CA1139658A - Composition for attracting amrbrosia beetles - Google Patents
Composition for attracting amrbrosia beetlesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1139658A CA1139658A CA000356609A CA356609A CA1139658A CA 1139658 A CA1139658 A CA 1139658A CA 000356609 A CA000356609 A CA 000356609A CA 356609 A CA356609 A CA 356609A CA 1139658 A CA1139658 A CA 1139658A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- beetles
- lineatin
- composition
- ethanol
- terpene
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A combination of lineatin, ethanol and optionally other naturally occurring components in trees which are normally attacked by Ambrosia beetles, and the use thereof as an attractant for combatting Ambrosia beetles (Trypodendron), particularly T. lineatum.
A combination of lineatin, ethanol and optionally other naturally occurring components in trees which are normally attacked by Ambrosia beetles, and the use thereof as an attractant for combatting Ambrosia beetles (Trypodendron), particularly T. lineatum.
Description
1~3~6~8 This invention relates to a composition for combatting certain species of Ambrosia beetles (Trypodendron), pests which do serious harm in the forest. The two particularly important species are T. lineatum which attacks conifers, and T. domesticum which attacks hardwood.
One way of controlling Ambrosia beetles and other bark beetles is the use of pesticides, but these have limited use, mainly for two reasons. Firstly~ it is difficult to obtain a good effect since the beetles live hidden under the bark most of the time, and secondly, it is desired as far as possible to avoid the use of chemicals which may disturb the forest ecological system.
In the fight against bark beetles a search has therefore been made during the last years for new methods. It has been found that it may be suitable to disturb the communication system of the bark beetles, which primarily is of chemical nature. Under certain conditions the beetles produce communication substances, inter alia, from resin in the attacked trees. The substances are emitted to the surroundings and affect other individuals of the same species. Such substances, which have been named pheromones, are widespread in nature and can be perceived even in very small amounts by these insects. When the communication sub-stance has been picked up, it stimulates certain reactions in the recipient. Some communication substances will have an attractive efect, while others will, for instance, have an exciting or alarming effect.
It is known that the pheromone, 3,3,7-trimethyl-2,9-dioxatricyclo[3.3.1.04'7]nonane, called lineatin, is an important compon-ent of the signal system of the Ambrosia beetles.
It is known that Ambrosia beetles select individual tree trunks or logs while other logs in the same pile are not attacked. We assumed that this was caused by the fact that lineatin, which undoubtedly has an attractive effect on Ambrosia beetles, is not the only factor which is responsible for the individual trunk or log being attacked. ~o test `,i.~
i~3~6S8 this theory we mounted perforated cylinder traps simulating tree trunks, with synthetic lineatin inside. Flight traps with lineatin as the only attractant ~traps in which the beetles are caught during the flight even when they do not attack the logs) were also mounted. During these tests it was found that only a small catch of beetles was made with the per-forated cylinder traps, while a considerable catch was made with the flight traps. This confirms that lineatin induces aggregation in the area, but is not sufficent to cause the beetles to attack the logs (the perforated cylinder traps). Since perforated cylinder traps of different types have been found to be considerably more suitable under other circumstances than flight traps, it would therefore be preferable to use perforated cylinder traps for combatting Ambrosia beetles.
It is known that ethanol has a small, but nevertheless detectable, attractive effect on Ambrosia beetles and that ~-pinene increases this effect on T. lineatum, but reduces it drastically on T. domesticum.
Suprisingly, we have found that an attractant consisting of lineatin and ethanol and, optionally, other natural components of the tree normally attacked by the Ambrosia beetle, placed in a perforated cylir.der trap, at-tracts many times the amount of beetles caught when lineatin alone is used as attractant. An explanation of this is that the lineatin attracts the beetles to the area in question, while ethanol and other natural components provide the attack by the beetles. With respect to the perforated cylinder traps this attack will consist of the beetles crawling through the per-forations in the trap, where they are then caught.
Thus, this invention provides a composition for attracting Ambrosia beetles of the genus Trypodendron, comprising lineatin and ethanol in a combined amount which is effective to attract the beetles.
In a second aspect, this invention provides a method of attracting Ambrosia beetles of the genus Trypodendron, which comprises exposing the beetles to a composition comprising lineatin and ethanol in a combined amount which is effective to attract the beetles.
The naturally occurring substances which may be used
One way of controlling Ambrosia beetles and other bark beetles is the use of pesticides, but these have limited use, mainly for two reasons. Firstly~ it is difficult to obtain a good effect since the beetles live hidden under the bark most of the time, and secondly, it is desired as far as possible to avoid the use of chemicals which may disturb the forest ecological system.
In the fight against bark beetles a search has therefore been made during the last years for new methods. It has been found that it may be suitable to disturb the communication system of the bark beetles, which primarily is of chemical nature. Under certain conditions the beetles produce communication substances, inter alia, from resin in the attacked trees. The substances are emitted to the surroundings and affect other individuals of the same species. Such substances, which have been named pheromones, are widespread in nature and can be perceived even in very small amounts by these insects. When the communication sub-stance has been picked up, it stimulates certain reactions in the recipient. Some communication substances will have an attractive efect, while others will, for instance, have an exciting or alarming effect.
It is known that the pheromone, 3,3,7-trimethyl-2,9-dioxatricyclo[3.3.1.04'7]nonane, called lineatin, is an important compon-ent of the signal system of the Ambrosia beetles.
It is known that Ambrosia beetles select individual tree trunks or logs while other logs in the same pile are not attacked. We assumed that this was caused by the fact that lineatin, which undoubtedly has an attractive effect on Ambrosia beetles, is not the only factor which is responsible for the individual trunk or log being attacked. ~o test `,i.~
i~3~6S8 this theory we mounted perforated cylinder traps simulating tree trunks, with synthetic lineatin inside. Flight traps with lineatin as the only attractant ~traps in which the beetles are caught during the flight even when they do not attack the logs) were also mounted. During these tests it was found that only a small catch of beetles was made with the per-forated cylinder traps, while a considerable catch was made with the flight traps. This confirms that lineatin induces aggregation in the area, but is not sufficent to cause the beetles to attack the logs (the perforated cylinder traps). Since perforated cylinder traps of different types have been found to be considerably more suitable under other circumstances than flight traps, it would therefore be preferable to use perforated cylinder traps for combatting Ambrosia beetles.
It is known that ethanol has a small, but nevertheless detectable, attractive effect on Ambrosia beetles and that ~-pinene increases this effect on T. lineatum, but reduces it drastically on T. domesticum.
Suprisingly, we have found that an attractant consisting of lineatin and ethanol and, optionally, other natural components of the tree normally attacked by the Ambrosia beetle, placed in a perforated cylir.der trap, at-tracts many times the amount of beetles caught when lineatin alone is used as attractant. An explanation of this is that the lineatin attracts the beetles to the area in question, while ethanol and other natural components provide the attack by the beetles. With respect to the perforated cylinder traps this attack will consist of the beetles crawling through the per-forations in the trap, where they are then caught.
Thus, this invention provides a composition for attracting Ambrosia beetles of the genus Trypodendron, comprising lineatin and ethanol in a combined amount which is effective to attract the beetles.
In a second aspect, this invention provides a method of attracting Ambrosia beetles of the genus Trypodendron, which comprises exposing the beetles to a composition comprising lineatin and ethanol in a combined amount which is effective to attract the beetles.
The naturally occurring substances which may be used
- 2 -in the attractant for T neatum may be terpenes such as a-pinene, ~-pinene and myroene. By means of an attractant consisting of lineatin and ethanol and, optionally, other naturally oocurring oomponents as mentioned above, oonsiderable amounts of the detrim~ntal beetles are caught in suitable traps.
me tests made are described more extensively in the following.
m ree types of traps were used. ane type was a flight trap aon-sisting of a polyethylene window 60 x 55 cm attached to strings tied between trees above an aluminium funnel having a diameter of 60 cm and equipped with a oollecting jar, called in the following a "window trap". me second trap was a cane-sh~ped, perforated cylinder, 100 cm high, 20 cm in diameter at the top and 35 cm at the bottom. me trap was provided with perforations having a diameter of 2.5 mm, and had a slightly rough surfaoe, while the in-side was smooth to prevent the trapped insects fm m escaping. ~is type of trap is called in the follcwing a "cone trap". The third type of trap was a cylindrical pipe, 120 cm high, diameter 12 cm, provided with a collecting jar at the bottom and p_rforatians as in the cane traps. m is typ_ of trap has been called a "pipe trap".
Ethanol alane or in a mixture of 4 parts to 1 part of ~-pinene was released fr~.. glass vials 50 mm in length and 9 mm in diameter covered with a perforated plastic stopper. Neat lineatin diluted in n-p_ntane in the ratio 1:100 was released fram a glass capillary (40 mm in length, 0.9 mm in diameter) closed at the bottom. A total of 1.5 to 2.0 mg of diluted lineatin per trap resulted in reasonable catches over a period of s_veral days. m e vials and the capillaries OQntaining said substan oe s were attached to the window traps and to the inside bottom of the oone traps and the pipe traps.
The traps were arranged in a square pattern. For some of the test no empty cantrol traps were used, as previous tests have shcwn that only accidental catches of single beetles occur with window traps.
The results attained are illustrated in the follcwing tables:
~3~
Table 1 Catch of T. dcmesticum bv window traps with lineatin as bait in two tests.
Average number (and extremes) of Sex ratio Bait beetles caught per trap ~ : ~
Lineatin + ethanol 156 (141-171) 1 : 0.84 Lineatin + ~-pinene 45.5 (42-50) 1 : 0.46 Lineatin + ethanol + 37.5 (23-52) 1 : 1.27 ~-pLnene ,.~,~, ~:`
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me tests made are described more extensively in the following.
m ree types of traps were used. ane type was a flight trap aon-sisting of a polyethylene window 60 x 55 cm attached to strings tied between trees above an aluminium funnel having a diameter of 60 cm and equipped with a oollecting jar, called in the following a "window trap". me second trap was a cane-sh~ped, perforated cylinder, 100 cm high, 20 cm in diameter at the top and 35 cm at the bottom. me trap was provided with perforations having a diameter of 2.5 mm, and had a slightly rough surfaoe, while the in-side was smooth to prevent the trapped insects fm m escaping. ~is type of trap is called in the follcwing a "cone trap". The third type of trap was a cylindrical pipe, 120 cm high, diameter 12 cm, provided with a collecting jar at the bottom and p_rforatians as in the cane traps. m is typ_ of trap has been called a "pipe trap".
Ethanol alane or in a mixture of 4 parts to 1 part of ~-pinene was released fr~.. glass vials 50 mm in length and 9 mm in diameter covered with a perforated plastic stopper. Neat lineatin diluted in n-p_ntane in the ratio 1:100 was released fram a glass capillary (40 mm in length, 0.9 mm in diameter) closed at the bottom. A total of 1.5 to 2.0 mg of diluted lineatin per trap resulted in reasonable catches over a period of s_veral days. m e vials and the capillaries OQntaining said substan oe s were attached to the window traps and to the inside bottom of the oone traps and the pipe traps.
The traps were arranged in a square pattern. For some of the test no empty cantrol traps were used, as previous tests have shcwn that only accidental catches of single beetles occur with window traps.
The results attained are illustrated in the follcwing tables:
~3~
Table 1 Catch of T. dcmesticum bv window traps with lineatin as bait in two tests.
Average number (and extremes) of Sex ratio Bait beetles caught per trap ~ : ~
Lineatin + ethanol 156 (141-171) 1 : 0.84 Lineatin + ~-pinene 45.5 (42-50) 1 : 0.46 Lineatin + ethanol + 37.5 (23-52) 1 : 1.27 ~-pLnene ,.~,~, ~:`
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Table 3 Catch of T lineatum in perforated cylinder traps with lineatin as bait.
kverage number % of Type of (and extremes) of Sex ratiototal trap Bait bee~les caught per trap c~ : ~ catch .
Cone+ Lineatin +244.7 (219-295) 1 : 0.7 93 ethanol +
a-pinene Lineatin 18.3 (11-26) 1 : 0.2 7 Pipe~+ T;neatin +184.3 ~103-288) 91 ethanol +
a-pinene Lineatin 17.3 (12-24) 9 Ethanol + 0.3 (9-1) a-pinene Control 0 ~ . _ .
+ = "Konusfalle" (Rochling, Haren/Ems, Germany) 20/35 x 100 cm ++ = "kamr~r" trap (Borregaard, Sarpsborg, Norway) 12 x 120 cm As will be seen from the tables a good catch of T. lineatum is ob-tained with a bait comprising lineatin and ethanol, an~ the best results are attained when the composition also compri æ s a third component, such as a-pinene. The improved effect is particularly marked when the ocmposition is used in perforated cylinder traps of the cone and pipe type.
The amLunt of the active oomponents, lineatin and ethanol and, optionally, a third oomeonent, such as a-pinene, in the ocmposition is ideally such that the oomposition during the whole time of its use emits all said active oomponents, i.e. so that the active components are used up at approxIm~tely the same time. Such an adjusted evaporaticn can be obtained both by varying the amount of the active components in the composition and also by varying the design of the ocmposition. The ccmposition may for in-stan oe consist of a multilayer impregnated material, or the active ccmponents may be cast in a solid, volatile solvent, such as wax.
7~ .
~3g658 Further, the composition may be as used in the tests described above, wherein the components are contained separately or in admixture in vials or capillaries, or, preferably in tape form.
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Table 3 Catch of T lineatum in perforated cylinder traps with lineatin as bait.
kverage number % of Type of (and extremes) of Sex ratiototal trap Bait bee~les caught per trap c~ : ~ catch .
Cone+ Lineatin +244.7 (219-295) 1 : 0.7 93 ethanol +
a-pinene Lineatin 18.3 (11-26) 1 : 0.2 7 Pipe~+ T;neatin +184.3 ~103-288) 91 ethanol +
a-pinene Lineatin 17.3 (12-24) 9 Ethanol + 0.3 (9-1) a-pinene Control 0 ~ . _ .
+ = "Konusfalle" (Rochling, Haren/Ems, Germany) 20/35 x 100 cm ++ = "kamr~r" trap (Borregaard, Sarpsborg, Norway) 12 x 120 cm As will be seen from the tables a good catch of T. lineatum is ob-tained with a bait comprising lineatin and ethanol, an~ the best results are attained when the composition also compri æ s a third component, such as a-pinene. The improved effect is particularly marked when the ocmposition is used in perforated cylinder traps of the cone and pipe type.
The amLunt of the active oomponents, lineatin and ethanol and, optionally, a third oomeonent, such as a-pinene, in the ocmposition is ideally such that the oomposition during the whole time of its use emits all said active oomponents, i.e. so that the active components are used up at approxIm~tely the same time. Such an adjusted evaporaticn can be obtained both by varying the amount of the active components in the composition and also by varying the design of the ocmposition. The ccmposition may for in-stan oe consist of a multilayer impregnated material, or the active ccmponents may be cast in a solid, volatile solvent, such as wax.
7~ .
~3g658 Further, the composition may be as used in the tests described above, wherein the components are contained separately or in admixture in vials or capillaries, or, preferably in tape form.
Claims (10)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A composition for attracting Ambrosia beetles of the genus Trypodendron, comprising lineatin and ethanol in a combined amount which is effective to attract the beetles.
2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the relative amounts of the lineatin and ethanol in the composition are such that, under the conditions in which the composition is used to attract the beetles, the lineatin and ethanol will both become fully depleted at approximately the same time.
3. A composition according to claim 1, further comprising a terpene selected from the group consisting of .alpha.-pinene, .beta.-pinene and myrcene, the combined amount of the lineatin, ethanol and terpene being effective to attract the beetles.
4. A composition according to claim 3, wherein the relative amounts of the lineatin, ethanol and terpene in the composition are such that, under the conditions in which the composition is used to attract the beetles, the lineatin, ethanol and terpene will all become fully depleted at approximately the same time.
5. A composition according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the terpene is .alpha.-pinene.
6. A method of attracting Ambrosia beetles of the genus Trypodendron, which comprises exposing the beetles to a composition comprising lineatin and ethanol in a combined amount which is effective to attract the beetles.
7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the relative amounts of the lineatin and ethanol in the composition are such that, under the conditions in which the composition is used to attract the beetles, the lineatin and ethanol will both become fully depleted at approximately the same time.
8. A method according to claim 6, wherein the composition further comprises a terpene selected from the group consisting of .alpha.-pinene, .beta.-pinene and myrcene, the combined amount of the lineatin, ethanol and terpene being effective to attract the beetles.
9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the relative amounts of the lineatin, ethanol and terpene in the composition are such that, under the conditions in which the composition is used to attract the beetles, the lineatin, ethanol and terpene will all become fully depleted at approximately the same time.
10. A method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the terpene is .alpha.-pinene.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL7902454A NL7902454A (en) | 1978-03-31 | 1979-03-29 | DEVICE FOR CUTTING A SOUND GROOVE IN A RECORDING MEDIUM IN THE FORM OF A GRAMMAP SOUND. |
| NL79.2454 | 1979-07-25 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1139658A true CA1139658A (en) | 1983-01-18 |
Family
ID=19832886
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000356609A Expired CA1139658A (en) | 1979-03-29 | 1980-07-21 | Composition for attracting amrbrosia beetles |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1139658A (en) |
-
1980
- 1980-07-21 CA CA000356609A patent/CA1139658A/en not_active Expired
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |