CA1146482A - Blow molded container and method of manufacture - Google Patents

Abstract

BLOW MOLDED CONTAINER AND METHOD OF
MANUFACTURE

ABSTRACT
A blow molded container (2) is provided which is formed from a preform or parison (1) having a neck portion with an integral handle (3) which includes a ring (4) extending substantially about the neck portion of the parison (1). The handle (3) may have different shapes and permits gripping and lifting of the container (2) and pouring contents therefrom while distributing stresses from such activities about the ring (4).
The method comprises forming the preform (1) with the integral handle (3) and ring (4) disposed inter-mediate the ends of the preform (1), placing the preform (1) in blow mold (165), holding the ring (4) thereby to locate and restrict movement of the preform (1) there-within and expanding the preform (1) below ring (4) to form container (2).

Description

BLOW MOLDED CONTAINER AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE
The invention is concerned with plastic con-tainers produced by blow molding. Of particular inter-est is blow molding as carried out over the lower range of permissible temperature so as to result in biaxial orientation.

o ~$~ Z

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Plastic containers, that is, containers con-structed primarily of substituted or unsubstituted hydro-carbons have, for some time, been in prevalent use. In-creased popularity, as compared with inorganic glasses,is due to a variety of factors--inter alia, improved impact resistance, reduced weight, and, perhaps most significantly, reduced cost.
As would be expected, procedures for producing so popular a commodity have been in continuing transi-tion. What started as a simple operation, analogous to that used for inorganic glass has evolved through a variety of stages. Today, most contaillers are produced by procedures which involve a first formation of a pre-form, sometimes denoted a parison, followed by expansionof the preform to produce the final container. Preforms are commonly produced by any of the various molding opera-tions with extrusion and inJection being predominant~
Expansion is commonly by means of gas pressure with final form being determined by a mold specifically designed for this operation.
A most sophisticated form of blow molding is now becoming commercially significant. It differs from earlier procedures in that the parison is first stretched and then blown while its temperature is much lower than wlth conventional processes--generally, within the 100E
(ca, 4QC~ range above T (the temperature at which the plastic material passes from the glass phase to the rub-ber phase), This procedure, which is known as stretch-blow molding,or orientation blow molding, is not onlyreplacing more conventional procedures,~ but is opening up new markets. Advantages of the new procedures are all related to biaxial orientation of the polymer material.
Regardless of how the parison is initially formed--e-g-, whether by extrusion or injection, regardless of whether o the procedure is two-stage or in-line, the parison ?
while at a temperature insufficient to permit free plastic f~w is expanded biaxially to conform with the blow mold.
The temperature of operation generally within the 100~
(ca. 40C) range immediately above T is such that expansion introduces true strain into the material. The strain translated into a definable polymer orientation resuIts in a number of attributes.
Alignment of polymer molecules results in in-creased tensile strength, as well as increased clarity, increased impact strength, and reduced creep. A vast market for carbonated soft drink containers is a direct result of significantly improved gas barrier properties.
Suitable container materials are substituted and unsubstituted thermoplastic hydrocarbons. Commonly used materials at this time include acrylonitrile, poly-ethylene terephthalate, and polypropylene. The described prOcedures are well known--descriptions are included in standard reference texts, See, for example, Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, Vol. 54, NQ. lOA, 197i-1978, McGraW-Hill Publishing Co. (e.g., sections on "Blow Molding" at page 230 et seq.; "Injection-Blow Molding"
at page 232 et seq.; and "Stretch-Blow Molding" at page 233 et seq.). It is well known that the various types of stretch-blow molding procedures, as well as conventional injection blow molding procedures, have not been success-fully adapted to the production of a container including an integral handle. Commercially, plastic containers with handles have been made exclusively by extrusion-blow molding procedures wherein a large diameter parison is pinched in such a way as to define a handle area which is subsequently blown with the rest of the container to its final dimensions. This process depends onthe use of high plastic temperatures to proyide satisfactory fusion of the plastic in the blow mold when it is pinched prior O
to expansion with the pressurizing medium. It also de-pends on the use of large diameter parisons and forming the neck finish in the blow mold. ~ further limiting feature is that such handles are hollow and interconnected with the cavity of the coiltainer so that the handle must also act to contain product. This and other design limi-tations preclude consideration of such processes for certain important markets.
The problem of producing plastic containers with handles using stretch-blow processes derive from the nature of the process and the condition of the plastic at the time it is biaxially oriented. It is not possible to produce handles by the aforementioned parison pinch-off technique because the plastic temperature required for suitable molecular orîentation is much too low to permit adequate fusion of the plastic. ~o form the handle and ne~k finish first at elevated temperatures and then cool to biorientation temperatures before stretching and blowing would yield handles and substantial other unoriented por-tions of the container with inferior containment andother properties. Additionaliy, the prime current market for bioriented containers is for soft drinks where its success depends onthe use of a bottle shape optimally designed for pressurized use. Such designs are not pos-sible in the processes heretofore considered.
And so the common assessment of the marketplace has been that stretch-blow molding processes are incompatible with the production of integral handles and attempts to overcome this problem have generally taken the form of mechanical fixtures. A variety of discrete handle configurations have been attached by means of bands and the like. Such attachments have been suitable for car-rying but not for pouring with a one-handed grip.
An approach described in French Patent No.
1,192,475 has apparently not found commercial use, The procedure described in conjunction with FIGS,12 and 13 of that reference as applied to conventional (not stretch~
blow molding makes use of a completely formed return handle attached at both upper and lower extremities to a parison portion not subjected to blow molding. While permitting undisturbed blowing in the bottom portion of the parison, this approach is undesirable because an excessive portion of the length of the parison cannot be blown resulting in inefficient material utilization, container shape and size restrictions even when a small, one-finger, jug-style handle is cont~mplated. Additionally, such an approach when translated to stretch-blow processes leaves substan-tial portions of the container between the extremities of the handle in a non-oriented, and therefore inferior?
state.

~6~

SUMMA~Y OF THE INVENTION
Blown containers of the invention include han-dles integral with the container. Handles are an inte-gral part of the parison or preform being affixed at a single plane normal to the major axis of the parison outside the region to be blown. Material waste is thereby minimized and container design freedom maximized. In addition, such handle regions may serve as gripping re-gions during blowing and for support during filling and capping, Stretch-blow processes in accordance with the invention provide opportunity to biorient a maximum por-tion of the parison and container.
The teaching is of sufficient breadth to include final blown containers in which handle form and joinder are independent of blowing. Handle configurations may be simple bar-shaped, L-shaped, T-shaped, or may even return to result in double joinder on the same parison plane. They may serve for pouring or carrying~
Preferred embodiments of the invention are directed to handles with lower extremities somehow affixed to a blown portion of the container. Species include those in which such second joinder is accomplished me-chanically as by use of encircling hands. labels and the like but also include embodiments in which joinder at least partially results from handle-interlocklng and/or bonding with a blown region.
While the keyed or interlocked configuration is believed suitable for most uses, an alternative, in which joinder is accomplished by fusion or bonding is certainly a desirable embodiment. The nature of the blowing opera-tion generally precludes sufficient heat in the blowing region to accomplish fusion. A variety of bonding opera-tions including, inter alia, welding and adhesive bonding serve. Bonding may be independent of, or ancillary to, interlocking.

48~?f BRIEF DESCRIP~ION QF THE`DRAWrNG
FIGS. lA and lB are perspective views, res-pectively, of a parison and a broken section in perspec-tive of the corresponding blown container pr~vide with a T" bar.
FIGS 2, 3, and 4 are perspective views of handle portions of blown structures alternate to that of FIG, lB and are provided, respectively, with a single joinder loop, a double joinder loop, and an "L~' carrier.
FIGS. 5A and 5F are plan views and 5B through SE sectional views, all views of preferred embodiments in accordance with which a handle molded in a portion outside the blown portion of the parison is attached to a blown region during blowing. Reference is made to these views in the fabrication of such embodiments.
FIGS, 6A, 6B, and 6C are a broken plan view and sectional views, respecti~ely, of configurations alternative to those of FIGS. 5.
FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C are a broken plan view and sectional views, respectively, which depict another alternative to those of FIGS, 5, FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, and FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C of the same general form as FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6C, depict yet addltional alternatives to those of FIGS, 5.
FIGS. lOA and lOE are plan views and lOB, lOC
and lOD are sectional views all depicting an embodiment in which a pouring handle is formed on a blown bottle with the lower extremity being attached by spin-welding.
FIGS. llA, llB, llC? and 12A, 12B, all section except llA in plan, are views illustrative of spin-welding attachment of lower handle extremity alternative to that of FIGS. lOA through lOE.
FIGS, 13A in section, 13B in plan, and 13C in section, are views illustrative of embodiments in which a handle, part of the upper region of the parison before ~9`f~8%

blQwi:ng, is. return-bonded to a blown region of a contain-er by~ any of a variety of bonding techniques alternative to s~pin~welding.
FIG$. 14A, 14B, 14C, and 14D are, respectively, a top, a front, and sectional view of a pariscn including a pro~ecting l'L~' handle and, finally, of the corresponding portion of the blown container, FI:GS, 15A and 15B are sectional views of a paris~.n. at two stages during processing in which a handle is deformed from a straight bar to an ~'L".
FI.G$. 16A, 16B and 16C are top front and sec-tional Views oP a parison corresponding with 14A, 14B, and 14C, and 16D a section view of a blown container corres-ponding with 14D but in which the ~'L~' handle i8 provided with a shaped extremity whi.ch.facilitates bonding to a blown region of the containeri and FIGS, 17A through 17C are sectional and plan views of blow molding and ancillary apparatus suitable for th.e fabrication of the configuration of FIG. 16D.

~.

o `DETAILED D~C _RI~TION
1. The Drawing The following figure descriptions are concerned with configuration, although views illustrative of appro-5 priate processing steps and apparatus are sometimes in-cluded, All embodiments depicted and all others within the inventive teaching share in common the pre-blown molding which contains a completed or inchoate handle as an integral part. This handle is invariably attached over a locali~ed region ideally corresponding with but a single plane normal to the ma;or axis of the pre-blown molding. In each instance, the pre-blown molding, how-ever, produced (sometimes characterized as a parison or preform) is blow molded to conform with an appropriate blowing mold. ~hile not explicitly discussed, molding may take the traditional form with temperature signifi-cantly above the glass-rubber transition temperature or it may be carried out at reduced temperature, generally within the range of from T to T plus 100F (ca. 40C) to result in biaxial orientation. The latter procedure, the preferred embodiment of the invention, results so long as the temperature of the plastic material is suf-ficiently low to result in biaxial orientation sometime during--not necessarily throughout--expansion.
PIGS. lA and lB are a perspective view of a parison l and of a broken portion of blow molded container

2 produced f~om such parison 1~ The ~T" bar carrying handle 3 is an integral portion of parison 1, being molded as a portion of a ring 4 about the entire periphery of parison 15 Ring 4 may serve for gripping during blowing.
FIG. 2 is a view of a blown container illustra-tive of a carrying handle configuration alternative to that depicted in FIG.lB. In this instance, the "T'l is replaced by a loop which is a part of ring portlo~ 11 of a parison which when blown results in a container of B~

which 12 is a port~on.
FIG. 3, again of a form corresponding with FIG.lB, is illustrative of a form of carrying handle 20 of loop configuration which returns to ring section 21 at two regions, 22 and 23. The entire loop configura-tion, an integral part of the parison, i5 unaffected in the blowing operation which results in the blown container of which 24 is a section.
FIG. 4, depicts another structure alternative to that of lB, this time produced from a parison molded in a form to include "L" handle 30 attached to ring portion 31 resulting in a blown container 32.
FIGS. 5A and 5B depict a parison 4Q including an "L" handle region 41 of the general configuration of that shown in FIG. 4. The lower extremity of that "L"
handle 41, how-ever, is of such configuration as to ex-pedite attachment to the blown container 42, In FIGS. 5B and 5C the configuration provides for a notches extremity 43 to facilitate bonding. The blow mold, not shown, may have provislqn fQr insertion of the notched region of handle 41 so that it, in effect, becomes a portion of the innér surface of the blow mold during blowing. In this manner, the sidewall is blown against, into and around the configuration of the handle end to secure a gripping attachment. To facilitate the molding of the sidewall into such configurations, it may be desirable to vibrate the handle end to p~omote slippage and~or generate heat.
FIG. 5D is a detailed view of this arrangement.
FIG. 5E is a detailed view of the same region shown in FIG. 5D but showing a section through a plane or orthogonal to that of FIG. 5D. The undercut notch of extremity 43 is clearly seen. The distorted region of blown container 42 conforming to the notch is also visible.
FIG. 5F is a top plane view showing handle 41, as well as the neck region of paris-an 40 and tbe ~lown container 42.
FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6C are illustrative of a COII=
figuration in which a handle region 50, again, facilitates connection with blown container wall 51 by interlocking, but which, in contradistinction to handle extremity 43 of FIG. 5, constitutes the male rather than female memb.er of the pair. Again, wall 51 is distorted to meet with 50 with distortion being produced during blowing7 Male pro-~ecting region 52 is shown in phantom in elevational view6A. FIGS. 6B and 6C are, again representations on planes orthogonal one to the other.
FIGS, 7A through 7C corres.pond in form with those of FIGS 6A through 6C and depict a structure in which a lower extremity of handle 60 is shaped at 62 to mate with blown wall 61, ~ IGS 8A through 8C are vi.ews corresponding with those of FIGS. 6 and 7. The handle, in this instance designated as member 7a7 is provided with an undercut configuration 71 which results in firm mating resistant of all anticipated stress directions contemplated during a normal pouring operation.
FIGS. 9A through 9C depict handle 80 which.
mates with blown container wall 81 at region 82, again, with a shaped pattern designed to result in a high integri-ty joinder, FIGS. lOA through lOE are illustrative of a joinder procedure for welding a handle which may otherwise be of the general configuration shown in any of the figures lmmediately preceding. Welding is due to friction pro-duced upon rotation of a plast.ic member~ the procedure being known as spin-welding, In accordance with this procedure, the parison here denoted 90 is provided with a handle 91 which is injection molded to include a button region 92 which is attached to the remainder of handle 91 only by regi`ons 93, easily severed to be s.~un hy an a,ppro~
priate tool to produce a friction to blown si,de, wall 24 at weld area 95, ~IGS. llA through llC depict a structure al-ternative to that of FIG. lOA through. lOE, again, a parison, not shown, includes a handle lQl which, in this instance, is bonded by means of ~ separate button 102 SQ
as to bond to blown side wall 103 in the region of wéld area 104.
In ~IGS. 12A and 12B, a handle, end 111 is bonded to a blown side wal.l 112 over a weld region 113 by means of a,n at~ached button 114 which is e.asily severed. As in FIGS, 10 a,nd 11, bonding is by friction produced by means of a rotating tool, n~t shown. Temperature is at~
taine.d only locally and only over an appropri.ate surface region of side.wall 112~ The ope.ration carried out subse-, quent to blowing is controlled so as to result only in local surface heating and thereb.y prevents substantial impairment of blown properties.
2Q FIGS. 13A through 13C are i,ncluded to depict a procedure for bonding a lower handle extremity to a blown container by any of several bonding'procedures in-cluding gas welding, ultrasonic we,lding, high frequency bonding, ~,tc~ In this embodiment, a h.andle end 121 is bonded to a blown container side wall 122 via a thin wafer 123 which serves as the bonding medium. The thin wafer may simply be a lower melting poi,nt material (than that of the material from wh.ich handle 121 and s.ide wall 122 are composed) or may be provided with filler which increases the absorption crpss-section for some form of energy utilized for bonding. Bonding procedures which may be utilized may inclu~ si,~ple heating~ or may take the form of ultrasonic vibration, or of high frequency electric or magnetic fields designed to produce heating in wafer 123 or at its interface with the sidewall.

8;2 Alternatively, using tbe configuration Qf FIGS, 13A through 13C, suitable bonding agents may be applie.d between the wafer 123 and sidewall 122 which may be acti-vated by the various energy sources described above.
' Alternatively, the configuration of ~IGS. 13h thro'ugh 130 may be used where adhesive bondlng is achieved without activation by energy source.s such as may be achieved with water-based, solvent-b.ased or other adhe-sives which cure at ambient conditions.
FIGS. 14A through 14D are, re.spective.ly, plane front and side views in section of a parison handle 131 whi:ch is an integral portion of ring region 132 of paris.~n 133~ The inal blown con~iguration shown in FTG. 14D
show-s the blown side wall 134 and handle and ring regions 131 and 132, respectively, unchanged, The final confi-guration is generally that depicted in FIG. 4~
FIGS. 15A and 15B are included as illustrative of an expedient procedure for producing an ~L"-shaped handle. In these figures, a bar handle 141 attached to ring portion 142 of parison 143 is deformed by me~ns n.ot shown by deforming bar handle 141 to produce orthogonal handle region 144. Deformation produced by simple pres-sure during or subsequent to any otherwise orthodox molding step is expedited by enlarged handle region 145 which, due to residual heat, is selectively deformedt Alternatively, region 145 may be of lesser thickn'ess and heated to achieve localiæed deformation in order to achieve the desired i'L" shape~
In FIGS. 16A through 16D, a handle region 151, again, part of a ring section 152 of preform 153 forms an "L" configuration, this time with a lower extremity region 154 which is, itself, reduced in cross-section so as to facilitate insertion and sealing of the handle end in a suitab.le slot in the blow mold (:shown in FIGS. 17A
through 17C~, The reduce.d cross-section creates shoulders 4B~

-14 ~

around the periphery of the handle. end which seal the slot against "blow outs" o$ containe.r wall 155 ~h.ich can result in rçgion 156 from a desirable loose fit in the slot and the high pressures of the Bl~wing gas, . FIG5. 17A through 17C depict apparatus and operation suitable for the preparation of the configura-ti~n of FIG~ 16D. Here the handle regi.on 161 with reduced extremity 162, again, forming a po~tion of ring region 163 is forced-into an aperture 164 provided in blow mold 165 by handle depressor 166 prior to e.xpansion of preform 167 resulting from pressure introduced by blow air iholo 168.
2, The Proc~ess Processing in accordance with the invention inya~iably contemplates a blowing ste.p in which a pre~
form is expanded to conform with a mold, The general procedure is well known and is describ.e.d, for example, in the reference set forth. under prior art, The type of blowing operation of primary concern from the inventive standpoint results in biorientation of polymer molecules.
Biorientation can only occur oyer a range. of temperature$
within which some part of the stre.ss applied during blow-ing produces strain in the polymer, It has been indica~ted that this requirement is met in many polymer materials if blowing is carried out within a finite temperature range above T . For these purposes~ T is assigned its conventional meaning of the temperature representing the transition from the glass phase to the rubber phase p~o-duced upon heating of the polymer. An acceptable range for biorientation--i.e., for stretch blow molding in the usual case, does not exceed 100F (caz 40C) above T .
To a significant extent, the degree oftbiorientation and, in conseguence, the improvement in physical properties attendant upon this parameter increases fQr a given de-gree of expansion as temperature is decreasedl A sig-nificant improvement in properties is generally found to ~ \

result in those procedures in which the average wall thickness is reduced by a factor of at least two, while the plastic is at a temperature within lOO~F (ca. 40C?
or preferably 50F tca. 10C) above T . This is con-sidered to be preferred from the standpoint of stretchblow molding, per se, and in similar fashion is considered to define a preferred embodiment in accordance ~ith tbe invention~
Formation of handles as integral portions of plastic bottles requires attainment of adequate fusion temperature. In conventionalmolding, handles have been produced by parison pinch-off necessarily requi~ring attai~nment of fusion temperature~ In alternative proce-dures, projections have been molded by appropriately shaped molds as an integral part of the operation~
The complexity of blow molding operations, as commercially practiced, have attained a high degree of sophistication and options are available to produce con-tainers of varied shape, However? imposition of the further requirement of complex blow molds or of local welding or of additional molding or forming sequences or Qf extenuated container neck portions have, in the general view, been considered impractical means for pro-ducing handleware, especially for bioriented containers.
The inventive process seeks to avoid the prob-lem by an alternative route.

3, The Parison In accordance with the inventive approach, a preform (or parison) is somehow provided with an integral projection generally of the same mate~ial of which the parison is constructed. In the usually contemplated case, the preferred embodiment, the projection is the result of a unitary molding operation--generally, an injection molding operation, Known preferred alternatives may re-sult of a unitary molding operation--generally, an in-jection molding operation, Known preferred alternatives may result in such pro~ection attached by welding or otber means~ for example, to an extruded preform~
As seen from the drawings, the projection, eventually to serve as a handle, may expeditiously be ateached at a thickened region ultimately to serve as a gripping section for subsequent hlow molding. The thick-ened portion generally required for the blow molding operation offers the additional structural integrity desired for a stress point resulting from handle usage.
Such gripping sections are necessarily close to an ex-tremity of the preform and inherently meet the first re-quirement of the invention--i~e., that preform-handle attachment be at a region outside of the main section of the blow mold and that the blown container shape and/or size be essentially unaffected by the inclusion of the handle.
A variety of embodiments are shown, for example, in FIGS, 1 through 4. All such embodiments share the common feature of preform-handle attachment being re-stricted to a region approximately corresponding with but a single plane which is normal to the major axis of the preform, In certain embodiments, handle attachment may be made to more than one point onthe plane, One such, depicted in FIG. 3, serves as a carrying handle.
From a commercial standpoint, a significant area is considered and directed to blow molding of containers with handles, an extremity of which is on a second plane normal to the major axis of the container--a plane now corresponding with a blown region, For purposes of this description, this portion is referred to as the lower handle extremity, This preferred embodiment, generally serving as a pour handle, is accomplished by a varietY of prDcedures, A si~ple expedient description, represented, ;4~

for example, by the structure of ~IG, 4, contemplates simple forming or other distortion to produce a handle, perhaps an L-shaped configuration. The lower extremity?
while on a plane corresponding with a blown region, i8 not attached to the blown wall. Integrity of such a structure is dependent upon the sti$fness of the handle material, itself.
Another embodiment provides for mechanical attachment of the lower handle extremity. This may take the form of a band or even a label which may contain the printed matter identifying the contentsof the container.
Embodiments represented, for example, by FIGS.
5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, involve a procedure in which only a minor modification is required in the blowing mold. Here an aperture in the mold is filled by the lower handle extremity so that the expanding preform conforms to such extremity in the same manner as it does to the mold. In general, temperatures attained during blowing, particular-ly during stretch blowing, are insufficient to result in adequate bond strength, The approach $ollowed to overcome this problem in accordance with the invention may take the form of a complex shaped lower handle extremity to result in a mated pair with the corresponding wall region.
Undercut configurations are considered particularly ad-vantageous. For many purposes ? undercutting takes the form of opposing surface regions including a mate portion haying a thickness decrease in an outward direction of at least 10 percent within the region intruding into the mold.
~ corresponding configuration makes use o$ opposing inner wall regions defining at least a lQ percent increase in a void dimension over the length of handle extremity intrud-ing into the mold. Such keyed configurations are consi-dered to define a particularly valuable embodiment in accordance with the invention.
Keying intimacy may be assured by providing _ 18_ Keying intimacy may be ass~ured by pro~iding means for vibrating the handle extremity during the blow-ing operation. This is especially true in biorientation processes where temperatures are ]ow and plastic stretching and moldability is more difficult to achieve. Such vi-bration promoteæ slippage of the side wall into the keyed configurations as well as generates localized heating inthe sidewall to promote stretch and moldaBility.
Integrity of joinder, whether keyed or not, may be improved by a variety of bonding techniques.
These include welding operations generally accomplished by frictional heating, as by spin welding or by other pro-cedures in which contacting surfaces are placed in relative movement, Vibration may be at sufficiently high frequency and producing sufficient frictional heat to result in ultrasonic welding. A variety of alternative heating means may utilize external fields: magnetic, electric, or electromagnetic, As ordinarily practiced, electromag-netic welding~ induction welding, as well as radiation welding may make use ~ intrinsic properties of the plastic material or may depend upon fillers which are designed to convert field energy to thermal energy. Such fillers may take the form of magnetically or electrically polar particles or may have larger absorption cross-section for radiation, An expeditious form of bonding may involve chemical modification of the plastic, for example, by cross-linking. This cross-linking or curing whi~h may be induced by radiation of suitable quantum energy may result from polymer cross-linking, for example, by inclu-sion of a difunctional curing medium--or for that matter, by any medium of greater polyfunctionality.
Local conductive heating is generally not ~re-ferred, particularly as practiced in stretch blow molding~
since excessive heat conducted through the stretched side-wall results in degradation of those properties. de.pendent upon biaxial orientation and release of orientation stress may result in collapse of the sidewall, possibly with its rupture. However, the handle extremity shown in FIGS. 13A
through 13C represents a valuable embodiment in accordance with the invention which ena~les the use of local conduc-tive heating. In this case, the handle extre.mity posses-ses a very thin section abutting the sidewall. Th.is section may be heated sufficiently to fuse itself to the sidewall without generating sufficient heat content to substantially effect a deterioration of the thicker side-wall.
In some instances, honding may result by use of a separate adhesive, for example, by use of a hot melt adh.esive. This, too, while sometimes suitable, may be nonpreferred, since (a) effectire ~dhesives for many suit-able blow molding plastics are unavailable and (.b) since.
use of an adhesive increases fabrication cost.
Bonding by whateve.r means may serve, its.elf ? to result in ~oining of the lower handle extremity or may be used in con~unction with other emhodiments, for example?
with many of the undercut mating embodiments described abovè.

4, Definitions Terms utilized inthe description of this inven-tion are used canventionally, ~or example, as described above, particularly useful embodiments depend upon injec-tion mol.ding to produce a preform and blow molding to produce the final container, These and other terms used in the description are briefly defined:
Plastic: a category of organic materials, generally thermoplastic? substituted or unsubstituted, hydrocarbons--examples are polyolefin ? such as polypropy-lene, and polyesters? such as polye.thylene terephthalate~
T : (glass transition~ temperature at which the plastlc changes from a glassy state to a rubbe.ry state, Molding operations are invariably carried out substan-tially above T --generally at temperatures at least 100F
(ca. 40C) in excess. Preferred e.mbodiments herein which depend upon biaxial orientation are carried out wlth the plastic in the rubbery s*ate but over a lower range, generally within 100F (ca. 40~C) of Tc~
Molding: that category of procedure.s in which plastic material is caused to flow into the interstices of the mold to result in a formed object which becomes rigid upon cooling.
Preform: (occasionally re.ferred to as pariSon) the molded form which, in the procedures of the invention ?
is formed preliminary to expansion to produce. the final object and, therefore, a form somewhat smaller than that of the final object. As generally contemplated, the pre-form is produced with the plastic at an elevated tempera-.
ture in excess of 100F (ca, 4QC2 above Tc~
Injection molding: that molding procedure generally utilized to produce the preform. In the us.ual com~ercial process, plastic materials introduced as par=
ticulate matter by a screw or ram with or without external heating is brought to elevated temperature so that it is introduced as a flowing plastic condition under pressure into a mold to produce the preform~ Connecting passages.
known as runners are common, ~ ompression or Transfer molding; One of the more common alternatives to injection molding to produce the handle in which a mass of plastic is h.eated and is introduced into a mold portion. Whereafter, an additional mold portion, such as a plunge.r, disto~ts the mass to cau$e it to conform, again, with the interstices of the new completed mold.
Blow molding: This term contemplates expansion of the preform to its final configuration by the use of O
gas under pressure. This requires use of a blow mold.
As practiced in the past, no effortwas made to change the temperature of the preformed plastic before or during the blowing operation. Some reduction in temperature natural-ly results from contact with the preform mold.
Iniection blow moldin~: Procedure in which the preform is molded by injection, Stretch blow molding: Blow-molding in whichthe preform is stretched often by means of an inserted plunger prior to blowing. The procedure is recognized as advan-tageously practiced with the plastic material within a temperature range close to but above T so as to result in extension of the polymer molecules from their natural twisted state to an extended state with the major mole-cular axis as resolved lying in the direction of stretch.
Blowing is carried outwithin the same temperature range designed to result in retained orientation and produces orientation in the blow direction so that the resulting final configuration is "biaxially oriented.~' Injection stretch blow molding: A procedure by which the preform is produced by injection molding with subsequent stretch blow molding to ~orm the final confi-guration.
It has been stated that greatest commercial impact is believed to obtain in conjunction with biaxial orientation. ~hile the process is well understood and while it has been procedurally defined in terms of tem-perature, it may be useful to define the term as applied to the finished product. The existence of biaxial orienta-tion may be detected, destructively, by heating. Heating the blown section to temperatures well below that required for flow of unoriented material--temperatures as low as 50~F (ca, 10C) above T results in distortion of the plastic in a direction approaching that of the preform~

5, ~aterial i4~

Materials satisfactory for the practice of the invention are those satisfactory for blow molding--in a preferred embodiment those sati,sfactory for stretch blow molding. Both contemplate polymeric materials which at least during the blowing operation are thermoplastic.
Compositionally, polymeric (,or plastic~, material ~atisfac-tory for use are hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons, Materials include the simple unsubstituted homopolymers, polypropylene and polystyrene, substituted polymers, such as, acrylonitriles, and polyesters, such as polyethylene terephthalate, Biaxial orientation implies a suitable average polymer weight, Sufficient polymer weight (mole=
cular size), generally, inherent in the specification of a normally solid room temperature polymer of satisfactory mechanical properties is likely to average at least 10.,0~00 and is unlikely to exceed one or a few million molecular weight.

Claims (39)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. Method for forming a plastic container from an expanded preform comprising: forming a preform with an integral handle having a ring and projection, wherein said ring is formed intermediate the ends of the preform and is integral with and extends substantially about a region of the preform that remains substantially constant in size during expansion, and wherein said pro-jection is formed to extend from the ring for gripping, lifting and pouring and for distributing the stresses resulting therefrom about said ring, placing the preform in means for expansion and holding said ring by such means to properly locate and restrict the movement of the preform therewithin, and expanding the preform below said ring to form the plastic container.

2. Method of claim 1 in which the said ex-pansion is carried out within the range of 100°F
(Ca. 40°C) above the glass-rubber transition temperature of the said plastic.

3. Method of claim 1 in which the said handle projection as contained in the said container includes a lower extremity which is at a position on a second plane normal to the said preform with the said second plane defining a region of the said preform which is blown.

4. Method of claim 3 in which at least a part of the said expansion is carried out within a temperature range of 50°F (Ca. 10°C) above the glass-rubber transition temperature of the said plastic such as to result in biaxial orientation of the said plastic.

5. Method of claim 3 in which the said lower extremity is maintained spaced from the final blown container.

6. Method of claim 3 in which the said lower extremity is brought into intimate contact with the said final blown container.

7. Method of claim 6 in which the said intimate contact is maintained by attachment means including mechanical means.

8. Method of claim 7 in which the said mechanical means includes a constraining member at least partially peripherally embracing the said blown container.

9. Method of claim 8 in which the said con-straining member is a label.

10. Method of claim 6 in which intimate con-tact is maintained at least in part by relative distor-tion of the blown plastic to produce a mating interface between the said container and the said lower extremity.

11. Method of claim 10 in which the said mating interface includes a container wall section which sub-stantially conforms with a lower handle extremity config-uration having a dimension of varying thickness in a direction away from the said container wall.

12. Method of claim 11 in which the said vary-ing thickness decreases,

13. Method of claim 11 in which the said vary-ing thickness is an increase in aperture of said lower extremity.

14. Method of claim 10 in which the lower extremity serves as a restraining surface during blowing.

15. Method of claim 10 in which the lower extremity is vibrated during the blow-forming operation.

16. Method of claim 6 in which the said lower extremity is bonded to an expanded portion of the said container.

17. Method of claim 16 in which bonding is brought about by welding.

18. Method of claim 17 in which the said welding results from frictional heating,

19. Method of claim 18 in which said fric-tional heating results from spin welding means,

20. A method of claim 18 in which frictional heating results from relative movement of the said lower extremity and the said blown container wall with said relative movement having a nonrotary vibration component.

21. Method of claim 20 in which said vibration is ultrasonic.

22. Method of claim 17 in which said welding is produced by an ac field of energy for which the said plastic in the position of the weld has a substantial absorption cross-section.

23. Method of claim 22 in which the field is a magnetic field.

24. Method of claim 22 in which the field is an electric field.

25. Method of claim 24 in which the said electric field is a uhf field.

26. Method of claim 17 in which welding results by use of electromagnetic radiation.

27. Method of claim 26 in which said radiation is of such wavelength that the absorption cross-section of the said plastic is inherently sufficient to produce welding.

28. Method of claim 26 in which absorption for the said electromagnetic energy is increased by inclusion of particulate matter within the said plastic.

29. Method of claim 16 in which bonding is effected by polymeric cross-linking .

30. Method of claim 29 in which said cross-linking is irradiation cross-linking.

31. Method of claim 30 in which said irradia-tion cross-linking is effected through bonding of the said plastic via a polyfunctional cross-linking agent.

32. Method of claim 31 in which the said poly-functional cross-linking agent is a difunctional cross-linking agent.

33. Method of claim 16 in which bonding is at least partially due to an adhesive.

34. Product produced in accordance with claim 1.

35. Method for forming a plastic container from an expanded preform, comprising:
forming a preform with an integral handle having a ring and projection, wherein said ring is formed intermediate the ends of the preform and is integral with and extends substantially about a region of the preform that remains substantially constant in size during expan-sion, and wherein said projection is formed with upper and lower extremities in which said upper extremity ex-tends from the ring for gripping, lifting and pouring and for distributing the stresses resulting therefrom about said ring, and said lower extremity is formed to provide the container with a generally L-shaped handle with the lower extremity in intimate contact with the final blown container, placing the preform in means for expansion and holding said ring by such means to properly locate and restrict the movement of the preform therewithin, and expanding the preform below said ring to form the plastic container with the lower extremity of the handle in intimate contact with the blown container, and bonding a button to the blown container and the lower extremity where they are in intimate contact to secure the lower extremity to the container,

36. A plastic container formed from a preform having a neck portion and an expanded blown portion wherein the neck portion remains constant in size during blowing, comprising:
a handle including a ring intermediate the ends of the neck portion which is integral with and which ex-tends substantially about the neck portion that remains substantially constant in size during expansion, and a projection that extends from said ring for gripping, lifting and pouring, wherein the stresses re-sulting therefrom are distributed about said ring.

37. The plastic container of claim 36, wherein the expanded portion thereof is biaxially oriented.

38. The plastic container of claim 36, wherein the projection includes a depending lower extremity to provide the container with a generally L-shaped handle.

39. The plastic container of claim 36, wherein said lower extremity of the handle is attached to the expanded blown portion of the container.