CA1147143A - Model for demonstration of chemical bonding - Google Patents
Model for demonstration of chemical bondingInfo
- Publication number
- CA1147143A CA1147143A CA000365011A CA365011A CA1147143A CA 1147143 A CA1147143 A CA 1147143A CA 000365011 A CA000365011 A CA 000365011A CA 365011 A CA365011 A CA 365011A CA 1147143 A CA1147143 A CA 1147143A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- sphere
- blades
- plane
- representing
- hybridized
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B23/00—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
- G09B23/26—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for molecular structures; for crystallography
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Algebra (AREA)
- Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
- Computational Mathematics (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
- Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Educational Administration (AREA)
- Educational Technology (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
- Management, Administration, Business Operations System, And Electronic Commerce (AREA)
- Toys (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A teaching model assembly to dynamically demonstrate chemical bonding particularly chemical double bonding. The model has two spaced spheres which represent carbon atoms, and each sphere has a fixed blade extending toward the other sphere, and these blades represent hybridized "sp2" orbitals. Each sphere also carries a blade representing an unhybridized "p" orbital movable in a first plane toward the other sphere to at least partially overlap or contact the corresponding blade carried by the other sphere which has been moved toward the first sphere in the first plane. Each of the spheres also carry a pair of blades which represent hybridized "sp2" orbitals and which are simultan-eously movable in a second plane which is normal to the first plane. In each sphere the inner ends of the blade representing the unhybridized "p" orbital is interconnected with the inner ends of the blades movable in the second plane and which represent hybridized "sp2" orbitals whereby movement of the "p" orbital blade toward the other sphere results in simultaneous movement of the related pair of hybridized "sp2" orbitals away from the other sphere to a position in the second plane where the three hybridized "sp2" blades are separated by 120°.
A teaching model assembly to dynamically demonstrate chemical bonding particularly chemical double bonding. The model has two spaced spheres which represent carbon atoms, and each sphere has a fixed blade extending toward the other sphere, and these blades represent hybridized "sp2" orbitals. Each sphere also carries a blade representing an unhybridized "p" orbital movable in a first plane toward the other sphere to at least partially overlap or contact the corresponding blade carried by the other sphere which has been moved toward the first sphere in the first plane. Each of the spheres also carry a pair of blades which represent hybridized "sp2" orbitals and which are simultan-eously movable in a second plane which is normal to the first plane. In each sphere the inner ends of the blade representing the unhybridized "p" orbital is interconnected with the inner ends of the blades movable in the second plane and which represent hybridized "sp2" orbitals whereby movement of the "p" orbital blade toward the other sphere results in simultaneous movement of the related pair of hybridized "sp2" orbitals away from the other sphere to a position in the second plane where the three hybridized "sp2" blades are separated by 120°.
Description
MODEL FOR DEMONSTRATION OF C}iEMICAL BONDIhlG
This invention rela-tes to a model assembly for the purpose of the teaching of chemical bonding, particularly of multiple bonding.
The teaching of chemical bonding requixes of the teacher ways oE clarifying and illustrating in positive manner implied theoretical concepts and the teacher has to rely on personal artistic ability to repxesent on a two-dimensional black-board a reality which,in fact, is three dimensional. Black-board presentations and all known teaching attempts have the drawback that they are static representa-tions of a phenomenon which is dynamic.
The present invention overcomes these di~ficulties by providing a dynamic representation of a phenomenon which has previously been generally demonstrated in a two-dimensional, or static way, for example, by way of black-board or pictorial ; xepresentations. All presently existing models of carbon-carbon double bonds (oleEinic bonds), represent -the type of bonding after the molecule has formed and with these presen-t models one can see the molecular geometry; -the planarity of the molecule;
the bond angles and to some extent, the overlap of bonding orb-itals. The present invention elimina-tes the tendency of students of the previous art to perceive a triple bond rather than a double bond especially in the static graphic representations, such as black-boards or printed illustrations, after the molecule is formed~ The present invention also allows students to visualize the dynamics o-f olefinic bond forma-tion; to consider the plan-arity of the molecule; -the various axes of the bonds; the ex-30 terior axis of the ~ (pi) bond and the re-distribution of the -~
bond angles in the plane and this can be seen, not after the double bond has been foxmed, but simultaneously as the overlap 7~3 of "p" orbi-tals and of ~Sp2~ upon "Sp2" occurs.
Tlle black-board illustrations and the previously known art have a drawback in that they are static representations of a phenomenon which is dynamic. AS discussed above, existing models of the carbon-carbon double bonds, (ole~inic bonds), re-present the type of bonding after the molecule has formed and the students see the molecular geometry; the planari-ty of the molecule; the bond angles and to some exten-t the overlap of bond-ing orbitals. ~lowever, the less percep-tive students -tend to see in the two-dimensional graphic illustrations and in some of the models now marketedla triple bond rather than a double bond and again they see this after -the molecule is formed, that is, in a very static way.
The present inven-tion is an improvement over the pre-viously known art, in that the present model assembly allows students to visualize the dynamics of olefinic bond formation.
It allows the students to consider the planarity oE the molecule;
the various axes of the siyma bonds; the external la-teral ~ bond and the re-distribution of the bond angles in the plane. This can be seen, not after the double bond has foxmed, but ~imu:Ltan-eously as the overlap of "p" orbitals and of "sp2" upon "sp2"
orbi-tals, occurs.
More specifically the present invention relates to a teaching model assembly to dynamically demons-trate chemical bond-ing particularly chemical double bonding, comprising two spaced spheres representing carbon atoms, each sphere carrying a fixed blade extending toward the other sphere with the fixed blades representing a hybridized "sp " orbi-tal, and each sphere carrying a blade represen-ting an unhyhridized "p" orbital movable in a first plane toward the other sphere to at least partially overlap or contact the cor~
responding blade carried by the o-ther sphere which has been moved 7~
toward the first sphere in -the first plane, and each sphere carrying a pair of blades which each represent hybridized "sp2" orbitals and which are simultaneously - movable in a second plane which is normal -to -the first plane, in each sphere the inner ends of the blade represent-ing the unhybridized "p" orbital being interconnected wi-th the inner ends of the blades movable in the second plane representing hybridized "sp " orbitals whereby movement of the unhybridized "p" orbital blade -toward the other sphere results in simultan-eous movement of the related pair of hybridized "sp " orbitals away from the other sphere to a position in the second plane where the thre~ hybridized "sp " blades are separated by 120 .
BRIE~ DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMPANYING DR~WINGS
.... _ .. .
The inventive concept will now be more Eully described with reEerence to the accompanying drawings wherein:
Figure 1 illustra-tes in front perspec-tive view a model in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 2 is a top view oE a portion of the model as-sembly as shown in Fiyure l;
Figure 3 is a side view of a portion, partially dis-assembled, of -the model as shown in Figure l;
~igure 4 is a lock and pivotiny connection which may .
suitably be used with the present model; and Figure 5 is an exploded presenta-tion oE upper and lower halves of a sphere illustrating in perspective view the operative components housed therein~
Reference will now be specifically had to the accom~
panying drawings wherein like reference numerals re~er to like parts.
3~ D~SCRIPTION OF CONSTRUCTION
. . .
In the drawings, the large spheres ~ which may be made of any suitable material represent carbon atoms.
7~3 The two spheres 2 are respectively suppor-ted by sup-port rods 4 by a suitable lock and pivot arrangement shown gen-erally by numeral 6. This arrangemen-t is detailed in Fiyure 4 which shows the inwardly poin-ting ends of support rods 4 provided with undercut portions 8. A rod end is received wi-thin a bore provided in support bracke-t 10 and upon -tightening of screw 12 the inner end of the screw enters undercut 8 to hold the support bracket 10 on the rod end. The support bracke-t 10 is secured to the spheres 2 by suitable means such as screws 14 as shown in Figure 3. Such an arrangement permits -the spheres 2 to be selectively rotated about and securely locked to the ends of rods 4.
The lower ends of rods ~ are securel.y carried by a base 16 which ~or convenience oE transportation and storage may be provided as separate halves held together by a suitable sep-arable magnet arrangement 18 shown in broken lines in Figure 1.
Each o.f the spheres 2 carry a movable blade 20 which represent unhybridized "p" orbi-tals; and each sphere carries two movable blades 21 which represent hybridized l'sp " orbital5 and a fixed blade 22 which represen-ts a hybridiæed "sp2ll orbital.
In the orientation o.E the model as shown in F'igures 1,
This invention rela-tes to a model assembly for the purpose of the teaching of chemical bonding, particularly of multiple bonding.
The teaching of chemical bonding requixes of the teacher ways oE clarifying and illustrating in positive manner implied theoretical concepts and the teacher has to rely on personal artistic ability to repxesent on a two-dimensional black-board a reality which,in fact, is three dimensional. Black-board presentations and all known teaching attempts have the drawback that they are static representa-tions of a phenomenon which is dynamic.
The present invention overcomes these di~ficulties by providing a dynamic representation of a phenomenon which has previously been generally demonstrated in a two-dimensional, or static way, for example, by way of black-board or pictorial ; xepresentations. All presently existing models of carbon-carbon double bonds (oleEinic bonds), represent -the type of bonding after the molecule has formed and with these presen-t models one can see the molecular geometry; -the planarity of the molecule;
the bond angles and to some extent, the overlap of bonding orb-itals. The present invention elimina-tes the tendency of students of the previous art to perceive a triple bond rather than a double bond especially in the static graphic representations, such as black-boards or printed illustrations, after the molecule is formed~ The present invention also allows students to visualize the dynamics o-f olefinic bond forma-tion; to consider the plan-arity of the molecule; -the various axes of the bonds; the ex-30 terior axis of the ~ (pi) bond and the re-distribution of the -~
bond angles in the plane and this can be seen, not after the double bond has been foxmed, but simultaneously as the overlap 7~3 of "p" orbi-tals and of ~Sp2~ upon "Sp2" occurs.
Tlle black-board illustrations and the previously known art have a drawback in that they are static representations of a phenomenon which is dynamic. AS discussed above, existing models of the carbon-carbon double bonds, (ole~inic bonds), re-present the type of bonding after the molecule has formed and the students see the molecular geometry; the planari-ty of the molecule; the bond angles and to some exten-t the overlap of bond-ing orbitals. ~lowever, the less percep-tive students -tend to see in the two-dimensional graphic illustrations and in some of the models now marketedla triple bond rather than a double bond and again they see this after -the molecule is formed, that is, in a very static way.
The present inven-tion is an improvement over the pre-viously known art, in that the present model assembly allows students to visualize the dynamics of olefinic bond formation.
It allows the students to consider the planarity oE the molecule;
the various axes of the siyma bonds; the external la-teral ~ bond and the re-distribution of the bond angles in the plane. This can be seen, not after the double bond has foxmed, but ~imu:Ltan-eously as the overlap of "p" orbitals and of "sp2" upon "sp2"
orbi-tals, occurs.
More specifically the present invention relates to a teaching model assembly to dynamically demons-trate chemical bond-ing particularly chemical double bonding, comprising two spaced spheres representing carbon atoms, each sphere carrying a fixed blade extending toward the other sphere with the fixed blades representing a hybridized "sp " orbi-tal, and each sphere carrying a blade represen-ting an unhyhridized "p" orbital movable in a first plane toward the other sphere to at least partially overlap or contact the cor~
responding blade carried by the o-ther sphere which has been moved 7~
toward the first sphere in -the first plane, and each sphere carrying a pair of blades which each represent hybridized "sp2" orbitals and which are simultaneously - movable in a second plane which is normal -to -the first plane, in each sphere the inner ends of the blade represent-ing the unhybridized "p" orbital being interconnected wi-th the inner ends of the blades movable in the second plane representing hybridized "sp " orbitals whereby movement of the unhybridized "p" orbital blade -toward the other sphere results in simultan-eous movement of the related pair of hybridized "sp " orbitals away from the other sphere to a position in the second plane where the thre~ hybridized "sp " blades are separated by 120 .
BRIE~ DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMPANYING DR~WINGS
.... _ .. .
The inventive concept will now be more Eully described with reEerence to the accompanying drawings wherein:
Figure 1 illustra-tes in front perspec-tive view a model in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 2 is a top view oE a portion of the model as-sembly as shown in Fiyure l;
Figure 3 is a side view of a portion, partially dis-assembled, of -the model as shown in Figure l;
~igure 4 is a lock and pivotiny connection which may .
suitably be used with the present model; and Figure 5 is an exploded presenta-tion oE upper and lower halves of a sphere illustrating in perspective view the operative components housed therein~
Reference will now be specifically had to the accom~
panying drawings wherein like reference numerals re~er to like parts.
3~ D~SCRIPTION OF CONSTRUCTION
. . .
In the drawings, the large spheres ~ which may be made of any suitable material represent carbon atoms.
7~3 The two spheres 2 are respectively suppor-ted by sup-port rods 4 by a suitable lock and pivot arrangement shown gen-erally by numeral 6. This arrangemen-t is detailed in Fiyure 4 which shows the inwardly poin-ting ends of support rods 4 provided with undercut portions 8. A rod end is received wi-thin a bore provided in support bracke-t 10 and upon -tightening of screw 12 the inner end of the screw enters undercut 8 to hold the support bracket 10 on the rod end. The support bracke-t 10 is secured to the spheres 2 by suitable means such as screws 14 as shown in Figure 3. Such an arrangement permits -the spheres 2 to be selectively rotated about and securely locked to the ends of rods 4.
The lower ends of rods ~ are securel.y carried by a base 16 which ~or convenience oE transportation and storage may be provided as separate halves held together by a suitable sep-arable magnet arrangement 18 shown in broken lines in Figure 1.
Each o.f the spheres 2 carry a movable blade 20 which represent unhybridized "p" orbi-tals; and each sphere carries two movable blades 21 which represent hybridized l'sp " orbital5 and a fixed blade 22 which represen-ts a hybridiæed "sp2ll orbital.
In the orientation o.E the model as shown in F'igures 1,
2 and 3, the blades 20 and 22 (and supplemental blade 20') are in a vertical plane which is referred to as being a first plane while the blades 21 are in a horizontal or second plane which is normal to the first plane.
The blades 22 are securely fixed to each of their res-pPctive spheres 2 whereas the blades 20 are free for movement from a vertical position shown in broken lines in Figure 1 to a par-tially overlapping position shown in -Eull lines in Figures 1 and . 30 2.
The spheres 2 contain mechanism wherein movement of blades 20 from the position shown in bro]cen lines in Figure 1 to the posi-tion shown in full lines result in a correspondiny horiz~n-tal movement of hlades 21 f~om -the posi-tion shown in broken lines in E'igure 2 to the posi-tion shown in full lines in Figures 1 and 2.
Various mechanisms may be employed to effect this re-lated movement between blades 20 and 21 but one suitable arrange-ment is shown in Figure 5 which will now be described in detail.
Each of the spheres 2 consist of upper and lower halves 26 and 28 and the inner ends of blades 21 are received within the lower half and are pivotally mounted therein by bolts 30. Out-wardly of these bolts 30 slot-ted bolt members 32 are pivotally carried by the blades and are held thereon by nu-ts 34.
The lowermost end o~ blade 20 projects downwardly throu~h a slot 36 providecl in the upper half 26 and is rotat-ably mounted about a pivot pin 38 the encls o~ which are mounted in brackets 40 which are in turn held within the upper sphere by screws 42 in the manner as shown. The lowermost end of blade 20 carries a rod 44, the outer ends of which are xeceived (when the two halves are assembled) within the slots of slotted members 32. By moving blade 20 about its pivot. pin 38 a corres-ponding movement will then be imparted to blacles 21.
The outer ends of blades 21 may carry smaller spheres 46 shown in broken lines in Figures 1 and 2, and which represent hydrogen atoms. The smaller spheres 46 may be fixedly secured to the outer ends of the blades or alternatively the "hydrogen"
spheres 46 may be removably carried by the blades 21.
The blades 20, 21 and 22 may be made of any suitable material and they may preferably be made of a transparent mater-ial such as polymethymethacrylate. In preferred cons-truction the blades 21 and 22 are smaller than blades 20 and 20'.
DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION AND USE
_ The mode of use and operation of the model assembly is as Eollows:
Havin~ given the class all the necessary theory, ~he teacher begins the demonstra-tion by pointing out what each part represents, namely the carbon atoms, the hydrogen atoms, the unhybricli~ed "p" orbitals and the "sp2" hybridized orbitals, etc.
With blades 20 in the vertical position as shown in broken lines in Figure 1, the two halves of the model assembly are pushed towards one another so that the blades 22 are made to overlap when the bases 16 touch one another. The overlap of blades 22 simulates the formation of a ~ (sigma) bond between the carbon atoms. The previously ver-tical blacles 20 are then pushed inwardly slowly together as to effect the overlap of blades 20 over 20 as shown in full ~nes in Figures ~ and 2. I'his simulates the lateral overlap of unhybridi7.ed "p" over "p" orbitals which form the ~f(pi) bond.
When both blades 20 are fully pushed towards one an-other, as shown in full lines in Figures 1 and 2 the blades 21 will be forced in the opposite direction i.e., -towards the ends of the model assembly as shown in full lines in Figures 1 and 2.
The linkage mechanism buil-t into -the spheres 2 is dis-posed and adapted so that when overlap o-E the unhybridi~ed "p"
orbital blades 20 is effected, the blades 21 all move in the same plane and assu~e within -tha-t plane a symme-trica:L distribut-ion about the carbon atoms. When viewed from above, as shown in Figure 2, the angles bet~een the central carbon-carbon bonds 20, 22 and ~he external carbon-hydrogen bonds (bonds be-tween spheres 2 and spheres ~6) are of 120.
At this point, students can see -the overlap of the sp - sp orbi-tals, the~ bond and also the overlap of the p-p orbitals, the ~ bond, external to the main c-c axis. From -their vantage point, students like~ise see the geometric~l plane of -the 7~
represented molecule. However, they do not yet see -the angular distribution of the bonds. In order to give a top view, the teacher loosens the locking screws 12 and rotates the entire mol-ecular model suspended on rods ~ to a position faciny the students which is equivalent to viewing from above.
Overlap above or below a horizontal plane can ~e simulated or represen-ted by the rotation o-f the entire model structure about its horizontal axis, by loosening the end lock-ing screws 12.
In order to avoid the appearance of a triple bond, the model assembly shown has only one-half of the unhybridized "p"
orbital blades 20.
As shown in Figure l and to represent the simultaneous above and below overlap, a second half of a "p" orbital blade 20' can be attached magnetically, to the lower inner side of the spheres once they are in -the proper positions. The posi-tion-ing of blade 20' is shown in broken lines in Figure l.
These features, along with -the size of -the model, which can be built to scale, grea-tly facilitate stuclen-t compre-hension and the model i-tself is ideal to illustrate chemical bonding to large classes of students by visual means.
In the foregoing description and accompanying claims, reference is made to vertical (first) and horizontal (second) planes and this terminology is used for understanding and defini-tion only ~ithout limitation as -to how the model assembly may be oriented when in use.
The blades 22 are securely fixed to each of their res-pPctive spheres 2 whereas the blades 20 are free for movement from a vertical position shown in broken lines in Figure 1 to a par-tially overlapping position shown in -Eull lines in Figures 1 and . 30 2.
The spheres 2 contain mechanism wherein movement of blades 20 from the position shown in bro]cen lines in Figure 1 to the posi-tion shown in full lines result in a correspondiny horiz~n-tal movement of hlades 21 f~om -the posi-tion shown in broken lines in E'igure 2 to the posi-tion shown in full lines in Figures 1 and 2.
Various mechanisms may be employed to effect this re-lated movement between blades 20 and 21 but one suitable arrange-ment is shown in Figure 5 which will now be described in detail.
Each of the spheres 2 consist of upper and lower halves 26 and 28 and the inner ends of blades 21 are received within the lower half and are pivotally mounted therein by bolts 30. Out-wardly of these bolts 30 slot-ted bolt members 32 are pivotally carried by the blades and are held thereon by nu-ts 34.
The lowermost end o~ blade 20 projects downwardly throu~h a slot 36 providecl in the upper half 26 and is rotat-ably mounted about a pivot pin 38 the encls o~ which are mounted in brackets 40 which are in turn held within the upper sphere by screws 42 in the manner as shown. The lowermost end of blade 20 carries a rod 44, the outer ends of which are xeceived (when the two halves are assembled) within the slots of slotted members 32. By moving blade 20 about its pivot. pin 38 a corres-ponding movement will then be imparted to blacles 21.
The outer ends of blades 21 may carry smaller spheres 46 shown in broken lines in Figures 1 and 2, and which represent hydrogen atoms. The smaller spheres 46 may be fixedly secured to the outer ends of the blades or alternatively the "hydrogen"
spheres 46 may be removably carried by the blades 21.
The blades 20, 21 and 22 may be made of any suitable material and they may preferably be made of a transparent mater-ial such as polymethymethacrylate. In preferred cons-truction the blades 21 and 22 are smaller than blades 20 and 20'.
DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION AND USE
_ The mode of use and operation of the model assembly is as Eollows:
Havin~ given the class all the necessary theory, ~he teacher begins the demonstra-tion by pointing out what each part represents, namely the carbon atoms, the hydrogen atoms, the unhybricli~ed "p" orbitals and the "sp2" hybridized orbitals, etc.
With blades 20 in the vertical position as shown in broken lines in Figure 1, the two halves of the model assembly are pushed towards one another so that the blades 22 are made to overlap when the bases 16 touch one another. The overlap of blades 22 simulates the formation of a ~ (sigma) bond between the carbon atoms. The previously ver-tical blacles 20 are then pushed inwardly slowly together as to effect the overlap of blades 20 over 20 as shown in full ~nes in Figures ~ and 2. I'his simulates the lateral overlap of unhybridi7.ed "p" over "p" orbitals which form the ~f(pi) bond.
When both blades 20 are fully pushed towards one an-other, as shown in full lines in Figures 1 and 2 the blades 21 will be forced in the opposite direction i.e., -towards the ends of the model assembly as shown in full lines in Figures 1 and 2.
The linkage mechanism buil-t into -the spheres 2 is dis-posed and adapted so that when overlap o-E the unhybridi~ed "p"
orbital blades 20 is effected, the blades 21 all move in the same plane and assu~e within -tha-t plane a symme-trica:L distribut-ion about the carbon atoms. When viewed from above, as shown in Figure 2, the angles bet~een the central carbon-carbon bonds 20, 22 and ~he external carbon-hydrogen bonds (bonds be-tween spheres 2 and spheres ~6) are of 120.
At this point, students can see -the overlap of the sp - sp orbi-tals, the~ bond and also the overlap of the p-p orbitals, the ~ bond, external to the main c-c axis. From -their vantage point, students like~ise see the geometric~l plane of -the 7~
represented molecule. However, they do not yet see -the angular distribution of the bonds. In order to give a top view, the teacher loosens the locking screws 12 and rotates the entire mol-ecular model suspended on rods ~ to a position faciny the students which is equivalent to viewing from above.
Overlap above or below a horizontal plane can ~e simulated or represen-ted by the rotation o-f the entire model structure about its horizontal axis, by loosening the end lock-ing screws 12.
In order to avoid the appearance of a triple bond, the model assembly shown has only one-half of the unhybridized "p"
orbital blades 20.
As shown in Figure l and to represent the simultaneous above and below overlap, a second half of a "p" orbital blade 20' can be attached magnetically, to the lower inner side of the spheres once they are in -the proper positions. The posi-tion-ing of blade 20' is shown in broken lines in Figure l.
These features, along with -the size of -the model, which can be built to scale, grea-tly facilitate stuclen-t compre-hension and the model i-tself is ideal to illustrate chemical bonding to large classes of students by visual means.
In the foregoing description and accompanying claims, reference is made to vertical (first) and horizontal (second) planes and this terminology is used for understanding and defini-tion only ~ithout limitation as -to how the model assembly may be oriented when in use.
Claims (10)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A teaching model assembly to dynamically demon-strate chemical bonding particularly chemical double bonding, comprising two spaced spheres representing carbon atoms, each sphere carrying a fixed blade extending toward the other sphere with the fixed blades representing a hybridized "sp2" orbital, and each sphere carrying a blade representing an unhybridized "p" orbital movable in a first plane toward the other sphere to at least partially overlap or contact the cor-responding blade carried by the other sphere which has been moved toward the first sphere in the first plane, and each sphere carrying a pair of blades which each represent hybridized "sp2" orbitals and which are simultaneously movable in a second plane which is normal to the first plane, in each sphere the inner end of the blade representing the hybridized "p" orbital being interconnected with the inner ends of the blades movable in the second plane representing hybridized "sp2" orbitals whereby movement of the unhybridized "p" orbital blade towards the other sphere results in simultan-eous movement of the related pair of hybridized "sp2" orbitals away from the other sphere to a position in the second plane where the three hybridized "sp2" blades are separated by 120 .
2. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein the outer ends of the blades movable in the second plane and repre-senting hybridized "sp2" orbitals carry spheres representing hydrogen atoms.
3. An assembly according to claims 1 or 2, wherein the spheres representing carbon atoms are carried by support means enabling selected rotation thereof whereby the model may be rotated.
4. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein the spheres representing carbon atoms are selectively rotatable and are carried by upper inwardly directed ends of support rods which themselves are carried by a base.
5. An assembly according to claim 4, wherein the base is provided in two sections held together by magnets.
6. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein each carbon atom sphere consists of upper and lower halves, the lower end of the movable blade representing an unhybridized "p"
orbital being pivotally carried within a slot in the upper half, and inner ends of the pair of movable blades representing hyb-ridized "sp2" orbitals being pivotally carried in respective slots provided in the lower half, and means within the carbon atom sphere halves inter-connecting the ends of these three blades whereby movement of the unhybridized "p" orbital blade results in direct movement of the other two blades.
orbital being pivotally carried within a slot in the upper half, and inner ends of the pair of movable blades representing hyb-ridized "sp2" orbitals being pivotally carried in respective slots provided in the lower half, and means within the carbon atom sphere halves inter-connecting the ends of these three blades whereby movement of the unhybridized "p" orbital blade results in direct movement of the other two blades.
7. An assembly according to claim 1, including a further blade representing an unhybridized "p" orbital adapted for removable securement to a surface of each carbon sphere to demonstrate simultaneous overlap above and below the second plane.
8. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein the blades representing the unhybridized "p" orbital are larger than the movable blades representing the hybridized "sp2"
orbitals.
orbitals.
9. An assembly according to claim 2, wherein the spheres representing carbon are larger than the spheres repre-senting hydrogen.
10. An assembly according to claim 1, wherein the fixed blades carried by the spheres are in at least partially overlapping relationship.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000365011A CA1147143A (en) | 1980-11-19 | 1980-11-19 | Model for demonstration of chemical bonding |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000365011A CA1147143A (en) | 1980-11-19 | 1980-11-19 | Model for demonstration of chemical bonding |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1147143A true CA1147143A (en) | 1983-05-31 |
Family
ID=4118495
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000365011A Expired CA1147143A (en) | 1980-11-19 | 1980-11-19 | Model for demonstration of chemical bonding |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1147143A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4877406A (en) * | 1988-11-04 | 1989-10-31 | Wilk Howard J | Manipulatable, spherical educational and amusement devices |
| US5030103A (en) * | 1989-11-08 | 1991-07-09 | Buist Peter H | Dynamic molecular model |
| WO2007029057A1 (en) * | 2005-09-06 | 2007-03-15 | Bocar Sally Galledou | Didactic method for constructing matrices designed for spatial representation of molecules |
-
1980
- 1980-11-19 CA CA000365011A patent/CA1147143A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4877406A (en) * | 1988-11-04 | 1989-10-31 | Wilk Howard J | Manipulatable, spherical educational and amusement devices |
| US5030103A (en) * | 1989-11-08 | 1991-07-09 | Buist Peter H | Dynamic molecular model |
| WO2007029057A1 (en) * | 2005-09-06 | 2007-03-15 | Bocar Sally Galledou | Didactic method for constructing matrices designed for spatial representation of molecules |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN210244718U (en) | Adjustable display device is used in education | |
| US4877406A (en) | Manipulatable, spherical educational and amusement devices | |
| CA1147143A (en) | Model for demonstration of chemical bonding | |
| US20150017624A1 (en) | Molecular Modeling Device | |
| CN210149009U (en) | Higher-job administration teaching device | |
| CN205493169U (en) | But double disjunctor transposition desk chair | |
| CN207249984U (en) | A kind of stent of portable investment demonstration device | |
| Tabachnikov | Tire track geometry: variations on a theme | |
| US3691669A (en) | Toy flight simulator and display stand | |
| CN205334802U (en) | Three -view projection mould | |
| US4087931A (en) | Animated toy | |
| CN207199147U (en) | A kind of mathematical function teaching aid | |
| DE102009041042A1 (en) | Ball wheel for use in wheelchair, furniture, ground conveyor and robots, has two half balls which are connected with axis in polar axis orthogonal to intersecting plane of half balls | |
| US4586265A (en) | Perspective drawing apparatus | |
| CN220509578U (en) | Trigonometric function demonstration board | |
| CN217902617U (en) | Globe learning aid | |
| CN207123976U (en) | Regular prism model and educational aid | |
| CN207517325U (en) | A kind of display board | |
| US4621622A (en) | Apparatus for entertainment, therapeutic uses and the like | |
| SU930342A1 (en) | Educational appliance on mathematics | |
| CN211000665U (en) | Parabola definition demonstration and curve drawing instrument | |
| CN107689201A (en) | A kind of Graphic Panel | |
| CN214312374U (en) | Multifunctional cam demonstration teaching aid | |
| Janaki et al. | Connection between frustum of the cone with Jarasandha Numbers and some special numbers | |
| CN216153459U (en) | Chinese language and literature teaching blackboard |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry | ||
| MKEX | Expiry |
Effective date: 20000531 |