CA1154355A - Long wetting time woven fabric - Google Patents
Long wetting time woven fabricInfo
- Publication number
- CA1154355A CA1154355A CA000374916A CA374916A CA1154355A CA 1154355 A CA1154355 A CA 1154355A CA 000374916 A CA000374916 A CA 000374916A CA 374916 A CA374916 A CA 374916A CA 1154355 A CA1154355 A CA 1154355A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- woven fabric
- cotton
- finish
- picks
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Abstract
LONG WETTING TIME WOVEN FABRIC
Abstract of the Disclosure:
A woven fabric has cotton and polyester therein and has a total combined surface area of less than fifty-three thousand (53,000) microns per square inch and yet has, prior to the application thereto of any finish, a wetting time greater than one-half of a minute.
Abstract of the Disclosure:
A woven fabric has cotton and polyester therein and has a total combined surface area of less than fifty-three thousand (53,000) microns per square inch and yet has, prior to the application thereto of any finish, a wetting time greater than one-half of a minute.
Description
~L5~3~iS ` -~
Backqround of the Inventi.on Field of the Invention~
Persons~ln~some professions and ln some occupations~
~` lO . find it desirable to wear apparel that includes~fabric which~
~` : has a Iong~ettins time but is not impervious to air. Such~
apparel can "breathe"; and hence provides more comfort for~the~
wearer than can apparel which inclu~es impervious materials suoh as rubber, synthetia rubber or plastics. As.a~result~
15 surgeons, anaes-thetists, nurs~es and other persons who work in`~
the:operating rooms oE hospitals find it desirable to wear `;;~
~;~apparel that includes fabrio which has a lon7 wett~in~g~time~but is~not;~impervious~to air.
Descript1on of~the Prior Art~
~ ~ Page 87 of Staple Cotton Fabrics~by~John Hoye, Mc~
Graw-Hill Book~Company, Inc., 1942, states~
"Accordinq to research recently made~hy~a ~ommittee of the~ American Association of~Textile Chemi~sts and Colorists :~
:and reported in the Dyestuf~f~Reporter of January 5, 1942,~
25 ~ It~ haS been shown that:the amount of res1stance of a : .
treated fabric to water pene~r~tlon is~dependent more upon its construction than~upon the water:~r:epellent used.
__ _ __ =_ ~5~ 5 The closer wcven the fabric, the better the resistance of the finished fabric to water penetration of water".
Page 247 of Textile Fibers, Yarns and Fabrics, by Ernes-t R.
Kaswel, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1953, states:
"Of the untreated samples, the cotton duck and wool melton offer the best resistance to a hydrostatic head and spray test. In addition, the cotton duck oEfers the best resistance to water absorption. These two fabrics are probably the thickest and most tightly woven and it would be expected that they would offer higher resistance on this basis alone".
A printed sheet of Ashton Brothers & Company Iimited states:
"VENTILE FABRICS are made from fine, long staple cotton which is spun into yarn and then doubled for additional strength. The cloth is woven in an Oxford weave which ensures that the threads are set in the most compact arrangement".
A further woven fabric, which is made from cotton, is woven in an Oxford weave; and it is woven so the warp thereof ~ha~s one~hundred and eighty-four (184) two-ply (72~2) ends per inch in the greige state and so -the filling thereof has eiyhty (80) two-ply ~60/2) picks per inch in that state. The average dia-meter of the ends is one hundred and ninety-two (192) microns,~ ~
and the average diameter of the picks is one hundred and ninety-eight (198) microns. As a res~lt, that woven fabric has a total combined surface area greater than ~ifty-three thousand (53,000) m~rons per square inch. However, thewettin~ time of ~hat woven cloth is only five seconds; and, after fifty washings, thatwetting -time is only two seconds.
, ~. 3ii3.
Summary of the Invention:
A woven ~abric has cotton and polyester in the threads thereof; and those threads are woven to provide a total com-bined surface area of less than fifty-three thousand ~53,000) microns per square inch. Yet, that woven fabric has, prior to the application there-to of any finish, a ~Jetting time lon~er than one-half of a minute. As a result, that woven fab.ric is permeable to air but can resist the transmission of liquids through it. It is, therefore, an object of the present inven-tiOII to provide a woven fabric which has cotton and polyester-in the threads thereof and which has those threads woven to provide a total combined surface area of less than fi~ty-three thousand (53,000) microns per square inch, and yet has, prior to the application thereto of any finish, a wettin~ time longer :~ 15 than one-half of a minute.
other and further objects and advantages of the pre-sent invention should become apparent-from an examination of the following specificat;on.
In the following specification, a preferred embodi-ment of the present invention is described, but it is to be - understood that ~he~specification is for the purpose of des-: cription only and does not limit the lnvention and that the invention will be defined by the appended claims.
Description of Preferred Embodiment:
: 25 ~he preferred embodiment of ~oven fabric, that is provided by the present invention, has a warp which is con-stituted by ends that are made from c~n int.imate blend of cotton and polyester, and has a fill which is constituted by picks that ar~ made from a blend o~ cotton and polyester. Although .~ ' . ' ' .
., .... , .. ~
various polyesters could be used in the cotton-polyester blends for the ends and picks r Fortrel 410* polyester and -the corres-ponding Dacron* polyester have been found to be very useful.
Various cotton-polyester blends could be used for the ends and picks, but a blend of fifty percent (50%) cotton and fifty percent (50%) polyester has been found to be very useful.
Multi-ply ends and picks could be used, but two-ply ends and picks have been found to be very useful.
In the preferred embodiment of woven fabric, the ends were made from two-ply (50/2) thread which was fifty percent (50%) peeler cotton and fifty percent (50%) polyester and which had an average diameter of two hundred and thirty-seven microns. The yarn which was used in making that thread was combed but not waxed. The picks were made from two-ply (50/2) thread which was fifty percent (50%) peeler cotton and fifty percent (50%) polyester and which had an average diamater of two hundred and twenty-four microns. The yarn which was used in making that thread was combed but not waxed. That fabric was woven in a plain weave, rather than in an Oxford weave; and, in the greiye state, had one hundred and thirty-~ seven (137) ends per inch and had seventy (70) picks per inch.
; That woven fabric was given a standard Quarpel finish and an anti-static finish. As finished, that woven fabric had one hundred and forty (140) ends per inch and had seventy-eight ~78) picks per inch~
The total combined surface area ~TCSA), in microns per square inch, of a woven fabric is determined by the formula Dw ~ Df = TCSA; where Dw is the number of ends per inch multi-plied by the average diameter of those ends in microns, and where Df is the number of picks per inch multiplied by -theaverage ~; *Trademark ~.
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diameter of those picks in microns. In the preferred embodi-ment of woven fabric, Dw is one hundred and forty (140) multiplied by two hundred and thirty-seven (237) or thirty-three thousand one hundred and eighty (33,180). The Df is seventy-eight (78) multiplied by two hundred and twenty four (224) or seventeen thousand four hundred and seventy-two (17,472). The resulting total combined surface area in microns per square inch is fifty thousand six hundred and fifty-two (50,652).
In the greige state, the preferred embodiment of woven fabric has a wetting time of one minute and fifty-four , seconds and has an air permeabilit~ of one cubic foot of air per minute per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one-half (1/2) of an inch of water. Also, that woven fabric can withstand a hydrostatic pressure of nine and six-tenths (9.6) inches of water. After fifty (50) washings of the type customarily used in industrial laundries, that woven fabric had two minutes and forty-seven seconds of wettin~
time and had an air permeability of one and six-tenths (1.6) ; 20 cubic feet of air per minu-te per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one half (1/2) of an inch of water. Also, that woven fabric withstood a hydrostatic pressure of eleven and two-tenths l11.2) inches of water. Further, that woven fabric withstood one hundred and thirty-six (136) abra-sion cycles in an abrade-to~destruction test. After tha-t woven fabric was given the standard 5~uarpel* finish and the anti-static finish, it had a wetting time that was longer than : ~
the maximum time period used in wetting time tests, it had an air permeability of one and fifty-seven hundreds (1.57) cubic feet of air per minute per square foot of area with a pressure 5. ~ -*-Generic name for treatment of fabrics developed by Quartermaster Corps. of U.S. Army.
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differential as small as one half (1/2) of an inch of water, and it withs-tood a hydrostatic pressure of fifty-nine and eight-tenths (59.8) inches of water. After fifty (50) wash-ings of the type customarily used in industrial laundries, that finished woven fabric had a wetting time of twenty min-utes, had an air permeability of one and fifty-nine hundredths (1.59) cubic feet of air per minute per s~uare foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one-half (1/2) of an inch of water, and it withstood a hydrostatic pressure of twenty-four and six-tenths (24.6) inches of water. Further, that finished woven fabric withstood three hundred and twenty-five (325) abrasion cycles in an abrade-to-destruction test.
The prior woven fabri.c, which is described herein-before in the Description of the Prior Art, is made wholly of cotton and has an Oxford weave. The warp of that prior wovan fabric is constituted by ends that were made from two-ply (72.2) pima cotton thread which has a diameter of one hundred and ninety-two (192) microns, and the fill of that prior wo~en fabric is constituted by picks that were made from two-ply (60/2) pima cotton thread which has a diameter of one hundred and ninety-eight (198) microns. The yarns that were used for making those threads were combad but not waxed. In the greige state, that prior woven fabric had one hundred and eight-four (184) ends per inch and had eighty (80) picks per inch. That prior woven fabric was given a standard Quarpel* finish. As finished, that prior woven fabric had one hundred and ninety-six (196) ends per inch and had eighty-two (82) picks per inch.
The Dw of that prior woven fabric is one hundred and nlnety-six (196) multiplied by one hundred and ninety-two (192) or thirty-seven thousand six hundred and thirty-two (37,632).
The Df of that prior woven fabric is eighty-two (82) multi-plied by one hundred and ninety-eight ~198~ or six-teen thou-sand two hundred and thirty-six (16,236). The resulting total combined surface area in microns per square inch is fifty-three -thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight (53,868).
In the greige state, that prior woven fabric has a wetting time of only five seconds and has an air permeability of one and eight-tenths (1.8) cubic feet of air per minute per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as `~ 10 one-half (1/2? of an inch of water. That prior woven fabric can ~- withstand a hydrostatic pressure of nine and five-tenths (9.5) inches of water. After fifty (50) washings of the type custom-arily used in industrial laundries, that prior woven fabric had only two seconds of wetting time and had one and six-tenths cubic feet of air per minute per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one-half (1/2) of an inch of water. Also, that prior woven fabric withstood a hydrostatic pressure of twelve and five-tenths (12.5) inches of water.
Further, that prior woven~fabric withstood forty-six ~46) abra-sion cycles in an abrade-to-destruction test. After that prior , .
woven fabric was~given the standard Quarpel* finish, it had a ~ wetti.ng time that was longer than the maximum time period used ; in wetting time tests, it had an air permeability of two and ~: : ...
fifteen hundredths (2.15) cubic feet of air per minute per - ~
square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one ~ ~-half (1/2) inches of water, and it withstood a hydrostatic pres- -~: .
sure of fifty inches of water. After fifty (50) washings of the type customarily used in industrial laundries, that finished .
prior woven fabric had a wetting time of ten minutes, had an air ~ `
permeability of one and eighty-eight hundredths (1.8~) cubic feet ~.
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of air per min~-te per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one-half (1/2) of an inch, and it withstood a hydrostatic pressur~ of nineteen (19) inches of water. Further, that finished prior woven fabric withstood one hundred and forty-four (144) abrasion cycles in an abrade--to-destruction tes-t.
A comparison of thewetting ti.~e of the preferred embodiment of woven fabric with thewettingtIme of the prior woven fabric shows surprising and unexpected increases --from five seconds to one minute and fifty-four seconds in the dyed but inish-free state, from two seconds to two minutes and forty~seven seconds in the dyed but finish-free state ater fifty ~50~ washings o the type customarily used in industrial laundries, and fxom ten minutes to twenty minutes in the fin-ished state after fifty (50) washings of the type customerarily : .
used in indistrial laundries. Those increases are particu-larly surprising and unexpected, because that preferred embodi-ment of woven Eabric uses a plain weave instead of the Oxford weave espoused by Ashton Brothers ~ Company Limited, uses a lower t.otal combined surface area than does the prior woven fabric despite the teachings of Hoye and Kaswel, and uses inexpensive peeler cotton rather than the expensive "fine, long staple" (pima) cotton espoused by Ashton Brothers & Company Limited.
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A comparison of the hydrostatic pressure withstood by the preferred embodiment of woven fabric in the dyed but finish-free state with the hydrostatic pressure withstood by the prior wo~en fabric in the dyed but finish-free state shows a surprising and unexpected result. Although that prior woven ~abric consisted wholly of cott~n, and hence could rely upon all portions thereof to swell during a hydrostatic pres-sure test to provide a desirably-high resistance to water ,~
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netration, the resistance of that prior woven fabric to water penetration was not substantially greater than the resistance oF the preferred embodiment of woven fabric to water penetration. This, despite the fact that the poly-ester in the preferred embodiment of woven fabric experiences only slight swelling when wet, and also despite the fact that the preferred embodiment of woven fabric has only about one-half (lt2) as much cotton as does the prior woven fabric. Also, a comparison of the hydrostatic pressure withstood by the preFerred embodiment of woven fabric in the finished state after fifty (50) washing cycles of the type customarily used in industrial laundries, with the hydrostatic pressure withstood by the prior woven fabric in the finished state after fifty (50) washing cycles of the type customarily used in industrial laundries, shows a surprising and unexpected result. Although that prior woven fabric consisted wholly of cotton, and hence could~ ~ ;
rely upon all portions thereof to swell during a hydro~
static pressure test to provide a desirably-high resistance to water penetration, the resistance of the washed prior woven Pabric to water penetration was proportionally less ~ ~
than the resistance of the washed preferred embodiment ~ ~`
of woven fabric to water penetration. Specifically, be-cause the resistance of the finished preferred embodiment of woven fabric to water penetration decreased only from fifty-nine and eight~tenths (59~8) to twenty-four and six-tenths (24.6) after fifty (50) washing cycles of the type customarily used in industrial laundries, the fifty (50) centimeter resistance to water penetration of the finished prior woven fabric might not be expected to decrease below twenty and five-tenths (20.5) after fifty (50) washing cy-cles oF the type customarily used in industrial laundries.
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However, the resistance of the washed prior woven fabric to water penetration was below twenty and five-tenths (20.5) centi-meters -- being as low as nineteen (19) centimeters. ~his, despite the fact that the prior woven fabric could rely upon all portions thereof to swell during the hydros-tatic test, whereas one-half (1/2) of the preferred emhodiment of woven fabric is polyester which experiences no significant s~Jelliny when wet.
Any increase in wettingti~e wi-thout a reduction in r~sistance to water penetration would be useful and valuable in a woven fabric to be used-in apparel for hospital operat-lng rooms, because that increase would help keep blood, sputum, other body fluids, saline solution, and other solutions and li~uids from passing lnwa.rdly through that a~parel. It should be noted that most of the portions o:F a surgical gown which enclose the wearer's torso are vertically directed, and hence will tend to permit blood, sputum, other bod~y fluids ~: ' ;: .
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saline solu-tions, and other solutions and liquids which contact the exterior of those portions to run down and drip off of that apparel rather than be absorbed by the woven fabric of that apparel. Also, it should be noted that the portions of a surgical gown which enclose the-lower surfaces of the wearer's arms will almost immediately shed any blood, sputum, otller body fluids, saline solutions, and other solu-tions and liquids which contact those portions. In addition, it should be noted that the portions of a sur~ical gown which enclose the upper surfaces of the wearer's arms will be con-vex and hence will tend to shed any blood, sputum, other body ~-1uids, saline solutions, and other solutions and liquids which contact those portions. By increasing the wettin~ time of the preferred embodiment of woven fabric, the present in-vention g.ives blood, sputum, other body fluids, saline solu-tions, and other solutions and li~uids ample time to drain or fall away from that woven fabric before they can be ab-sorbed by that woven fabric.
. ` The number o:F ends per inch, in the warp of the woven fabric provided by the present invention, can be varied, but that number should be more than one hundred and twenty five (125) and less than one hundred and eighty (1803~ Simil-arly, the number of picks per inch, in the iill of the woven fabric provided by the present invention, can be varied, but 25 that number should be more than sixty five (65) and les5 than eighty-one (81). The sum of the picks and ends per inch in the woven fabric provided by the present invention, can be varied, but that number should be more than two hundred t200) but less ~ , .
. than two hundred and fifty (250). The air permeability of that woven fabric should be at least eight-tenths (0.8) of a 8.
L5'~35t~
~ ubic foot of air per minute per square :Eoot of area with a pxessure differential as small as one-half (1~2~ of an inch of water. Also, that woven fabric should be able to with-stand a hydrostatic pressure of at least eight (8) centimeters of water, and have a wetting time longer than one-hal* of a-minute.
As used herein, wetting time is the ~ime required f~r the specular reflection of a drop o-f water, which has faIlen a, shor-t distance onto a piece of fabric, to disappear. In deter-mining the wett.ing time of a piece of fabric, that piece of fabric is mounted in an embroidery hoop, and then a buret is used to deposit a single drop of water on the upper surface of that piece of fabric; all as specified in the A~TCC Test Method 39-1977 of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists.
If that piece of fabric has a long wetting time, that drop of water will remain a discrete and well-rounded drop for a sub-~tantial period o~f time, and thereafter will retain a three-dimensional~ although not well-rounded, confi~uration for an additional period.of time. The wett,ing time is the total time the drop has a visible specular ref:Lection ~: :20 The woven fabric which is provided by the present invent:ion is particularly useful in making gowns for surgeons : : , ~ and other operating room personnel~ However; that fabric is .; useful in any situation where air permeability greater than :~
~: eight-tenths (0.8) of a cubic foot'per minute of air per square~
, ~: 25 foot of area with a ~ressure di~ferential as s~àll as one-half :
` -(1/2~ of an inch of water and a wetting time longer than , one-hal:E of.a minute are desired. . ..
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Whereas the foregoing specification has described a preferred embodirnent of the present invention, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made in the form of the invention without affec-tin~
the scope thereof.
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Backqround of the Inventi.on Field of the Invention~
Persons~ln~some professions and ln some occupations~
~` lO . find it desirable to wear apparel that includes~fabric which~
~` : has a Iong~ettins time but is not impervious to air. Such~
apparel can "breathe"; and hence provides more comfort for~the~
wearer than can apparel which inclu~es impervious materials suoh as rubber, synthetia rubber or plastics. As.a~result~
15 surgeons, anaes-thetists, nurs~es and other persons who work in`~
the:operating rooms oE hospitals find it desirable to wear `;;~
~;~apparel that includes fabrio which has a lon7 wett~in~g~time~but is~not;~impervious~to air.
Descript1on of~the Prior Art~
~ ~ Page 87 of Staple Cotton Fabrics~by~John Hoye, Mc~
Graw-Hill Book~Company, Inc., 1942, states~
"Accordinq to research recently made~hy~a ~ommittee of the~ American Association of~Textile Chemi~sts and Colorists :~
:and reported in the Dyestuf~f~Reporter of January 5, 1942,~
25 ~ It~ haS been shown that:the amount of res1stance of a : .
treated fabric to water pene~r~tlon is~dependent more upon its construction than~upon the water:~r:epellent used.
__ _ __ =_ ~5~ 5 The closer wcven the fabric, the better the resistance of the finished fabric to water penetration of water".
Page 247 of Textile Fibers, Yarns and Fabrics, by Ernes-t R.
Kaswel, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 1953, states:
"Of the untreated samples, the cotton duck and wool melton offer the best resistance to a hydrostatic head and spray test. In addition, the cotton duck oEfers the best resistance to water absorption. These two fabrics are probably the thickest and most tightly woven and it would be expected that they would offer higher resistance on this basis alone".
A printed sheet of Ashton Brothers & Company Iimited states:
"VENTILE FABRICS are made from fine, long staple cotton which is spun into yarn and then doubled for additional strength. The cloth is woven in an Oxford weave which ensures that the threads are set in the most compact arrangement".
A further woven fabric, which is made from cotton, is woven in an Oxford weave; and it is woven so the warp thereof ~ha~s one~hundred and eighty-four (184) two-ply (72~2) ends per inch in the greige state and so -the filling thereof has eiyhty (80) two-ply ~60/2) picks per inch in that state. The average dia-meter of the ends is one hundred and ninety-two (192) microns,~ ~
and the average diameter of the picks is one hundred and ninety-eight (198) microns. As a res~lt, that woven fabric has a total combined surface area greater than ~ifty-three thousand (53,000) m~rons per square inch. However, thewettin~ time of ~hat woven cloth is only five seconds; and, after fifty washings, thatwetting -time is only two seconds.
, ~. 3ii3.
Summary of the Invention:
A woven ~abric has cotton and polyester in the threads thereof; and those threads are woven to provide a total com-bined surface area of less than fifty-three thousand ~53,000) microns per square inch. Yet, that woven fabric has, prior to the application there-to of any finish, a ~Jetting time lon~er than one-half of a minute. As a result, that woven fab.ric is permeable to air but can resist the transmission of liquids through it. It is, therefore, an object of the present inven-tiOII to provide a woven fabric which has cotton and polyester-in the threads thereof and which has those threads woven to provide a total combined surface area of less than fi~ty-three thousand (53,000) microns per square inch, and yet has, prior to the application thereto of any finish, a wettin~ time longer :~ 15 than one-half of a minute.
other and further objects and advantages of the pre-sent invention should become apparent-from an examination of the following specificat;on.
In the following specification, a preferred embodi-ment of the present invention is described, but it is to be - understood that ~he~specification is for the purpose of des-: cription only and does not limit the lnvention and that the invention will be defined by the appended claims.
Description of Preferred Embodiment:
: 25 ~he preferred embodiment of ~oven fabric, that is provided by the present invention, has a warp which is con-stituted by ends that are made from c~n int.imate blend of cotton and polyester, and has a fill which is constituted by picks that ar~ made from a blend o~ cotton and polyester. Although .~ ' . ' ' .
., .... , .. ~
various polyesters could be used in the cotton-polyester blends for the ends and picks r Fortrel 410* polyester and -the corres-ponding Dacron* polyester have been found to be very useful.
Various cotton-polyester blends could be used for the ends and picks, but a blend of fifty percent (50%) cotton and fifty percent (50%) polyester has been found to be very useful.
Multi-ply ends and picks could be used, but two-ply ends and picks have been found to be very useful.
In the preferred embodiment of woven fabric, the ends were made from two-ply (50/2) thread which was fifty percent (50%) peeler cotton and fifty percent (50%) polyester and which had an average diameter of two hundred and thirty-seven microns. The yarn which was used in making that thread was combed but not waxed. The picks were made from two-ply (50/2) thread which was fifty percent (50%) peeler cotton and fifty percent (50%) polyester and which had an average diamater of two hundred and twenty-four microns. The yarn which was used in making that thread was combed but not waxed. That fabric was woven in a plain weave, rather than in an Oxford weave; and, in the greiye state, had one hundred and thirty-~ seven (137) ends per inch and had seventy (70) picks per inch.
; That woven fabric was given a standard Quarpel finish and an anti-static finish. As finished, that woven fabric had one hundred and forty (140) ends per inch and had seventy-eight ~78) picks per inch~
The total combined surface area ~TCSA), in microns per square inch, of a woven fabric is determined by the formula Dw ~ Df = TCSA; where Dw is the number of ends per inch multi-plied by the average diameter of those ends in microns, and where Df is the number of picks per inch multiplied by -theaverage ~; *Trademark ~.
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diameter of those picks in microns. In the preferred embodi-ment of woven fabric, Dw is one hundred and forty (140) multiplied by two hundred and thirty-seven (237) or thirty-three thousand one hundred and eighty (33,180). The Df is seventy-eight (78) multiplied by two hundred and twenty four (224) or seventeen thousand four hundred and seventy-two (17,472). The resulting total combined surface area in microns per square inch is fifty thousand six hundred and fifty-two (50,652).
In the greige state, the preferred embodiment of woven fabric has a wetting time of one minute and fifty-four , seconds and has an air permeabilit~ of one cubic foot of air per minute per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one-half (1/2) of an inch of water. Also, that woven fabric can withstand a hydrostatic pressure of nine and six-tenths (9.6) inches of water. After fifty (50) washings of the type customarily used in industrial laundries, that woven fabric had two minutes and forty-seven seconds of wettin~
time and had an air permeability of one and six-tenths (1.6) ; 20 cubic feet of air per minu-te per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one half (1/2) of an inch of water. Also, that woven fabric withstood a hydrostatic pressure of eleven and two-tenths l11.2) inches of water. Further, that woven fabric withstood one hundred and thirty-six (136) abra-sion cycles in an abrade-to~destruction test. After tha-t woven fabric was given the standard 5~uarpel* finish and the anti-static finish, it had a wetting time that was longer than : ~
the maximum time period used in wetting time tests, it had an air permeability of one and fifty-seven hundreds (1.57) cubic feet of air per minute per square foot of area with a pressure 5. ~ -*-Generic name for treatment of fabrics developed by Quartermaster Corps. of U.S. Army.
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differential as small as one half (1/2) of an inch of water, and it withs-tood a hydrostatic pressure of fifty-nine and eight-tenths (59.8) inches of water. After fifty (50) wash-ings of the type customarily used in industrial laundries, that finished woven fabric had a wetting time of twenty min-utes, had an air permeability of one and fifty-nine hundredths (1.59) cubic feet of air per minute per s~uare foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one-half (1/2) of an inch of water, and it withstood a hydrostatic pressure of twenty-four and six-tenths (24.6) inches of water. Further, that finished woven fabric withstood three hundred and twenty-five (325) abrasion cycles in an abrade-to-destruction test.
The prior woven fabri.c, which is described herein-before in the Description of the Prior Art, is made wholly of cotton and has an Oxford weave. The warp of that prior wovan fabric is constituted by ends that were made from two-ply (72.2) pima cotton thread which has a diameter of one hundred and ninety-two (192) microns, and the fill of that prior wo~en fabric is constituted by picks that were made from two-ply (60/2) pima cotton thread which has a diameter of one hundred and ninety-eight (198) microns. The yarns that were used for making those threads were combad but not waxed. In the greige state, that prior woven fabric had one hundred and eight-four (184) ends per inch and had eighty (80) picks per inch. That prior woven fabric was given a standard Quarpel* finish. As finished, that prior woven fabric had one hundred and ninety-six (196) ends per inch and had eighty-two (82) picks per inch.
The Dw of that prior woven fabric is one hundred and nlnety-six (196) multiplied by one hundred and ninety-two (192) or thirty-seven thousand six hundred and thirty-two (37,632).
The Df of that prior woven fabric is eighty-two (82) multi-plied by one hundred and ninety-eight ~198~ or six-teen thou-sand two hundred and thirty-six (16,236). The resulting total combined surface area in microns per square inch is fifty-three -thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight (53,868).
In the greige state, that prior woven fabric has a wetting time of only five seconds and has an air permeability of one and eight-tenths (1.8) cubic feet of air per minute per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as `~ 10 one-half (1/2? of an inch of water. That prior woven fabric can ~- withstand a hydrostatic pressure of nine and five-tenths (9.5) inches of water. After fifty (50) washings of the type custom-arily used in industrial laundries, that prior woven fabric had only two seconds of wetting time and had one and six-tenths cubic feet of air per minute per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one-half (1/2) of an inch of water. Also, that prior woven fabric withstood a hydrostatic pressure of twelve and five-tenths (12.5) inches of water.
Further, that prior woven~fabric withstood forty-six ~46) abra-sion cycles in an abrade-to-destruction test. After that prior , .
woven fabric was~given the standard Quarpel* finish, it had a ~ wetti.ng time that was longer than the maximum time period used ; in wetting time tests, it had an air permeability of two and ~: : ...
fifteen hundredths (2.15) cubic feet of air per minute per - ~
square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one ~ ~-half (1/2) inches of water, and it withstood a hydrostatic pres- -~: .
sure of fifty inches of water. After fifty (50) washings of the type customarily used in industrial laundries, that finished .
prior woven fabric had a wetting time of ten minutes, had an air ~ `
permeability of one and eighty-eight hundredths (1.8~) cubic feet ~.
7 ~~
:
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.
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of air per min~-te per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one-half (1/2) of an inch, and it withstood a hydrostatic pressur~ of nineteen (19) inches of water. Further, that finished prior woven fabric withstood one hundred and forty-four (144) abrasion cycles in an abrade--to-destruction tes-t.
A comparison of thewetting ti.~e of the preferred embodiment of woven fabric with thewettingtIme of the prior woven fabric shows surprising and unexpected increases --from five seconds to one minute and fifty-four seconds in the dyed but inish-free state, from two seconds to two minutes and forty~seven seconds in the dyed but finish-free state ater fifty ~50~ washings o the type customarily used in industrial laundries, and fxom ten minutes to twenty minutes in the fin-ished state after fifty (50) washings of the type customerarily : .
used in indistrial laundries. Those increases are particu-larly surprising and unexpected, because that preferred embodi-ment of woven Eabric uses a plain weave instead of the Oxford weave espoused by Ashton Brothers ~ Company Limited, uses a lower t.otal combined surface area than does the prior woven fabric despite the teachings of Hoye and Kaswel, and uses inexpensive peeler cotton rather than the expensive "fine, long staple" (pima) cotton espoused by Ashton Brothers & Company Limited.
.
A comparison of the hydrostatic pressure withstood by the preferred embodiment of woven fabric in the dyed but finish-free state with the hydrostatic pressure withstood by the prior wo~en fabric in the dyed but finish-free state shows a surprising and unexpected result. Although that prior woven ~abric consisted wholly of cott~n, and hence could rely upon all portions thereof to swell during a hydrostatic pres-sure test to provide a desirably-high resistance to water ,~
7A.
3~
netration, the resistance of that prior woven fabric to water penetration was not substantially greater than the resistance oF the preferred embodiment of woven fabric to water penetration. This, despite the fact that the poly-ester in the preferred embodiment of woven fabric experiences only slight swelling when wet, and also despite the fact that the preferred embodiment of woven fabric has only about one-half (lt2) as much cotton as does the prior woven fabric. Also, a comparison of the hydrostatic pressure withstood by the preFerred embodiment of woven fabric in the finished state after fifty (50) washing cycles of the type customarily used in industrial laundries, with the hydrostatic pressure withstood by the prior woven fabric in the finished state after fifty (50) washing cycles of the type customarily used in industrial laundries, shows a surprising and unexpected result. Although that prior woven fabric consisted wholly of cotton, and hence could~ ~ ;
rely upon all portions thereof to swell during a hydro~
static pressure test to provide a desirably-high resistance to water penetration, the resistance of the washed prior woven Pabric to water penetration was proportionally less ~ ~
than the resistance of the washed preferred embodiment ~ ~`
of woven fabric to water penetration. Specifically, be-cause the resistance of the finished preferred embodiment of woven fabric to water penetration decreased only from fifty-nine and eight~tenths (59~8) to twenty-four and six-tenths (24.6) after fifty (50) washing cycles of the type customarily used in industrial laundries, the fifty (50) centimeter resistance to water penetration of the finished prior woven fabric might not be expected to decrease below twenty and five-tenths (20.5) after fifty (50) washing cy-cles oF the type customarily used in industrial laundries.
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However, the resistance of the washed prior woven fabric to water penetration was below twenty and five-tenths (20.5) centi-meters -- being as low as nineteen (19) centimeters. ~his, despite the fact that the prior woven fabric could rely upon all portions thereof to swell during the hydros-tatic test, whereas one-half (1/2) of the preferred emhodiment of woven fabric is polyester which experiences no significant s~Jelliny when wet.
Any increase in wettingti~e wi-thout a reduction in r~sistance to water penetration would be useful and valuable in a woven fabric to be used-in apparel for hospital operat-lng rooms, because that increase would help keep blood, sputum, other body fluids, saline solution, and other solutions and li~uids from passing lnwa.rdly through that a~parel. It should be noted that most of the portions o:F a surgical gown which enclose the wearer's torso are vertically directed, and hence will tend to permit blood, sputum, other bod~y fluids ~: ' ;: .
., ~
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saline solu-tions, and other solutions and liquids which contact the exterior of those portions to run down and drip off of that apparel rather than be absorbed by the woven fabric of that apparel. Also, it should be noted that the portions of a surgical gown which enclose the-lower surfaces of the wearer's arms will almost immediately shed any blood, sputum, otller body fluids, saline solutions, and other solu-tions and liquids which contact those portions. In addition, it should be noted that the portions of a sur~ical gown which enclose the upper surfaces of the wearer's arms will be con-vex and hence will tend to shed any blood, sputum, other body ~-1uids, saline solutions, and other solutions and liquids which contact those portions. By increasing the wettin~ time of the preferred embodiment of woven fabric, the present in-vention g.ives blood, sputum, other body fluids, saline solu-tions, and other solutions and li~uids ample time to drain or fall away from that woven fabric before they can be ab-sorbed by that woven fabric.
. ` The number o:F ends per inch, in the warp of the woven fabric provided by the present invention, can be varied, but that number should be more than one hundred and twenty five (125) and less than one hundred and eighty (1803~ Simil-arly, the number of picks per inch, in the iill of the woven fabric provided by the present invention, can be varied, but 25 that number should be more than sixty five (65) and les5 than eighty-one (81). The sum of the picks and ends per inch in the woven fabric provided by the present invention, can be varied, but that number should be more than two hundred t200) but less ~ , .
. than two hundred and fifty (250). The air permeability of that woven fabric should be at least eight-tenths (0.8) of a 8.
L5'~35t~
~ ubic foot of air per minute per square :Eoot of area with a pxessure differential as small as one-half (1~2~ of an inch of water. Also, that woven fabric should be able to with-stand a hydrostatic pressure of at least eight (8) centimeters of water, and have a wetting time longer than one-hal* of a-minute.
As used herein, wetting time is the ~ime required f~r the specular reflection of a drop o-f water, which has faIlen a, shor-t distance onto a piece of fabric, to disappear. In deter-mining the wett.ing time of a piece of fabric, that piece of fabric is mounted in an embroidery hoop, and then a buret is used to deposit a single drop of water on the upper surface of that piece of fabric; all as specified in the A~TCC Test Method 39-1977 of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists.
If that piece of fabric has a long wetting time, that drop of water will remain a discrete and well-rounded drop for a sub-~tantial period o~f time, and thereafter will retain a three-dimensional~ although not well-rounded, confi~uration for an additional period.of time. The wett,ing time is the total time the drop has a visible specular ref:Lection ~: :20 The woven fabric which is provided by the present invent:ion is particularly useful in making gowns for surgeons : : , ~ and other operating room personnel~ However; that fabric is .; useful in any situation where air permeability greater than :~
~: eight-tenths (0.8) of a cubic foot'per minute of air per square~
, ~: 25 foot of area with a ~ressure di~ferential as s~àll as one-half :
` -(1/2~ of an inch of water and a wetting time longer than , one-hal:E of.a minute are desired. . ..
' :
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.
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Whereas the foregoing specification has described a preferred embodirnent of the present invention, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made in the form of the invention without affec-tin~
the scope thereof.
.
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.
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Claims (22)
1. A woven fabric which, prior to the appli-cation of any finish thereto, has a wetting time longer than one-half of a minute and an ability to withstand a hydrostatic pressure greater than eight (8) centimeters of water, and which comprises ends that are formed from a mixture of cotton and polyes-ter and picks that are formed from a mixture of cotton and polyester, and wherein the sum of picks and ends per inch is less than two hundred and fifty (250).
2. A woven fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein said woven fabric can, after it has been washed fifty (50) times, withstand more than one hun-dred (100) abrasion cycles in an abrasion-to-des-truction test.
3. A woven fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein said woven fabric responds to the application thereto of a Quarpel finish and an anti-static finish to be able to withstand a hydrostatic pressure greater than fifty (50) centimeters of water.
4. A woven fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein said woven fabric responds to the application thereto of a Quarpel finish and an anti-static finish to be able to withstand more than two hundred (200 abrasion cycles in an abrasion-to-destruction test even after it has been washed fifty (50) times.
5. A woven fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein said woven fabric responds to the application thereto of a Quarpel finish and an anti-static finish to have a wetting time longer than fifteen minutes even after it has been washed fifty (50) times.
6. A woven fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein said woven fabric has an air permeability greater than eight-tenths (0.8) of a cubic foot per minute of air per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one-half (1/2) of an inch of water.
7. A woven fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein said woven fabric has more than one hundred and twenty-five (125) ends per inch.
8. A woven fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein said woven fabric has fewer than eighty-one ( 81) picks per inch.
9. A woven fabric as claimed in claim l wherein said woven fabric responds to the application thereto of a Quarpel finish and an anti-static finish to have an air permeability greater than one and twenty-five hundredths (1.25) cubic feet per minute of air per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one-half (1/2) of an inch of water.
10. A woven fabric as claimed in claim l wherein said woven fabric has cotton in the ends thereof in the range of forty percent to sixty percent (40%-60%) and has polyester in said ends in the range of sixty percent to forty percent (60%-40%).
11. A woven fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein said woven fabric has cotton in the picks thereof in the range of forty percent to sixty percent (40%-60%) and has polyester in said picks in the range of sixty percent to forty percent (60%-40%).
12. A woven fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein said woven fabric has cotton in the ends and picks thereof in the range of forty percent to sixty percent (40%-60%) and has polyester in said ends and picks thereof in the range of sixty percent to forty percent (60%-40%).
13. A woven fabric which, prior to the application of any finish thereto, has an air permeability greater than eight-tenths (0.8) of a cubic foot per minute of air per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one-half (1/2) of an inch of water, a wetting time longer than one-half of a minute, and an ability to withstand a hydro-static pressure greater than eight (8) centimeters of water, and which comprises plural-ply ends that have a count greater than one hundred and twenty-five (125) per inch but less than one hundred and eighty (180) per inch, and picks that have a count greater than sixty-five (65) per inch but less than eighty-one (81) per inch, said woven fabric having a cotton content in the range of forty percent to sixty percent (40%-60%) and having a polyester content in the range of sixty percent to forty percent (60%-40%).
14. A woven fabric which, prior to the application of any finish thereto, has an air permeability greater than eight-tenths (0.8) of a cubic foot per minute of air per square foot of area with a pressure differential as small as one-half (1/2) of an inch of water, a wetting time longer than one-half of a minute, and an ability to withstand a hydrostatic pressure greater than eight (8) centimeters of water, and which comprises ends that are formed from a mixture of cotton and polyester and picks that are formed from a mixture of cotton and poly-ester, and wherein the number of ends per inch is less than one hundred and eighty (180).
15. A woven fabric which, prior to the application of any finish thereto, has a wetting time longer than one-half of a minute and an ability to withstand a hydrostatic pressure greater than eight (8) centimeters of water, and which come prises ends that are formed from a mixture of cotton and poly-ester and picks that are formed from a mixture of cotton and polyester, and wherein the total combined surface area is less than fifty-three thousand (53,000) microns per square inch.
16. A woven fabric as claimed in claim 1 wherein said cotton is peeler cotton.
17. A woven fabric as claimed in claim 13 wherein said cotton is peeler cotton.
18. A woven fabric as claimed in claim 14 wherein said cotton is peeler cotton.
19. A woven fabric as claimed in claim 15 wherein said cotton is peeler cotton.
20. A woven fabric which, prior to the application of any finish thereto, has an ability to withstand a hydro-static pressure greater than eight (8) centimeters of water and which comprises ends that are formed from a mixture of cotton and polyester, and wherein the sum of picks and ends per inch is less than two hundred and fifty (250).
21. A woven fabric which, after the application of a Quarpel finish and of an antistatic finish thereto, has an abil-ity to withstand a hydrostatic pressure greater than fifty (50) centimeters of water and which has, after fifty (50) washing cycles of the type customarily used in industrial laundries, an ability to withstand a hydrostatic pressure greater than nineteen (19) centimeters of water, and which comprises ends that are formed from a mixture of cot ton and polyester and picks that are formed from a mixture of cotton and polyester, and wherein the sum of picks and ends per inch is less than two hundred and fifty (250).
22. A woven fabric which, prior to the application of any finish thereto, has an ability to withstand a hydro-static pressure greater then eight (8) centimeters of water and which has, after fifty (50) washing cycles of the type custom-arily used in industrial laundries, an ability to withstand a hydrostatic pressure greater than ten (10) centimeters of water and which comprises ends that are formed from a mixture of cotton and polyester and picks that are formed from a mixture of cotton and polyester, and wherein the sum of picks and ends per inch is less than two hundred and fifty (250).
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000374916A CA1154355A (en) | 1981-04-08 | 1981-04-08 | Long wetting time woven fabric |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000374916A CA1154355A (en) | 1981-04-08 | 1981-04-08 | Long wetting time woven fabric |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1154355A true CA1154355A (en) | 1983-09-27 |
Family
ID=4119674
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000374916A Expired CA1154355A (en) | 1981-04-08 | 1981-04-08 | Long wetting time woven fabric |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1154355A (en) |
-
1981
- 1981-04-08 CA CA000374916A patent/CA1154355A/en not_active Expired
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| MKEX | Expiry | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |
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