producing signals representative of the velocity and time-position determination; providing, along the trajectory, a plurality of radiation detectors arranged so that each detector is consecutively exposed to each particle for producing signals representative of counts of the radiation activity of each particle; accumulating counts from the plurality of detectors for each parti-cle; diverting from the trajectory selected ones of the particles to form two streams of particles, one stream includlng particles whose accumulated counts exceed a predetermined number and the other stream including the remainder; and separately collecting the particles from the two streams.
Also according to the present invention there is provided apparatus for sorting particles of radioactive material which has a feeder for moving the particles to be sorted substantially hor.izontally, and arranging them in line, nose to tail, before discharging them in a gravity-accelerated trajectory. The apparatus has means for determining the instantaneous velocity and position of each particle while falling/ and means to compute therefrom complete tracking data ~or the path of each particle. A plurality of radiation detection means, arranged in the line of, and close to the path of the particles, supply counts to accumulator means in syn-chronism ~ith the passage of a specific particle as determined by the tracking data. A comparison means receives the total accumulated counts from a specific particle as it clears the last detector and compares this with a predetermined cu-t-off figure. Re~ection means responsive to -the output of the comparison means either allows the particle to continue its fall, or moves it to a reject trajectory.
In order that the manner in which the foregoing and other objects are attaine~ in aeeordance with the invention ean be understood in detail, par~ieularly advantageous embodiments thereof will be deseribed with referenee to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of this specification, and wherein:
Fig. 1 is a schematic side elevation, partly in section of an apparatus for sorting ore in accordance with the present invention, taken along line I-I of Fig.
2;
Fig. 2 is a partial ront elevation taken along line II-II of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is a graphical representation of a trajec-tory illustrating components thereof for explanatory purposes;
Fig. 4 is a graphieal representation of an alter-native form of trajectory in accordance with the inven-tion;
Fig. 5 is a schematic side elevation of a further embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 6 is a schematic functional block diagram illustrating a signal handling and processing system usable in the present invention; and Fig. 7 is a partial side elevation of an alterna~
tive or sorting technique.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION
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Referring now to Figs. 1 and 2, there i5 shown a side view and a front view of a radiometric sorting apparatus suitable for sorting particles supplied in what can be called a non-uniform feed. As used herein the term "non-uniform feed" is not intended to mean a feed where the particles or pieces of rock can be of 9~ 7~8 widely ~ifferent s.i~es. Rather, the term "non-uniform feed" is intended to mean that the particles consti-tuting the feed need not be screenecl tv sizes that are closely similar but may be over a reasonable range because there is a determination of size made by the apparatus. This is distinct from sorting apparatus which requires sufficient screening -to provide particles for the feed that are of substantially "uniform" mass such that size need not be determined bu-t wherein this lack will still provide acceptable accuracy.
A bin or hopper 10 holds particles or pieces of ore 11 which are fed out the bottom of the bin onto a table 12 of a vibrating feeder driven by a motor 14. The particles fall Erom the outlet edge of table 12 onto the table 15 of a second vibrating feeder driven by a motor 16 forming a single-line feed as described in my pre-vious U.S. Patent No. 4,194,63g. The particles 11 leave the edge of table 15, one at a time, travelling at a uniform, controlled speed. As a particle falls it accelerates under gravity along a low-friction fixed slide plate 17 which provides a smooth trajectory isolated from the vibrations of the lip of feeder 15.
Each particle 11 passes a window or translucent portion 18 in slide plate 17. A source of light 19 on one side o~ the slide plate illuminates translucent portion 18, and a photodetector 20 receives light on the opposite side. The passage of a particle 11 past window 18 occults the light received by photodetector 20, and this photodetector 20 provides a signal on conductor 21 representing the passage of a particle, which signal is used as the START signal for particle velocity measure-ment. Conductor 21 is connected to a control unit 22.
A second window or translucent portion 23 is situated at a precisely determined distance below window 18 in slide plate 17 and is illuminated by a light 24. A second photodetector 25 receives light on -the opposite side.
The passage of a particle 11 past second window 23 occults the light received by photodetector 25 and the ~:~S8'~

photodetector 25 provides a signal on a conductor 26 representing the passage of a particle to control unit 22. Control unit 22 uses the elapsed time between the signals on conductors 21 and 26, which is a measure of the time taken by a particle to travel the known dis-tance between windows 1~ and ~3, to compute the instan-taneous velocity of each particle at window 23 according to well-known projecti~e trajectory formulae, and its further path, velocity and timing can then be forecast with precision. Photodetector 25 also pro~ides instan-taneous particle width information, which, when cor-rected for acceleration, allows a figure to be derived representing length and area, as will be described in detail later.
The particle 11 continues ~long s]ide plate 17 and falls past a series of scintillation counters 27a-e which are preferably mounted in a housing 28 made of a radiation shielding material such as lead. The vertical dimensions of the scintillation counters along the direction of the particle path are chosen to be smaller than the smallest gap between particles being sorted, thus ensuring that each radiation detector 27a-e sees only one particle at a time. Since the spacing ~etween particles is increasing as they fall, it is more effi-cient to use radiation detectors which match this spacing in "vertical" dimension. This is shown in E'ig.
1, where the vertical dimensions of the lower radiation detectors are greater than the higher ones, i.e., the vertical dimension of each detector is greater than the next higher detector. Separate conductors 29a-e trans-mit counts from the individual detectors to control unit 22.
Control unit 22 uses the tracking data computed for each particle from its measured velocity, li.e., speed/
direction) to anticipate when each particle 11 will be in the appropriate position, passing each detector, for optimum radiation detection. The counts from each

7~13 individual particle are derived from successive radia-tion detectors and are stored in sepaxate accumulators.
When a particle passes the last radiation detector, the control unit compares its size and total counts with preset cut-off data and decides whether the piece is ore or waste. IE the particle is to be moved to a new trajectory, a control signal on conductor 30 operates an air valve 31 which vents air under pressure from a source tank 31a out of a nozzle 31b as the particle passes in front of -the nozzle. ~gain, the timing of this signal is computed from the tracking data. The particles fall on one side or the other of a splitter plate 32, those pushed by the air stream from nozzle 31b falling beyond the plate onto a conveyor 33. The remaining particles fall short of the splitter plate and are diverted onto a separate conveyor 3~.
Further shielding 35 is provided opposite the radiation detector 27 and also at the sides (see Fig.
2).
Although Fig. 1 is a side view showing only a single line, and a single line sorter is indeed possi-ble, it is more efficient and common practicç to distri-bute the feed from a bin into multiple single lines.
Fig. 2 i5 a front view of a sorter with three lines illustrated, and Fig. 1 can be considered a partial section through one of the lines. Apart from the items already described, E`ig. 2 shows side guide plates 36 which define channels along the slide plates 17, and join with or merge into lead partitions 37 and side shields 3~ in the radiation detection area. The lead partitions 37 cut down radiation from particles in adjoining channels, and side shields 38 together with lead housing 28 and front shield 35/ cut down on the reception of the noise attributable to background radiations from external sources. Fig. 2 also shows the preferred rectangular shape of the scintillation detec-tors, each covering the full channel width, but of varying size in the longitudinal or vertical direction.

~ 12 - ~ ~5~7 ~8 It should be stated however -that i-t would be quite possible to use the old type oE cylindrical scintil-lation counters. They could be placed one or more abreast, to cover the channel width, and they could be of one size only, of a diameter smaller than the minimum particle gap. ~lowever, it is advisable to have a section of lead shielding 39 separating scintillation counters longitudinally, to reduce interference from preceding and succeeding particles, therefore a succes-sion of minimum size scintillation counters would reduce count-time and, hence, accuracy. The rectangular, increasing "length", scintillation detectors also have the advantages of requiring little or no compensation for lateral position of the particle, and also have much better geometry for gamma detection when the particle is passing their front surfaces.
There are several variations of the basic sorter as described above. It is well known in sorting to use vibrating feeds and chutes to feed a conveyor belt, forming multiple single lines of nose-to-tail particles, and the present sorter could be used with such an arrangement, the slide plate being designed to suit the designed horizontal speed of the conveyor.
Ideally, the slide plate is of low-friction mate-rial, and is shaped so that all pieces slide very lightly down its surface. It should have negligible effect on the trajectory, yet the pieces should pass very close by the radiation detectors. It should also be thin, compatible with reasonable wear, to prevent attenuation of the radiation from the particles. Thin, tempered steel, such as that used for saw blades has been found ideal for being long-wearing, thin, and following the required parabolic curve of -the particle trajectory.
As will be shown in detail later in connection with tables of trajectories and separations, the general range of radiation detection should begin after a vertical drop of about 12" to about 18", through a drop - 13 ~ L~

of about 84". The exact change of angle to the horizon-tal, ~, in this range varies with the horizontal projec-tion velocity Vx of the particles as they leave vibrator 15, but at any Vx under consideration, which would be between about 1 and S ft./sec., ~ does not change by ~ore than 10. This means that it is quite practical to make the detection section of the slide plate a straight line, tangent to the true trajectory at the top of the radiation detection section. Th~s, a system where the true trajectory is a curved trajectory, with 3 starting at -70 and steepening to -8~, would thus be adequately approximated by a straight slide at -70. This is mechanically simpler, and ensures close contact between the slide and the rock particles.
A word should be said about the variations in trajectories and velocities. Rock particles have notoriously variable shapes, sizes and length~width/
height ratios, so that when they are projected horizon-tally off a feeder or conveyor at constant speed, they do not h~ve exactly the same trajectories. For example, a chunky particle will behave more like a classical spherical projectile than a long thin piece. The latter projects horizontally until its center of gravity moves beyond the support of feeder or belt. It then tips, and, since its tail end is still supported, develops a rotary motion around its center of gravity. A well-designed, low-friction slide plate will control this motion and keep all pieces in sliding contact. Elowever, since projectile trajectory dynamics must be considered as applying to the center of gravity of the particle, the leading edge of a long piece will pass the velocity detector at a slower velocity than the leading edge of a chunky particle because its center of gravity has not dropped as far at the time the leading edge reaches the velocity detec~or. The control unit takes this into account in timing the ongoing passage of the particle past scintillation detectors and the air blast. If there were no such velocity variations, a velocity ~ 5~7 ~i~

deterrnination would be unnecessary, and a simple -trigger and pre-set time delays would be sufficient to gate the scintillation detectors and time the blast valves.
An alternative arrangement which dispenses with precise velocity measurement is to provide a simple light source and photodetector positioned at the start of each radiation detector, to yive precise gating of the counts. The control unit would stlll have to function to allot the counts to the accumulator corres-ponding to that particle, but this would be a sequencing function, rather than exact timing.
This arrangement is illustrated in Fig. 7 which shows a shielding housing 60 supporting sequence of radiation detectors 61a-n in a manner similar to Figs. 1 and 2 with the vertical dimensions of the det ctors again increasing as one follows along the trajectory.
~djacent each detector is a photoresponsive device 62a-n. On the opposite side of the trajectory path is a shielding wall 63 in or on which are light sources 6~a-n connec-ted at 65 to a power source, the light sources being aimed at their associated photoresponsive devices.
Thus, as each particle falls along the tra~ectory, it occludes the light from one source to one photorespon-sive device which then produces a signal indicating that a particle is about to be exposed to the following radiation detector. The photoresponsive detectors are connected by conductors 67 to the control unit, as are conductors ~8 from the radiation detectors so that each occlusion can be used to gate the input from a detector.
Thus, velocity determination is no longer needed.
~ et another arrangement would provide the velocity/
size/position detectors after the radiation detectors, instead of before. The control unit would perform a back-tracking computation of the flight path, and gather from memory appropriate time segments containing count data from the radiation detectors.
If the particles are sufficiently closely sized, no size compensation is necessary, and a simple comparison - 15 ~ 7 ~ 8 of the total accumulated coun-ts from the particle with a preset figure, represen-ting -the required cut~off, will enable an ore/was~e decision ~o be made.
It ls important now to examine carefully the dynamics of a projectile, and to quantitatively detail the path, separation and timing of a succession of nose to tail particles launched horizontally ( ~=o) with uniform velocity Vx~ All the relevant formulae are well known to all engineers, and they are given for complete-ness in the following discussion, but the figures derived from these for~lulae have unique consequence, and make this present invention feasible. As will be seen, the concept of using multiple detectors along a free-fall trajec~ory has escaped workers in the radiometric ore sorting field.
Following are the known relationships describing the motion of a body in a gravitation fi~ld~ neglecting air resistance which is trivial at the velocities and for the shapes involved. In the following, reference is made to Fig. 3, and:
VO= the initial velocity of projection.
= the angle of projection relativ~ to the horizontal, "up" being positive.
x,y= horizontal and vertical coordinates at any time after projection.
V= velocity.
Vx,V = horizontal and vertical components Y of velocity.
As will be recognized, x = Vot cos ~
y = Vot sin ~ - 1 gt2 = Voyt - 1 gt2 V = V = V cos ~
x ox o o Y oy g O in ~0 gt ~S8~
lso, V =~Vx ~ Vy = ~O -2gv ~ = tan 1 (Vy/Vx) y = (tan ~O)x -[g/2 Vo2 cos2 ~Olx2 If ~= 0, i.e., horizontal projection, then:
x = Vot y - (_gx2/2V 2) = - 2 gt For a body falling from rest V = gt= ~2gy 1 Y = 12 gt2 Before looking at particles in a trajectory, let us simplify matters by looking at a particle falling verti-cally Erom rest. This corresponds to the accelerating gravity component, Vy, which is responsible for the sep-aration of particles in a projectile trajectory. Table 1 lists the time (t, sec.) taken to fall a distance ~-Y, in.), and the corresponding velocity tVy,in /sec.). The applicable formulae are y = V 21 and y = t . ~ with g =
gravitational acceleration, a constant. In other words, while t and V double, y increases by 22 = 4.

( Y,in.)t (sec.) Vy(in./sec.) O O O
2 0.1017 39.3 4 0.1439 55.6

8 0.2035 78.6 12 0.2492 96.3 16 0.2878 111.2 18 0.3052 117.9 72 0.6105 235.9 84 0.6594 254.8 5~7'~3 ~ 17 -Since radiometric sorter requirements are for separation and count time, and since separation is a direct function of velocity, and count time is directly related to ~all time, it seems on first consideration that this is the reverse of what we want. We are losing a large amount of headroom or height (y), for much smaller increases in separation and count time. How-ever, the important point is that after a drop of 12"
from rest the velocity Vy is already 96 in./sec.; at 18"
Vy is 118 in./sec., doubling to only 236 in./sec. with a drop of 72". The first thing this means is that if we consider a radiation detection zone from -18" to -72", the velocities are quite within the range of practical rock handling. For example, the two current commercial units described above use a slinger/detector belt speed of 5 meters/sec, or 200 in./sec. The simple doubling of velocity over 54" presents no great problems in timing and tracking of particles, and the time of detection of about 305 millisec. compares favorably with the current commercial units which use twelve 3" diameter scintilla-tion detectors spaced apart, for a count time of 180 msec. ~i.e., 36" of radiation detection, and speed of 200 in./sec.). Count time can be increased if necessary by dropping the particle further past more radiation counters, another 12" to 84" only increasing Vy by 8%
and increasing count time by 49 msec. or 16~. Thus detection time and particle velocities and acceleration are quite favorable.
The second point to consider is particle spacing, and here again we can simplify our ideas before listing full trajectory figures. Supposing a succession of 2"
diameter uniform particles are being discharged from the end of a conveyor travelling at Vx=40 in./sec. ~200 ft./min.), then one piece will start to fall each 1/20 sec. or .050 sec. Table 2 ignores the horizontal constant velocity Vx ~ the parabolic trajectory that would arise, and shows simply the vertical Fall (-Y, in - 18 - ~S87~8 inches) and the instantaneous vertical velocity (-Vy, in./sec.) of a succession of pieces dropped at 50 msec.
intervals. The fourth column shows the gap S in inches that would be found be-tween the trailin~ edge of a particle and the leading edge of a following piece, assuming 2 inch pieces. Thus, for example, the piece center at 48.30 in. has one following at 39.12 in., a center to center distance of 9.18 in., there~ore the gap between trailing edge and leading edge is 7.18, as listed.

t (sec)(Vy(in./sec) -Y(in) S
O O O
0.05 19.3 0.48 0.10 38.6 1.93 0.15 58.0 4.35 0.20 77.3 7.73 0.25 96.6 12.08 2.35 0.30 llS.9 17.39 3.31 0.35 135.2 23.67 4.28 0.40 154.6 30.91 5.24 0.45 173.9 39.12 6.21 O.S0 193.2 48.30 7.18 0.55 212.5 58.~4 8.14 0.60 231.8 69.55 9.11 0.65 251.2 81.63 10.08 0.70 270.5 94.67 11.04 It should be noted that if the radiation detection zone extends from 18" to 72", six pieces are present within that zone having separations (gaps) varying from 4.28 inches to 9~11 inches with velocities ranging from 135 to 232 in./sec. It would be necessary to have at least six detectors to separately assess the pieces in the detection zone. In fact practical considerations of 1 9 - ~587~

detector size would probably dictate at least 10 detec-tors to cover the 54". Between detectors it is advisa-ble to have a lead shield of about 2 cm. This thickness stops 99% of 0.3 ~EV gammas and 94% o~ 0.6 MEV gammas.
The gamma spectrum of natural uranium ores is predomi-nantly below 0.61 MEV, and furthermore the majority of the radiation Erom adjoining pieces will slant through the lead shield in a direction not normal to the thick-ness, but covering a longer path.
These figures are of course all based on perfect projectiles of uniform size, not rocks. Rocks always have a range of sizes, however closely screened.
Particles of varying si2es will start into free fall at varying time intervals, and therefore will display varying gaps at any particular drop distance. The smaller the size of a particle, and the greater the horizontal velocity Vx, the smaller will be the gap, requiring a greater number of smaller detectors, or a longer drop to the radiation detection zone.
It should be realized too, that a screen fraction of rock material, e.g. -2" + 1", will pass through a 2"
screen but not a l" square mesh screen. Many of the pieces are in fact longer than 2", and only a small percentage will be right on the 1" lower limit. Fur-thermore, any feeding process designed to produce single lines, as required in radiometric sorting, will inevit-ably orient the majority o~ particles with their long dimension in the direction of movement. All this tends to increase the gap between particles above the theore-tical minimum. In other words, a sorter feed sized at -2" + 1" will have very few successions of 1" pieces, nose to tail.
TABLE 3 lists the full trajectory figures ~or a succession of 1" pieces being projected horizontally at Vx=Vo=36 in./sec. (180 ft./min.~. The angle of projec-tion ~O=0, and VOY=0; particles follow each other down the trajectory at 1/36 second intervals. The Table shows instantaneous values of ~, x, y, V, Vy (the - 20 - ~ 74B

vert~c~l component o~ V), and the g~p S, to ~ollowing pieces i.e., space bet~een leadin~ and trailing edges in the radiation zone which is assumed to extend from 18"
to 72". The change in ~ is 8(73 to 81); the velocity V varies from 123 to 238 in./sec.; Vy is ~l~ost the same because of the steep angle, 118 -to 236 in./s~c.; Vx ~
course remains constant at 36 in.tsec.; the gap opens from 2.1 in. to 5.4 in.; and eleven of the 1" pieces are in the radiation zone.

t ! sec) V(in /sec) -Vy(in . ! sec.) - ~ x(in.) -ytin.) S
0 36.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.02837.57 10.73 16.6 1 0.15 0.05641.91 21.47 30.81 2 0.60 Q.08348.30 32.30 40.81 3 1.34 0.11156.03 42.93 50.02 4 2.39 0.13964.62 53.67 56.15 5 3.73 0.16773.78 64.40 60.79 6 5.37 0.194~3.31 75.13 64.40 7 7.30 0.22293.11 85.87 67.25 8 9.54 0.250103.09 96.60 69.56 9 12.08 0.278113.21 107.33 71.46 10 14.91 0.306123.43 118.07 73.04 11 18.04 2.13 0.333133.74 128.80 74.38 12 21.47 2.43 0.361144.10 139.53 75.53 13 25.19 2.72 0.389154.52 150.27 76.53 14 29.22 3.03 0.417164.98 161.00 77.40 15 33.54 3.32 0.444175.47 171.73 78.16 16 38.16 3.62 0.472185.98 182.47 78.84 17 43.08 3.92 0.5~0196.53 193.20 79.44 18 48.30 4.22 0.528207.09 203.93 79.99 19 53.82 4.52 0.565217.66 214.67 80.~8 20 59.63 4.81 0.683228.26 225.40 80.93 21 65.74 5.11 0.611238.86 236.13 81.33 22 72.15 5.41 0.6392~9.48 246.~7 81.70 23 78.86 5.71 - 21 ~ 7'-~8 The transit time from ~18" to -72" is about 306 milliseconds. There would be 11 radiation detectors, separated by 10 lead dividers each 2 cm. wide. Thus, the 54" radiation detection zone would have about 8" or 15% lead. Counting time would therefore be 306 x 0.85 =
2~0 milliseconds.
The above -trajectories have assumed initial projec-tion veloci-ties corresponding to horizontal movement only obtainable by using the vibrating feeders/chute/
belt arrangement. Such an arran~ement is mechanically complex, and it takes a considerable amount of floor space for a conveyor belt to align and stabilize the particles nose to tail at high speed~ The arrangement shown in Figs. 1 and 2, using only vibrating feeders projecting straight onto a tra~ectory plate, is the ultimate in simplicity, and uses the minimum of floor space, but horizontal velocity is limited on current feeders to about 12 in./sec., with correspondingly reduced tonnage rate per line. However, it may be preferable in some circumstances to use several compact, simple units, or provide increased wid-th and number of lines on a single non-belt unit, rather than employing conveyor belts which are susceptible to damage, wear and tracking problems. TABLE 4 lists, for comparison, a trajectory for 1 in. pieces, nose to tail, projected from a feeder moving particles horizontally at 12 in./sec. Note the steep drop, which only varies from 84 ~o 87 in the assumed radiation detection zone from 7 = -18 in. to y = -72 in., which has four pieces in transit, well separated.

- 2~ S~7~

TAsLE 4 __ t(sec) V(in/sec) -Vy(in/sec) _~o x(in) -y(in) S
0 12.00 0 o 0 0 o 0.083 34.36 32.20 69.56 l 1.34 0.167 65.61 64.~0 79 4~ 2 5.37 0 250 97.34 96.60 ~2.92 3 12.08 0.333129.36 128.80 84.68 4 21.47 8.39 0.417161.45 161.00 85.74 5 33.54 11.08 0.500193.57 193.20 86.45 6 48.30 13.76 0 583225.72 225.40 86.95 7 65.74 16.4~
0.667257.~8 257.60 87.~3 8 85.87 19.13 The above Tables of figures demonstrate the follow-ing important points, which make the use of multiple detectors in free-fall a new and superior method of radiometric sorting:

1. Particles separate sufficiently within a short vertical drop, to allow radiation detection without interference from succeeding particles.
2. Thereafter, velocity increases only slowly through a long detection zone of several feet, ancl stays well within current limits of rock-handling, and rock-ejection timing accuracy.
3. Count time is long, and compares favorably with the count time of the current multiple scin-tillation detector sorters using slinger and conveyor belt arrangements. These factors/ separa-tion, count-time, ease of roc~~handling, simplicity and compact size, are very advantageous in radio-metric sorting.

As with most new methods, variations are possible.
For example, as schematically illustrated in Fig. 4, after an initial section of normal trajectory to achieve the required separation, it is possible to incorporate a section with a reverse curve in the slide plate, which - 23 _ ~5~7~

then continues into a straight radiation cletection zone at a ~lattened angle - ~, calculated -to reduce the acceleration -to a fraction (g sin ~) of its normal g value. See Fig. 3. This can significa~tly increase the count time a-t the cost of increased wear, and the necessity of tracking the particles Ly multiple position detectors, rather than prediction from a single velocity determination. This is so, because varying kinetic friction coefficients of varying rock types cannot be predicted accurately. If this were not so, and they had a constant coefficient ~K, a slope ~=tan ~X would produce a constant velocity down the slide, and hence constant separation and maximum count time for a given slide path length.
One other variation is useful with certain uranium ores which contain very high grade pieces along with the normal grade material. Some recently discovered depo-sits, for example, have pieces running ~0% U308, while much of the remaining material is arourld 0.2%U30~. Fig.
5 shows an embodiment of the sorter which removes the high-grade pieces at a first stage in the trajectory, and then allows normal material to continue through for ordinary sorting as previously described.
Referring to Fig. 5, slide plate 40 follows the normal discharge trajectory. ~ small radiation detector 41, well shielded by lead housing 42 is located as shown, and cond~lctor 43 carries a signal representing counts to control unit 44. Immediately following the housing 42 a photodetector 45 is aimed through window 46 at a light source 47, and transmits a signal represent-ing a rock passage to control unit 44 on conductor 48.
Air blast nozzle 49 is connected to air valve 50, which is controlled by control unit 44 by means of a signal on conductor 51. Thereafter the unit is similar to Fig. 1.
In operation, scintillation detector 41 operates into a short time-constant ratemeter in the control unit. If the rate of counts exceeds a predetermined high level, a latch is set, and the next particle "seen"

~ 2~ 7;~

by photodetector ~5 operates air valve 50, and ejects the high grade particle. Passage of the ~trailing e~ge of the particle resets the latch.
It should be noted that no size is taken into account, and none is required. This sec-tion is for rejecting only very high grade pieces which are so radioactive that they would afEect many particles in the stream iE allowed to pass throu~h the normal part of the sorter, and size is immaterial. It should also be noted that this high grade dischar~e function is difficult, if not impossible, to accomplish on a conveyor belt type sorter.
~ ontrol unit 22 in Figs. 1 and 5 is shown as a generalized "black box" with certain functions. These functions may be implemented electronically in a variety of ways, and refined and elaborated with great sophisti-cation. However such details are a matter of electronic design and do not affect the essence of the invention.
The following description has as its basis a modern micro-computer which uses various components with well defined functions organized around and interconnected by a common bus. This bus may contain, for example, 100 lines for transferring Data, Address, ItO and Interrupt signals. Only a general description of the program required will be given as detailed programming depends on the particular micro-computer used.
Fig. 6 shows the organization of the computer in diagrammatic form. It includes components commonly found in a dedicated control computer, namely Clock, CPU, Read Only Memory (ROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), Digital Input/Output Rorts, and Programmable Timers.
Inputs are as shown in Fig. 1, and include photodetec-tors ~PD1, PD2), and radiation detectors (RD1, RD2....
RDN). The output is to the blast valve control 31.
Photodetector (PD1) 20 has a single ON/OFF output, corresponding to the passage of a particle, and its input is delivered through I/O 52. Photodetector (PD2) 25 has two functions, first as on ON/OFF detector, to - 25 ~ ~ 5~7 ~ ~

time the leading Edge ILE)l and Trailing Edge ~TE) of a passing particle, and secondly as a width detector giving ~n output propor~ional to the inskantaneous width of a particle as seen through window 23. rrhe latter can be accomplished in several well known ways, such as analog occulting wi.th A-D conversion, se1.f-scanned arrays, or an array of discrete photodiodes. The latter is a simple method and is used in Fig. 6. Photodetector (PD2) 25 consists of an array of discrete photodiodes spaced along the width of window 23. Each photodiode forms one input to parallel-to-serial converter 53 which is connected to counter 54. The output of counter 54 is -the input, as shown, to I/O 55. The parallel-to-serial conversion takes place under program control, and the output of counter 54 is the number of photodiodes occulted, applied to I/O 55. The ON/OFF function of PD2 may be accomplished by means of magnitude comparator 56 which is preset to give an output of I/O 52 when any single photodiode is occulted.
Pulses from the separate radiation detectors are inputs to individual counters under program control, and read out to their respective I/O Ports, again under program control, as will be described. Finally, an I/O
Port 57 signals blast valve control 31.
There are 7 distinct phases in the movement of a particle through the sorter:

1. LE past PD1 2. LE past PD2 3. Transit past PD2 4. TE past PD2 5. Timing past scints (radiation detectors) 6. Ore Waste decision point 7. Blast timing.

- 26 ~ 7'~8 1. The Leadiny Edge (LE) of a particle paE~t PDl initiates an Interrupt which causes the program to start Programmable Timer (PT}~. PTl will measure the time for the LE to travel the fixed distance between PDl and PD2.
The LE past PDl also serve to increment a particle-address counter. This counter has a greater capacity than the number of particles which coulcl be in the sorting system, i~e., 16, 50 it progresses 0,1,2,...15, O,1,....... Thus, each new particle is assigned a number (i) which is used to address a separate program timer (PTi), area accumulator (A~i) and count accumulator (CAi) corresponding to spaces in RAM reserve for the particular particle number. The PT is used to time out area and raAiation detector count times, decision time and blast timing, corresponding to measured velocit~ and length of the particle. The AA stores a binary number corresponding to area, and derived from PD2. The CA
stores a binary number representing the accumulated counts from all scints corresponding to that particular particle.

2. The LE past PD2 is sensed by magnitude compar-ator 56 when one of the photodiodes is occulted, and initiates an Interrupt which stops PTl. The elapsed time to travel the known distance between PDl and PD2 is converted to Vi, the instantaneous velocity at PD2, by referencing a table residing in ROM, and Vi, the veloci-ty of the particular particle i, is then stored in a section of RAM reserved for all data connected with particle i (Pi).
PTl is immediately reset and restarted once the LE, PDl and PD2 time has been transferred, and starts to time LE to TE past PD2.
PTi, the programmable timer assigned to this particle, is started at this time ~LE past PD2) as this is counted as Time Zero for Pi, in calculating all timed activities related to this particle.

- 27 - ~ ~ ~87~

3. As the particle progresses past PD2, consist-ing of an array of photodiodes, as described, incremen-tal widths are accumulated to derive a binary number corresponding to area. Since the particle i5 accelera-ting, if the widths are taken at equal time intervals, the area will be in error, since the velocity increases by about 15% over S". It is preferable, now that Vi is known, to have PTi access another table held in ROM and corresponding to Vi, which will s-trobe the parallel to serial converter 53 and read counter 5~ at successively shorter time intervals corresponding to equal length intervals. These area coun-ts are accumulated in area accumulator AAi, located in the Pi area of RAM.

4. The trailing edge ~TE) of Pi past PD2 is signalled by magnitude comparator 56 when no photodiodes are occulted. This causes an Interrupt which stops PT1, and the time it has measured (LE to TE past PD2) is transferred to the Pi area of RAM. PT1 is now available for the next particle after reset.
The velocity of the particle at PD2 and the time for LE to TE to pass PD2 are now available, and together uniquely determine the sequence of times that the LE and TE will take to travel past any other specified points on the trajectory, such as scints, decision point and blast valve. It is convenient to have a series of tables in ROM, precalculated to cover the range of velocities and range of lengths which will be encoun-tered. Both ranges are limited, and therefore for practical increments the number of tables is not large and the number of separate times within each table is small: an on-time and off-time for each scint, a deci-sion time, and a blast on-time and off-time.

5. As a particle LE approaches a scint, there is a rapid build-up of the count rate until the TE comes within range. Thereafter, there is a much smaller increase until the particle is centered. There is an ~5l~7 ~

optimum position o~ the partlcle to gate the scint counters on and ofE, and the tlmes corresponding to the LE switch-on and TE switch-off for each scint counter are accessed from the appropriate table and timed out by PTi. The counts are transferred to the appropriate count accumulator, CAi located in the Pi section of RAM, as each paxticle passes a scint, and then the counter is reset, to await -the next particle.

6. As the last scint in line is passed, and its associated counter contents have been added to the count accumulator, the total counts and previously accumulated area counts are together compared with pre set cu-t-of f data. The decision to blast or not blast the particle is made at this time.

7. The final timing data contained in the table and accessed by PTi, is blast timing, and this allows for the mechanical delay to open and close the valve.

It should be noted that this system allows the handling of the required number of particles through the sorter simultaneously. Certain parts are reserved for specific particles, but such items as look-up tables could be used by any number of particles.
While certain advantageous embodiments have been chosen to illustrate the invention it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims (9)

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for sorting particles of radioactive material which includes the steps of arranging the particles in a single line moving in one direction;

successively discharging the particles into a gravity-accelerated trajectory;

providing, along the trajectory, means for determining individual particle velocity and means for identifying the time at which each particle occupies a predetermined position in the trajectory, and for producing signals representative of the velocity and time-position deter-mination;

providing, along the trajectory, a plurality of radia-tion detectors arranged so that each detector is conse-cutively exposed to each particle for producing signals representative of counts of the radiation activity of each particle;

accumulating counts from the plurality of detectors for each particle;

diverting from the trajectory selected ones of the particles to form two streams of particles, one stream including particles whose accumulated counts exceed a predetermined number and the other including the remain-der; and separately collecting the particles from the two streams.

2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the radiation detectors are provided with successively increasing exposure dimensions in the direction of the trajectory so that the times of exposure of the particles to each detector are substantially equal despite increasing particle velocity.

3. A method according to claim 2 and including verti-cally positioning first radiation detector along the trajectory such that the separation between particles due to gravity acceleration is greater than the exposure dimension of the first detector as measured along the trajectory.

4. A method for sorting particles of radioactive material which includes the steps of arranging the particles into a gravity-accelerated trajectory;

providing, along the trajectory, a plurality of radia-tion detectors arranged so that each detector is conse-cutively exposed to each particle for producing signals representative of counts of the radiation activity of each particle;

providing adjacent each detector means for determining the time at which each particle occupies a predetermined position relative to its associated detector, and for producing signals representative of the time-position determination;

accumulating counts from the plurality of detectors for each particle;

diverting from the trajectory selected ones of the particles to form two streams of particles, one stream including particles whose accumulated counts exceed a predetermined number and the other including the remain-der; and separately collecting the particles from the two streams.

5. An apparatus for sorting particles of ore in accordance with their radioactivity characteristics comprising feeder means for arranging the particles in line, for moving the line of particles in one direction toward a discharge end and for successively discharging the particles into a gravity-accelerated trajectory;

means for determining the presence and velocity of each particle in the trajectory at a known position in the trajectory and for producing signals representative of the motion thereof along the trajectory path;

a plurality of radiation detection means arranged along and close to the trajectory path for receiving radiation from the particles, one at a time, and for producing count signals representative of the level of radiation activity of each particle;

means for receiving said signals representative of motion and said count signals and for separately accumu-lating the count signals from all of said radiation detection means attributable to each particle and for producing distinctively different output signals depend-ing upon whether the accumulated count for a particle is above or below a predetermined value;

means for selectively altering the trajectory of parti-cles which have passed said radiation detection means in response to one of said output signals from said means for receiving; and means for separately collecting the particles from the altered and unaltered trajectories.

6. An apparatus according to claim 5 wherein said radiation detection means includes a series of scintil-lation counters each having an active radiation-receiv-ing surface adjacent said trajectory, the surface of each said counter being longer in the direction along the trajectory than the preceding counter.

7. An apparatus according to claim 6 and further comprising radiation shielding means between said counters for isolating radiation to which they are exposed.

8. An apparatus according to claim 7 wherein the vertical separation between the discharge end of said feeder means and the uppermost one of said counters, and the dimension of said uppermost counter in the direction of said trajectory are selected such that said dimension is less than the separation between particles as a result of acceleration through said vertical separation.

9. An apparatus according to claim 5 wherein said means for determining presence and velocity includes first and second photodetectors spaced apart along said trajectory so that each particle sequentially passes said photodetectors, whereby said detectors produce signals spaced apart in time representing a unique velocity determination for each particle.