CA1144603A - Electrical multi-channel signal transmission systems - Google Patents
Electrical multi-channel signal transmission systemsInfo
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- CA1144603A CA1144603A CA000210805A CA210805A CA1144603A CA 1144603 A CA1144603 A CA 1144603A CA 000210805 A CA000210805 A CA 000210805A CA 210805 A CA210805 A CA 210805A CA 1144603 A CA1144603 A CA 1144603A
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Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
In an electrical multi-channel signal transmission system having channels with signal carriers of predetermined frequencies, each frequency is an integral multiple of a constant which is a measure of frequency spacing between channels with the addition or subtraction of an integral multiple of one or more other constants. The integral multiples of the one or more other constants are selected to cause the frequencies of significant intermodulation products produced by simultaneous treatment of carriers by electrical components, such as amplifiers, to be equal to other carrier frequencies. The frequencies are obtained from a plurality of oscillators with frequencies related to the constants. The invention is especially useful whit cable television systems transmitting programs on low, mid and high band channels.
# 1089 P/2 CA
In an electrical multi-channel signal transmission system having channels with signal carriers of predetermined frequencies, each frequency is an integral multiple of a constant which is a measure of frequency spacing between channels with the addition or subtraction of an integral multiple of one or more other constants. The integral multiples of the one or more other constants are selected to cause the frequencies of significant intermodulation products produced by simultaneous treatment of carriers by electrical components, such as amplifiers, to be equal to other carrier frequencies. The frequencies are obtained from a plurality of oscillators with frequencies related to the constants. The invention is especially useful whit cable television systems transmitting programs on low, mid and high band channels.
# 1089 P/2 CA
Description
This inveTItioll relates to electrical multi-channel signal trans-miSsiOIl SyStellls, itl which different signals are transmitted by carriers (i.e.
carrier waves) witll different frequencies.
In practice, when transmitting such signals from one place to an-other, whether through the atmosphere and/or along wires, it is usually nec-essary to pass the carriers, with their signals, through non-linear electri-cal devices, which cause intermodulation products ~often known as beats) to be produced by interaction between the carriers. Such non-linear electrical devices may for example be amplifiers. These intermodulation products may interfere with the signals carried by other carriers, thereby rendering clear reception of the signals impossible.
One well known example of a transmission system in which such prob-lems arise is in the system known as cable television, in which television programs being transmitted through the atmosphere are picked up by a sophis-ticated antenna at a central station and, after suitable processing including amplification, are transmitted by cable to individual subscribers. The ad-vantage of such a system is that the subscribers can receive television pro-grams from places which are too far away from the subscriber to enable the programs to be picked up by a simple antenna of the kind normally found on a domestic television receiver. Processing of the signals and their carriers at the central station, and perhaps also at sub-stations, includes their treatment by non-linear electrical devices, such as certain kinds of ampli-fiers, which cause intermodulation products to be produced, with consequent likelihood of interference, as previously mentioned.
The problem could be avoided if the frequencies of the various car-rier waves were allocated in such a manner that the intermdoulation products were not of such frequencies as to produce unwanted interference with other carrier frequencies.
.~ - 1 -For example, if each carrier frequency was an integral multiple of the dif-ference in frequency between each carrier in the series, the significant intermodulation products would be at the frequencies of other carriers, and hence would not be detected as modulation by the signal reception equipment.
This is known as a harmonically related carr-er system. However, in many existing transmission systems of this type, for example systems for trans-mitting radio and television programs, the carrier frequencies have been es-tablished for many years, and it is not practically possible to change the carrier frequencies at the original transmitting station.
It has been previously proposed to avoid the problem found with existing transmission systems by receiving the carriers, and of course the signals carried thereby, on their original frequencies at a central station, and re-transmitting the signals on harmonically related carriers, which are obtained from a common frequency source. However, certain difficulties are imposed by this method. For example, domestic television receivers can only be tuned to certain selected channels, that is to say to only receive car-riers and their signals at certain selected frequencies, since they only have a main tuner with pre-set positions corresponding to the frequencies of the carriers that the television set is intended to receive, and it is not practically possible to manufacture a main tuner with pre-set positions which correspond exactly to the carrier frequencies, since in practice such fre-quencies vary from time to time about a fixed value. The receivers are therefore also provided with a fine tuner, which can be adjusted to provide fine tuning when the main tuner has been adjusted to a pre-set position.
The main tuner is set for adjustment to the frequencies at which the various carriers are originally transmitted, such frequencies having been estab-lished many years ago, as previously mentioned. If the signals, that is L~
to say the television l-rograms, are re-tr<~nsmitted on h~rmonically related carriers, it is fo~u~d th.lt it is not possible to satisfactorily tune all dom-estic television receivers to the new carrier frequencies, because the new carrier frequencies are so far apart from the original carrier frequencies, for which the main tuner is pre-set, that the fine tuner does not have a suf-ficiently wide range of adjustment to enable the new carrier frequencies to be received.
Another way of overcoming the problem would be to eliminate non-linear electrical devices, such as single-ended amplifiers, i.e. non push-pull amplifiers, with which many existing cable television systems aTeequipped. Though it is possible to avoid the problem by replacing the single-ended amplifiers by amplifiers of the push-pull kind, the cost of such a pro-cedure is undesirably high.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a transmis-sion system in which the carrier frequencies, while not harmonically related, are judiciously selected to reduce signal interference by intermodulation products to a tolerable level.
According to the invention, each carrier frequency is expressed as an integral multiple of a constant which is a measure of the frequency spacing plus an amount (which may be positive or negative) selected such that the sig-nificant intermodulation products are coincident in frequency with other car-rier frequencies. The amount may be an integral multiple of another constant, or may be one of two constants with their sum or difference. In the former case, the values of the constants may be found by selecting two carrier fre-quencies, and solving the resultant equations accordingly. In the later case, the values of the constants may be found by selecting three carrier frequencies, and solving the resulting equations accordingly. The values of the constants may then be used as the frequencies of oscillators i03 in an appropriate synthesizer to produce the other carrier frequencies.
The invention enables the new frequencies to be selected in such a manner as to produce relatively small shifts between the original and new carrier frequencies.
The invention is especially useful in cable television systems which pick up and transmit television programs and possibly other kinds of signals in the standard low, mid and high television carrier bands, in that it enables second order intermodulation products to be controlled in such a manner that the mid band channels can be used to a greater extent than before.
The two or three selected frequencies, from which the other frequencies are synthesized, may be original channel frequencies. This enables these frequencies to be phase locked to off-air carriers where ambient pick up may produce a interference problem.
It is possible with a multi-channel band to lock some channels, but not others, so as to obtain an optimum arrangement in which, on the one hand the problem of ambient reception is minimized, and on the other hand the problem of shift between original and new frequencies is mini-mized.
Thus, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided a cable television system for reducing second order intermodulation products caused by interaction between carriers in non-linear electrical devices in the system wherein the carrier frequencies of the channels shown in the first column of the following table are re-assigned as expressed in analytical form in the fourth column of the table, the standard frequencies given in the second column being express-able in analytical form as shown in the third column of the table where x = 6 and y = 0.25, and the values of x and y for the re-assigned frequ-encies being found by selecting frequencies for two channels, setting them equal to the corresponding expressions in the fourth column to form two simultaneous equations, and solving for x and y:
1144~03 TABLE
Channel Freq. MHz Standard New Assignment _
carrier waves) witll different frequencies.
In practice, when transmitting such signals from one place to an-other, whether through the atmosphere and/or along wires, it is usually nec-essary to pass the carriers, with their signals, through non-linear electri-cal devices, which cause intermodulation products ~often known as beats) to be produced by interaction between the carriers. Such non-linear electrical devices may for example be amplifiers. These intermodulation products may interfere with the signals carried by other carriers, thereby rendering clear reception of the signals impossible.
One well known example of a transmission system in which such prob-lems arise is in the system known as cable television, in which television programs being transmitted through the atmosphere are picked up by a sophis-ticated antenna at a central station and, after suitable processing including amplification, are transmitted by cable to individual subscribers. The ad-vantage of such a system is that the subscribers can receive television pro-grams from places which are too far away from the subscriber to enable the programs to be picked up by a simple antenna of the kind normally found on a domestic television receiver. Processing of the signals and their carriers at the central station, and perhaps also at sub-stations, includes their treatment by non-linear electrical devices, such as certain kinds of ampli-fiers, which cause intermodulation products to be produced, with consequent likelihood of interference, as previously mentioned.
The problem could be avoided if the frequencies of the various car-rier waves were allocated in such a manner that the intermdoulation products were not of such frequencies as to produce unwanted interference with other carrier frequencies.
.~ - 1 -For example, if each carrier frequency was an integral multiple of the dif-ference in frequency between each carrier in the series, the significant intermodulation products would be at the frequencies of other carriers, and hence would not be detected as modulation by the signal reception equipment.
This is known as a harmonically related carr-er system. However, in many existing transmission systems of this type, for example systems for trans-mitting radio and television programs, the carrier frequencies have been es-tablished for many years, and it is not practically possible to change the carrier frequencies at the original transmitting station.
It has been previously proposed to avoid the problem found with existing transmission systems by receiving the carriers, and of course the signals carried thereby, on their original frequencies at a central station, and re-transmitting the signals on harmonically related carriers, which are obtained from a common frequency source. However, certain difficulties are imposed by this method. For example, domestic television receivers can only be tuned to certain selected channels, that is to say to only receive car-riers and their signals at certain selected frequencies, since they only have a main tuner with pre-set positions corresponding to the frequencies of the carriers that the television set is intended to receive, and it is not practically possible to manufacture a main tuner with pre-set positions which correspond exactly to the carrier frequencies, since in practice such fre-quencies vary from time to time about a fixed value. The receivers are therefore also provided with a fine tuner, which can be adjusted to provide fine tuning when the main tuner has been adjusted to a pre-set position.
The main tuner is set for adjustment to the frequencies at which the various carriers are originally transmitted, such frequencies having been estab-lished many years ago, as previously mentioned. If the signals, that is L~
to say the television l-rograms, are re-tr<~nsmitted on h~rmonically related carriers, it is fo~u~d th.lt it is not possible to satisfactorily tune all dom-estic television receivers to the new carrier frequencies, because the new carrier frequencies are so far apart from the original carrier frequencies, for which the main tuner is pre-set, that the fine tuner does not have a suf-ficiently wide range of adjustment to enable the new carrier frequencies to be received.
Another way of overcoming the problem would be to eliminate non-linear electrical devices, such as single-ended amplifiers, i.e. non push-pull amplifiers, with which many existing cable television systems aTeequipped. Though it is possible to avoid the problem by replacing the single-ended amplifiers by amplifiers of the push-pull kind, the cost of such a pro-cedure is undesirably high.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a transmis-sion system in which the carrier frequencies, while not harmonically related, are judiciously selected to reduce signal interference by intermodulation products to a tolerable level.
According to the invention, each carrier frequency is expressed as an integral multiple of a constant which is a measure of the frequency spacing plus an amount (which may be positive or negative) selected such that the sig-nificant intermodulation products are coincident in frequency with other car-rier frequencies. The amount may be an integral multiple of another constant, or may be one of two constants with their sum or difference. In the former case, the values of the constants may be found by selecting two carrier fre-quencies, and solving the resultant equations accordingly. In the later case, the values of the constants may be found by selecting three carrier frequencies, and solving the resulting equations accordingly. The values of the constants may then be used as the frequencies of oscillators i03 in an appropriate synthesizer to produce the other carrier frequencies.
The invention enables the new frequencies to be selected in such a manner as to produce relatively small shifts between the original and new carrier frequencies.
The invention is especially useful in cable television systems which pick up and transmit television programs and possibly other kinds of signals in the standard low, mid and high television carrier bands, in that it enables second order intermodulation products to be controlled in such a manner that the mid band channels can be used to a greater extent than before.
The two or three selected frequencies, from which the other frequencies are synthesized, may be original channel frequencies. This enables these frequencies to be phase locked to off-air carriers where ambient pick up may produce a interference problem.
It is possible with a multi-channel band to lock some channels, but not others, so as to obtain an optimum arrangement in which, on the one hand the problem of ambient reception is minimized, and on the other hand the problem of shift between original and new frequencies is mini-mized.
Thus, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided a cable television system for reducing second order intermodulation products caused by interaction between carriers in non-linear electrical devices in the system wherein the carrier frequencies of the channels shown in the first column of the following table are re-assigned as expressed in analytical form in the fourth column of the table, the standard frequencies given in the second column being express-able in analytical form as shown in the third column of the table where x = 6 and y = 0.25, and the values of x and y for the re-assigned frequ-encies being found by selecting frequencies for two channels, setting them equal to the corresponding expressions in the fourth column to form two simultaneous equations, and solving for x and y:
1144~03 TABLE
Channel Freq. MHz Standard New Assignment _
2 55.25 9x + 5y 9x + Sy
3 61.25 lOx + 5y lOx + 5y
4 67.25 llx + 5y llx + 5y 77.25 13x - 3y 13x - 3y 6 83.25 14x - 3y 14x - 3y C 133.~5 22x + 5y 22x + 2y D 139.25 23x + 5y 23x + 2y E 145.25 24x + 5y 24x + 2y F 151.25 25x + Sy 25x + 2y G 157.25 26x + 5y 26x + 2y H 163.25 27x + 5y 27x + 2y I 169.25 28x + 5y 28x + 2y 7 175.25 29x + 5y 29x + 7y 8 181.25 30x + 5y 30x + 7y 9 187.25 31x + 5y 31x + 7y 193.25 32x + 5y 32x + 7y 11 199.25 33x ~ 5y 33x + 7y 12 205.25 34x + 5y 34x + 7y 13 211.25 35x + 5y 35x + 7y said system comprising two oscillator means for generating the frequencies of said two channels, means for combining the two generated frequencies to produce a third frequency, a harmonic generator means for generating a channel spacing frequency and harmonics thereof, and means for combin-ing and filtering frequencies from the two oscillator means, said third frequency and the harmonic generator means to derive other re-assigned channel frequencies.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention ~here is provided a cable television system for reducing second order intermodu-lation products caused by interaction between carriers in non-linear electrical devices in the system wherein the carrier frequencies of the channels shown in the first column of the following table are re-assigned so that they have the frequencies shown in the third column and are expressable in analytical form as shown in the second column and where x, -4a-11'~4f~03 u and v are constants having the values 6, 0.25 and 1.125, respectively:
TABLE
Channel Equation Re-assigned Frequency Frequency ~MHz) Deviation ~KHz) 2 9x + v55.125 -125 3 lOx + v61.125 -125 4 llx + v67.1~5 -125 13x + u - v 77.1~5 -125 6 14x + u ~ v 8~ 5 -125 C 22x + u132.250 -1000 D 23x + u138.250 -1000 E 24x + u144.250 -1000 F 25x + u150.250 -1000 G 26x + u156.250 -1000 H 27x + u162.250 -1000 I 28x + u168.250 -1000 7 29x ~ u + v 175.375 +125 8 30x + u + v 181.375 +125 9 31x + u + v 187.375 +125 32x + u + v 193.375 +125 11 33x + ~ + v 199.375 +125 12 34x + u + v ~05.375 +125 13 35x + u + v 211.375 +125 said system comprising first, second and third oscillators for generating first, second and third re-assigned channel frequencies, ~eans for com~
bining said first frequency with said second frequency and said second frequency with said third frequency to produce fourth and fifth frequencies, means for producing harmonics of said fifth frequency, and means for combining and filtering the first, second, third, fourth and fifth frequ-encies and harmonics to produce the other re-assigned channel frequencies.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention there is provided a cable television system for reducing second order inter du-lation products caused by interaction between carriers in non-linear electrical devices in the system wherein the carrier frequencies of the channels shown in the first column of the following table are re-assigned -4b-11~4~;03 so that they are expressable in analytical form as shown in the fourth column, the standard frequencies given in the second column being ex-pressable in analytical form as shown in the third column of the table where x = 6 and y = 0.25, the values of x, u and v for the re-assigned frequencies being found by selecting frequencies for three channels, setting them equal to the corresponding expressions in the fifth column to form three simultaneous equations, and solving the equations for x, u and v:
TABLE
Channel Freq. MHz Standard Re-assigned Equation Frequency (~Z ) 2 55;25 9x + 5y 55.125 9x + v 3 61.25 lOx + 5y 61.125 lOx + v 4 67.25 llx + 5y 67.125 llx + v 77.25 13x - 3y 77.125 13x + u - v 6 83.25 14x - 3y 83.125 14x + u - v C 133.25 22x + 5y 132.250 22x + u D 139.25 23x + 5y 138.250 23x + u E 145.25 24x + 5y 144.250 24x + u F 151.25 25x + 5y 150.250 25x + u G 157.25 26x + 5y 156.250 26x + u H 163.25 27x + 5y 162.250 27x + u I 169.25 28x + 5y 168.250 . 28x + u 7 175.25 29x + 5y 175.375 29x + u + v 8 181.25 30x + 5y 181.375 30x + u + v 9 187.25 31x + 5y 187.375 31x + u + v 193.25 32x + 5y 193.375 32x + u + v 11 199.25 33x + 5y 199.375 33x + u + v 12 205.25 34x + 5y 205.375 34x + u + v 13 211.25 35x + 5y 211.375 35x + u + v said system comprising first, se~ond and third oscillators for generating first, second and third channel frequencies, means for combining said first frequency with said second frequency and said second frequency with said third frequency to produce fourth and fifth frequencies, means for producing harmonics of said fifth frequency, and means for combining and -4c-. `
filtering the first, second, third, fourth and fifth frequencies and harmonics to produce the other re-~ssigned channel frequencies.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, in which:
Figure 1 is a block diagram showing how the carrier frequencies are converted, according to one embodiment of the invention, where no phase lock to off-air signals is required;
Figure 2 is a block diagram showing how the carrier frequencies are converted, according to a second embodiment of the invention, where off-air phase -4d-~, ~144603 lock is required;
Figure 3 is a block diagram showing a typical circuit for phase-locking the oscillators to selected off-air frequencies;
Fi~ure 4 is a block diagram showing a typical circuit for phase-locking a signal tc its reference carrier, and Figure 5 is a block diagram showing a typical cable television transmission system.
As indicated previously, the invention is especially useful with cable television systems. Table 1 which follows shows in the first two columns the standard frequencies in meg-ahertz of the television channels in the low low band, the high low band, the mid band and the high band. The third column shows the channel frequency in standard analyti~ form and the fourth column the assigned channel frequencies in accordance with the invention also in analytic fonm. ~he derivation of these forms will be more ~ully explained later.
T A B L E
Channel Freq. MHz Standard New Asslgnment ( 2 55.25 9x + 5y 9x + 5y Low Low ( 3 61.25 lOx + 5ylOx ~ 5y Band ( 4 67.25 llx + 5yllx + 5y High Low ( 5 77.25 13x - 3y 13x - 3y Band ( 6 83.25 14x - 3y 14x - 3y ( C 133.25 22x + 5y22x + 2y ( D 139.25 23x + 5y23x + 2y E 145.25 24x + 5y24x + 2y ~id Band ~ F 151.25 25x + 5y25x + 2y ( G 157.25 26x + 5y26x + 2y ( H 163.25 27x ~ 5y27x + 2y ( I 169.25 28x + 5y28x + 2y ( 7 175.25 29x + 5y29x + 7y ( 8 181.25 30x + 5y30x + 7y ( 9 187.25 31x + 5y31x ~ 7y ~igh Band (10 193.25 32x + 5y32x + 7y 3~ (11 199.25 33x + 5y33x + 7y (12 205.25 34x + 5y34x + 7y (13 211.25 35x + 5y35x + 7y ~0 ~ #1089 P/2 CA ~ 5 ~
;03 For the purposes of this ~pecification, each group of channels is defined as a 'set', and the term "adjacent" refers to channels within a set.
Channels A and B are not shown in the mid band, because they are not used as television channels in Canada, since these channels are reserved for other purposes. However, the invention I
2~
#1089 P/2 CA - 5 a -. ~ , is equally applicable to SUc}l cll~nels.
Many e~istillg cable television systems were constructed to process only the low b;~nd ~u~d higll band cll~lnels, and as previously mentioned, many existing systems were equipped with broad band single-ended amplifiers. When the standard low and high band television carriers are applied to such ampli-fiers, intermodulation products are produced which appear in the mid band.
In the ?ast, this has not been a significant problem, since the mid band was not used for domestic television purposes. However, now the mid band is being so used, the incorporation of mid band channels into existing cable television systems results in the intermdoulation products mentioned becoming a significant problem. Further problems are also introduced because the am-plification of mid band carriers by single-ended amplifiers also produces un-desirable intermodulation products in the lower and high bands. Such inter-modulation products produce horizontal or vertical lines superimposed on a television picture, and these are clearly undesirable.
In its application to cable television, the present invention in-corporates an appreciation that the most undesirable intermodulation products produced by the single-ended amplifiers are caused by second order sum and difference products between the various bands, and according to the invention various carrier frequencies can be re-assigned to substantially eliminate the effect of such intermodulation products by ensuring that the frequencies of these products coincide with various re-assigned carrier frequencies, so that they are not detected as modulation in the receiving equipment.
Referring again to table 1, the various channel frequencies are ex-pressed in analytical form in the third column, according to the inVeDtiOn, in terms of constants x and y, where x equals 6 and y equals 0.25. With the standard frequencies ~ _, expressed in this form, it can be seen how amplifications by single-en~ed amplifiers of low and high band carriers produces undesirable intermodulation products in the mid band, and that amplification of additional mid-band carriers produces inter-modulation products in the low and high bands. For example, the sum product of channel 4 and 6 carriers has a sum of 25x + 2y, which produces an undesirable intermodulation product within channel F, i.e., a 3y or 0.75 M~z beat will occur. Also, chan-nel 10 and channel D carriers have a difference product, which produces an undesirable intermodulation product, a 1.25 MHz beat, with channel 2 carrier.
According to the invention, the channel frequencies are re-assigned by varying the integral multiple of the y constant of the analytical expressions to the values as shown in column 4 to give the desired frequency congruence and substantially solve the problems. It will now be seen that the channel 4 and channel 6 carriers now have a sum which is equal to channel F carrier and that the channel 10 and channel D carriers now have a frequency difference which is equal to the channel 2 carrier.
The values of x and y can be found by solving two of the carrier equations simultaneously. This provides a great deal of flexibility,since ~he products of the equations can be selected to produce the least amount of shift from the stan-dard carrier frequencies, or they can be chosen to allow lock-ing onto off-air carriers, where ambient reception of these carriers by a domestic receiver may result in interference problems. This may happen when a transmitter on a particular channel i8 SO near a receiver that the receiver receives the off-air signal from the transm~tter as well as the signal re-ceived over the cable system. Tn this latter case, the fre-~1089 P/2 CA - 7 -f~
quency of the particular channel concerned may be used as the frequency of one of the basic oscillators. ~ further basic oscillator is of course required, owing to the presence of the two variables, i.e., x and y, in the analystical expressions.
For example, if it is necessary to lock onto channel 6 and channel ll,the frequencies of x and y can be found as follows:
#1089 P/2 CA - 7 a -11 ~4f~03 Channel 11 = 3-x + 7y = 1(~
Ch~ cl ~ = 14~ - 3y = 83.26 MH~
therefore, x equals 5.9929 MHz y equals 0.2135 MHz These values of x and y are then substituted in the re-assigned an-alytical expressions shown in column 4 of table 1, and the resulting re-assigned carrier frequencies are shown in the second table which follows:-ChannelStandard Re-assigned Frequency Frequency (MHz) Frequency (MHz~Deviation (KHz) 2 55.25 55.0036 246 3 61.25 60.9965 253 4 67.25 66.9893 260 77.25 ~7.2671 17 6 83.26 83.26 none C 133.25 132.2708 979 D 139.25 138.2635 986 E 145.2~ 144.2564 993 F 151.25 150.2495 1,~00 G 157.25 156.2422 1,007 H 163.25 162.2351 1,015 I 169.25 168.22~0 1,021 7 175.25 175.2884 38.5 8 181.25 181.2813 31.3 9 187.25 187.2742 24.2 193.25 193.2671 17.1 11 199.26 199.26 none 12 205.25 205.2529 2.9 13 211.25 211.2457 4.2 This second table also shows the frequency shift in column 4, that is to say the difference between the original carrier frequency and the re-assigned carrier frequency, for each channel. In the high and low bands, the shift is well within the fine tuning range of standard domestic re-ceivers. A slightly greater shift is provided in the mid band channels, but this is not a practical problem since at the present time most domestic re-ceivers are not equipped with mid band tuners, i.e. are not equipped to re-ceive mid band channels, and consequently will in any event have to be used with an external converter which can incorporate its own fine tuner adequate to meet the shift. The external converter will for example simply convert the selected mid band channel into l l`t~
the carrier frequency of one of the channels which the receiver is equipped to receive, with the cable transmission on the chan-nel frequency having of course been filtered out.
A further way of expressing the channel freguencies in analytical form, according to a second embodiment of the inven-tion, is shown in the second column of table 3, which follows, where no phase-locking to off-air signals is required, even smaller frequency shifts can be produced off the standard car-riers.
=
Re-assigned Frequency Channel Equation Frequency (MHz) Deviation (RHz) -2 9x + v 55.125 -125 3 lOx ~ v 61.125 -125 4 llx ~ v 67.125 -125 13x ~ u - v 77.125 '-125 ~ 14x + u - v 83.125 -125 C 22x + u 132.250 -1000 D 23x + u 138.250 -1000 E 24x + u 144.2S0 -1000 F 25x + u 150.250 -1000 G 26x + u 156.250 -1000 H 27x + u 162.250 -1000 I 28x ~ u 168.250 -1000 7 29x + u + v 175.375 +125 8 30x + u + v 181.375 ~125 9 31x ~ u + v 187.375 ~125 32x + u + v 193.375 +125 11 33x + u + v 199.375 +125 12 34x 1 u + v 205.375 +125 13 35x + u + v 211.375 +125 In this case, each carrier frequency is shown expressed in re-assigned form in terms of three constants, namely, x, u and v. If x, u and v are given values of 6MHz, 0.25 ~Hz, and 1.125 M~z, respectively, second-order intermodulation may be avoided with a carirer shift of only 125 KHz in the standard twelve television channels. It can eas~ly ~e seen that the frequency shifts for the low and high bands are a maximum of 125 KHz in contrast to the much higher maximum which occurs with channel 4 in the arrangement shown in the second table.
~ lOB9 P/2 CA - 9 -~ ~.
Figure 1 shows how the various re-assigned channel frequen-cies can be produced in a master generator fro~ the two initial oscillators, in conjunction with a further oscillator generating a carrier frequency of 6 MHz, which is a typical channel spacing.
The outputs of the oscillators 10,12 are selected to be the re-assigned frequencies of channel 3 and channel E, 61.125 MHz and 144.250 MHz, respectively, and are combined in mixer 14 to produce a pair of frequencies, namely, the sum and the difference of the two frequencies mixed, thereby producing frequencies of 205.375 MHz and ~-~.125 MHz respectively. These new frequencies are passed through band pass filter~ 16,18, each of which pass a respective one of these two frequencies, filter 16 passing only the frequency of 83.125 MHz and filter 18 passing only the fre-quency of 205.375 MHz. It will be seen that these are the re-assigned frequencies of channels 6 and 12 respectively.
The output from the third oscillator 20 is passed through a harmonic generator 22 which produces frequencies of 6 MHz, 12 MHz and 18 MHz. The other channel frequencies are producea by appropriate mixing and filtering using the two oscillators 10,12, the frequencies produced from filters 16,18 and the various fre-quencies from the harmonic generator 22. As shown in Figure 1, four more mixers 24,26,28 and 29 are provided, as well as appro-priate filters 30-40 which filter out all except the re~uired channel frequency in each case.
For example, mixer 24 is fed a 61.125 MHz signal from oscil-lator 10 and the signals from the harmonic oscillator 22. Of the various frequencies produced, only two of these frequencies are actually required, namely, 61.125 MHæ - 6 MHz, which i~ chan-nel 2, 55.125 MHz, and 61.125 MHz ~ 6 MHz, which is channel 4, 67.125 M~z. Filter 30 therefore filters out all frequencie~ ex-cept 55.125 MHz for channel 2, and filter 31 filter~ out all frequencies exceFt 67.125 NHz for channel 4. The other channel ~1089 P/2 CA - 10 -''.~.~
frequencies are provided in a similar manner. It will be seen that what is produced is a series of combs with a particular mathematical relationship, the combs being formed by channels 2 to 4, channels 5 and 6, channels C to G, and channels 9 to 13.
By use of three constants in the analytical expressions, it is possible to phase-lock to three off-air channels. For example, it may be desirable to lock to channel 6, channel 10, and channel 13.
In this case:
channel 6 = 83.25 MHz = 14x + u - v channel 10 = 193.26 MHz = 32x + u + v channel 13 = 211.24 MHz = 35x + u + v Solving these three equations:
x = 5.99333 MHz u = 0.408333 MHz v = 1.065 MHz Using these values, the re-assigned channel frequencies are calculated, as shown in table 4 which follows, the frequen-cy shift also being shown:
~1089 P/2 CA - 11 -`
11~4~03 Channel Equation Re-assigned Frequency ~requency (MHz) Deviation (MHz) 2 9x + v 55.005000 - .245000 3 lOx + v 60.998333 - .251666 4 llx + v 66.991666 - .258333 13x + u - v 77.256666 + .006666 6 14x + u - v 83.250000 .000000 C 22x + u 132.261666 - .988333 D 23x + u 138.255000 - .995000 E 24x + u 144.248333 - 1.001666 F 25x + u 150.241666 - 1.008333 G 26x + u 156.235000 - 1.015000 27x + u 162.228333 - 1.021666 I 28x ~ u 168.221666 - 1.028333 7 29x + u + v 175.280000 + .030000 8 30x + u + v 181.273333 + .023333 9 31x ~ u + v 187.266666 + .016666 32x + u + v 193.260000 + .010000 11 33x + u + v 199.253333 + .003333 12 34x ~ u + v 205.246666 - .003333 13 35x + u ~ v 211.240000 - .010000 The manner in which the various frequencies shown in table 4 are obtained in a master generator is shown in Figure 2. Again, three oscillators are provided, in this instance oscillator 52 is provided with a frequency of 83.25 MHz, oscillator 54 with a frequency of 193.26 MHz, and oscillator 56 with a frequency of 211.24 MHz, namely the frequencies of channel 6, channel 10 and channel 13. The frequencies from oscillators 52, 54 are combined in mixer 58, and the difference is filtered out by the filter 60, leaving the other frequency of 110.01 MHz. This is halved in divider 62, ~hich gives a frequency of 55.005 MHz, which is the frequency of channel 2.
Similarily, the difference between oscillators 54 and 56 is pro-vided by mixer 64 and filter 66, divided by three in divider 68, and filtered by filter 70, to produce a frequency of 5.9933 MHz, which is the wanted chan-nel spacing "x". The output from filter 70 is passed into a harmonic gener-ator 72 which supplies frequencies of 5.9933 MH2, 11.9~66 MHz and 17.98 MHz.
As before, these various frequencies are appropriately mixed and filtered in the manner indicated in Figure 2 to produce the various channel frequencies. It is not believed necessary to individuall~ indicate each mix-er and filter by reference numerals in this instance.
The off-air locking is achieved by slaving the three basic oscilla-tors 54, 52, and 56 to the respective three off-air carriers. This is done by phase comparison. Phase comparators generally operate at low frequency, and the high frequencies used in the television channels are therefore con-verted to low frequencies, for phase comparison, a typical circuit being shown in Figure 3.
The output from a local oscillator 74 is mixed with the off-air frequency in a mixer 75, and is mixed with the output from the respective basic oscillator in a mixer 78. The outputs from the mixers 75, 78 (with the "sum" products filtered out) are fed to a phase comparator 80, which operates on the balanced mixer principle and produces a correction voltage for the basic oscillator which pulls the basic oscillator into place. As shown, the off-air frequency is that of channel 6 to which the basic oscillator 52 is slaved. Similar circuits are provided for the oscillators 54, 56, which are slaved to off-air channels 1 and 13.
Similarily to locking the three basic oscillators to the three off-air signals, it is now possible to lock all signals to be distributed to their respective carriers, by feeding an appropriate correction voltage to the appropriate local oscillator of the converter in the processor at the head end of the cable television system. A suitable circuit is shown in Fig-ure 4.
Again, fre~uency reduction is achieved by subtracting the frequency of a local oscillator 82 from the reference signal frequency, and from the sample from the processer 84 at the head end of the cable television system in mixers 86, 88 respectively, with phase comparison being made by a phase comparator 90, the correction voltage from which is fed to the respective local oscillator in the processer.
To complete the descriptioll of the embodiment of the invention, the application to a standard cable television transmission system will now be briefly described~ with reference to Figure 5.
Figure 5 shows a head end 92 which receives television signals from various transmitters operating on various frequencies by means of respective antennae 94. The cablevision station may for example also have its own chan-nel, represented by camera 96. From the head end 92, a trunk line 98 with amplifiers 100 is split into various lines as required to supply the signals to domestic television receivers in subscribers' homes, one home 102 with a television receiver 104 being shown.
In the head end, the television signals of the various channels, which are of course in the radio fre~uency (RF) band, are each converted from the original frequencies to the re-assigned frequencies according to the in-vention, and then are sent out along the trunk lines 98, after the usual stages of modulation, RF amplification, RF conversion and signal combination.
It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the transmission of signals by cable, nor to the transmission of radio or tele-vision programs. Further, various alternatives to the described embodiments, within the scope of the invention, will be apparent to the man skilled in the art, the scope of the invention being defined by the appended claims.
i .,
In accordance with another aspect of the invention ~here is provided a cable television system for reducing second order intermodu-lation products caused by interaction between carriers in non-linear electrical devices in the system wherein the carrier frequencies of the channels shown in the first column of the following table are re-assigned so that they have the frequencies shown in the third column and are expressable in analytical form as shown in the second column and where x, -4a-11'~4f~03 u and v are constants having the values 6, 0.25 and 1.125, respectively:
TABLE
Channel Equation Re-assigned Frequency Frequency ~MHz) Deviation ~KHz) 2 9x + v55.125 -125 3 lOx + v61.125 -125 4 llx + v67.1~5 -125 13x + u - v 77.1~5 -125 6 14x + u ~ v 8~ 5 -125 C 22x + u132.250 -1000 D 23x + u138.250 -1000 E 24x + u144.250 -1000 F 25x + u150.250 -1000 G 26x + u156.250 -1000 H 27x + u162.250 -1000 I 28x + u168.250 -1000 7 29x ~ u + v 175.375 +125 8 30x + u + v 181.375 +125 9 31x + u + v 187.375 +125 32x + u + v 193.375 +125 11 33x + ~ + v 199.375 +125 12 34x + u + v ~05.375 +125 13 35x + u + v 211.375 +125 said system comprising first, second and third oscillators for generating first, second and third re-assigned channel frequencies, ~eans for com~
bining said first frequency with said second frequency and said second frequency with said third frequency to produce fourth and fifth frequencies, means for producing harmonics of said fifth frequency, and means for combining and filtering the first, second, third, fourth and fifth frequ-encies and harmonics to produce the other re-assigned channel frequencies.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention there is provided a cable television system for reducing second order inter du-lation products caused by interaction between carriers in non-linear electrical devices in the system wherein the carrier frequencies of the channels shown in the first column of the following table are re-assigned -4b-11~4~;03 so that they are expressable in analytical form as shown in the fourth column, the standard frequencies given in the second column being ex-pressable in analytical form as shown in the third column of the table where x = 6 and y = 0.25, the values of x, u and v for the re-assigned frequencies being found by selecting frequencies for three channels, setting them equal to the corresponding expressions in the fifth column to form three simultaneous equations, and solving the equations for x, u and v:
TABLE
Channel Freq. MHz Standard Re-assigned Equation Frequency (~Z ) 2 55;25 9x + 5y 55.125 9x + v 3 61.25 lOx + 5y 61.125 lOx + v 4 67.25 llx + 5y 67.125 llx + v 77.25 13x - 3y 77.125 13x + u - v 6 83.25 14x - 3y 83.125 14x + u - v C 133.25 22x + 5y 132.250 22x + u D 139.25 23x + 5y 138.250 23x + u E 145.25 24x + 5y 144.250 24x + u F 151.25 25x + 5y 150.250 25x + u G 157.25 26x + 5y 156.250 26x + u H 163.25 27x + 5y 162.250 27x + u I 169.25 28x + 5y 168.250 . 28x + u 7 175.25 29x + 5y 175.375 29x + u + v 8 181.25 30x + 5y 181.375 30x + u + v 9 187.25 31x + 5y 187.375 31x + u + v 193.25 32x + 5y 193.375 32x + u + v 11 199.25 33x + 5y 199.375 33x + u + v 12 205.25 34x + 5y 205.375 34x + u + v 13 211.25 35x + 5y 211.375 35x + u + v said system comprising first, se~ond and third oscillators for generating first, second and third channel frequencies, means for combining said first frequency with said second frequency and said second frequency with said third frequency to produce fourth and fifth frequencies, means for producing harmonics of said fifth frequency, and means for combining and -4c-. `
filtering the first, second, third, fourth and fifth frequencies and harmonics to produce the other re-~ssigned channel frequencies.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, in which:
Figure 1 is a block diagram showing how the carrier frequencies are converted, according to one embodiment of the invention, where no phase lock to off-air signals is required;
Figure 2 is a block diagram showing how the carrier frequencies are converted, according to a second embodiment of the invention, where off-air phase -4d-~, ~144603 lock is required;
Figure 3 is a block diagram showing a typical circuit for phase-locking the oscillators to selected off-air frequencies;
Fi~ure 4 is a block diagram showing a typical circuit for phase-locking a signal tc its reference carrier, and Figure 5 is a block diagram showing a typical cable television transmission system.
As indicated previously, the invention is especially useful with cable television systems. Table 1 which follows shows in the first two columns the standard frequencies in meg-ahertz of the television channels in the low low band, the high low band, the mid band and the high band. The third column shows the channel frequency in standard analyti~ form and the fourth column the assigned channel frequencies in accordance with the invention also in analytic fonm. ~he derivation of these forms will be more ~ully explained later.
T A B L E
Channel Freq. MHz Standard New Asslgnment ( 2 55.25 9x + 5y 9x + 5y Low Low ( 3 61.25 lOx + 5ylOx ~ 5y Band ( 4 67.25 llx + 5yllx + 5y High Low ( 5 77.25 13x - 3y 13x - 3y Band ( 6 83.25 14x - 3y 14x - 3y ( C 133.25 22x + 5y22x + 2y ( D 139.25 23x + 5y23x + 2y E 145.25 24x + 5y24x + 2y ~id Band ~ F 151.25 25x + 5y25x + 2y ( G 157.25 26x + 5y26x + 2y ( H 163.25 27x ~ 5y27x + 2y ( I 169.25 28x + 5y28x + 2y ( 7 175.25 29x + 5y29x + 7y ( 8 181.25 30x + 5y30x + 7y ( 9 187.25 31x + 5y31x ~ 7y ~igh Band (10 193.25 32x + 5y32x + 7y 3~ (11 199.25 33x + 5y33x + 7y (12 205.25 34x + 5y34x + 7y (13 211.25 35x + 5y35x + 7y ~0 ~ #1089 P/2 CA ~ 5 ~
;03 For the purposes of this ~pecification, each group of channels is defined as a 'set', and the term "adjacent" refers to channels within a set.
Channels A and B are not shown in the mid band, because they are not used as television channels in Canada, since these channels are reserved for other purposes. However, the invention I
2~
#1089 P/2 CA - 5 a -. ~ , is equally applicable to SUc}l cll~nels.
Many e~istillg cable television systems were constructed to process only the low b;~nd ~u~d higll band cll~lnels, and as previously mentioned, many existing systems were equipped with broad band single-ended amplifiers. When the standard low and high band television carriers are applied to such ampli-fiers, intermodulation products are produced which appear in the mid band.
In the ?ast, this has not been a significant problem, since the mid band was not used for domestic television purposes. However, now the mid band is being so used, the incorporation of mid band channels into existing cable television systems results in the intermdoulation products mentioned becoming a significant problem. Further problems are also introduced because the am-plification of mid band carriers by single-ended amplifiers also produces un-desirable intermodulation products in the lower and high bands. Such inter-modulation products produce horizontal or vertical lines superimposed on a television picture, and these are clearly undesirable.
In its application to cable television, the present invention in-corporates an appreciation that the most undesirable intermodulation products produced by the single-ended amplifiers are caused by second order sum and difference products between the various bands, and according to the invention various carrier frequencies can be re-assigned to substantially eliminate the effect of such intermodulation products by ensuring that the frequencies of these products coincide with various re-assigned carrier frequencies, so that they are not detected as modulation in the receiving equipment.
Referring again to table 1, the various channel frequencies are ex-pressed in analytical form in the third column, according to the inVeDtiOn, in terms of constants x and y, where x equals 6 and y equals 0.25. With the standard frequencies ~ _, expressed in this form, it can be seen how amplifications by single-en~ed amplifiers of low and high band carriers produces undesirable intermodulation products in the mid band, and that amplification of additional mid-band carriers produces inter-modulation products in the low and high bands. For example, the sum product of channel 4 and 6 carriers has a sum of 25x + 2y, which produces an undesirable intermodulation product within channel F, i.e., a 3y or 0.75 M~z beat will occur. Also, chan-nel 10 and channel D carriers have a difference product, which produces an undesirable intermodulation product, a 1.25 MHz beat, with channel 2 carrier.
According to the invention, the channel frequencies are re-assigned by varying the integral multiple of the y constant of the analytical expressions to the values as shown in column 4 to give the desired frequency congruence and substantially solve the problems. It will now be seen that the channel 4 and channel 6 carriers now have a sum which is equal to channel F carrier and that the channel 10 and channel D carriers now have a frequency difference which is equal to the channel 2 carrier.
The values of x and y can be found by solving two of the carrier equations simultaneously. This provides a great deal of flexibility,since ~he products of the equations can be selected to produce the least amount of shift from the stan-dard carrier frequencies, or they can be chosen to allow lock-ing onto off-air carriers, where ambient reception of these carriers by a domestic receiver may result in interference problems. This may happen when a transmitter on a particular channel i8 SO near a receiver that the receiver receives the off-air signal from the transm~tter as well as the signal re-ceived over the cable system. Tn this latter case, the fre-~1089 P/2 CA - 7 -f~
quency of the particular channel concerned may be used as the frequency of one of the basic oscillators. ~ further basic oscillator is of course required, owing to the presence of the two variables, i.e., x and y, in the analystical expressions.
For example, if it is necessary to lock onto channel 6 and channel ll,the frequencies of x and y can be found as follows:
#1089 P/2 CA - 7 a -11 ~4f~03 Channel 11 = 3-x + 7y = 1(~
Ch~ cl ~ = 14~ - 3y = 83.26 MH~
therefore, x equals 5.9929 MHz y equals 0.2135 MHz These values of x and y are then substituted in the re-assigned an-alytical expressions shown in column 4 of table 1, and the resulting re-assigned carrier frequencies are shown in the second table which follows:-ChannelStandard Re-assigned Frequency Frequency (MHz) Frequency (MHz~Deviation (KHz) 2 55.25 55.0036 246 3 61.25 60.9965 253 4 67.25 66.9893 260 77.25 ~7.2671 17 6 83.26 83.26 none C 133.25 132.2708 979 D 139.25 138.2635 986 E 145.2~ 144.2564 993 F 151.25 150.2495 1,~00 G 157.25 156.2422 1,007 H 163.25 162.2351 1,015 I 169.25 168.22~0 1,021 7 175.25 175.2884 38.5 8 181.25 181.2813 31.3 9 187.25 187.2742 24.2 193.25 193.2671 17.1 11 199.26 199.26 none 12 205.25 205.2529 2.9 13 211.25 211.2457 4.2 This second table also shows the frequency shift in column 4, that is to say the difference between the original carrier frequency and the re-assigned carrier frequency, for each channel. In the high and low bands, the shift is well within the fine tuning range of standard domestic re-ceivers. A slightly greater shift is provided in the mid band channels, but this is not a practical problem since at the present time most domestic re-ceivers are not equipped with mid band tuners, i.e. are not equipped to re-ceive mid band channels, and consequently will in any event have to be used with an external converter which can incorporate its own fine tuner adequate to meet the shift. The external converter will for example simply convert the selected mid band channel into l l`t~
the carrier frequency of one of the channels which the receiver is equipped to receive, with the cable transmission on the chan-nel frequency having of course been filtered out.
A further way of expressing the channel freguencies in analytical form, according to a second embodiment of the inven-tion, is shown in the second column of table 3, which follows, where no phase-locking to off-air signals is required, even smaller frequency shifts can be produced off the standard car-riers.
=
Re-assigned Frequency Channel Equation Frequency (MHz) Deviation (RHz) -2 9x + v 55.125 -125 3 lOx ~ v 61.125 -125 4 llx ~ v 67.125 -125 13x ~ u - v 77.125 '-125 ~ 14x + u - v 83.125 -125 C 22x + u 132.250 -1000 D 23x + u 138.250 -1000 E 24x + u 144.2S0 -1000 F 25x + u 150.250 -1000 G 26x + u 156.250 -1000 H 27x + u 162.250 -1000 I 28x ~ u 168.250 -1000 7 29x + u + v 175.375 +125 8 30x + u + v 181.375 ~125 9 31x ~ u + v 187.375 ~125 32x + u + v 193.375 +125 11 33x + u + v 199.375 +125 12 34x 1 u + v 205.375 +125 13 35x + u + v 211.375 +125 In this case, each carrier frequency is shown expressed in re-assigned form in terms of three constants, namely, x, u and v. If x, u and v are given values of 6MHz, 0.25 ~Hz, and 1.125 M~z, respectively, second-order intermodulation may be avoided with a carirer shift of only 125 KHz in the standard twelve television channels. It can eas~ly ~e seen that the frequency shifts for the low and high bands are a maximum of 125 KHz in contrast to the much higher maximum which occurs with channel 4 in the arrangement shown in the second table.
~ lOB9 P/2 CA - 9 -~ ~.
Figure 1 shows how the various re-assigned channel frequen-cies can be produced in a master generator fro~ the two initial oscillators, in conjunction with a further oscillator generating a carrier frequency of 6 MHz, which is a typical channel spacing.
The outputs of the oscillators 10,12 are selected to be the re-assigned frequencies of channel 3 and channel E, 61.125 MHz and 144.250 MHz, respectively, and are combined in mixer 14 to produce a pair of frequencies, namely, the sum and the difference of the two frequencies mixed, thereby producing frequencies of 205.375 MHz and ~-~.125 MHz respectively. These new frequencies are passed through band pass filter~ 16,18, each of which pass a respective one of these two frequencies, filter 16 passing only the frequency of 83.125 MHz and filter 18 passing only the fre-quency of 205.375 MHz. It will be seen that these are the re-assigned frequencies of channels 6 and 12 respectively.
The output from the third oscillator 20 is passed through a harmonic generator 22 which produces frequencies of 6 MHz, 12 MHz and 18 MHz. The other channel frequencies are producea by appropriate mixing and filtering using the two oscillators 10,12, the frequencies produced from filters 16,18 and the various fre-quencies from the harmonic generator 22. As shown in Figure 1, four more mixers 24,26,28 and 29 are provided, as well as appro-priate filters 30-40 which filter out all except the re~uired channel frequency in each case.
For example, mixer 24 is fed a 61.125 MHz signal from oscil-lator 10 and the signals from the harmonic oscillator 22. Of the various frequencies produced, only two of these frequencies are actually required, namely, 61.125 MHæ - 6 MHz, which i~ chan-nel 2, 55.125 MHz, and 61.125 MHz ~ 6 MHz, which is channel 4, 67.125 M~z. Filter 30 therefore filters out all frequencie~ ex-cept 55.125 MHz for channel 2, and filter 31 filter~ out all frequencies exceFt 67.125 NHz for channel 4. The other channel ~1089 P/2 CA - 10 -''.~.~
frequencies are provided in a similar manner. It will be seen that what is produced is a series of combs with a particular mathematical relationship, the combs being formed by channels 2 to 4, channels 5 and 6, channels C to G, and channels 9 to 13.
By use of three constants in the analytical expressions, it is possible to phase-lock to three off-air channels. For example, it may be desirable to lock to channel 6, channel 10, and channel 13.
In this case:
channel 6 = 83.25 MHz = 14x + u - v channel 10 = 193.26 MHz = 32x + u + v channel 13 = 211.24 MHz = 35x + u + v Solving these three equations:
x = 5.99333 MHz u = 0.408333 MHz v = 1.065 MHz Using these values, the re-assigned channel frequencies are calculated, as shown in table 4 which follows, the frequen-cy shift also being shown:
~1089 P/2 CA - 11 -`
11~4~03 Channel Equation Re-assigned Frequency ~requency (MHz) Deviation (MHz) 2 9x + v 55.005000 - .245000 3 lOx + v 60.998333 - .251666 4 llx + v 66.991666 - .258333 13x + u - v 77.256666 + .006666 6 14x + u - v 83.250000 .000000 C 22x + u 132.261666 - .988333 D 23x + u 138.255000 - .995000 E 24x + u 144.248333 - 1.001666 F 25x + u 150.241666 - 1.008333 G 26x + u 156.235000 - 1.015000 27x + u 162.228333 - 1.021666 I 28x ~ u 168.221666 - 1.028333 7 29x + u + v 175.280000 + .030000 8 30x + u + v 181.273333 + .023333 9 31x ~ u + v 187.266666 + .016666 32x + u + v 193.260000 + .010000 11 33x + u + v 199.253333 + .003333 12 34x ~ u + v 205.246666 - .003333 13 35x + u ~ v 211.240000 - .010000 The manner in which the various frequencies shown in table 4 are obtained in a master generator is shown in Figure 2. Again, three oscillators are provided, in this instance oscillator 52 is provided with a frequency of 83.25 MHz, oscillator 54 with a frequency of 193.26 MHz, and oscillator 56 with a frequency of 211.24 MHz, namely the frequencies of channel 6, channel 10 and channel 13. The frequencies from oscillators 52, 54 are combined in mixer 58, and the difference is filtered out by the filter 60, leaving the other frequency of 110.01 MHz. This is halved in divider 62, ~hich gives a frequency of 55.005 MHz, which is the frequency of channel 2.
Similarily, the difference between oscillators 54 and 56 is pro-vided by mixer 64 and filter 66, divided by three in divider 68, and filtered by filter 70, to produce a frequency of 5.9933 MHz, which is the wanted chan-nel spacing "x". The output from filter 70 is passed into a harmonic gener-ator 72 which supplies frequencies of 5.9933 MH2, 11.9~66 MHz and 17.98 MHz.
As before, these various frequencies are appropriately mixed and filtered in the manner indicated in Figure 2 to produce the various channel frequencies. It is not believed necessary to individuall~ indicate each mix-er and filter by reference numerals in this instance.
The off-air locking is achieved by slaving the three basic oscilla-tors 54, 52, and 56 to the respective three off-air carriers. This is done by phase comparison. Phase comparators generally operate at low frequency, and the high frequencies used in the television channels are therefore con-verted to low frequencies, for phase comparison, a typical circuit being shown in Figure 3.
The output from a local oscillator 74 is mixed with the off-air frequency in a mixer 75, and is mixed with the output from the respective basic oscillator in a mixer 78. The outputs from the mixers 75, 78 (with the "sum" products filtered out) are fed to a phase comparator 80, which operates on the balanced mixer principle and produces a correction voltage for the basic oscillator which pulls the basic oscillator into place. As shown, the off-air frequency is that of channel 6 to which the basic oscillator 52 is slaved. Similar circuits are provided for the oscillators 54, 56, which are slaved to off-air channels 1 and 13.
Similarily to locking the three basic oscillators to the three off-air signals, it is now possible to lock all signals to be distributed to their respective carriers, by feeding an appropriate correction voltage to the appropriate local oscillator of the converter in the processor at the head end of the cable television system. A suitable circuit is shown in Fig-ure 4.
Again, fre~uency reduction is achieved by subtracting the frequency of a local oscillator 82 from the reference signal frequency, and from the sample from the processer 84 at the head end of the cable television system in mixers 86, 88 respectively, with phase comparison being made by a phase comparator 90, the correction voltage from which is fed to the respective local oscillator in the processer.
To complete the descriptioll of the embodiment of the invention, the application to a standard cable television transmission system will now be briefly described~ with reference to Figure 5.
Figure 5 shows a head end 92 which receives television signals from various transmitters operating on various frequencies by means of respective antennae 94. The cablevision station may for example also have its own chan-nel, represented by camera 96. From the head end 92, a trunk line 98 with amplifiers 100 is split into various lines as required to supply the signals to domestic television receivers in subscribers' homes, one home 102 with a television receiver 104 being shown.
In the head end, the television signals of the various channels, which are of course in the radio fre~uency (RF) band, are each converted from the original frequencies to the re-assigned frequencies according to the in-vention, and then are sent out along the trunk lines 98, after the usual stages of modulation, RF amplification, RF conversion and signal combination.
It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the transmission of signals by cable, nor to the transmission of radio or tele-vision programs. Further, various alternatives to the described embodiments, within the scope of the invention, will be apparent to the man skilled in the art, the scope of the invention being defined by the appended claims.
i .,
Claims (8)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A cable television system for reducing second order inter-modulation products caused by interaction between carriers in non-linear electrical devices in the system wherein the carrier frequencies of the channels shown in the first column of the following table are re-assigned as expressed in analytical form in the fourth column of the table, the standard frequencies given in the second column being expressable in analytical form as shown in the third column of the table where x = 6 and y = 0.25, and the values of x and y for the re-assigned frequencies being found by selecting frequencies for two channels, setting them equal to the corresponding expressions in the fourth column to form two simul-taneous equations, and solving for x and y:
TABLE
said system comprising two oscillator means for generating the frequencies of said two channels, means for combining the two generated frequencies to produce a third frequency, a harmonic generator means for generating a channel spacing frequency and harmonics thereof, and means for com-bining and filtering frequencies from the two oscillator means, said third frequency and the harmonic generator means to derive other re-assigned channel frequencies.
TABLE
said system comprising two oscillator means for generating the frequencies of said two channels, means for combining the two generated frequencies to produce a third frequency, a harmonic generator means for generating a channel spacing frequency and harmonics thereof, and means for com-bining and filtering frequencies from the two oscillator means, said third frequency and the harmonic generator means to derive other re-assigned channel frequencies.
2. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said oscillator means generate frequencies corresponding to channels 3 and E and said harmonic generator means generates frequencies of 6, 12 and 18 MHz.
3. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the frequencies of said two channels are standard frequencies.
4. A system as claimed in claim 3 including means for phase-locking the frequencies of said two channels to off-air signals of corresponding frequency.
5. A cable television system for reducing second order intermodu-lation products caused by interaction between carriers in non-linear electrical devices in the system wherein the carrier frequencies of the channels shown in the first column of the following table are re-assigned so that they have the frequencies shown in the third column and are expressable in analytical form as shown in the second column and where x, u and v are constants having the values 6, 0.25 and 1.125 respectively:
TABLE
TABLE continued said system comprising first, second and third oscillators for generating first, second and third re-assigned channel frequencies, means for com-bining said first frequency with said second frequency and said second frequency with said third frequency to produce fourth and fifth frequ-encies, means for producing harmonics of said fifth frequency, and means for combining and filtering the first, second, third, fourth and fifth frequencies and harmonics to produce the other re-assigned channel frequencies.
TABLE
TABLE continued said system comprising first, second and third oscillators for generating first, second and third re-assigned channel frequencies, means for com-bining said first frequency with said second frequency and said second frequency with said third frequency to produce fourth and fifth frequ-encies, means for producing harmonics of said fifth frequency, and means for combining and filtering the first, second, third, fourth and fifth frequencies and harmonics to produce the other re-assigned channel frequencies.
6. A cable television system for reducing second order intermodu-lation products caused by interaction between carriers in non-linear electrical devices in the system wherein the carrier frequencies of the channels shown in the first column of the following table are re-assigned so that they are expressable in analytical form as shown in the fourth column, the standard frequencies given in the second column being express-able in analytical form as shown in the third column of the table where x = 6 and y = 0.25, the values of x, u and v for the re-assigned frequ-encies being found by selecting frequencies for three channels, setting them equal to the corresponding expressions in the fifth column to form three simultaneous equations, and solving the equations for x, u and v:
TABLE
said system comprising first, second and third oscillators for generating first, second and third channel frequencies, means for combining said first frequency with said second frequency and said second frequency with said third frequency to produce fourth and fifth frequencies, means for producing harmonics of said fifth frequency, and means for combining and filtering the first, second, third, fourth and fifth frequencies and harmonics to produce the other re-assigned channel frequencies.
TABLE
said system comprising first, second and third oscillators for generating first, second and third channel frequencies, means for combining said first frequency with said second frequency and said second frequency with said third frequency to produce fourth and fifth frequencies, means for producing harmonics of said fifth frequency, and means for combining and filtering the first, second, third, fourth and fifth frequencies and harmonics to produce the other re-assigned channel frequencies.
7. A system as claimed in claim 6 wherein said first, second and third frequencies are standard frequencies.
8. A system as claimed in claim 7 including means for phase-locking said first, second and third frequencies to off-air signals of corresponding frequency.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000210805A CA1144603A (en) | 1974-10-04 | 1974-10-04 | Electrical multi-channel signal transmission systems |
| US05/725,503 US4099123A (en) | 1974-10-04 | 1976-09-22 | Electrical multi-channel signal transmission systems |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000210805A CA1144603A (en) | 1974-10-04 | 1974-10-04 | Electrical multi-channel signal transmission systems |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1144603A true CA1144603A (en) | 1983-04-12 |
Family
ID=4101297
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000210805A Expired CA1144603A (en) | 1974-10-04 | 1974-10-04 | Electrical multi-channel signal transmission systems |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1144603A (en) |
-
1974
- 1974-10-04 CA CA000210805A patent/CA1144603A/en not_active Expired
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKEX | Expiry |